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International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences DOI: 10.5958/j.2319-5886.2.3.076 International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences www.ijmrhs.com Volume 2 Issue 3 July - Sep Coden: IJMRHS Copyright @2013 ISSN: 2319-5886 Received: 28th Apr 2013 Revised: 28th May 2013 Accepted: 1st Jun 2013 Research article A STUDY ON MEASUREMENT AND CORRELATION OF CEPHALIC AND FACIAL INDICES IN MALES OF SOUTH INDIAN POPULATION *Praveen Kumar Doni.R, Janaki CS, Vijayaraghavan. V, Delhi raj U 1Department of Anatomy, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Enathur, Kanchi Puram, Tamilnadu, India. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]. ABSTRACT Cranial, facial measurements and indices are used to estimate the sex and different shapes of head, and face. It is highly important for Anatomists, forensic scientists, plastic surgeons, physical anthropologists. Six craniofacial indices namely, head length, head breadth, cephalic index, face length, face breadth, facial index were calculated. Method: The present study was performed on 100 male medical students of south India of 18-23 year age groups, anthropometric points were measured by using spreading, sliding caliper. Result: The present study showed the correlation is statistically significant between the cephalic and facial indices in males. Conclusion: predominant head type in males was Dolico cephalic in 19 year age group. Key words: Craniofacial indices, Dolicocephalic. Anthropometric points, Correlation. INTRODUCTION The Study of Humankind, physically, and concern to explain the functional significance of culturally is known as Anthropology. And it has bones, and the normal features of bone and its been developed by the following biologists measurements are described by Traditional Samuel George Morton, Charles Darwin and physical anthropology. Understanding the Alfred Russell Wallace and Comte De Buffon, processes of the mechanism responsible for a Paul Broca, John Frederick Blumenbach. specific trait is important and should be given Classical & New Physical Anthropology : due attention than to make a simple statement Methodological approach of physical about its presence or absence .It necessitates anthropology1 is primarily based on compute the development of descriptive, quantitative indices, Statistics, defined measurements. methods. Physical anthropology is concerned However, the recent technical advancement and with the direction of change age groups, and realization of role of genetics in anthropology, among individuals of past and present. It the global acceptance of anthropometry is linked continues to be study of biological variation and with genetic heterogeneity to understand the human evolution. And Genetic differences and variability of traits. The traditional physical environmental modifications are responsible for anthropology concerns to describe the features of the changes of sources, like the age group of bones, whereas New physical Anthropology individuals past to present. Human biology is 439 Praveen et al., Int J Med Res Helath Sci. 2013;2(3):439-446 approached by the physical anthropology with Human populations were characterized as either emphasis on humanity. Since cultural context is Dolicocephalic (long headed), Mesaticcephalic considered as basic key to understanding, and (Moderate headed), Brachycephalic (Short proper appreciation of the problems of human headed). These were earlier issues on the role of evolution. Hence the physical anthropology is cephalic index in determining the race and concerned with the communication of mapping of the ancestral population. The lack of environmental2 and socio-cultural factors. plastic evidence9 led to implementation of Physical anthropology is important in forensic advanced techniques in 2002, 2003 and provided sciences. It made some significant contributions, a genetic back drop in head shape10-13. and also age and sex have determined by Cephalic indices: Cephalic index is derived individual characterization. Physical from the Greek word “ Kephalic” meaning anthropology helps in the fields of “Head”, The Greek work “ ikos” meaning dermatoglyphics, serology, osteology, “Pertaining to” and the Latin word “Index” osteometry, and solves the problems of forensic meaning” that which points out”. Header length science3. is the distance from the glabella to opistocranion. Cephalic index and physical anthropology : And head breadth is the distance between two The cephalic index is nothing but the ratio of the irons. maximum breadth of the head to its maximum Formula: Cephalic index (CI) = [Head width/ length. Sometimes multiplied by 100 for Head length] X 100 convenience. It was given by Ander Retzius According to Frankfort agreement of 1882 , (1796-1860). In Twentieth century the index martin and smaller classification14. Skulls can be widely used by anthropologists to categorize classified on the basis of cephalic indices, human populations. Today it is mainly used to According to Banister’s classification15 ; the describe individual’s appearances and estimating following facial types are classified according to age of fetuses for legal, obstetrical reasons4-8. facial index. (Table.1) Cephalic index and sexual dimorphism: indicated that the cephalometric dimensions and Variety of metric and non-metric measurements indices have clear racial trend. Amount of accesses the ethnic and sex differences of skull. population and age specific data on cephalic The non-metric measurements are more indices which gives an indication of growth and subjective, and the actual measurements like development and abnormalities of cranial shape cephalic indices provide a metrical recording of and size of individuals. sizes, proportions of cranial features, Since these Proscopic (Facial) index: For the evolution of indices fall under numerical category, it craniofacial morphology during development prioritizes the evaluation of inter and intra which differs among races and ethnic groups, population comparison of crania as well as Proscopic index (PI) becomes an important sexual dimorphism. anthropological parameter. PI was reported to be Cephalic indices play a crucial role in different among races and current investigations comparison of cephalic morphometry between are moving around the changes in closely related parents, offspring’s and siblings and provide populations. Precipice index is the relation to the information on inheritance pattern. Also, it length of the face to its maximum width between provides the roots for diagnostic comparison as zygomatic prominences. The length of face in cases of Dolicocephalics (less prone to Otosis measured from the nasion to mental tubercle and media16), and in the individuals with Apert’s breadth is measured as bizygomatic width. The syndrome who are hyperbrachycephalic17. total facial index is calculated Studies that were carried on different ethnic Formula: Proscopic (facial) index (FI) = Total groups, populations and comparisons clearly facial height/ Bizygomatic width] X 100 440 Praveen et al., Int J Med Res Helath Sci. 2013;2(3):439-446 Table.1: Classification of human head and face based on cephalic indices and facial index Cephalic index Facial index CI range Scientific term FI range Scientific term <75.9 Dolico cephalic ( long headed) <79.9 Hyper Euryproscopic (very broad face) 76 – 80.9 Mesatic cephalic(medium headed) 80 – 84.9 Euryproscopic face ( Broad face) 81 – 85.9 Brachycephalic (short headed) 85 – 89.9 Mesoproscopic face ( round face) 86 – 90.9 Hyper Brachycephalic 90 – 94.9 Leptoproscopic face ( long face) >91 Ultra Brachycephalic >95 Hyperlepto Proscopic face ( very long face) METHODOLOGY Study Design: A cross sectional study was Hrdlicka’s method 18 used for the Assessing conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Cephalic index, Hooten’s Method19 used for Meenakshi medical college, Kanchipuram, Assessing Total facial index. including 100 subjects (100 males) together from Head length = Glabella to opisthocranion (G- south India. The participants who volunteered in OP), it was measured by spreading caliper. the study were healthy and without any obvious Head breadth = Euryon – Euryon (Eu-Eu), it was craniofacial abnormalities like developmental measured by spreading caliper. disability, oculofacial trauma, craniofacial Total facial height (Nasion – Gnanthion) (N-Gn), congenital anomaly, and had no history of plastic it was measured by sliding caliper. or reconstructive surgery. The age group of 18- Bizygomatic breadth (Bizygomatic, Zy- Zy), it 23 years male volunteers was selected. was measured by Sliding caliper. Instruments used include weighing machine, Cephalic index (CI) = ( Eu-Eu/ G – OP)×100 measuring tape, sliding and spreading calipers. Prosopic (facial) index (FI) = (N – Gn/ Zy-Zy) × The following measurements namely, age, sex, 100 weight, height, head length, head breadth, Depending on these indices the types of head & Bizygomatic breadth, Total facial height, From face shapes were classified according to Martin above measurements the following indices & saller (1957) method and Farkas (1981, 1994) calculated. method. Cephalic index, Proscopic index (Facial index) Microsoft Excel and by a statistical software – Cephalofacial measurements: SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) RESULTS Table 2: Ranges of head length, head breadth of males Head length No of cases Head breadth No of cases 16.01 – 17.00 1 11.01 – 12.00 1 17.01 – 18.00 17 12.01 – 13.00 6 18.01 – 19.00 47 13.01 – 14.00 29 19.01 – 20.00 32 14.01 -15.00 53 20.01 – 21.00 3 15.01 – 16.00 10 - - 16.01 – 17.00 1 441 Praveen et al., Int
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