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Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Operation and Maintenance of Gas and Liquid Targets

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Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Operation and Maintenance of Gas and Liquid Targets IAEA RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS SERIES No. 4 This publication, which draws on the results of an IAEA coordinated MAINTENANCEAND GASOF TARGETS LIQUID AND OPERATION RADIONUCLIDES: PRODUCED CYCLOTRON research project and on the input from dedicated experts in the fi eld, provides a comprehensive overview of the technologies involved in the manufacturing and operation of liquid and gas targets for cyclotron based production of radioisotopes. It covers the technology behind targetry, techniques for preparation of targets, irradiation of targets under high beam currents, target processing, target recovery, etc. The publication will be useful to scientists and technologists interested in translating cyclotron based radioisotope production into practice, as well as to postgraduate students in the fi eld. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Operation and Maintenance of Gas and Liquid Targets INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–130710–1 ISSN 2077–6462 RELATED PUBLICATIONS IAEA RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS SERIES PUBLICATIONS TECHNETIUM-99m RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS: STATUS AND TRENDS IAEA Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Series No. 1 STI/PUB/1405 (360 pp.; 2009) One of the main objectives of the IAEA Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology programme is to enhance the expertise and capability of IAEA Member States in deploying ISBN 978–92–0–103509–7 Price: €52.00 emerging radioisotope products and generators for medical and industrial applications in order to meet national needs as well as to assimilate new developments in radiopharmaceuticals for PRODUCTION OF LONG LIVED PARENT RADIONUCLIDES 68 82 90 188 diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This will ensure local availability of these applications FOR GENERATORS: Ge, Sr, Sr AND W within a framework of quality assurance. IAEA Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Series No. 2 Publications in the IAEA Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Series provide STI/PUB/1436 (116 pp.; 2010) information in the areas of: reactor and accelerator produced radioisotopes, generators and sealed ISBN 978–92–0–101110–7 Price: €50.00 sources development/production for medical and industrial uses; radiopharmaceutical sciences, including radiochemistry, radiotracer development, production methods and quality assurance/ CYCLOTRON PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES: quality control (QA/QC). The publications have a broad readership and are aimed at meeting the needs of scientists, engineers, researchers, teachers and students, laboratory professionals, and GUIDANCE ON FACILITY DESIGN AND PRODUCTION instructors. International experts assist the IAEA Secretariat in drafting and reviewing these OF [18F]FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE (FDG) publications. Some of the publications in this series may also be endorsed or co-sponsored by IAEA Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Series No. 3 international organizations and professional societies active in the relevant fields. STI/PUB/1515 (153 pp.; 2012) There are two categories of publications: the IAEA Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Series and IAEA Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Reports. ISBN 978–92–0–117310–2 Price: €55.00 IAEA RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS SERIES CYCLOTRON PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES: GUIDELINES Publications in this category present guidance information or methodologies and analyses of FOR SETTING UP A FACILITY long term validity, for example protocols, guidelines, codes, standards, quality assurance manuals, Technical Reports Series No. 471 best practices and high level technological and educational material. STI/DOC/010/471 (213 pp.; 2009) ISBN 978–92–0–103109–9 Price: €45.00 IAEA RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS REPORTS In this category, publications complement information published in the IAEA Radioisotopes THERAPEUTIC RADIONUCLIDE GENERATORS: and Radiopharmaceuticals Series in areas of the: development and production of radioisotopes and 90 90 188 188 generators for medical and industrial applications; and development, production and QA/QC of Sr/ Y AND W/ Re GENERATORS diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. These publications include reports on current Technical Reports Series No. 470 issues and activities such as technical meetings, the results of IAEA coordinated research projects, STI/DOC/010/470 (233 pp.; 2009) interim reports on IAEA projects, and educational material compiled for IAEA training courses ISBN 978–92–0–111408–2 Price: €45.00 dealing with radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical related subjects. In some cases, these reports may provide supporting material relating to publications issued in the IAEA Radioisotopes and CYCLOTRON PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES: Radiopharmaceuticals Series. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRODUCTION METHODS All of these publications can be downloaded cost free from the IAEA web site: Technical Reports Series No. 468 STI/DOC/010/468 (279 pp.; 2009) http://www.iaea.org/Publications/index.html ISBN 978–92–0–106908–5 Price: €52.00 Further information is available from: TECHNETIUM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS: MANUFACTURE OF KITS Marketing and Sales Unit International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Reports Series No. 466 Vienna International Centre STI/DOC/010/466 (202 pp.; 2008) PO Box 100 ISBN 978–92–0–100408–6 Price: €50.00 1400 Vienna, Austria CYCLOTRON PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES: Readers are invited to provide feedback to the IAEA on these publications. Information may PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE be provided through the IAEA web site, by mail at the address given above, or by email to: Technical Reports Series No. 465 [email protected] STI/DOC/010/465 (230 pp.; 2008) ISBN 978–92–0–100208–2 Price: €45.00 www.iaea.org/books CYCLOTRON PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF GAS AND LIQUID TARGETS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NIGERIA ALBANIA GREECE NORWAY ALGERIA GUATEMALA OMAN ANGOLA HAITI PAKISTAN ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PALAU ARMENIA HONDURAS PANAMA AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PAPUA NEW GUINEA AUSTRIA ICELAND PARAGUAY AZERBAIJAN INDIA PERU BAHRAIN INDONESIA PHILIPPINES BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF POLAND BELARUS IRAQ PORTUGAL BELGIUM IRELAND QATAR BELIZE ISRAEL REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BENIN ITALY ROMANIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA RUSSIAN FEDERATION BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SENEGAL BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BULGARIA KENYA SEYCHELLES BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BURUNDI KUWAIT SINGAPORE CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA CAMEROON LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CANADA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CENTRAL AFRICAN LATVIA SPAIN REPUBLIC LEBANON SRI LANKA CHAD LESOTHO SUDAN CHILE LIBERIA CHINA LIBYA SWEDEN COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CONGO LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COSTA RICA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CÔTE D’IVOIRE MADAGASCAR THAILAND CROATIA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CUBA MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CYPRUS MALI TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UKRAINE DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICA MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONACO GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONGOLIA NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MONTENEGRO UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOROCCO OF TANZANIA ERITREA MOZAMBIQUE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ESTONIA MYANMAR URUGUAY ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA UZBEKISTAN FINLAND NEPAL VENEZUELA FRANCE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM GABON NEW ZEALAND YEMEN GEORGIA NICARAGUA ZAMBIA GERMANY NIGER ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS SERIES No. 4 CYCLOTRON PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF GAS AND LIQUID TARGETS INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2012 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2012 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2012 STI/PUB/1563 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Cyclotron produced radionuclides : operation and maintenance gas and liquid targets. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2012. p. ; 24 cm. — (IAEA radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals, ISSN 2077–6462 ; no. 4) STI/PUB/1563 ISBN 978–92–0–130710–1 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Tomography, Emission — Equipment and supplies. 2. Radioisotopes in medical diagnosis. 3. Cyclotrons. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 12–00763 FOREWORD The application of radionuclides in medicine has
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