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COPYRIGHT and CITATION CONSIDERATIONS for THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION O Attribution — You Must Give Appropriate Credit, Provide COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index?site_name=Research%20Output (Accessed: Date). Forsaken Heritage: The Case of Kliptown Genevieve Nicole Ray School of Tourism and Hospitality, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg Supervisor: Professor C.M. Rogerson A Dissertation submitted to the College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, in fulfilment for the requirement of the degree of Master in Tourism and Hospitality Submitted: August 2018 i Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own and original work, conducted under the supervision of Professor Christian Rogerson. It is submitted in fulfilment for the requirement of a master’s degree in Tourism and Hospitality in the College of Business and Economics at the University of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. No part of this research has been submitted in the past, or is being submitted, for a degree or examination at any other university. G.N Ray ______________ Date _ ii Acknowledgments Firstly, I’d like to thank the Lord for giving me the strength, and the courage to complete this research study. Secondly, I’d like to thank my supervisor Professor Rogerson who had faith in my research topic from the word go. I am grateful for the support, guidance and time placed into this research. Thank you to the School of Tourism and Hospitality for providing me with the NDT Bursary. Thank you to the University of Johannesburg, College of Business and Economics for providing with the Supervisor Linked Bursary. Nana, Mummy, Rae, Bree and the rest of my family thank you for your prayers, patience, support and assistance during what we called the master’s period, it does not go unappreciated Khotso Maduna, thank you for your presence throughout this journey- you made everything okay. Refiloe Lekgau thank you for your willingness to help every time I needed assistance. iii Dedication This piece of work is dedicated to my grandfather, Harold Winston Ray (16.11.1940- 22.01.2015), born and raised in the historical township of Kliptown. iv List of Abbreviation ANC- African National Congress ACTAG- Arts and Culture Task Group BRICS- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CMT- Conventional Mass Tourism CAPEX- Capital Expenditure CoJ- City of Johannesburg CoP -Congress of the People FC - Freedom Charter FS - Freedom Square FSPIT -Freedom Square Project Implementation Team GJMC - Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Chamber GKD- Greater Kliptown Development Framework GTA- Gauteng Tourism Authority HASA- Heritage Association of South Africa HMP- Heritage Monitoring Project ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and Sites JPC- Johannesburg Property Company JDA -Johannesburg Development Agency LHR- Liberation Heritage Route MTC- Metropolitan Trading Company NHCTS- National Heritage and Culture Tourism Strategy NHC - National Heritage Council NHRA- National Heritage Resource Act NMC- National Monument Council NTD-National Department of Tourism (South African) v NTSS- National Tourism Service Strategy OPEX- Operational Expenditure SAHRA- South African Heritage Resource Agency SAHRIS -South African Heritage Resources Information System SAT- South African Tourism SIT- Special Interest Tourism SM- StudioMas UK- United Kingdom. UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation VRF- Visiting Friends and Relatives WHS -World Heritage Sites WSSD -Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication vi Abstract Heritage tourism is growing in importance in terms of the global tourism economy. As a result there has been an increase in academic interest and research about heritage and heritage tourism. In South Africa the promotion of heritage tourism is being undertaken and in a parallel with the international situation local research is expanding. This study adds to the existing knowledge base about heritage tourism in South Africa. The focus is on the planning and workings of Kliptown as a heritage destination. Kliptown is an important heritage site because of its hosting of the Congress of the People in 1955 and the site of the declaration of the African National Congress Freedom Charter. Using original documentary sources including planning documents as well as a series of key stakeholder interviews the study analyses the planning and establishment of Kliptown as a potential heritage tourism destination. It is argued that several criticisms can be made of the planning process and of the design of Kliptown for heritage tourism. A survey undertaken of 50 tourists visiting Kliptown reinforces the argument that improvements need to be made in order to maximise the local impacts of heritage development for local communities. The study concludes that at present Kliptown is not fulfilling its potential as a heritage tourism destination. Several recommendations are made to improve the potential of this important heritage site in South Africa to fulfil its potential for tourism development. vii Contents Declaration .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviation ............................................................................................................ v Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1 – Forsaken Heritage the Case of Kliptown ....................................................... 1 1.1 Context ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Report Structure .................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 2 Heritage and Heritage Tourism ......................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Understanding Heritage and Heritage Tourism...................................................................... 6 2.3 Heritage Tourist Typologies ................................................................................................ 11 2.4 Developing Heritage Attractions ......................................................................................... 13 2. 5 Heritage Tourism in Developing World ............................................................................... 17 2.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 3 Past, Present and Future state of South African Heritage ............................ 22 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 22 3.2 South African Heritage and Development ........................................................................... 22 3.3 Heritage Planning and Policy South Africa ........................................................................... 27 3.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 4 Research Methods ........................................................................................... 34 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Data Collection Methods .................................................................................................... 34 4.3 Study Participant Approach ................................................................................................ 36 4.4 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 36 4.5 Ethical Considerations. ....................................................................................................... 37 4.6 Limitation to study ............................................................................................................. 37 4.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................
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