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A Study in Contrasts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fu UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA RENO The Wizards Beach Men: A Study in Contrasts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology By Verla M. Jackson Dr. Gary Haynes, Thesis Advisor December 2012 ©by Verla M. Jackson 2012 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by VERLA M. JACKSON entitled The Wizards Beach Men: A Study In Contrasts From Pyramid Lake, Nevada be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Gary Haynes, Ph.D., Advisor G. Richard Scott, Ph.D., Committee Member Eugene M. Hattori, Ph.D., Committee Member Peter E. Wigand, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative Marsha H. Read, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School December, 2012 i ABSTRACT This thesis compares and contrasts two sets of human skeletal remains of different chronometric ages found on Nevada’s Pyramid Lake shoreline in 1968. The remains were found when drought lowered the shoreline of the lake, resulting in exposure by erosive wave action. No artifacts were found associated with the remains, so there are no direct indications of the two men’s subsistence and lifeways in the Early and Middle Holocene. This thesis describes how the lives of these two individuals and their possible manner of death differed under disparate climatic conditions. Differences are seen in their skeletal morphology, pathologies, and degree of dental wear during periods of changing climate in the Great Basin. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Gary Haynes, my committee chair for his unending patience and guidance with this thesis; it would not be as well-written without his excellent editing skills. I would also like to thank my committee members: Dr. G. Richard Scott, for the advice on teeth and showing me how a physical anthropologist details what research should be done on human remains; Dr. Eugene M. Hattori, for the access to the Nevada State Museum collections of the artifacts found on and near Wizards Beach, including the suggestion to take on this research project; and to Dr. Peter E. Wigand for explaining so eloquently how the climate and flora changed from the Early to Middle Holocene when my two Wizards Beach men were living in the Great Basin. I would like to thank the Department of Anthropology faculty and students at the University of Nevada, Reno for their patience and encouragement to complete my degree. I would like to thank the faculty for awarding me the Herbert C. Splatt Scholarship for research support. I would like to thank my fellow graduate students for sharing the experience of graduate school with them, it has been an honor. In particular, the following students have been in my corner from the beginning and I really appreciate all your support, hugs, encouragement, and input as I worked through this research and its varied conundrums: Sarah Branch, Chrissy Burke, Anna Camp, and Anthony Taylor. iii I would like to thank my parents and family for giving me the courage and stubbornness to follow my dream of attaining a graduate degree. Lastly, I would like to thank my companion, Jeffrey A. Mehoves, for his patience and love, while I slowly drove myself crazy and became totally immersed in the research on “my two guys” from Wizards Beach. iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the two Wizards Beach Men, it has been an honor to learn about you and your lives far beyond what initially looked like a straightforward project. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Background and Context ................................................................................... 5 The Great Basin ....................................................................................................... 5 Western Great Basin History – Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene and Middle Holocene ..................................................................................................... 9 Early Holocene Environment and Subsistence ..................................................... 12 Megafauna and Extinctions .................................................................................. 16 Fossil Localities at Pyramid Lake ........................................................................... 18 Wizards Beach ........................................................................................... 18 The Harrelson Skeletons at Wizards Beach .................................. 19 The Norcross Bone Pile ................................................................. 20 Middle Holocene Climate and Subsistence .......................................................... 21 Human Habitation ................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 3: Great Basin Skeletal Remains from the Early Holocene ................................. 26 Fishbone Cave ....................................................................................................... 27 Grimes Burial Shelter ............................................................................................ 27 Spirit Cave ............................................................................................................. 28 Buhl, ID .................................................................................................................. 32 Wizards Beach ....................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 4: Methods .......................................................................................................... 35 Dating .................................................................................................................... 35 Osteometry ........................................................................................................... 37 Craniometrics ............................................................................................ 38 Non-metric Cranial Traits .............................................................. 38 Dental Morphology and Traits ...................................................... 39 Stature ....................................................................................................... 42 Age at Death and Sex ................................................................................ 43 Musculoskeletal Stress Markers ............................................................... 44 Race/Ethnic Affinities ................................................................................ 45 Data Analysis of the Great Basin Paleoindian Skeletons ...................................... 46 vi Chapter 5: The Paleoindians – Wizards Beach ................................................................. 50 Wizards Beach Man 1 – AHUR 2023 ..................................................................... 54 Skull ............................................................................................... 62 Long Bones .................................................................................... 63 Vertebrae, Scapula, Clavicle, Hand, and Foot Bones .................... 66 Wizards Beach Man 2 – AHUR 2022 ..................................................................... 69 Osteological Analysis by Element ............................................................. 72 Skull ............................................................................................... 72 Long Bones: Upper Limbs ............................................................. 75 Long Bones: Lower Limbs.............................................................. 76 Hand and Foot Bones .................................................................... 78 Torso: Clavicle, Scapula, Ribs, Pelvis, Vertebrae ........................... 78 Torso: Ribs ..................................................................................... 81 Torso: Vertebral Column ............................................................... 82 Torso: Pelvis .................................................................................. 87 Chapter 6: Results and Comparisons ................................................................................ 90 WBM1 ................................................................................................................... 90 WBM1 Age at Death ..................................................................... 90 WBM1 Manner of death ............................................................... 91 WBM1 Biological Affinities ........................................................... 97 WBM2 ..................................................................................................................
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