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Sexual Dimorphism in the Vertebral Column University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-2007 Sexual Dimorphism in the Vertebral Column Amanda Suzanne Allbright University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Allbright, Amanda Suzanne, "Sexual Dimorphism in the Vertebral Column. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2007. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/101 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Amanda Suzanne Allbright entitled "Sexual Dimorphism in the Vertebral Column." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Lee Meadows Jantz, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Richard Jantz, Murray Marks Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Amanda Suzanne Allbright entitled “Sexual Dimorphism in the Vertebral Column.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Lee Meadows Jantz_______________ Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Richard Jantz____________________ Murray Marks___________________ Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges________________ Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures on file with official student records.) Sexual Dimorphism in the Vertebral Column A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Amanda Suzanne Allbright December 2007 Acknowledgements I would like to thank everyone who has helped me along the way. Most importantly I would like to thank Dr. Lee Meadows Jantz for having patience in helping me over the last two years, I know it was slow, but I finally got it done. Thank you also for access to the Bass Collection. I would also like to thank Dr. Richard Jantz and Dr. Murray Marks for being part of my committee and for their feedback, with special thanks to Dr. Jantz for helping me to understand statistics a little bit better. I want to thank my family, especially my parents, who have always supported me in all my decisions, even though a career in engineering would have been much more profitable. ii Abstract Determining sex from skeletal remains is important in forensic and archaeological settings. Though using the pelvis to determine sex is ideal, often remains are fragmentary or incomplete, requiring sex to be estimated from other skeletal elements. Many individual bones have been studied to evaluate sexual dimorphism and the extent to which they can be used to determine sex of an unknown individual. However, sexual dimorphism in the vertebral column has only been examined to a limited extent. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of sexual dimorphism throughout the entire vertebral column and, if present, to establish a method by which sex can be determined from any given vertebra, even if the exact vertebral number is not known. A total of 16 different measurements were taken on the vertebrae from a sample of 119 individuals from the William M. Bass Skeletal Collection. Given the small representation of African American individuals in the collection, only individuals of European descent were considered in this study. Since possible effects of aging were to be considered, equal numbers of males and females were randomly selected and matched for age groups. First MANOVA analyses were performed on each vertebrae and vertebral grouping, i.e. cervical C3-C7, thoracic, lumbar, and vertebral column C3-L5, to determine if each was significant for sex for each measurement taken. A stepwise analysis and then discriminant function analysis was performed to select the most sexually dimorphic measurements for each vertebra or vertebral grouping and equations were developed to allow sex to be determined from an unknown individual for each vertebra, or if the vertebral number is not known, from the vertebral grouping. iii Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 3 Sexual Dimorphism in the Skeleton ............................................................................... 3 Research on Vertebrae .................................................................................................... 7 Developmental Anatomy .............................................................................................. 15 Morphology................................................................................................................... 19 Statement of Purpose ........................................................................................................ 24 Materials and Methods...................................................................................................... 25 Data Collection ............................................................................................................. 25 Statistical Procedure...................................................................................................... 28 Results............................................................................................................................... 33 Results per Vertebra...................................................................................................... 33 Summary Results .......................................................................................................... 45 Discussion and Conclusion............................................................................................... 48 References......................................................................................................................... 56 Appendices........................................................................................................................ 67 Appendix A....................................................................................................................... 68 Contents of Appendix A ................................................................................................... 69 Appendix B....................................................................................................................... 84 Contents of Appendix B ................................................................................................... 85 Appendix C..................................................................................................................... 101 Contents of Appendix C ................................................................................................. 102 Appendix D..................................................................................................................... 111 Contents of Appendix D ................................................................................................. 112 Vita.................................................................................................................................. 133 iv List of Tables Table 1. Composition of the Bass Collection sample. .................................................. 25 Table 2. Sample size per vertebra and vertebral grouping........................................ 26 Table 3. Definition of Vertebral Measurements*......................................................... 29 v List of Figures FIG. 1. Line Drawing Illustrating Morphology of the Vertebrae………………….20 FIG. 2. Line Drawing Illustrating Measurements Used in This Study…………....31 vi Introduction Since its beginning, the subdiscipline of physical anthropology has focused on identifying and studying variation among and between human populations. Physical anthropologists have studied physical traits, genetic similarities and differences, and skeletal characteristics of individuals and/or groups to compare and contrast variation among people. Study of the skeleton has permitted a better understanding of differences in human groups. Identification of variation in the skeleton allows for the designation of human groupings based on certain characteristics or dimensions. The ability to separate skeletal material on the basis of variation can be utilized to distinguish between ancestry groups, age groups, or sex groups. In forensic settings involving human skeletal remains, physical anthropologists are often requested to assist in making positive identifications. The first step towards making an identification is providing a biological profile of the individual, including estimations of ancestry, age,
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