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Social Dynamics the Congress of the People and the Walter Sisulu This article was downloaded by: [University of Cape Town Libraries] On: 17 April 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 902854334] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Social Dynamics Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t791476125 The Congress of the People and the Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication: from public deliberation to bureaucratic imposition in Kliptown Christa Kuljian a a Centre for Sociological Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa To cite this Article Kuljian, Christa(2009) 'The Congress of the People and the Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication: from public deliberation to bureaucratic imposition in Kliptown', Social Dynamics, 35: 2, 450 — 464 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/02533950903076584 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533950903076584 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Social Dynamics Vol. 35, No. 2, September 2009, 450–464 The Congress of the People and the Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication: from public deliberation to bureaucratic imposition in Kliptown1 Christa Kuljian* Centre for Sociological Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa TaylorRSDY_A_407831.sgm10.1080/02533950903076584Social0253-3952Original2009352000000SeptemberChristaKuljianchristak@alignafrica.com Dynamicsand& Article Francis (print)/1940-7874Francis 2009 Ltd (online) Kliptown was the site of the Congress of the People in June 1955 where the Freedom Charter was adopted – the culmination of two years of public deliberation. Fifty years later, in 2005, the Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication, a memorial to the Freedom Charter, opened on the same site. The new Square and a set of related buildings were built by the Johannesburg Development Agency as part of the Kliptown Redevelopment Project. The article begins with a brief review of Kliptown’s history, especially on the fringes of apartheid, and then explores the new Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication, which stands in stark contrast to its surroundings. The article continues with comment from local residents about the new Square. In an effort to understand what happened in Kliptown, it reviews the process by which the new Square design was chosen and the level of community involvement in the development of the Square. The section ‘Memorialising Kliptown’ briefly contrasts the Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication with the District Six Museum and explores the concept of heritage as tourism. The article concludes ironically that in the era of democracy, in Kliptown – the home of the Freedom Charter – space for public deliberation has been severely curtailed. Keywords: Kliptown; Freedom Charter; development; community participation; heritage; memorial I first walked through Kliptown in 1985 with Uncle Bill, shopping for fruit and vege- tables. A community activist and sports leader working with the United Democratic Front, he took me under his wing and taught me about South African history and poli- tics. As we walked down Union Road, which is adjacent to Freedom Square, he motioned towards the Square and said: ‘Kliptown is the home of the Freedom Charter. Downloaded By: [University of Cape Town Libraries] At: 10:57 17 April 2010 It was signed here in 1955 by the Congress of the People’. Before I could take a proper look, I had to veer around the flapping wings of live chickens for sale and negotiate the streams of people doing their shopping. Uncle Bill stopped to review the produce at a roadside trader. He made his choice and handed me a crate of tomatoes, then moved onto another topic. ‘Mandela used to hide here in Kliptown when he was running from the police’, he said. I wondered in which building. The butcher, the fabric shop and Jada’s hardware store were all possibilities and permanent features on Union Road. Despite Eldorado Park on one side and Soweto on the other, Kliptown felt like a town, not a township. Kliptown was never designed as a township. It was originally built on two farms on the Klip River. Klipriviersoog Estate was established in 1903 and the farming area *Email: [email protected] ISSN 0253-3952 print/ISSN 1940-7874 online © 2009 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/02533950903076584 http://www.informaworld.com Social Dynamics 451 became peri-urban as housing development continued through to the 1950s. The rights of Africans to own land in the area was confirmed in 1905 when Mr Tsewu bought land and sought a court order to pass the transfer. Successive generations of black intellectuals were drawn to Kliptown. The 1913 Land Act and the 1923 Urban Areas Act restricted black people from owning land and limited who could live in townships. But Kliptown was a freehold area like Sophiatown and Alexandra. It fell outside the boundaries of the Johannesburg Municipality until 1970. Current estimates are that Kliptown has a population of 8000 households totalling a population of 45,000, about 85% of which live in informal settlements. As a result of its history and location, Kliptown attracted people of diverse back- grounds, including those of Indian, Chinese and European descent as well as those who were categorised as Coloured and African under apartheid. When the working committee for the Congress of the People was looking for a venue in 1955, it wasn’t easy to find a location for a public, non-racial assembly. They chose Kliptown because of the large open space available, accessibility to a train station and the absence of municipal administration. As one local resident recalls: ‘Kliptown gave refuge to a lot of criminals on the run, freedom fighters and homeless people, because Kliptown was not in the Jo’burg Municipality’ (in Duiker 2001, p.17). The new Square In August 2006, 21 years after my first visit to Kliptown, I returned. In those 21 years, momentous changes had taken place. South Africa held its first democratic elections and Uncle Bill voted for the first time at age 60. I married Uncle Bill’s son and had two children, and Uncle Bill died, far too young, in 1998. On that cold winter’s day, I was driving friends on a tour of Soweto and we were on our way to Eldorado Park to visit my mother-in-law for lunch. I was curious to see the new monument that the Johannesburg Development Agency (JDA) had built at Freedom Square. I had read that the JDA was hoping to attract tourists to the area. As we drove by, Union Road looked cut in half. On one side, the shops remained, but on the other – where shops had bordered on the dusty open area of Freedom Square – there was a massive colonnaded building that ran the length of two long blocks. It overlooked a vast expanse of white concrete where Freedom Square used to be, with another imposing concrete building on the other side. At one end of the Square stood 10 enormous concrete columns, which I later learnt were meant to represent the 10 Downloaded By: [University of Cape Town Libraries] At: 10:57 17 April 2010 clauses of the Freedom Charter. Is this the new monument? We couldn’t keep my mother-in-law’s legendary chicken curry waiting, so there was no time to stop. But my curiosity was peeked. Thus began my journey to learn more about what happened to Kliptown. Figure 1. Aerial viewWhat of the Walter Sisulu Square drew of Dedication. Photo Credit: me StudioMAS Architects back and Urban Designers. to Kliptown was not only its proximity to where my husband’s family lives in Eldorado Park, nor those early visits, but also a desire to understand what happened to this historic site. As Uncle Bill told me, Kliptown is famous for having been the site of the Congress of the People on 25–26 June 1955 when the Freedom Charter was adopted, a document that has inspired much of the liberation movement in South Africa and provided input to South Africa’s new Constitution. The preamble reads: ‘South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white’.2 In the mid-1980s, my sister-in-law made a needlepoint of the 10 clauses of the Charter in black, green and gold, the colours of the African National Congress. It still hangs in her house today. 452 C. Kuljian Figure 1. Aerial view of the Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication. Photo: StudioMAS Architects and Urban Designers. In June 2002, the Gauteng provincial government renamed Freedom Square the Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication. There was no public consultation about the name change. It seems the decision was made because Freedom Park was underway in Pretoria and government felt that it might be confusing for tourists. Ironically, Walter Sisulu was banned at the time of the drafting of the Freedom Charter and wasn’t able to attend the Congress of the People. He watched the proceedings from the roof of Jada’s hardware store on Union Road.
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