THE CRISIS A RECORD THE DARKER RACES

Volume One APRIL, 1911 Number Six

Edited by W. E. BURGHARDT DU BOIS, with the co-operation of Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W. S. Braithwaite and M. D. Maclean.

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OBJECT.—The National Association COMMITTEE.—Our work is car­ for the Advancement of Colored People ried on under the auspices of the follow­ is an organization composed of men and ing General Committee, in addition to the women of all races and classes who be­ officers named: lieve that the present widespread increase of prejudice against colored races and "Miss Gertrude Barnum, New York. •Rev. W. H Brooks, New York. particularly the denial of rights and Prof. John Dewey, New York. Miss Maud R. Ingersoll, New York. opportunities to ten million Americans of Mrs. Florence Kelley, New York. Negro descent is not only unjust and a *Mr. Paul Kennaday, New York. •Mrs. F. R. Keyser. New York. menace to our free institutions, but also Dr. Chas. Lenz, New York. Mr. Jacob W. Mack, New York. is a direct hindrance to World Peace "Mrs. M D. MacLean, New York. and the realization of Human Brother­ Rev. Horace G. Miller, New York. Mrs. Max Morgenthau, Jr., New York. hood. Mr. James F. Morton, Jr., New York. Mr. Henry Moskowitz, New York. Miss Leonora O'Reilly, New York. METHODS.—The encouragement of "Rev. A. Clayton Powell, New York. education and efforts for social uplift; the "Mr. Charles Edward Russell, New York. Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, New York. dissemination of literature; the holding of Prof. E. R. A. Seligman, New York. "Rev. Joseph Silverman, New York. mass meetings; the maintenance of a lec­ Mrs. Anna Garlin Spencer, New York. ture bureau; the encouragement of vigi­ Mrs. Henry Villard, New York. Miss Lillian D. Wald, New York. lance committees; the investigation of com­ "William English Walling, New York. Bishop Alexander Walters, New York. plaints; the maintenance of a Bureau of Dr. Stephen S. Wise, New York. Information; the publication of THE "Rev. John Haynes Holmes, Brooklyn, N. Y. Miss M. R. Lyons, Brooklyn, N. Y. CRISIS; the collection of facts and publi­ •Miss M. W. Ovington, Brooklyn, N. Y. "Dr. O. M. Waller, Brooklyn, N. Y. cation of the truth. Mrs. M. H. Talbert, Buffalo, N. Y. Hon. Thos. M. Osborne, Auburn, N. Y. ORGANIZATION.—All interested "Mr. W. L. Bulkley, Ridgefield Park, N. J. Mr. George W. Crawford, New Haven, Conn. persons are urged to join our organization Miss Maria Baldwin, Boston, Mass. Mr. Francis J. Garrison, Boston, Mass. —associate membership costs $ 1, and Mr. Archibald H. Grimke, Boston, Mass contributing and sustaining members pay •Mr. Albert E. Pillsbury, Boston, Mass. Mr. Wm. Munroe Trotter, Boston, Mass. from $2 to $25 a year. Dr. Horace Bumstead, Brookline, Mass. Miss Elizabeth C. Carter, New Bedford, Mass. Prest. Chas. T. Thwing, Cleveland, O. FUNDS.—We need $10,000 a year Mr. Chas. W. Chesnutt, Cleveland, O. for running expenses of this work and par­ Prest. H. C. King, Oberlin, O. Prest. W. S. Scarborough, Wilberforce, O. ticularly urge the necessity of gifts to help "Miss Tane Addams. Chicago, 111. "Mrs. Ida B. Wells Barnett, Chicago, 111. on our objects. •Dr. C. E. Bentley, Chicago, 111. Miss Sophronisba Breckenridge, Chicago, 111. OFFICERS.—The officers of the Mr. Clarence Darrow, Chicago, 111. •Mrs. Celia Parker Woolley, Chicago, 111. organization are: •Dr. N. F. Mossell, Philadelphia. Pa. •Dr. Wm. A. Sinclair, Philadelphia, Pa. National President — Mr. Moorfield Miss Susan Wharton, Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. R. R. Wright, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. Storey, Boston, Mass. Mr. W. Justin Carter, Harrisburg, Pa. Rev. Harvey Johnson. D.D., Baltimore, Md. Chairman of the Executive Committee— Hon. Wm. S. Bennett, Washington, D. C. Mr. L. M. Hershaw, Washington, D. C. Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard, New Prof. Kelly Miller, Washington, D. C Prof. L. B. Moore, Washington, D. C. York. Justice W. P. Stafford. Washington, D. C. •Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, Washington, D. C Treasurer—Mr. John E. Milholland, •Rev. J. Milton Waldron, Washington, D. C Prest. John Hope, Atlanta, Ga. New York. Mr. Leslie P. Hill, Manassas, V».

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Mention THE CRISIS. THE CRISIS

A Record of the Darker Races

Contents for April, 1911 PACE Along the Color Line 5 Opinion 12 The N. A. A. C. P 17 William Stanley Braithwaite—with Portrait 18 Resurrection: a Poem. By William Stanley) Braithwaite 19 Editorial 20 Leaving It to the South. By Charles Edward Russell 23 Color Hysteria. By Oswald Garrison Villard 25 Talks About Women. By Mrs. John E. Milholland 27 The Burden 28 What to Read 29 Cartoon: "Mr. Lewis Gets His!" By John Henry Adams 31

Actual Circulation of THE CRISIS November 1,000 copies February 4,000 copies December 2,500 copies March 6,000 copies January 3,000 copies April 10,000 copies Agents wanted who can furnish reliable references. Entered as second-class matter in the post office at New York City.

The May number of THE CRISIS will contain:

COMMENTS ON THE CRISIS "I have not yet expressed to you my opinion truth, be it pleasant or unpleasant, is what Negro of the magazine which you are now editing. First journalism has wanted for many years. It is also of all, I admire the spirit of fairness in which a delightful thing to be able to place your paper it is conducted. The assumption that all parties into the hands of the younger generation ana call . are honest in their opinion is a long step for­ their attention to the good English used in the ward in dealing with the race question. I am pages. May THE CRISIS live long and accomplish sure that while being conducted in such a spirit its mission." the periodical will be productive of great good. ALICE M. (MRS. PAUL LAWRENCE) DUNBAR, Then, too, through its columns such abundant in­ Wilmington, Del. formation is given relative to every phase of the race question that one who would keep abreast "I have never read a publication that has ap­ with racial occurrences cannot afford to miss a pealed to me so strongly as yours. It is 'brim­ single copy." GEO. F. PORTER, ful' of interesting matter, and I trust that your Kansas City, Kan. efforts will be crowned with great success." A. W. SHOCKLV, "I am impressed by the splendid work you Philadelphia, Pa. are doing in putting forth a paper that is worth while in the highest sense of the word. It is "As a contribution to race literature THE CRISIS brornidic to say that it 'fills a long-felt want,' but is unequaled. Impossible to overestimate its that is just what it does. Definite facts presented value. Destined to become a perfect encyclopedia without exaggeration and shrieking comment; a of information on racial matters." square and honest way of looking at the situation, MRS. CARRIE W. CLIPPORD, without hysterical unbalance, and above all the Washington, D. C. THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

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POLITICS. In California some eight thousand President Taft has signed a recess 9 egroes in the State will be deprived appointment for W. H. Lewis, a Boston of votes by the effect of a constitutional Negro, as Assistant Attorney-General, amendment introduced in the senate if shortly before Congress adjourned that measure is .passed by the legisla­ Lewis's name was sent to the Senate, ture. In addition all the native born but that body failed to confirm the Chinese will be denied franchise. appointment. It is believed there will Caminetti's constitutional amendment be a strenuous fight against the appoint­ provides that the son of a person not ment when it is taken up at the next entitled to vote in 1879 shall not be session of Congress. permitted to vote to-day. As all the Lewis is expected to arrive in Wash­ Negroes up to that time were disfran­ ington in a short time to take the oath chised their sons will not be permitted of office. Southern men say his appoint­ to attend the polls under the present ment is sure to precipitate the color line reading of the amendment. proposition in -official life in the city. Two Chinese, Walter U. Lum and Lee William H. Lewis was born in Berke­ Wong, officers of the Chinese parlor of ley, Va., November 28, 1868, and attend­ the Native Sons of the Golden State, ed the public schools at Portsmouth. He will appear before the committee to op­ was fitted for college at the State school pose the measure. at Petersburg, Va. He entered Amherst Colored people have held a large mass in 1888 and was graduated in 1892. There meeting in Stockton to. oppose this he was not only a famous athlete, but measure. an excellent student. He was graduated from the Harvard law school in 1895, United States District Attorney, and was and which, when it passed into the sworn in January 31, 1903. He is a prac­ hands of the British government, was ticing lawyer in Boston and lives in worth $6,500,000. Cambridge. This is the first time that a Negro has been named for such a The heir to this estate has been found praminent position in the department. in Mrs. Esther Campbell, of Vancouver,. Mr. Lewis will succeed John G. Thomp­ B. C.i grandmother of Miss Hostrawser, son, who resigned recently to take up who has been fighting the case for a private law practice in Danville, 111. The year or more in England. Word has place pays $5,000 a year. been received that it finally has been straightened out and that as soon as certain legal formalities demanded by |]I J. C. Napier, of Nashville, Tenn., has the British law have been complied with, been nominated as Register of the Treas­ the estate will be distributed. ury of the District of Columbia, to suc­ ceed the Hon. W. T. Vernon. Mr. A. Garfield Harrison, a learned and Napier was born in Tennessee in 1848, skilful colored lawyer of Seattle, has and educated at Wilberforce and Ober- been working on the case for a year or lin. He graduated at Howard in law more and furnished the money to fight and has been a civil service clerk, inter­ the suit in England and Ireland. He nal revenue agent, and banker. He mar­ will also participate to some considerable ried the only daughter of John M. Lang- extent in the distribution. In the early ston. stages of the case the proofs looked so clear to him that he took it 'On a con­

Kentucky construed the State this and other cities gave their sanction school law of the subject in a decision and good will toward the furtherment handed down recently. of the affair by their presence. Suit was brought by one Leroy Mul­ While it was not expected that the lens against the school trustees of a meet /would develop anything in the district in Pike county demanding the way of especially classy performances, admittance of some children for whom it is certain that it accomplished that he acted as guardian. The Pike county for which' it. was primarily intended— circuit court denied the children admit­ to stimulate interest in that branch of tance to the school, holding that they sport among the colored colleges in the were "colored," being of one-sixteenth South. And there were some fair per­ Negro blood, and under the State law formances in the races also. The 440- prohibiting "colored children" from at­ yard dash, scholastic, was run in 614-5 tending a white school, were therefore seconds, which was very good time con­ debarred; The case was carried to the sidering the scanty training advantages court of appeals and. the decision of that that the contestants have enjoyed. The court has the effect of upholding the time made in some of the relay races Pike county court and the school trustee was also fair. who refused to enroll the children as Ralph Elwood Brock, superintendent pupils. of nurseries at the Pennsylvania State forest academy, Mont Alto, for a number I| Luella Leftridge is the eleven-year-old of years, will retire from that position girl who is fighting for her release from and will establish himself as a consult­ a Negro institution in whieh she has ing and contracting forester at West been confined for seven years. The child Chester. was left in the institution by an aunt, He has been one of the most valuable who has since disappeared, and for more men in the employ of the department than a year an older sister, who declared of forestry and much of the very good ALONG THE COLOR LINE 7 results at the Mont Alto nurseries is d A colored man, J. K. Taylor, now over due to his intelligent and indefatigable sevently years of age, has given 480 work. acres of rich farming land as a site for the sanatorium of the Sumner National Tuberculosis Association for colored consumptives.

IJ Young Women's Christian Associa­ tions are being founded in Kansas City and St. Louis.

<[ The New York Assembly committee on military affairs is getting suggestions as to the advisability of the formation of a colored regiment in the National Guard. Assemblyman Brooks, a mem­ ber of the committee, received letters from R. J. Shand, acting adjutant gen­ eral of Illinois, and Edward T. Miller of the Ohio State department regarding the colored regiment of these States. Mr. Shand states that there was a colored battalion io. Illinois before the Spanish-American War and later that it was increased to a full regiment. The regiment, he says, is still in service and Ralph El wood Brock ranks well. Regarding the Ohio colored troops, During 1910 there were shipped 699,- Mr. Miller says they are good soldiers 629 trees. Of these 434,900 were white and last year were rated among the best pines two years old; 71,800 Scotch pines, in the State National Guard by United one and two years old; 100,000 white States inspectors. ash; 26,824 sugar maples; 17,555 black walnuts and a dozen other species fn ECONOMICS. smaller amounts. In Indianapolis with more than five The immense operations of the nur­ thousand persons in attendance the dedi­ series are apparent from these figures. catory exercises of the new Pythian tem­ As said, Mr. Brock is entitled to very ple, built by the colored Knights of much of the credit for this result. He Pythias of Indiana, were held. The has not only busied himself assiduously occasion brought to the city several na­ in the nurseries, but has been a very tional and all the State officials of the diligent student and an extensive trav­ order. The eleven city lodges marched eler. to the hall, accompanied by the officials in carriages. The Rev. W. H. Weaver, (][ Macon, Ga., is to have a Negro hos­ pastor of Senate Avenue Presbyterian pital, operated by private parties. An Church, made the dedicatory address, in organization has been formed by the which he commended the enterprise of Negro physicians, nurses, dentists and the colored Pythians which had made druggists of the city, and a fund of the building possible. He followed the $6,000 has been subscribed. The city history of Pythianism in Indiana from will be asked for a site, and if it is its start, in 1894, to the present time. secured the hospital will be built without There are now, he said, more than 3,500 delay. knights in this State, with $2,500 in an endowment treasury for the support of Of At the forty-second annual session of widows and orphans, and $17,000 in the the Louisiana Freedmen's Baptist Sun­ treasuries of the subordinate lodges of day School Association, the members, the State. enthusiastic for the religious and moral upbuilding of the Negro race, pledged Cincinnati, New project will be industriously pushed. Orleans and Texas Pacific Railroad have struck because of a controversy over |J[ The eighth annual conference of Col­ Negro firemen. The strike was in re- ored Women's Clubs of Rhode Island soonse to an order from a committee has been in session at Providence. Com­ of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Fire­ plaints were made of discrimination men and Enginemen. The action was against colored candidates for appoint­ taken by the Union after a conference ment to public schools. with T. Powell, vice-president of the 8 THE CRISIS railroad, had failed to result in an agree­ "I have a great interest in you people ment. .because your organization has done more While the union officers were busy for the uplift of the Negro than any sending out the strike orders Mr. Pow­ other fraternity in your race. It pained ell dictated a telegram to Washington me when it got into its present posi­ asking mediation under the Erdman act. tion, and I pledge you any legitimate The union officers refused to join in a support that I can give you. From the request, for mediation, asserting that progress that you are making under their experience had led them to believe present conditions, you need not be dis­ that the men would lose rather than couraged. I am sure that this splendid gain by such a course. body of men and women and your race will save the organization." The strike is due to a dispute as to the status of Negro firemen. The union

Section 3 provides that "nothing in either of the two foregoing sections shall be construed or deemed to prohibit do­ mestic servants from residing with their employers in the house or building where said servants may be so employed."

€J New Orleans wants additional "Jim Crow" legislation for carnival occasions and for segregation.

Theodore Roosevelt "They have worked amid a vast col­ in the French Opera House, New Or­ ored population for years, and I presume leans, La. A delegation of prominent they know more about the colored peo­ Negroes were informed, in reply to an ple than the rest of us. I have no criti­ inquiry as to what provision would be cism to make against them. Our plans made for their race, that the reception were never matured. I think the matter was being given under the auspices of was never formally discussed among us the Progressive Union, and that it had before. no political* aspect whatever. "There are practically no colored peo­ ple engaged in Salvation Army work THE CHURCH. in this country. In India we have native Cardinal Gibbons, in a letter to- Cath­ officers in command, and I suppose it olic churches, says: would be just as well, if not better, to "The money which you have contribu­ have colored officers here. I am confi­ ted of late years has been very fruitfully dent we shall accomplish a great deal employed, among both the Negroes and for the general welfare." the Indians. Our schools and churches have been supported and many new ones EDUCATION. built. Of the four orators who have been "But the good done is very small in­ chosen to speak in the final contest for deed in comparison to what is yet to be the Curtis Medals at Columbia Univer­ done. Among the millions of Negroes sity, one, G. W. A. Scott, '11, is a Negro. in the Southern States Catholics are Scott has selected the topic "Child only a handful. In one State, for exam­ Slavery." As a junior a year ago he ple, we have only 700 Catholics in a competed in the Curtis contest and won population of more than a million and one of the two medals. The three other a quarter Negroes. The religious condi­ candidates who weathered the elimina­ tion of these vast multitudes is most tion trials are A. M. Grill, '11, "Woman deplorable. They are abandoned by Suffrage"; P. M. Beck, '11, "Character Protestantism to themselves. Having no and Social Achievement," and A. W. white ministers, they depend for their Macmahon, '12, "Public Opinion and the religious instruction and guidance and People's Rule." for their moral elevation upon preachers of their own race, who are very inade­ quately equipped for their duties. Only C][ The greatest excitement prevails the Catholic church, with its watchful­ among the patrons of Roanoke College, ness, its strong moral discipline and as well as among Confederate veterans, powerful religious helps, can raise the owing to the introduction of a history Negro to that plane which belongs to of the United States which carries para­ him as a man and a Christian." graphs relating to the treatment of Negro women in slavery days by their masters. The history is also said to IJ Race feeling which developed among vilify Robert E. Lee. The history is the Southern delegates to the Salvation entitled "A History of the United States Army conference held in Washington by H. W. Elson." Mr. Elson is said to the last week in February resulted in be a former Kansas classmate of Prof. the abandonment for the time being of H. J. Thorstenburg, who is Professor of the army's plans for the organization History at the college. of a movement among the colored peo­ The chief objection to the work is an ple of the United States. extract from page 55, which reads in A storm of protest went up from the part: officers from the South when a North­ "The most revolting feature of slav­ ern delegate proposed that white officers ery in America, one that the historian be required to conduct meetings among blushes to record (but history must deal the colored people. They virtually de­ with facts) is that too often the attract- ALONG THE COLOR LINE

ive slave woman was a prostitute to and some one suggested, "Let's run her master, that their children bore the them." Like wildfire the suggestion stamp of his countenance, and yet, ac­ passed from mouth to mouth, and a min­ cording to the inflexible rule of the slave ute later four Negroes were being pum- States, they shared the condition of the meled, but escaped without serious in­ mother and were sold by their own jury. father; this evil was widespread at the That started the trouble and created South, as the mixed condition of the an appetite for a general round-up. The black race to-day will testify. police did not interfere. "A sister of President Madison de­ clared that though the Southern ladies were complimented with the name of CANADA AND COLORED FOLK. wife, they were only the mistresses of A letter of inquiry from THE CRISIS the seraglio. A leading Southern lady has brought this reply from the Commis­ declared to Harriet Martineau that the sioner of Immigration at Winnipeg: wife of many a planter was but the DEAR SIR: chief slave of the harem." I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter of March 4, and to say in reply that CI Tuskegee Institute will benefit to the the report in the American press that extent of several hundred thousand dol­ the Dominion Government has issued a lars under the will of Emmet Densmore, decision denying colored people entrance manufacturer of patent medicines, filed into Canada as settlers is not in accord­ recently in New York State. After ance with the facts. No decision of any various life estates created by the will kind has been arrived at, and none has have lapsed, all the testator's property, seemed to be necessary. Colored people, or as much as the law will allow to be like every other people, are under the given for such purposes, is to go to the Canadian Immigration Law when they school. enter the country, and, being liable to its conditions, are rejected, as others are re­ d Miss O'Hagan has left $10,000 to jected, for failure to comply with the Negro Catholic schools of Baltimore. same. Yours faithfully, CRIME. (Signed) JOHN C. WALKER, Commissioner. Mr. Booker T. Washington, principal of Tuskegee Institute, while calling at Further inquiry of the Superintendent an apartment house in West 63d Street, of Immigration at Ottawa brings these New York, was set upon by one of the additional explanations: tenants and several bystanders. Mr. No regulation or order has been made Washington ran, but was severely beaten or issued, but I may say that it is not before the police interfered. the policy at present of the government to encourage the settlement of colored Cf At Murfreesboro, Tenn., one of the people in Canada, as it is believed that most unusual trials ever held at that the climate and other conditions of this place was ended after a session of country are not such as would be found three days, when the jury in the congenial to colored people. Canada has case of Lonzo Woods and David Cook, not a very large colored population, and both colored, charged with criminal as­ of those we have, only a comparatively sault upon Miss Hula Bodily, a young small number are engaged in agriculture. white woman, returned a verdict of There has been a considerable move­ acquittal. ment of white people from the Eastern to the Western provinces of Canada, but CJ About 1,000 men and boys, mostly no appreciable movement of colored peo­ boys, mobbed the Negroes who were ple, a fact which leads the government abroad in the business districts of Fort to believe that Western Canada will not Worth the other night. For two hours be found very suitable as a field for set­ the mob surged along Main Street seek­ tlement to colored people from the ing victims. United States when similar people from The riot was precipitated by efforts of Canada do not go west to take up land. white men to operate a moving-picture There is nothing in the Canadian Immi­ show exclusively for Negroes at the cor­ gration Law which debars any person ner of Eleventh and Main Streets. As on the ground of color, but since col­ early as 7 o'clock the mob began form­ ored people are not considered as a class ing in front of the place, but the Negro likely to do well in this country all our ticket taker remained at his post until other regulations respecting health, half a brick was sent flying through the money, etc., are strictly enforced, and window. Other missiles followed the it is quite • possible that a number of first, and in a minute the interior of the your fellow countrymen may be rejected moving-picture show house was in dark­ on such grounds ness. Your obedient servant, Boys around the edge of the crowd (Signed) L. M. FORTIER, caught sight of a few Negroes near by for Superintendent of Immigration. OPINION

EDUCATION. shows the following facts for his The extremely interesting correspon­ county, relative to Negro education: dence which follows is clipped from the Number of Negro children of Charlotte, N. C, Observer. The first school age 287 letter is signed "White Taxpayer." The Enrolled in Negro schools 224 reply is from Mr. Charles L. Coon, the Number of Negro teachers 8 superintendent of the Wilson, N. C, Number of school houses (two schools, who has before this defended log) 5 the colored schools: Total value Negro school prop­ erty $309.00 "I beg to commend to your consid­ eration," writes "White Taxpayer," "an Average length of school term enclosed clipping from the inaugural ad­ (days) 65 dress of Governor Blease of South Car­ Total amount paid each teacher olina as being the wisest stand taken by for year $51.54 any public man within recent years, with Total annual amount paid for reference to 'Negro education.' There teaching Negroes $412.32 are thousands and tens of thousands "Our educational statistics also say of white men all over the South to-day, that there is only one first grade teacher holding the same opinion, but without among the eight Negro teachers of the courage to come out and say so Alexander, while six are second grade publicly. It is absolutely inconceivable and one third grade. to me how any Southern white man can "I submit the above facts to show fail to see and know that this thing of that it is the lack of Negro education educating the Negro is the most egre­ that this taxpayer is really complaining gious mistake ever made. about. Surely a county that is making "All this talk about 'elevating' the race such a showing cannot seriously claim is the veriest rot. God save us from the that it is trying, or has tried, the ex­ 'elevated' Negro! There is no place for periment of Negro education. And, fur­ him. thermore, if my county made such a poor "True, we held them in bondage, but showing on Negro education as Alex­ suppose we had not: To-day they would ander, I believe I would think twice be in Africa eating each other raw. As­ before I would rush into print to try sociating with, and being trained by, the to unsettle something which Jesus Christ very flower of civilization—the ante­ settled 2,000 years ago and which the bellum white people of the South—was Supreme Court of North Carolina offi­ the very greatest blessing that could cially settled in 1886, the honorable Cole have been bestowed upon them by an L. Blease of South Carolina to the con­ all-wise Creator. trary notwithstanding. "Were I a Rockefeller, I would cause "There are some facts, too, which to be reared in every Southern State a this 'A White Taxpayer' ought to know. monument to the memory of the old- He has evidently been asleep or not time Negroes, but not a cent for edu­ observant. We have more Negro chil­ cating the lazy, impu'dent young Negroes dren here in Wilson than white children. of to-day. They are a curse to the Out of a Negro census of 1,213 children South and their tribe is daily increasing, of school age we have enrolled this year and sending them to school is largely 638 pupils in our colored school. I do the cause of it. not believe this Alexander taxpayer will "Let us run the white schools with find a single intelligent wjiite man in this taxes from the white taxpayers, and the city who will not tell him that these school Negro schools with the Negro taxpayers' children are well behaved and that the money." training they are getting in the school Mr. Coon replies: is beneficial. Furthermore, we have kept "In the Observer of February 24 'A a record of the graduates of our colored White Taxpayer,' of Taylorsville writes school for the past five years, and we against Negro education, saying that can testify that all of these graduates education makes Negroes worthless and are now engaged in useful work, while that white taxes ought to go to white none of them has gone wrong in any schools and Negro taxes to Negro way. schools. "The great problem we have here in "This citizen of Alexander county is Wilson is to reach that part of the col­ respectfully referred to the last report ored children whose parents are wholly of the State Superintendent, which indifferent to the moral and educational OPINION 13

welfare of their children. It is from zenship open to all others, an ambition such children that our criminals are to free themselves from such conditions made, not from those who attend our may, if sustained by a liberal govern­ schools in any degree of regularity. mental policy, lead to such a movement." Everyone here knows that I am only Speaking of mob violence, he said: stating the truth when I say this. We "There never was' a time in any South­ have hundreds of Negro parents in this ern State in the last thirty years that city who are pathetically anxious that a Negro could not be speedily and ade­ their children shall be honest, upright, quately punished for any offense, for law abiding and industrious. These par­ the white people controlled absolutely ents are not ex-slaves, either, but they the administration of the law. It does are Negroes born since the days of not help us to point out race prejudice slavery. and acts of violence to Negroes in the "The man who delivers all the express North. No respectable public sentiment packages in Wilson and collects and ac­ justifies such violence there." counts for all not prepaid is a Negro man. He has held his present position for CIVIC PRIDE. twelve years. He could not hold it a A rather belated but still very grati­ day, if he did not have a common school fying discovery seems to have been made education. I could fill several columns in several Southern cities. They have of this paper with examples of Negroes found a considerable number of colored I know who are doing well their part folk possessed of race and civic pride of the world's work, who were born and not only anxious but able to co­ since the days of slavery, who are law- operate with white citizens for civic abiding, who are educating their children betterment. Under the heading, "A New to be useful citizens, and who are con­ Light on the Southern White Man's tented and happy. These men give the Burden," the Atlanta Constitution tells lie to the loose talk of such men as with enthusiasm the story of a cam­ Blease and his Alexander county friend. paign to raise a $600,000 fund among But as long as we have such men who Negroes and whites, for the Young will insist upon turning a whole race Men's Christian Association. of people who are the friends of the "The most significant disclosure of white race, into mental slavery, it is an analysis of the campaign," says the somebody's public duty to place such Constitution, "is the light it throws upon facts as I have given above before the the capacity of the Negro to respond to world." influences assuring his good citizenship rather than his instincts toward criminal­ SECRETARY DICKINSON ON ity. From the total of $600,000, $100,000 LYNCH LAW. was to be set aside for the improvement Secretary Dickinson of the War De­ of the branch devoted to the Negroes, partment, in a speech at Atlanta before and a Chicago philanthropist, Mr. Ben the Southern Commercial Congress, ex­ Rosenwald, contributed $25,000 condi­ pressed the opinion that the commercial tioned on the remaining $75,000 being development of the South can follow subscribed. only on the suppression of mob violence. "Of this $100,000, the Negroes were He said that because of frequent law­ assigned to raise $40,000 in ten days. less outbreaks an unjustifiable prejudice They did that, and more! At the expira­ against the Southern States exists, not tion of the ten-day period they had only in the North, but in foreign coun­ raised $57,000, in addition to the equity tries. Such outbreaks, he said, are the in their present building. result of abnormal conditions produced "That did not satisfy them. They by the Civil War. Broadly viewed, how­ hammered, and fine toothcombed, and ever, he added, the South would be found persisted until finis was written to the to be a land of law and order, and he campaign, they had pledged the sum of emphatically urged the immediate neces­ $67,000, or— sity of establishing a reverence for and "Twenty-seven thousand dollars in ex­ an impartial enforcement of the law as cess of the amount required of them! a primary step to the future greatness And they are still subscribing! of the South. "The total number of Negroes sub­ As an ultimate solution of the race scribing is placed at 5,500. The details of problem in the South, Mr. Dickinson their campaign are nothing short of suggested the possibility of the volun­ marvelous. The ratio between the white tary removal of the mass of young and Negro subscribers, in proportion to Negroes to a country of their own, fos­ population, is about three to one, with tered and guarded by the United States. the predominance in favor of the Ne- "When they grow in wealth and edu­ roes. Their organization was perfect, cation," said Mr. Dickinson, "and still f heir contributions ranged from 25 find themselves confined in their aspira­ cents to $1,000. tions by insurmountable barriers which "The result stands for itself. Astute bar their social, and political progress students of the Negro have emphasized and deny them the opportunities of citi­ his lack of race consciousness and cohe- 14 THE CRISIS

sion as the main premises for misgiving. have a right to generalize about any Both indictments were sweepingly dis­ genus or species of plant or animal. It missed by the Atlanta campaign. is when I use my generalization—which may be worthless or valuable—so as to "The explanation is simple—but por­ aeny my fellowman the right to be tentous. The Negro was assigned a judged on his own merits; it is when I task that assumed citizenship, manhood employ my generalization not as a mere and the possession of possibilities inher­ caution against probable foibles, but as ing in both. Too often they that deal a judgment condemning an untried in­ with the Negro problem approach the dividual, it is, then, that I am guilty of Negro as foreordained to lack of initia­ the intellectual laziness, the immature tive, viciousness, the impulse of the rashness, the cruel injustice of preju­ criminal. The Atlanta experiment proves dice. which is the more effectual attitude. "I am not speaking, of course, of "Should it not hold a lesson for the such things as physical prejudice or of Southern people?" that stupid narrowness which bases prejudice upon just one childish instinct, The Charlotte (N. C.) Observer re­ upon the savage notion that everything lates, although not apropos of the At­ and everybody must be bad who is not lanta experience, the ready response of the as I am. In the lower order of human­ colored people in that city: "The mass ity, among the dregs of population, such meeting at which the colored people con­ prejudice is part and parcel of a general sidered ways and means for doing their state of savagery. I am speaking of the part in the progress of Charlotte is not prejudice of the civilized man who surprising, but is highly gratifying all aspires to fair dealing; the core of that the same." prejudice is the immoral habit of judg­ ing the individual by the mass, of ob­ The Chattanooga Times takes the Ob­ sessing one's mind against types and server's remarks as "a text for a civic races as if they were completely uni­ appeal to the better elements of the form, of handling a venturesome and colored population in Chattanooga. Not unsafe generalization as if it were an only in Charlotte, but in other Southern iron frame into which must fit every cities intelligent and well-to-do Negroes individual whose outward marks place are organizing to help their white him in that class. neighbors in the work of city promo­ tion—materially, educationally and mor­ "As far as I can observe, this habit ally. As a usual thing in the past the of indiscriminate prejudgment seems Negro population has ,been accounted everywhere to be on the increase, a minus quantity in the equation of city whether as an incident of the increasing growth and progress. These Charlotte intercourse between races, nations and Negroes have had their self-respect faiths, whether as a symptom of that aroused and they are going to try to growing intellectual indolence which get away from that stigma; they are school and stage, newspaper, magazine going to try to convert at least a part and novel tend to encourage, whether of their people into a 'plus' sign, and as the natural accompaniment of accen­ they can succeed if they will try. tuated individualism in national and re­ ligious unfoldments; possibly, too, in "There are many patriotic Negroes of the train of all the greed and sensuous the kind needed to be found in this passion that are engendered by material­ city. The Negro who fights gang rule istic competition. helps himself and his people and at the same time shows himself a progressive "I may be called a pessimist for mak­ citizen." ing the observation: but I am merely pointing out the direction of a current that plays against the shores of ever­ RACE PREJUDICE. lasting human nature; as to the final Rabbi Max Heller, of New Orleans, goal of brotherhood I harbor no mis­ speaking in a colored church in that givings. But the current is on; it is city, defined race prejudice in a striking changing the climate for us. if only for way. a paltry century or two out of the in­ "Let me attempt, for our guidance," finitude of time; the question for us, in he said, "a sound and fair definition of our span of life, is how shall we stand prejudice. I do not call a mere reckless unswayed in the storm; how shall we generalization a prejudice. If, from my hold our ground like men against what­ dealings with the members of this race, ever threatens to unsettle our self-re­ that nation, that faith, I arrive whether spect or to drag us* down altogether?" legitimately or illegitimately, rashly or deliberately, at certain conclusions re­ The Republican Club of New York garding the national, racial, religious discussed race prejudice at a luncheon at psychology, the forming of such a gen­ which representatives of several races eralization is not yet prejudice. I have spoke. Mr. Bryce, the British Ambas­ the rigbt to make my observations re­ sador, could not be present, but sent a garding a class of people, just "as I letter in which he said: OPINION 15

"Personally I venture to believe that wide to the Negroes on the same condi­ much of the antagonism we see now tions as to the white workers if the need not be permanent, but may be re­ Negroes are to cease furnishing strike­ moved by the further development of breakers to the employers." the material and religious forces which in the past have worked for the sense FOUR GROUNDS FOR COMPLAINT of human brotherhood. We must not Mr. James H. Dillard, formerly of assume that the conditions of our own Tulane University, Louisiana, speaking in time, even if they are of long standing, New York on "The Growing South," need last forever. When we consider mentioned four grounds on which he what triumphs religion and philosophy thought the colored people might make and a higher sense of moral duty have "just complaint." effected in the past in the way of rais­ ing and purifying public sentiment, we "They have a right to complain of have no reason to despair either as their treatment in the lower courts, regards the problems which the relations which are the main courts for most of of the white man and the Negro present their people. It is a shame that less in North America or those which have care is taken, less money paid, less been raised by the migration of some thought given to insure justice in these of the Far Eastern races into countries lower courts than in the higher courts. peopled by the whites. "Another just ground of complaint is the treatment which they too often re­ "That the solution of those problems ceive from the employees of public may take many years is not a reason service corporations, especially from the for apathy, much less despair, but rather employees of common carriers, such as a reason for setting to work at once to ticket sellers and car conductor?. I point out how much better it is for mean the humiliating treatment in the each and every nation, and how much way of gruff words and manner. more conducive to the peace and wel­ fare of the world, that the narrowness "Still another cause of complaint is and bitterness which lead men of races that in many parts in the South, espe­ that deem themselves superior to despise cially in the rural districts, the colored and often to ill-treat men of other races people are not provided with public should be expunged and the feeling of schools which are open long enough or our common humanity strengthened." have sufficiently competent teachers. "The fourth complaint is that we are too apt to generalize the Negroes as a SOCIALISM AGAIN. mass and judge the whole by the worst The New York Call (Socialist) keeps types. On the contrary, the colored hammering manfuly against color preju­ people of the South should be encour­ dice. Of three or four admirable edi­ aged to have self-respect and race re­ torials this month we quote from one spect." entitled "Our Shame." "The strike of the firemen on the THE RACES CONGRESS. Queen and Crescent Railroad has, ac­ The Pittsburg, Pa., Gazette-Times cording to all reports, been caused by writes of the Universal Races Congress the promotion of Negro firemen. which will be held this summer: "It is strikes like this one that reveal "The first 'Universal Races Congress' the woeful backwardness of the Ameri­ in the history of the world is to meet can labor movement. Such a strike in London next July. Natives of Eu­ would have been impossible if the rail­ rope, Asia, Africa and the Americas will way unions were anxious to include all gather to discuss, in the words of the the railway workers in their ranks, with­ official invitation, 'how prejudices may out distinction of branch of service or be removed and friendlier relations es­ color, for then the railway managements tablished- between the Western nations would have found it useless to discrimi­ and the other peoples of the earth.' The nate in favor of one race or one branch United States will be represented, amcing of service as against the others. It is others, by Charles A. Eastman and W. just such strikes as this one that create E. DuBois, who will read papers on a feeling of compassion for the colored 'The American Indian' and 'The Negro man, who suffers under a double kind of in America.' Joseph H. Choate and Gen- slavery—wage slavery and color slavery. Horace Porter are included in the list "And so long as this will continue, so of vice-presidents of the congress. long as any union discriminates against "Gatherings such as this play no small Negro workers, it will be impossible to part in promoting the cause of interna­ rouse against Negro strikebreakers the tional peace. Indeed, their influence, same feeling of abhorrence as against though avowedly indirect, is often more ordinary or white strikebreakers. For potent than that of the innumerable these strikebreakers the unions them­ peace congresses which devote their en­ selves are responsible, though not neces­ tire time to deploring the horrors of sarily the individual union in the particu­ war without suggesting how misunder­ lar trade. All unions must be opened standings and causes of irritation are 16 THE CRISIS

to be removed or prevented. The most

The Third Annual Conference of the Clinton Hall National Association for the Advance­ Bedford Reformatory (2) ment of Colored People will take place Patcrson in Park Street Church, Boston, on Thurs­ Montclair day and Friday, March 30 and 31, 1911. Newark. The following programme will be car­ The East, thirteen: ried out: Southold, L. I. THURSDAY, MARCH 30. Boston: Afternoon Session: Ford Hall 2:30 o'clock. Twentieth Century Club Violations of Property Rights. Shaw House Chairman: Mr. Moorfield Storey. Cambridge Speakers: Mr. Oswald Garrison Vil- Park Street Church. lard, Dr W. E. B. DuBois, Rabbi Greenacre, Me. Charles Fleischer, Mr. R. R. Wright, Sea Isle City, N. J. Ocean Grove, N. J. Jr., and Miss Adelene Moffat. Atlantic City, N. J. Evening Session: West Chester, Pa. 8 o'clock. House of Refuge, Pa. Violations of Labor Rights and Philadelphia, Peonage. N. A. A. C. P. Meeting Federal Aid to Education. . Settlement Workers. Chairrnan: Hon. Albert E. Pillsbury. The West, twenty: Speakers: Mr. John E. Milholland, Rev. Buffalo, N. Y. John Haynes Holmes, Mr. L. M. Oberlin, O. (S) Hershaw, Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, Toledo, O. and Mrs. Florence Kelley. Cleveland, O. Columbus, O., FRIDAY, MARCH 31. Morning Session: Baptist Church • 10 o'clock. Ohio State University Xenia, O. Executive Session: Wilberforce University Business and Credentials. Detroit, Mich., Evening Session: Y. M. C. A. 8 o'clock. Universalist Church Segregation and Ultimate Effects of Woman's Club Race Discrimination. Steubenville, O. Chairman: Mr. Moorfield Storey. Chicago, Speakers: Hon. Charles J. Bonaparte, Ethical Culture Society ex-United States Attorney General; Ann Arbor, Mich. Justice Wendell Phillips Stafford, of Indianapolis, Ind. the Supreme Court of the District of Big Rapids, Mich. Columbia: Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, The South, six: of the Free Synagogue, New York. Washington, D. C. Durham, N. C. (3) The Department of Publicity and Re­ Atlanta, search makes the following report of Bethel Church activities from September 1, 1910, to Atlanta Baptist College. April 1, 1911: Of these fifty-eight lectures, twenty- Lectures have been delivered as fol­ three were to white audiences, twenty- lows: five to colored audiences and ten to New York and vicinity, eighteen: mixed audiences. The hearers aggre­ Bethel Church gated 21,000 persons. St. Mark's Church (3) Republican Club Five magazine articles have been Stillman House placed, six letters to newspapers and Socialist Local Number Seven three articles for press associations. Lincoln Centre Ethical Culture Hall (2) Cosmopolitan Club The correspondence of the office has Concord Baptist Church involved the writing of 2,949 letters.

APRIL, 1911 19

RESURRECTION Written for THE CRISIS by WILLIAM STANLEY BRAITHWAITE.

Lo! winter held the earth in its dark strife. Scarred Nature's beauty, hushed its pulse of life; Now, through her trembling bosom, mystic breath Blows the eternal lilies in the fields of death.

William Stanley Braithwaite was born in Boston December 6, 1878. He left school at the age of twelve and started to learn the compositor's trade at the press of Girin & Company. On account of ill health, he had to give this up, and there followed four or five years of odd jobs, "such as a lad—a col­ ored lad—might find to do," as Mr. Braithwaite quietly puts it. After managing a little bookstore in Newport and working in a club, the vision of the poet proved too alluring to be longer resisted. At the age of twenty-four he therefore began his literary career. In 1904 came his sad- covered little book, "Lyrics of Life and Love," with its first low cry of a freed soul:

1 am glad day long for the gift of song, For time and change and sorrow; For the sunset wings and the world-end things Which hang on the edge of to-morrow.

1 am glad for my heart whose gates apart Are the entrance-place of wonders, Where dreams come in from the rush and din Like sheep from the rains and thunders.

Two years later Mr. Braithwaite began his first great life work—a survey and evaluation of English poetry from 1557 to 1910. Three volumes of these splendidly conceived anthologies have appeared—the "Book of Eliz­ abethan Verse" (1906), the "Book of Georgean Verse" (1908), and the "Book of Restoration Verse" (1909). The last volume, the "Book of Victorian Verse," completing the series, will appear this year. Besides these volumes Mr. Braithwaite has issued the "House of Falling Leaves," and will publish soon "New England Poems and Lyrics," a i-iver anthology and a volume of essays. Mr. Braithwaite's art is characterized by care, restraint and exquisite taste. He marks the rise of Negro American letters above the mere bonds of race into the universal brotherhood. EDITORIAL

EASTER "Did the Thing—die—happy?" THE land lay smiling in spring The South choked and muttered: splendor, heavy with verdure, "Happy—so happy—and praising gleaming with glad sunshine. his—Master, and his Best Friends." Athwart it fell the dark shadow of a "But, Brother, your hands are toiling man; he was great of limb and bloody," quavered a third. black, thick of countenance and hard- "The blood of the offering burned haired. His face was half-hopeless, at the stake for the culture and su­ half-vacant, with only a faint gleam premacy of the White Race." of something dead and awakening deep Then hastily the South said in cho­ in his deep-set eyes. His feet were rus as if to forestall reply: chained, his neck yoked and his body "See where we have laid Him," and scarred. They that had driven him they pointed to that grave, walled with and ridden and thrust him threaten­ Oppression. ingly through the thick forest were But suddenly the World was wings now afraid of him. They feared the and the voice of the Angel of the reproach of his dumb, low-burning Resurrection beat like a mighty wind eyes. They feared the half-articulate athwart their ears, crying: sounds from his moving lips, and saw "He is not here—He is risen." with terror the slow, steady growth of Risen above half his ignorance; risen his body, that great, black, undying to more than six hundred millions of body. So they took council together property; risen to a new literature and to kill him—lying to his ears, crucify­ the faint glimmering of a new Art; ing his soul, until he, bent and bowed risen to a dawning determination to and heavy with his own weakness, fell be free; risen to a newer and greater and lay his mighty length in stupor ideal of Humanity than the world has along the earth. And the earth trem­ known. RISEN! bled. Sweating and deep of breath the WRITERS. pale-faced murderers worked and THE death of Frances Watkins delved, digging a cavernous grave and Harper calls our attention to walling it with Oppression. Then the literature of American Ne­ shame-faced, yet grim, they turned groes. Mrs. Harper was born in Bal­ northward. At daybreak they stood timore in 1825. Her active life, upon the hills of God with faces white beginning with her first'published book and good, crying: "Come, O brothers, of poems, covered over sixty years of Northern brothers, the Thing that hin­ stirring history, from.the Compromise dered our love is dead, dead, long of 1850 down to Mr. Taft's inaugural dead." The brothers of the North address. She was associated with all came trooping, oily tongued, unctious the great leaders of the abolition cause and rich. Yet they of the North and and has lectured to hundreds of audi­ South looked not each other in the ences throughout the land. eye, but slunk along false-smiling. It is, however, for her attempts to One timid one said : forward literature among colored peo­ "O Brother South—I hear chains." ple that Frances Harper deserves But the South answered: most to be remembered. She was not "Nay, that is the chiming of Negro a great singer, but she had some sense school bells." of song; she was not a great writer, Yet another, quibbling, found his but she wrote much worth reading. mouth: She was, above all, sincere. She took EDITORIAL 21 her writing soberly and earnestly; she his friends dropped him. Yet he gave her life to it, and it gave her founded a Negro school and taught it. fair support. She was a worthy mem­ He did not teach at long distance, ber of that dynasty, beginning with fearing the souls, he loved lest their dark Phyllis in 1773 and coming on dark bodies soil him by "social in­ down past David Walker, Wells equality"—he became -the friend of Brown, Nell, Whitman and Williams, hundreds and thousands of Negroes. down to Dunbar, Chesnutt and Braith­ The shadow of death is to-day waite of our day. creeping toward this brave, good man, To the young colored American but he cannot die. He is immortal, Frances Harper leaves a lesson. Here and the black folk of Augusta recently is a nation whose soul is still dumb, arose and came to him silently with yet big with feeling, song and story. gifts and low words, and he said in What are we doing to develop writers reply: "But yesterday with trembling to express this wealth of emotion hands I displayed to my expectant eyes fitly? Very little. We have among the handsome gift. I assure you, dear ten millions to-day one poet, one novel­ friends, I had no need of such a token ist and two or three recognized writers to know the high esteem of my con­ of articles and essays. That is all. stituency. I saw it in their actions-— Here is a tremendous field for im­ felt it in their words." This he wrote provement, and if in the next six to a black woman, and he called her months THE CRISIS receives the same "Miss Jackson." Wherefore the chiv­ remarkable encouragement as in the alrous white South casts him out. past we hope to have ready for the beginning of our second year's work a matured plan for encouraging young THE' TRUTH. writers to follow the hallowed foot^ THERE is to-day a tendency steps of Frances Watkins Harper. among colored people and among their earnest friends to A FRIEND. tell the half-truth concerning the situ­ IT HAS become the fashion to hail ation of the colored people and to con­ every Southern white man as a demn those who seek to tell the whole prodigy of liberality if he shows truth. Such people rightly herald the the slightest signs of bursting his shell recent peonage decision of the Su­ of provincial prejudice. The result is preme Court, they commend the sav­ that the colored man has so many ing of Pink Franklin's life, they point Southern "friends" to-day that he to many other instances of help and often prays devoutly for deliverance. good will on the part of Southern whites. Now and then, however, he finds hidden behind the well'advertised and These things are true and deserve widely paid and petted prophets of wide currency; to conceal or neglect the "new dispensation" a genuine man them would be wrong. ' But they are who has gone his way and done his not the whole truth, and when by si­ work and stood before his God ac­ lence or intimation the world is given cording to the Golden Rule. to believe by such well-meaning per­ Such a man is George Williams sons that they are the whole truth, a Walker, of Augusta. He is almost great and dangerous injustice is perpe- unknown. He has not been exploited frated. With the peonage decision we in Northern newspapers, nor exhibited must not forget the shame of the on Pullman trains trailing through the Berea decision; with the. saving of one South, but for twenty-seven years he life we cannot forget the widespread has done his day's work like a man. and crying injustice of Southern When in his youth they would send courts and methods of punishment; him to the black man in Africa, he with the fact of the rise here and there said quietly, "I will work with the of Southern white friends of the black black man here!" His family was men, it is a dangerous falsehood to horrified, his sweetheart jilted him and overlook the tireless and daily assaults 22 THE CRISIS of enemies of humanity like Judge he sings to Ethiopia in verses that halt Harris Dickson. yet have the feel of poetry—not that But where is the harm ? many think. song is to be compared with potatoes If we tell the good things, will not —-for potatoes are the end of song (or the good things multiply and the hate­ is song the end of potatoes?). At any ful things die ? No. It is a dangerous rate, why shouldn't such a boy be her­ thing to dally with the truth. Some of alded, pushed onward and encour­ the greatest catastrophes in history aged? He aspires. Why does not have come because the mass of men America cry Hurrah! The reason have been deceived and misled as to lies deep, but the reason is there, and the truth of conditions by timid, well- it exercises itself again and again. meaning persons, who, knowing the "There is one place in this land for awful facts, suppressed them system­ black men. We want no exceptions. atically and spread the sweet and Exceptions make the Negro problem." gentle lie. Curious. How like to well-known There are friends of black folk in echoes of the past. How like, too, this land. There is continual advance sounds Smith Jones' life; he was born in human sympathy. There is an in a Mississippi cotton field; he sup­ awakening in the white South on the ported his mother, sent his sister to race problem. All that is true. It is school. Then at last came his chance. also true that the Negro American to­ He got to Louisville and worked at day faces the crisis of his career; race service. Then he printed his Ode to prejudice is rampant and is success­ Ethiopia and came to Indianapolis. fully overcoming humanitarianism in There the Star published his Ode to many lines, and the determination of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument the dominant South to beat the black which James Whitcomb Riley and man to his knees, to make him a docile other writers praised. Yet when they ignorant beast of burden, was never saw the black face of the poet they stronger than to-day. This is the sighed. It was no use to try there, so truth. Let us tell the truth, unpleasant the black boy started for Harvard with though it be, and through the truth thirty-four cents in his pocket and a seek freedom. There is no other way. bundle of Odes to Ethiopia! He rode on engines, skulked, starved and SMITH JONES. walked, and finally was arrested in ACURIOUS thing happened at Worcester, Mass., a dirty, black, red- Harvard last fall A boy eyed vagabond, and sent to the work­ walked from Mississippi and house. "I am a poet," he protested, sought to enter the college because he "not a tramp;" but the guard dropped wanted to learn to write. his letter to the editors in the waste "Certainly. Why not?" asks the paper basket and grinned. Finally, reader. on a dark night he came to Harvard Well—he was black. Square. He saw its dim trees and "Oh," says the reader, as the dean scattered buildings and, venturing in of the college said, "why didn't he go the yard, was promptly arrested again to an industrial school ?" and clapped into jail. Oh! our brave "Because," said Smith Jones, "I and efficient police! want to study literature and become a poet." This time his judge was a man. "Why not become a carpenter?" While his jailers were proving beyond "Because I don't want to." peradventure that any man whose "Is not a trade honorable?" whole luggage consisted of a bag of "Yes; but the trade I want is writ­ poems was either a vagabond or a fool, ing in numbers." the judge was reading his poems. So "But can you write?" he went free, "on probation." At last Now, the strange thing is that a man came forward and put Jones Smith Jones has the gift of song. into the Boston Latin School, where "My song floats softly up to thee," he is now preparing for Harvard. Leaving It to the South

B>

CHARLES EDWARD RUSSELL

SIX representative Southern men sat the cocaine habit was spreading rapidly. talking one day in a lawyer's office There was a suggested question whether in Atlanta. They were talking the State had done well to abolish liquor about the race problem. With no selling, but the general opinion was that intention of jocularity I may say that to the advantages outweighed any possible one that knows the South as it is to disadvantages. Someone observed that mention their subject is quite super­ there was a marked decline in the aver­ fluous. It is enough to say 'that they age physical condition of the Negroes, were Southerners, and they were talk­ and this was taken as indicating that in ing. That would usually mean that they all probability tuberculosis or some other were talking about the one great over­ form of disease would solve the prob­ shadowing issue. lem. I listened, hoping for enlightenment. I did not hear any of the gentlemen at These were university men; all but one any time say anything to indicate a be­ (though Southern born) were from great lief that the South or the country owed Northern universities, Harvard, Yale, any duty, to the Negroes except to get Princeton; all we're lawyers and of stand­ rid of them. I have never heard any ing in their profession. Here, I said, Southerner of this order make any such I shall find the best Southern thought admission nor concede that the Negroes on this tangled monster. had any right to education or citizenship Each had a solution to offer or to or a fair chance in life. A suggestion favor. One advocated deportation. The to that effect has usually been regarded government, he said, should charter as absurd, lunatic or incomprehensible. enough steamships to take all the The Negro, in my observation, is regard­ Negroes from America, land them in ed basically as a wilful and hateful in­ Africa and leave them there. truder whose presence is by all men To this all the others had strong objec­ rightfully resented. tions. They pointed out that the expense Now the men that I listened to in the would be enormous and that to secure lawyer's office were without exception the necessary appropriation would be al­ good men. They were able, intelligent most impossible. They seemed also to and honest; on any other subject in the think that this suggestion was weak and world they were reasonable and just; womanish and I gathered that its advo­ toward all other persons but Negro per­ cate was regarded as a rather foolish sons they were kindly, generous and person. It happened that he was the charitable. I think all were professing Southern university man, but doubtless Christians, and I know all were of irre­ that was a mere coincidence. proachable characters. To relieve the The next man thought that the prob­ unfortunate- of their own color they lem was working itself out in a satis­ would at all times do most generous factory way without further legislation. things, and at any news of any great He took front his pocket a paper of sta­ disaster among their own people they tistics showing comparatively by years were moved with genuine pity. Yet the increase of tuberculosis and pulmon­ they would learn with satisfaction of ary complaints among the Negroes, and the progress of disease among colored read these to a deeply interested audi­ persons and talk coldbloodedly of the ence. He had added many calculations relative merits of cocaine and consump­ of his own as to the probable progress tion in reducing the Negro population. of these diseases and seemed to prove A short time before, seated in the buf­ that at the existing rates of increase the fet car of a Southern Pacific express Negroes would in so many years be re­ from New Orleans, I had heard men of duced to inconsiderable numbers and in a coarser type talking about the Galves­ so many more would be extinct. ton flood. One of them, a Galveston It was also suggested that the in­ man, said that the militia shot a large creased use of cocaine among the number of Negroes for alleged looting, Negroes would greatly hasten this result but that not five per cent, of the men and there was considerable information shot were looters or had any idea of adduced on this point. It seemed that theft. He said: 24 THE CRISIS

"It was too good a chance to kill nig­ Here is a vast white population whose gers and the boys couldn't let it go by." controlling thought at all times is I thought this was some hideous form hatred. Neither an individual nor a of jesting and expected to see the com­ population can afford to indulge in that pany so accept it. But his hearers only most deadly luxury. Men are not so nodded their he^ads with an apparent constituted. Invariably the hater fares sense of understanding, and I saw that worse than the hated. It is an abso­ what was alleged to have happened at lute and certain law of life. Galveston, whether true or not, repre­ If this blind and essentially brutal pas­ sented a feeling widespread and genuine sion of hatred that animates the whites among the whites and that what this toward the Negroes of the South and signified was the explanation of many daily increases is' not to have dreadful other bloody records besides those of results it will reverse all the lessons of Galveston. history. If there be any one thing that Nothing could be farther from my the experience of mankind has so far thought than to intimate that these two demonstrated it is that nations must pay incidents, taken from a full sheaf of ob­ on the nail. If they tolerate ignorance servations and travels through the they must .pay the penaltv in crime; if South, reveal the ideas of all Southern­ they sow injustice they will reap wrong; ers. I do not know that they repre­ if they indulge in oppression they will sent the ideas of a majority of South­ insure disaster. These things are in­ erners. I do know that many men of evitable. the South would instantly repudiate and For years I have been accustomed to resent them as barbarous and cruel. But hear Northern men say of the race prob­ I also know that whatever might be the lem that it is a Southern question and numerical division on this question the should be left to the South. "The South­ feeling of intense, blind, passionate ern people understand the Negro: they hatred that prompted these expressions know how to deal with him. They and made them natural and unpremed­ should be let alone with their own af­ itated is the identical feeling that seems fairs." This, I think, represents the aver­ more and more to direct the-policy of age sentiment among the educated the Southern States. classes of the North. It may not be in all respects the feel­ Exactly the same corrtments were ing of the majority, but it is certainly once made at the North about slavery. the feeling of those that make the laws With infinitely more reason one might and direct the government; and as long have said the same thing of the- nobles as that is the fact all those that believe of the old regime in France before 1789. in democracy, liberty and equality need They understood the peasants; they best no other inspiration to protest. Here is knew how to deal with the issue; it was enough of an issue to engage their ut­ their affair. Yet when that pyramid of most sympathies and assistance if they wrong heaped upon wrong finally col­ are sincere. lapsed how clear before the world was As to the fact that these are the dom­ revealed the fact that the nobles had inant .ideas, I need cite only the savage not understood the peasants, that they policy of the Southern States toward had not known best how to deal with Negro education, the appalling figures the issue, that it was not their affair, of Negro illiteracy, the apparent purpose but the affair of civilization. Instead of .to obliterate the Negro schools, the un­ being "the best judges of the- situation constitutional laws by which the Negro because they were on the ground," a has been deprived of his citizenship, the homespun printer far off in Philadelphia horrors of the "jim-crow" cars on the could have taught wisdom about it they railroads, the steady increase of the ban never dreamed of. laid upon the Negro workingman, the It is so now in the South. Prejudice increasing dangers in which the Negro and passion are the worst possible in­ at the South leads his life, the increas­ structors. The people of the South, or ing perversion of justice, the increase of many of them, do not seem able to see practical anarchy at the South so far as that eternal verities are not to be al­ the relations of whites and Negroes are tered to suit inherited prejudices, that concerned. All of these perilous mani­ justice is still justice, men are still men, festations and many others are obviously right is still right, and that the moment the fruits of such feelings as the six we attempt to make distinctions and dif­ lawyers indicated when they discussed ferences about the status of men before consumption and cocaine as relative the law we throw down the whole struc­ means of grace. ture of civilization that has been reared I put aside, for the time being, the through so many years at so great a graver consideration of the effects of cost. these things upon the Negro victims: I The nation cannot endure halt with look now merely at their effect upon rights and half with none any more than the dominant whites of the South. I it could endure half slave and half free. protest that for their own sakes the It is not merely the black disgrace be­ white people of the South cannot afford fore the world of an enlightened country to let this downward drift go farther. that plays these sorry tricks upon a de- COLOR HYSTERIA 25 fenceless minority of its people. There chains from Africa, therefore we are is also the other fact that whenever the under no obligation to give them any­ rights of one man are destroyed the thing except odd kicks and monstrous rights of all men are impaired. Every injustice. Would not that be an extra­ time justice has been perverted to wreak ordinary conception of ethics? popular prejudice on a colored man the It is in no spirit of hostility toward whole system of justice has been weak­ the people of the South that we protest ened for everybody. Organized society against all this. Those that protest are will not stand such strains. What the moved as much in the interest of the South is really doing is to create a kind South as of the rest of the country—at of anarchy certain to react upon its least as much. Before the war South­ creators. You cannot deliberately fos­ ern slave owners looked upon the Aboli­ ter ignorance and lawlessness without tionists as their worst enemies. It is paying the price. now perfectly clear that the Abolition­ I have heard certain Americans speak ists were the best friends the South ever with a curious bias about all these had, for they wished to remove from things. They seem to think that by the Southern people an absolutely fatal some ethical jugglery we have a duty to blight. It is the same way to-day. Those educate the Filipinos but none to edu­ that insist upon justice and opportunity cate American Negroes: that the Ha- for the Negro are the South's best waiians have rights but Negroes have friends, and it has no enemies worse none: that we should deal justly with than the complacent, comfortable and Porto Ricans but have no obligations indifferent Northerner that being con­ of justice toward native colored men. fronted with the growing menace of this We forced ourselves upon the Filipinos issue says: "Leave it to the South. The without their consent. We are there­ South understands the Negro and knows fore obliged to give them schools and what is best to do." justice. We dragged the Negroes in

Color Hysteria

By

OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD

THE approval of the Japanese tle disappears. It is lucky that Dumas and treaty without an outburst of race other eminent foreigners with colored hatred on the Pacific Coast is the blood in their veins are not alive and more remarkable because a wave willing to visit our shores; they, too, of hysteria on the color question seems would be ostracized socially. to be sweeping over the entire country. But nothing quite so wicked as has re­ Whichever way one turns it is to be cently happened in New Orleans has as found, and it has become a pleasing yet disgraced the North. We refer to sport with some newspapers to "feature" the case of the young woman who was every item into which the word Negro recently killed by a street car, and of can be introduced. Particularly is this her family. She was described in a true if it relates in any way to sane and newspaper account of the accident as a proper'intercourse between the races. "colored" woman. It being a crime in Thus an eminent Columbia University Louisiana to say that any white person professor and his wife, who were plan­ has Negro blood, satisfaction was de­ ning a suffrage meeting in their apart­ manded, when a search of the records ment, find themselves the victims of showed that some generations back most trying notoriety because they were there was colored blood in the family. willing to oblige the woman suffrage At once a bill of attainder was passed party by having both white and colored upon tlie whole connection. The happy listeners to the speeches. Of course, this marriage of a sister is broken up, the was not the whole crime: after the husband suing for a divorce, since mar­ speeches, cups of tea were to be handed riage or concubinage between the races about and that, of course, was unforgiv­ is forbidden by law. A brother, a senior able. The landlord, being frightened by in a white school, is forced into a black newspaper publications, threatened an in­ one, and the whole family is set apart junction—with the result that the old precisely as if afflicted by leprosy and fiction about a man's home being his cas­ with the same amount of hysteria that 26 THE CRISIS attends the discovery of a leprosy case opened for him, he may be set upon by here in New York. a mob and stoned, as at Fort Worth Next, New Orleans is shocked to know this very day. In many a Southern city, that a Confederate veteran participating the public library closes its doors in his in the unveiling of a statue to Jefferson face and refuses him the books of his Davis is partly of Negro blood and own authors—Du Bois, Washington, partly white. Thereupon it was given out Chesnutt, Dunbar, and the rest. If his that there would be a careful overhaul­ wife is in need of a Pullman berth to ing of the records, with a view to seeing reach her destination, it is refused her, just how many persons have a one-six­ though she may be physically unable to teenth or one-thirty-second portion of travel in a day coach—a Mississippi court Negro blood in their veins. But we has just given a woman heavy damages hazard a guess that it will not go very against the Pullman Company, because far. When a similar one was under­ she traveled in a Pullman which also taken in a parish near New Orleans harbored several colored bishops! there were made such discoveries that a Mr. Washington has gone up and fortunate fire destroyed the records of down the country with the approval of births, deaths and marriages. One is white men of all sections, urging the tempted to wish that a healing torch Negro to buy farms and houses. But might be applied to the New Orleans if he displeases his white neighbors, in records. many States, a shotgun invalidates his Now, the persons cast out in that city title to his land. And if he buys a fine were precisely the same the day after house on a good street, in Baltimore, the the discovery as before. They were pre­ law is hard on his heels. Even in Seat­ sumably gentle and good-mannered, and tle they tried—but in vain—to declare it is known that they were well edu­ that a colored man could not buy a house cated in fashionable schools. Doubtless where he could bring up his children they had attained the social position they in decent surroundings. occupied by reason of worth. Now all And so we are trying in this democ­ that is changed. What they personally racy the impossible experiment of es­ are or what they may have accomplished tablishing a caste, as in India. The rig­ goes for naught. Upon them is placed ors of the Russian Pale are to go with a stigma for life. Were segregation in it. Men and women are to live apart, force in New Orleans as planned in with the finger of scorn upon them if Richmond and Baltimore, they would they walk out of their district. They have to move within the Pale. They are to be denied freedom of property; would be told that aspirations and ideals the right to move about freely, the right must go by the board with all their to proper amusement. The right to say friendships of generations — because how and where their children shall be years back some perhaps charming and educated and by whom, is to be taken brilliant Creole was married to one of away, as well as all voice and participa­ their name. The stigma that part of tion in their government. Taxes they America would place is upon the blood; must pay, but no words of theirs as to no foul disease with its blood taint is how the proceeds shall be expended are comparable. There is in this black blood to be tolerated. something so terrible that some would What incentive remains? What col­ throw overboard every bit of Christian­ ored man is to be blamed, if, despairing, ity in dealing with it and make a mock­ he denounces those leaders who urge ery of glib church-words about the him to be law-abiding and useful and brotherhood of man and the teachings industrious and decides to live for the of the Saviour. moment only, particularly if he sees Does any one wonder if the Negro in those who would battle for the simple America is baffled and appalled at the rights that are his as an American cit­ situation in which he finds himself? He izen denounced by the prejudiced and is condemned for. low associations. If he the blind as desiring the destruction of seeks the elevating influences of better the dominant race? Alas! that everyone ones, they are denied him. He is accused does not see that the real enemies of of frequenting vile theatres only; every white supremacy are those who would decent one is closed to him, and every make it synonymous with selfishness, good music hall. If a picture-show is cruelty, oppression and wicked injustice. TALKS ABOUT WOMEN NUMBER FIVE By Mrs. JOHN E. MILHOLLAND

Fifteen or more years ago, before themselves for such a life! To be a women were so anxious to go into the thoroughly competent cook, waitress or professional, business or commercial maid means better pay, more comfort world, a few old-fashioned ones, eager and far superior surroundings than to be to do something to solve the ever-per­ a shopgirl or do work in a factory—the plexing domestic problem, started a one advantage here being, perhaps, a lit­ school for "home economy." The idea tle more liberty regarding time. When was to have a place where girls wishing this sort of labor is put on a purely to become trained domestics might get business basis, when mistress and maid proper instruction under a good teacher. have a fuller and better understanding Outside of the originators of the plan of each other, when the hours of labor it seemed impossible to get any one in­ can be better arranged, then let us hope terested. The home-loving women re­ our young women—colored and white— fused to co-operate, the girls that were will feel that if they have a taste for expected to flock for instruction did not domestic service they may go into it come, and so this very excellent scheme without thinking, as they now do, that was abandoned. they are losing their social standing Later on, however, th 1 public schools among their own set. In any case, this took up this idea, and at present Do­ is a foolish thought, for all honest labor, mestic Science is a regular department domestic or otherwise, is honorable and in all the larger schools. It seems a should be always so considered. much-needed reform, but even done in One of the most striking illustrations this way it does not reach the masses of what can be done by a strong desire as it should and training schools in con­ for a home and home ties is shown in nection with all churches would, it seems the life of Dinah Watts Pace, a colored to me, be a good idea. Here girls hav­ woman of over fifty, who has devoted ing a taste for domestic labor could be her life to making a home for homeless taught properly. There should be cook­ boys and girls. Mrs. Pace was educated ing, plain laundry and waiting depart­ at Atlanta University, and came to Cov­ ments, and those having served a cer­ ington, Ga., when about twenty to teach tain apprenticeship in any one special school. She had a big, motherly heart course should be graduated with a and began to take into her cabin an occa­ proper diploma for excellence just the sional stray or lost youngster. It soon same as for the study in any other pro­ became known that the young teacher fession. For, after all, the dignity of kept open house for the lonely or home­ household labor is the only thing by less children, and very soon there were which it can be raised to such a stand­ more children than rooms. Nothing ard that our better class of American frightened this devoted worker and lover girls will consider it. of her race. She taught every one of her Abroad, where girls of intelligence and adopted children to work in the home— education go in for a domestic life, there the boys as well as the girls—the boys is no thought of that occupation being doing the heavier, the girls the lighter below the standard of any other work duties. Later on by their united efforts or skilled labor. Indeed, in England, a few acres of land were bought. A for instance, these girls consider them­ friend donated money for a very modest selves far superior socially to those house, and the family was added to from working in factories or shops. However time to time. It is over twenty years that may be in these countries, there is now since Mrs. Pace kept "open house," no "Servant Problem," and may not this and during that time she has raised and be true, because, instead of being looked sent out into the world about 200 children upon as a haven for untrained and un­ all equipped in some way to earn a living. skilled labor of every sort and condi­ All this has been done with very little tion, it is there looked upon as legiti­ money, but chiefly by a desire to make mate work for which a girl must be a home life for these helpless and home­ properly trained. She is then quite as less children of her own race. She has much a part of her social world as is most certainly succeeded, for in teach­ any other working woman of good ing to them the dignity of labor in the standing. home she has given them an inheritance they cannot lose, no matter how high When the advantages of domestic work up any of them may yet rise in the are considered the wonder is that more affairs of state. American women do not properly equip THE BURDEN

COLORED MEN LYNCHED WITH­ for carfare and living expenses than OUT TRIAL. women in better pecuniary circumstances. Is this the way that Mr. Cornell's idea 1885. 78 1898. . 102 is being carried out? Is this the way 1886. 71 1899. . 84 that Goldwin Smith's memory is honored 1887. SO 1900. . 107 and respected? Does Andrew D. White 1888. 95 1901. . 107 approve of this state of affairs? 1889. 95 1902. . 86 1890. 90 1903. . 86 ***** 1891. •121 1904. . 83 The authorities of the university also 1892. 155 1905. . 61 have their part in keeping alive the Cor­ 1893. 154 1906. . 64 nell spirit. The man who asked whether 1894. 134 1907. . 60 Niggers ate in a public refectory now sits 1895. 112 1908. . 93 in an instructor's chair in Goldwin Smith 1896. 80 1909. . 73 Hall. My own experience with profes­ 1897. 122 1910. . 65 sors would not justify the columns of editorials on "the gap between profes­ Total .2,458 sors and undergraduates" which recently appeared in the Sun. But how would this man behave to a Nigger who went into FROM CORNELL. his class? A university is a place where Truth is sought and taught—broad, uni­ Ezra Cornell's object is still expressed versal, all-pervading Truth. It is the last in the seal of the university: "I would place on earth to foster narrow, racial, found an institution where any person might obtain instruction in any subject." personal prejudices. If one instructor ***** does not like Niggers, another may despise Chinese, a third may hate Jews, Four years ago a person who wished and a fourth may have no use for any­ instruction made application before.ar­ body but himself, as the Sun seems to riving here for accommodation in the think. Then what becomes of the in­ dormitory for female persons. The offi­ struction for any person ? This is not cials in charge of the building found the type of teachers that Cornell began out that the applicant, although not more with. These are not the men who make heavily pigmented than the average resi­ sacrifices in order to do things for others. dent, belonged to a type of persons A man who has strong racial or class known as colored. Shortly alter the antipathies is bound to show them. And father of this girl received a curt note if he has to train minds and shape char­ containing his deposit and informing him acter! Such a man can never be a that it was a cruel imposition not to have teacher in a cosmopolitan, democratic said that she was a Negro. He replied university.—James B. Clark, '12, in the that he was not so sure about his daugh­ Cornell University Era. ter's race, but that he did know she was a woman and that, according.to the Cor­ nell University Register, "the dormi­ "LOWNESS." tories for women students are Sage Col­ On March 2 a little white girl, eight lege and Sage Cottage." years of age, was brought before the Last year two women students who had Children's Court of New York on the grown tired of climbing the hill or getting charge of improper guardianship. The half-frozen waiting for the street cars evidence proved that the child was liv­ wished to obtain rooms nearer to the ing in a tenement home under the care university. The only place where they of a black woman who had been a could even dare apply was Sage College. mother to her since her own white Here the Dean informed them that while mother had deserted her seven years be­ she herself had no objection to letting fore. The child was happy amid her them draw for rooms, some of the other surroundings, she was neatly dressed and occupants of the building would make it there was no word of complaint against very unpleasant for them. These women the woman who had reared her; never­ were therefore obliged to go back this theless, by order of the court, she was year to the Negro quarter in the lower placed in the charge of a probation offi­ part of the town; to hurry back and forth cer, who at once removed her from her to their meals; to waste in going up and home. Her colored mother by adoption, down much time and energy that they the mother who had fed and clothed her, ought to spend in assimilating the in­ had given her pretty playthings, had struction that is given them; to pay more trained her in sweet and virtuous ways, WHAT TO READ 29 might not have her devotion recognized The children used to fight back, but now by a single hour's further companion­ I see so much cringing, such fear in their ship. If the child looks pretty enough faces when a white man thunders at them, she may be adopted by a white woman, that you wonder what sort of slavery this but pending that time she must remain is and where it is to end. The principal in an institution, not in the home that told me that the things I said to them has sheltered her throughout her life. were what they needed to hear, but that "They act as though we colored people no man here dared speak that way." were not human," the black woman said when she left the court. fft Caswell McCatten, a Negro, broke all "The Negroes, you know, arc so low," records in the State of Kentucky last the probation officer remarked when an month when he was sentenced to life im­ onlooker suggested the child might a lit­ prisonment in the penitentiary for stealing, tle longer be trusted with her former a Christmas turkey. As he had been sent protector. to prison twice before for other offences, he was sent up for life under the habitual CJ Half the farmers at Bynesville, Kan., criminal act. living along the rural free delivery lines of mail have pulled down their mail boxes and refused to accept their mail

WHAT TO READ

BOOKS. "Dynamic Forces in the Liberian Situa­ Brooks, John Graham—-"An American tion," by George W. Ellis, K.C., F.R. Citizen; the Life of Wm. H. Baldwin, G.S., recently Secretary of the American Jr." Houghton, Mifflin & Company. Legation in Monrovia. Journal of Race Development, January. Clark University. Eastman, Charles A.—"The Soul of the By means of deliberate thefts and Indian." Houghton, Mifflin & Com­ thefts in the name of reform, for more pany. than a quarter of a century, France and "Guide to Reading in Social Ethics and England have been acquiring section Allied Subjects." Edited by Francis G. after section of Liberian territory. Peabody. Harvard University. Beginning in 1821 as an American col­ ony with less than one hundred immi­ grants, Liberia in these ninety years has PERIODICALS. developed into a republic with a popula­ "The Slave Plantation in Retrospect." tion of from 60,000 to 75,000 civilized W. M. Daniels. Atlantic, March. Liberians engaged in the important work "Class-Consciousness." Vida D. Scudder. of perpetuating amid the more than Atlantic, March. 2,000,000 aboriginals the political, social "Some Recent Experiments in Human and religious institutions of the Amer­ Conservation." Robert W. Bruere. ican people. The republic includes with­ in its 50,000 square miles a heavy forest Harper's, March. and the highest mountains in West "Religion and Caste in India." Price Africa; it possesses "untold wealth of Collier. Scribner's, March. mine and field and forest," and occupies "Climate and Racial Skin Color." Prof: "a commanding position at the head of L. W. Lyde. The Contemporary Re­ the Gulf of Guinea;" it is "remarkably view, February. 30 THE CRISIS free from fever-laden mangrove swamps eral way are the main features of the and marshy lagoons and is generally re­ Liberian situation." garded as 'the Garden Spot of West The author concludes: "In the per­ Africa.'" formance of a great national service the American people have never missed an The proximity of this valuable garden opportunity. In the discharge of a great spot to the British and French posses­ sions, which with the exception of 350 national duty and obligation the Amer­ miles of sea coast entirely surround it, ican people have never failed or faltered. has given rise to grave international Liberia is threatened to be blotted from questions. "Growing out of some of the map. In the most anxious expecta­ these questions, Liberia has lost section tion we wonder if the United States will after section of her valuable lands; time fail or falter now." and again the Liberian government has been humiliated before its overwhelming aboriginal population; but at last the CLIMATE AND RACIAL SKIN Liberian people have been so alarmed COLOR. and aroused by what seemed to them un­ Prof. Lionel W. Lyde, Professor of justifiable international interferences * * * Economic Geography in University Col­ that there has existed for some time such lege, London, in an article in the Con­ an abnormal and complex situation of temporary Review, treating of the rela­ affairs in Liberia as to make it now the tion between climate and racial skin scene of important international atten­ color, presents the conclusion that the tion and of considerable consideration acclimatization of the white man in the and interest to the American government tropics will lead to changes of color. We and people." give a few extracts from Prof. Lyde's article: The writer continues: "France, grad­ ually but rapidly absorbing Liberian ter­ "The blackest skins amongst men, like ritory from the north and east and jeal­ the blackest stripes on the zebra, will be ous of all rivals in Liberian affairs; Ger­ found—because needed—in the hottest many, establishing great trade and com­ parts of the world that are unforested, mercial centers along the Liberian coast e. g., the African savana." and exerting its diplomatic and financial "If pigment is developed according to influence in behalf of Liberian independ­ need, and if black stops more rays than ence and sending more merchant ships to brown, and brown than yellow, we ought Liberian waters than any other Euro­ to be able to delimit climatic color zones, pean power; Great Britain, extending at and no individual or race can expect to every convenient opportunity the terri­ flourish in any such zone unless protected tory of Sierra Leona at the expense of artifically or naturally by the degree of Liberia on the west and desirous of exer­ pigment normally necessary for the zone, cising the predominant influence in the as no plant can survive without sufficient Liberian republic; and the United States, chlorophyll to absorb the rays of the the great determinative force, having particular wave length which will break established Liberia and using American up the carbonic oxide of the air." good offices in her behalf since the "Comparison of the mean isotherm of foundation of the Liberian colony, and 80 deg. F. with the mean annual isohyet contributing more than $100,000 annually of 10 inches inside the tropics suggest, to the support and maintenance of the then, that about 25 deg. N. and S. are the educational and religious institutions of natural limits of black skin, and that this little republic; these appear to me to white people trying to settle inside these constitute the great potential forces oper­ ating upon the Liberian people: but limits must wear coal-black undercloth­ Great Britain and France are the dy­ ing of some animal fabric, wool or silk, namic factors in the Liberian situation. and outer clothing of pure white color and vegetable origin, cotton or flax. "The action and reaction of the dy­ Even then everyone out of doors should namic factors one upon the other, and —as a counsel of perfection—wear spec­ the complex action of the two upon tacles and be closely veiled." Liberian public life and social institu­ "If any white man can settle in the tions, in so far as they have been put to tropics it is this tanned white man, but unnecessary expense; in so far as the probably only the yellow man can settle Liberian people have been wrongfully there, and the blond white is probably deprived of their territories; have been doomed to disappear off the face of the so distracted in mind and so depressed earth. Pigment is no danger, though in spirit; have been kept so constantly in unnecessary, in high latitudes, while the a keen struggle for self-preservation, absence of it is fatal in low latitudes that they have not been able to give the without precautions which no ordinary required attention to the several prob­ white man will systematically adopt, and lems of their internal government, the therefore the dark can intrude perma­ development of their natural resources, nently into the domain of the fair with and the assimilation of their large abor­ more success than the fair can intrude iginal population, to my mind in a gen­ into the domain of the dark." Mr. Lewis got hi 32 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER iS-SEND TEN CENTS FOR ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING: No. 1. Confessions of Nat Turner. No. 2. Contemporary Evolution of the Negro Race. Wm. G. Harper. No. 3. Benjamin Banneker. J. H. B. Latrobe. The Souls of No. 4. Evolution of the Black South. W. E. B. DuBois. Address American Negro Monographs Co. Black Folk 609 F St., N. W. (Room 102), By W. E. BTJRGHARDT DUBOIS Washington, D. C. "It is one of the noteworthy The Curse of Race Prejudice books, not merely of a year, but of JAMES F. MORTON, JR., A.M., Author and Publisher the epoch. Its every page is filled Forceful, rational, comprehensive. An arsenal of facts and unanswerable arguments. Invaluable with vigor, spontaneity and spirit­ for propaganda. Read the chapter on "The Bug­ uality."—Boston Transcript. bear of Social Equality," which is a veritable eye- opener. Thousands already sold. Agents wanted " A, stripping bare of the moral everywhere. and mental anatomy of the African PRICE 25 CENTS Address the Author at 244 West 143d Street, in America so as to reveal the naked New York, N. Y. soul in ita primitive simplicity, seared and scarred by ages of suf­ Atlanta University fering."—Hew York Age. Eighth Edition

Studies^ of the With Frontispiece Portrait of the Negro Problems Author. $1.20 Net May be ordered through any book 13 Monographs. Sold Separately. store or direct from the publishers

Address: A. C. McCLURG & CO. A. G. DILL New York CHICAGO San Francisco Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga.

BOOKS ABOUT THE NEGRO

For any book dealing with the Negro Problem, whether written by a Negro or white author, send your order to Charles Alexander, 997 Tremont Street, Boston, Mass. I have on hand the prose and poetical works of Paul Laurence Dunbar, the novels of Charles W. Chesnutt. "Race Adjustment," by Prof. Kelly Miller; "The Souls of Black Folk," by Prof. W. E. B. DuBois; the complete works of Dr. Booker T. Washington; "The History of the Negro Race," by George W. Williams, and many other important works dealing with the Race Question. You should read "The Black Cat Club," the funniest dialect story ever written by a colored man. Price, cloth binding, $1.25.

Address CHARLES ALEXANDER, BOOK AND JOB PRINTER, 997 TREMONT STREET, BOSTON, MASS.

RACE ADJUSTMENT PUBLICATIONS OF THE N. A. A. C. P. The N. A. A. C. P. has for sale the following pamphlets: By KELLY MILLER. Howard University. Washing­ 1. Disfranchisement: a powerful argu­ ton, D. C. A Standard Book on the Race Question. ment by the Rev. John Haynes Holmes. PRICE $2.00 2. Education in the South: Facts about the discrimination against the Negro. By Social Equality 5 cents the Rev. Horace Bumstead, former presi­ An Appeal to Reason, open letter dent of Atlanta University. to'John Temple Graves 10 cents 3. The Real Race Problem: A scientific Roosevelt and the Negro 10 cents comparison of the black and the white man by America's foremost anthropologist, Forty Years of Negro Education. .10 cents Prof. Boas, of Columbia University. Ultimate Race Problem -10 cents 4. Social Control. By Jane Addams, of The Political Capacity of the Hull House. Negro 10 cents 5. The Negro as a Soldier. By Brigadier- General Burt, U. S. A. ADDRESS AUTHOR Five Cents Eacb. Three Dollars a Thousand

Mention THE CRISIS. THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 33 American negro Academy Educational g>irector$

OCCASIONAL PAPERS Howard University No. 2. Conservation of Races. W. E. WILBUR P. THIRKIELD, President Burghardt DuBois $0.15 Washington, D. C. No. 3.. (a) Civilization the Primal Need The College of Arts and Sciences—Kelly Miller, of the Race; (b) The Attitude A.M., Dean. of the American Mind Toward The Teachers' College—Lewis B. Moore, A.M., the Negro Intellect. Alexander Ph.D., Dean. Crummell , 15 The Academy—George J. Cummings, A.M., Dean. No. 4. Comparative Study of the Negro The Commercial College—George W. Cook, A.M., Problem. Charles C. Cook 15 Dean. No. 5. How the Black St. Domingo School of Manual Arts and Applied Sciences— Legion Saved the Patriot Army in the Siege of Savannah, 1779. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS T. G. Steward, U.S.A 15 The School of Theology—Isaac Clark, D.D., Dean. No. 6. Disfranchisement of the Negro. The School of Medicine: Medical, Dental and John L. Love 15 Pharmaceutical Colleges—Edward O. I Jai­ No. 7. Right on the Scaffold, or the lor h, M.D., Dean. Martyrs of 1822. Archibald H. The School of Law — Benjamin F. Leighton, Grimke 15 LL.D., Dean. No. 8. Educated Negro and His Mission. For catalogue and special Information address W. S. Scarborough 15 Dean of Department. No. 9. Early Negro Convention Move­ ment. John W. Cromwell 15 Xo. 11. Negro and the Elective Fran­ chise : A Symposium by A. H. Atlanta University Grimke, Charles C. Cook, John Is beautifully located in the City of Atlanta, Ga. Hope, John L. Love, Kelly Mil­ ler and Rev. P. J. Grimke 35 The courses of study include High School, Nor­ Xo. 12. Modern Industrialism and the mal School and College, with manual training Negroes of the United States. and domestic science. Among the teachers are Archibald H. Grimke 15 graduates of Yale, Harvard, Dartmouth, Smith Xo. 13. Demand and the Supply of In­ creased Efficiency in the Negro and Wellesley. Forty-one years of successful Ministry. J. E. Moreland 15 work have been completed. Students come from No. 14. Charles Sumner Centenary. His­ all parts of the South. Graduates are almost torical Address. Archibald H. Grimke 15 universally successful. J. W. CROMWELL, For further information addreBB Corresponding Secretary, 1816 Thirteenth St., N.W., Washington, D. C. President EDWARD T. WARE ATLANTA, GAC legal Directory

Real Estate and Probate Matters a Specialty ROBERT B. BARCUS WILBERFORCE, OHIO ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW Opens first Tuesday in September NOTARY PUBLIC Located in Greene County^ 3J4 miles from Xenia, Office: Room 502, Eberly Block Columbus, O. Ohio. Healthful surroundings. Refined commu­ nity. Faculty of 32 members. Expenses low. Classical and Scientific, Theological, Preparatory, B. S. SMITH Music, Military, Normal and Business Depart­ ments. Ten industries taught. Great opportuni­ ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW. ties for High School graduates entering College or Offices: Suite 610, Sykes Block Professional Courses. Two new buildings for girls Minneapolis, Minn. to be erected this year—one now in process of erection, and the other to be begun in the spring. Catalogue and Special Information Furnished. GEORGE W. MITCHELL Address ATTOR NEY-AT-LA W W. S. SCARBOROUGH, President. 908 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa.

J. DOUGLAS WETMORE Btyuw InttterHtty ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW This institution of learning, established in 1865, 5 Beekman Street (Temple Court) has industrial departments for both young men New York City and young women, as well as college, normal and Tel. 6222 Cortlandt Cable Address, Judowet preparatory departments. There are also Schools of Law, Medicine, Pharmacy and Theology. The facilities have recently been increased. Other improvements are being planned that will FREDERICK L. McGHEE be completed within the next two years. ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW Applications should be made several months or Union Block, Fourth and Cedar Streets a year in advance, for it has become impossible St. Paul, Minn. during the last few years to receive all who apply. The present enrollment is over 500. The academic year begins on the Thursday General Practice Notary Public nearest the first day of October and continues for thirty-two consecutive weeks. The charges are WILLIAM R. MORRIS moderate. Catalogues furnished upon application. ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW 1020 Metropolitan Life Building Address THE PRESIDENT - Minneapolis, Minn. Shaw University, Raleigh, N. C.

Mention THE CRISIS. 34 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

Washington Conservatory of Music and School of Expression

NASHVILLE, TENN. 902 T STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C. LARGE AND COMPETENT FACULTY Sixty-five College Freshmen. DEPARTMENTS A New Department of Sociology. Piano, Voice and Violin, Piano Tuning.Theory Analy­ A Notable Equipment in Land and Buildings. sis, Harmony, Counterpoint, Fugue,Vocal Expression, Wind Instruments, History of Music, Methods. Successful Graduates in Nearly Every State. Scholarships Awarded Artists' Recitals Endorsed by the General Education Board. HARRIET GIBBS-MARSHALL, President. For information address GEORGE WILLIAM COOK, Treasurer. ABBY WILLIAMS, Secretary. GEORGE A. GATES, President. LEWIS G. GREGORY, Financial Secretary. ANNIE E. GRINAGE.

American Church Institute for Negroes Uirginia Union University RICHMOND, VA. SIX SCHOOLS. A College Department, of high standards and The Bishop Payne Divinity School, Peters- modern curriculum. burgh, Va., Warden, the Reverend C. B. Bryan, D.D.; St. Augustine's School. Raleigh, N. C, for A Theological Department, with all subjects normal and collegiate training, the Reverend A. generally required in the best theological B. Hunter, Principal; the St. Paul Normal and seminaries. Industrial School, Lawrenceville, Va., the Rev­ An Academy, with manual training, giving erend James S. Russell, Principal; St. Atha- a preparation for life or for college. nasius* School, Brunswick, Ga., Mr. A. N. Perry, Principal; St. Mark's School. Birmingham, Ala., The positive moral and religious aim of the the Reverend C. W. Brooks. Principal; the school, its high standards of entrance and of Vicksburg Industrial School, Vicksburg, Miss., class work, its fine new buildings and well- the Reverend W. H. Marshall, Principal. For equipped laboratories and library, prepare a information apply to the principal at any school faithful student for a life of wide usefulness. or to the Reverend Samuel H. Bishop, General Agent, 416 Lafayette Street, New York City. GEORGE RICE HOVEY. President

Slinrnln Jnatttufr The National Religious Training School JEFFERSON CITY, MISSOURI

Pounded by the Soldiers of the 62d and 65th Offers special training to young Regiments of the TJ. S. Colored Infantry. men and women as Settlement Workers, Association Secretaries, Supported by the State of Missouri. Has Missionaries, Literary and Other Normal, Collegiate, Agricultural, Mechanical and Branches. Industrial Courses. Buildings and equipment The following departments are now unsurpassed. Thirty teachers representing the in successful operation: best schools of the country. Students from all sections of the country. For catalogue and fur­ Commercial, Literary, Music, Theological ther information address Religious Training and Industrial BENJAMIN FRANKLIN ALLEN, FALL TERM OPENS OCTOBER 12 President. SUMMER SCHOOL. The Summer School and Chautau­ qua opens July 5, 1911, and closes BUREAU OF August 14. The attractions and advantages INFORMATION offered in the Summer School are unsurpassed in the country for col­ The National Association for the Ad­ ored young men and women. vancement of Colored People will be Applications should be sent in at glad to furnish correspondents confiden­ an early date. tial information concerning schools or Loan Scholarships have been es­ other matters connected with the Negro tablished for deserving young men problem. and women. Address For further information address W. E. B. DU BOIS, The President, National Religious 20 Vesey Street, New York. Training School, Durham, N. C.

Mention THE CRISIS. Ten Years with Dr. D. 0. White Telephone 7189 Morningkside Dr. JAMES A. BANKS DENTIST 204 WEST 133D STREET, NEW YORK Porcelain, Crown and Bridge Work a Specialty Pure Nitrous-Oxide Gas Administered

Can't Sec Well? See Me when your eyes feel painful, hot, uncomfortable and grow weary while reading, writing, sewing or looking at near objects, letters run together No. 4 Special Buggy while reading and become blurred. $65.00

A value unequaled. Sold on Eyes examined by me and fitted with glasses $1.00 Profit Margin. Write accurately made never grow weary, but are per­ for prices and other styles. fectly comfortable. You may not like to wear glasses, but do you like headaches, red eyes and Send for catalog. wrinkles better ? Scientific examinations of the eyes for defective eyesight is my specialty. C. R. Patterson & Sons Dr. R. G. ADAMS, Optometrist GREENFIELD, OHIO Physical Eye Specialist Largest Negro carriage concern in the United States 16 West 134th Street. New York City. N. Y. The Firm for the Negro Farmers and Shippers to Deal With Try Us Before Shipping Elsewhere. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES OYSTERS AND GAME POULTRY AND EGGS COTTMAN & COTTMAN WHOLESALE COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 107 Pine Street. Philadelphia, Pa. Reference: The People's Savings Bank Bell 'Phone Connection: Lombard 4035 NYANZA DRUG CO. NYANZA PHARMACY (Incorporated.^ in the only colored Drug Store in New York City, and rf the purpose of the Corporation is to establish chains of 35 W. 135th ST., NEW YORK CITY stores, carrying Drugs and everything incidental to the Drug business. It is really the indisputable duty of CAPITAL STOCK, §15,000 every self-respecting member of the race to give it h)B Shares $5.00 support. Write for information. The best paying investment ever offered our people. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE

CRISIS PRINTS Your Carpet Needs Cleaning! Let tbe NEW YORK CAREFUL CLEANING BUREAU Do It Front page illustration in three colors We Clean and Renovate for Particular People— on heavy paper, 7 by 9 inches, suitable from a Rug to a House—by the Vacuum System. Let us give you a Clean House for for framing—Fifty Cents. the year 1911 Phone 3253 Harlem. 12 Weit 135th Street

ADVERTISING RATES TELEPHONE 5277 MORNINCS1DE One page, each insertion $ 15.00 Half page, each insertion 8.00 Quarter page, each insertion 4.00 Sr. (fantrnfa £ Olurita One inch, one column, each insertion 1.00 Half inch, one column, each insertion 50 471 Lenox Avenue, New York City Discounts for insertions of one advertisement for three months or more. SURGEON

'Phone 2870-J Harlem. DENTIST W. A. PARKER Office Hours: Bellevue Dental Clinic ACCIDENT INSURANCE 9-12 a. m. Mondays from 19 WEST 132D STREET 2-9 p. m. 2 to 5 p. m, Agent Continental Casualty Company Largest Accident and Health Insurance Company SUNDAYS BY APPOINTMENT in the World WOMEN'S and CHILDREN'S WORK A SPECIALTY

Mention THE CRISIS. Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and Training School

Philadelphia Pa.

Pay and free beds and private rooms. Two years' training for nurses. $5,000 endows a free bed.

Andrew T. Stevens, President.

Nathan F. Mosjell, M.D., Medical Director and Superintendent.

Fred. W. Ernst, Pres. B. Childs, Vice-Pres. M. Alice Ernst, Sec. ERNST SEWING MACHINE CO. Office, 20 Livingston Ave., Detroit, Mich. MAIL ORDER DEPARTMENT We are offering to the public the greatest bargain ever known in SF.WING MACHINES; ours are made from the best case hardened Bessemer steel, with all of the latest improvements, run lightly, lock stitch, smooth on both sides, and are perfect sewers. We give a set of nickel-plated steel attachments and a written guarantee for ten years with each machine. Join an Ernst Sewing Machine Club of fifteen and get one of our Ernst Specials, the world wonder. To any lady getting up a club for purchasing our machines we will give one of our specials for her trouble. Dressmakers all over the world endorse our machines. We ship all machines direct from the factory to your address. Buy one of ours and save the dealer's and agent's profit. Ours will do the same work as the Singer, Domestic, New Home, or any other, and do not cost as much. Write us for our catalog and Club Plans. Ernst Special $14.75 Ernst No. 2 $17.50 Ernst No. 1 16.00 Alice Ernst 22.50 Sphinx Labor-Saving Soap Go. A NEW AND DIFFERENT SOAP Costs Less — Does More

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AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. WRITE TO-DAY. Office and Factory: 715 Herkimer St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Mention THE CRISIS.