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IN THE MATTER OF ) ) COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY, ) Docket Nos. 50-237 etc. ) 50-249 ) 50-254 ) 50-265 Quad Cities Units 1 and 2 ** and Dresden Units 2 and 3 ) N ! ) Q 4 Amendments to Facility ) # Operating License Nos. ) (/ "3 DPR-19, DPR-25, DPR-29 and ) -- \d g y 1 --- DPR-30. ) { g $ p a May 3, 1979 (*g, % s Dear Board Members: Nig g In its " Memorandum and Order following Special nearing Conference" dcted April 19, 1979 the Board invited Petitioners NRDC and CBE t.' file not later than May 3 materials such as newsletters, annual reports etc. which they believe the Board should consider in deciding whether to presume that they are authorized to renresent the interests of their affected members in intervening in this proceeding. I take the liberty of forwarding the 1977-8 NRDC annual report and other NRDC and CBE materials which Petitioners sent me at my request last winter. These materia.s support Applicant's position that both NRDC and CBE conduct a broad spectrum of environmental litigation, and that in neither case is the " sole or primary purpose" of the organi::ation to oppose nuclear pcwer in general or the Dresden/ Quad Cities trans- shipment proposal in particular. Houston Lighting & Power Company (Allens Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Unit 1) ,

281 .im n 79070 50 M 3 G . ..'

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PAGE TWO

ALAB-535 (April 4, 1979) (Slip op. at 38), as quoted in this Licensing Board's Memorandum and Order of April 19, 1979, at page 4. Respectfully submitted, ,O s . - , eq 1 ' sg N ? NV ^ Philip ee '' ~ .. h -

CC: See attached Service List

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281 ;20

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4

SERVICE LIST

Secretary of the Commission U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 Attn: Docketing and Service

Mr. Richard Goddard Office of the Executive Legal Director U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555

Ms. Susan N. Sekuler Assistant Attorney General 188 West Randolph Street Suite 2315 Chicago, Illinois 60601

Mr. Gary L. Milhollin 1815 Jefferson Street Madison, Wisconsin 53711

Mrs. Elizabeth B. Johnson Union Carbide Corporation Nuclear Division P. O. Box X Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830

Dr. Quentin J. Stober Fisheries Research Institute University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195

Mr. Anthony Roisman Natural Resources Defense Cour.cil 917 - 15th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005

e ii 97 t') \ i(s j , - [' <. _ . ,_ J VJ . 3 AGE 3L_ LED \\O.,e,noaas

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t s d n r g g a r e - ip i y e - e - s hd r l a is t s a n n ?l ic unmo ai o s i e u ac iri a r t s ac f cl i u s n u i a a l g ,s n s meb m hil uw r e s o s b a o s si teta myadfe m teM i g e s , h u n -e t a r ,o CuicDl t c h o Dpnsd i ai h e nnat c n t en l c f s u s c l sb i gl o l h e o s d el a u o ,h i s r d c u e Map t y s eyt t t r el e inr u er r l o o Ne e sh r e r el e r o rt st t r ot gul d p ,d ,i apm cl emu nnl g , AI px e oiv b amui ond nsl s r r wiyt c n s n e el t s oipa n i ut rar r pl ai h e s ci t e ga c g i l l r ,a dh o nh 'n h e yuri e n n n p e o n e l u s e et rJ . wir h apu o gi e s iaot / t e eh a n o 0 i ,is mn er r pt e t ht nh a - o il o i r5 s gl omh a e f r n a o s, mg - o i t r c i r r h o7 l e, nc c d o n t s .t o a iot e a t t r g u e le r o C p$ b s l s s e a owt sut h r nt o n o v c . t s i m ai r pi rt I t o e oiv p r p eil cl d c a a e s p t, na s n u ei pb g s e l r u ep o s n e p a s t h np cl e , pe t s r r y h aa a e ia weu n ai n e a d Ovi 0 s s a t nh r t ,h o rh n n e et 5 na r ct s iwes r t o i a1 a w enhd g nt o f d ohs rhb ubled e c e ofie cd i s Ag . r o l u s i t hi kl c u o aot un _n r e io ysf l e b it s c i u ngnl bt t a ec ob /s n i uss hg onmn a a e c n ou u ei l ,g wl e e af e r ul yrib p b u s oi i s r nt pf a a r v s or e n n t uh Svknp u en o epnr e u gi c d e i h o c pmicd r i e tophtI a n: m, I m e l ah s nn ig si nw t t t l e h a < n o e o u eh s . st na uf I t ,8 v sd r s t a min eh w s /AT/ e a e t an s7 t m b o ;r r ne T 'C i es iri e rf et ,r - ie r t s el os h n pl eim Dowiet s e7 d n e gt n p e nvbar o ir s u t e np7 u mnil ie e ina h r e r e m o a9 t 0 i o ap Nnb i t t t s pt i P ibtne i p1 s 3

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4 ^ i" '"i~t r""~ ters 1(elating to thei v"""f!o"tr""t- t he is n virois- Financial Statement inent in which Niti)C has Taken an Active

. l(ole.1&lital by Marcia Clevelaini, llelene . i Keiniler nin! Marcia Toinpkins. l''all 1977. ,.] $2 50 ,'I j ' /*roli[eration Resistant Nuclear l'on cr Tech- Consolidated Statement of Income and Expenses e * nologies: l'acferreal Alternatives to the l'ht- . Year Ended 1)ccember 31,1977 I tuninin llreetter. Tlunnas IL Cochran, Itussell - I , E. Train, Frank von Ilippel, Itobert II. (Pre-audited figures *) .i Williains. April 6,1977. 48 pp. $4.00. { , income 4 Nuclear Weul>on l'roliferation and Safe- y,, , a ,, ;,,, , , ,4 33, , 2 4 guards: Testiinony at the IIcarings at , 1,007,998') contributions , j Wiiniscale, England. Thoinas 11. Cochran. Special Events 10,315 , ' Sepleinher 1977. 26 pp. $2.00. ' Interest Other, including ' ~ 21,185 ,j, The liffects of Louv Level f.end 1,xposure: revenue from publications 17.4:17 , * _ _ * j A Study l'ublished to l>rovide Information on TOTAL $2,490,059 ., ; the Environinental Protection Agency's Pro- , ,; .1 ' i imsed Naticaal Ainbient Air Standant for g Expenses j Airborne f.em!. IIerbert 1,. Needleinan, M.D. ' , ~ , , Enviror mentui litigation $1,324,636 ! nnd Sergio I imnelli, M.1)., in cooperation Scientific suppoit 170,915 - } with Aine ican I,ung Association. April 1978. Public education 135,973 , 45 pp. $2.00. late'n program , 30,769 g ; lobbying 91,841 1 ' Management and general 32H,300 | Fund Itaining 42 . 1 ; _ 9,488 TOTAI,- $2,514,922 - - . _ - - -

t Excess (delicit) $ (24,863) *

"' ""'#""" ' "'# * A coinplete list of NitDC publications is avail- able froin the New York ollice.

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f. I - p'- - 9 mm S Marc Feisre . .-- m . .oo - A p.w:34e m;m&m V- ,1.V.. % t me., m, u.,L-!r 1 (W fl y <3 g &.Mu q. q w 1 ~ . 4 O- M g'. [ , s% -q i,3 f s 4 - kt- d;f p. t;.V:W . 7). - -s s $;. /" pcd - W y gw .;c ,. y g] W't '' 4 ! a s a r. a s a M i s .. . - ETT.AL RESOU30ES DE.:iME C02014C NCLuvE 7. ISSUE 5 SEPTEVEErtCECEVEER N8 THE END OF THE WILDERNESS IN THIS ISSUE The Future of our National Forests "Let us im;'ere our :pportunit:cs. then, befare the er:tl days come: -Henry David Thoreau The Story of In the beginning, there was a forest. It and worse. It was, wrote a hornfied Cottor. America's began where the North Amencan contment Mather, a wildemess in which "the rabtd casts rises out of the Atlantic Ocean. and it and howling Wolves would make . . Havock marched westward to the plains. It reached among you, and not leare the bones until the from northemmost Mame to Flanda, from mo rning.' Cape Cod to Lake Supenor, from thickly A wildemess such as this existed only wooded Manhattan Island to beyond the for one purpose: to be " conquered," "sub- Mississippi River. It was a forest the size dued," and ""anquished." Had not Genesis , 33 of Europe. a dark, undulating carpet of green given man dominton over the Earth; had it d. .,. L- 4 covering hati a continent, broken only by not instructed him to " increase and multi- en y isolated grasslands and swamps. A squirrel ply, replenish the earth and subdce it"' could have gone from what is now Maine to "Why remain in England," asked John chopping Down a what is now Missoun through the treetops, Winthrop plaintively, while trying to recruit Ciaoa'at taking an occasional swim. It was an ancient, a " pioneer army'' to civilize the New World, predommantly mixed hardwood forest with "and suffer a whole Contment to lie giant trees: oaks and tulip poplars twenty waste without any improvement?" feet around. basswood. beech, maple. chest- Into such an environment, the Amencan nut, cottonwood, white and red ptne, fir, timber industry was born. elm, mulber y, plum. wild cher v. wil!cw, In the early days, the timber mdusts., . c-- poplar, sycamore, crabapple, mountam ash. such as it was, consisted of settlers going h,t The first sett!ers from the Old World into the forests to clear future farmland and c2 C had never seen such a forest; used as they cut trees for their log cabins and pnmittve were to the manicured gardens and civt!! zed bams. As towns developed. however, a com- 3,,,,,,n,,y,,,,,,, woocs of Europe, it was probably beyond mercial lumber industry quickly grew with taxes m. 6resi their powers of imagmation. When they ap- them, and forests were felled for houses. S*mc' at Wor * proached the' Amencan contment in their fumiture, firewood, shipbut! ding, bndges. nny ships and saw a wall of wildemess fenceposts. The sounds of the axe and saw standmg in front of them, they were dis- became ubiquitous; the woods wcre infinite, meyed William Bradford, leader of the Pu- and they we.e givmg birth to a new avili- ntans, wrote in his journal that he had :st:en. stepped off the Mayflower into 'a hid- The 6rst sawmtlls were water-powered e- , ecus and desolate wilderness /' Indeed, the and were 'ouilt along~ nvers; the log anvers D... ''' vanet> and intensi v of desenprions used to would Scat : cgs-tens of thousands. millions | _| l portray the forest demonstrate the terror ci! cgs-downnver dunng the heavy spnng j and 'cathmg with which the settlers regard- run-off. In the early ISCOs, the arcular saw g,,g g /i E ed it. To them, it was a 'howiing" wilder- attd the steam-powered sawmill wer= m- m. M cIg,,mm eer |[e,ss " r ess, a "screammg" wildemess, an "unhai- vented, allowmg timber to be milled as fast lowed" wildemess, a " dismal" wildemess, as it could be cut Sometimes tree-fel!ing

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- By the IS70s. loggers had cut their pointed Carl Schurz to be his Secretarv seemed too slow a way to clear the | contment, and torches were set to the way across most of New England and of the Intenor. Schurz had been a student revolu- 1 ferests. On occasion. state milinas had much of the hiiddle West. In the late to be mustered to protect them. nineteenth century they had leap- tionary in mid-century Germany, and. | It all went verv quicklv. Betore the frogged the plains and were felling the after amving in Amenca, led a vaned : middle of the nineteenth century, towermg conifers of the Rockies. First career as a heroic Civil War general on | Vermont, the Green Stauntain "t3te, Bangor N1aine; then Albany, New the Union side, a progressive senator ( York; then Williamsport. Pennsylva- from Wisconsin. and a writer of 1 was green with grass rather t' ' ' ' e -s: : the state had been 50 p< nt de- nia; then Saginaw, Niichigan; then Eu- high minded and incendiarv edito- forested, and sheep o grazieg reka. Califamia, then Portland. Oregon; rials for the New York E:cemng Past, g the Nhnee each was, m succession, the " Timber the Naton, and Harper s Wee 4. An ~. everywhere. (Ironica" abolitionist, and one of the first tiny ' cetween gras: a .a Vermont Capital of the World." A vast mythol. had been exacti, sersed a little over ogy developed around the logger, band of American conservationists, a century later. The removal of tanffs stocked w.th tales of Paul Bunyan, of Schurz was a moraitstre and passion- . on imported wool ta the mid- hundred mile-per hour flume rides * ate man whose favonte pleasures were nineteenth centurv drove the New of whole forests felled in an aftemoon. songfests at the piano and walks in the England sheep farmers into bank- There are, to this day, on!v three truly deep woods. The devastation of the I, ruptcy. and they moved into the Niid- American folk heroes: the'cowbov, the American forests outraged him west. With the tields abandoned. the mountain man, and the lumberdck. greatly, pamcularly since it violated so During the whole period, the complete!y the ethic of forest husband- patient forests retumed. Today the a stite is about 50 percent torested.) United States government and the ry which he had brought over with The Adirondack forests of north- states themselves did all that thev him from Europe. em New York State began to fallin the could to encourage the levelling of th'e ~ 5 #" 'E "' 9 i ear!v nmeteenth centurv; they were American wild'erness. Under the C, m f Schurz s first actions transformed mro potash or went mto Homestead Act, the Timber Culture '5 I 'd*# *" **!*"Si"' the charcoal kilns that sprang up to Act, and the Swamp and Overflow _ed "t"d 5 Y f f ''St d'Sr d#tiU"' feed the forges of Amenca's first maior Act, tens of millions of acres were sold When word of this drtited over to the ! iron mdustiv along the Hudson River. or given away bv the federal govem- Capitol, the Congress exploded- | ment with few re'tnctions.s The opper- The industre reacihed its zenith just I before the Civil War, then declined tunities for committing fraud were ; This is N' Cerwerv2tianmn unem caq , , ( The demise of the Hudson River steel em Pacific railroad ta sttil the btq;est ' "i"'"'3""- ~ " " ' i industry occurred berare the Adiron- timber owner m CaitfomiaL In North *' '2" ' dack torests had been levelled, and the Carolina in the IS00s. virgin 7f '" **'''C'|''#C I t"M d375 * "" " 5 '' ' '" t wildemess that remamed in northem hardwood forests sold for a dime an D"#- - " ' New York State became a powerful acre; in Staine and Pennsvivania the M * ^ 'J " 5 ! source of inspiratton for the emergmg rate was twelve and one-h'alf cents.' At ' Wb"*''"~~' O" * *9* WC ' forest protection movement at the end those pnces, giant oaks worth hun- ""7 dreds of dollars as lumber today could h 3 5 P U :'u ' C'" 3 ' * 2 f 7"d:- 4 a of *he nmeteenth :enturv. ~ 5 ; "; 'N be had for less than a pennyl Trees C;""' 3" ! '. j ?"!* ' nev 2re: ; ~~T he southeastem forests were came close to bems free goods. * In the early days, the timber com- la,ur 5:ana. H r. - m < set upon early on by the im. , i . n .t- i mierants. and the fertile delta panies followed a simple forest policy; ' * " , | ,n , . , . , , . o c|; 3 . m and piedmont regions were it was called cut and run. Whole ' * < , u soon cleared for expanstve farms and mountams, whole mountam ranges. r unn Om v a t , m - !_ . , , o , piantations The ear!v ht3 tory of the were denuded and then abandoned. ' c . J.. ,. s central Nitssissippt val!ey is a storv of Referestanon was unheard of. Streams - j :n. i. . ,7 s, ,, . , - ! harvests from newly settled areas filled up with debns, landslides rurr - - hoisted onto log ratts. which were bled down the mountamsides, and . u. g , ,a m, - ' Coated down the t-ibutanes or the soil eroston was out of control Never- ' Fa rm, r . noi .iu. Farme- twin j Nitssissippi and then tne great river theless. the idea at regulation-nct to ' .tse!f to New Crieans. where the pro- mention preser/ation--or some of the &c .nc Corrs- m ,n- i l duce was deitvered. tne ratts taken remammg forests was considered the Progra Car |I m | acart and the !ces sold. Then most dangerous kmd of heresv bv s n a u F, , r, s .- ,..,iu u .r , ever/one htked back north to their the nmeer companies. i Om .. r , , homes. where the growmg and reap- If one were to select a year when T'ie - W w - o a a . a .# - | , * * rrom NROC'> % n e, tun a t :a e .ng. he choppmg and felling, the raft all of * hts began to cnange then one - the year 8 assemoling and loacmg began ali over would procaoly choose 18,, .m g ;,y | am- , , when President Rut o 3 agam. , $ bp Ha,y.e .

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[ames d. Blaine, the Senator from the irregularity of watera O suppiy W in %6O%3,.gg 'g 4 .. 4Rn - Maine, bellowed that Schutz was an navigable nvers; the frequency of de- pathizers in government had little " outrageous and un-Amencan" per- structive freshets and inundations; the success with the legislators-about son who wanted to introduce 'Prus- transformation of once productive and one hundred and fitv foreserv btlis m- stan methods' into American so- flourishing agricultural districts into tmduced in the !ast quarter of the nine- cietv-but the Secretary persisted. barren wastes, almost uninhabitable teenti century were brushed away by The Intenor Department report, to man. I showed that the same results the timber-dommated Congress like so when completed, was devastating; it would inevitably befall certain parts of many gnats--the conservationists an- confirmed, in Schur:'s words. that the this country if so short-sighted and ger slowly came to be shared by the timber industry was "not merely steal- reckless a practice be persisted ist u is public, which was bemg roused by mg trees, but whole forests."In one of now prevailing, I set forth as a the tiond oratory and wnting of John several messages to the Congress con- universally acknowledged fact that Muir and the dyspeptic rumblings of cerning timber abuse, he waxed especially in our mountainous regions Henry Thoreau. In the late nineteenth e!cquent and indignant: "I deem it my the stripping of the slopes of their cent':ry, a forest protection movement duty again to invite attention to the timber would be an irreparable began to grow, compnsed mainly cf extensive depredation committed on injury. inasmuch as the rainfall and the anstocrats, educators, middle class gen- the timberlands of the United States, water from melting snows wash down try, and govemment servants. In 1881, a and the rapid and indiscnminate de- the soil, transform brooks and nvulets federal Division of Forest, was created, stn:ction of our forests, especially in running regularly while the forests with Frank!ia Hough, a pnysician and the South and in the States and ter- stand, into raging torrents at cer*ain naturalist frem New ' York State, as its ntones of the West. I[have} referred to the warning evt.mple furnished by seasons, and sweeping masses of first chief. Its creation was applauded gravel and loose rock into the valleys by the cons. "stionists, even though other parts of the world, where the below, apt to render them mcapable of the agency v s essentially powedess. disappearance of the forests had been cultivation, while on the mountain- Their first real victorv came in 1S91 followed by the most deplorable con- sides the forests once destroyed would when the Reservation Act was passed. sequences. the drvirig up of synngs; in most cases never grow agam." It a. wed the President to reserve , 1 . N&hy/$ V Mb@AM"NWf % s=:w & M 7M1@hw eWbh k b 2k e~w- m ywgy. m _x g Q Av a.nok ,ls Dk k YLk -h k i NL h h h % m % a- wp nm m vmN(N4p w, e

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_ .. - .. . . land from the public domain as wil- conservationists, and both were astute great and necessary undertaking in demess, off limits to loggers and min- politicians. Together they managed te which the whole future of their coun- ers. The Grand Canyon. the slopes of add nearly a hundred million acres to try was at stake." Pmchot's idea of Pikes Peak, and the Yellowstone area the timber resetvc system mostly in forestry was essentially utilitanan, a in Wyoming were : ong the first the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific preservationist like John Muir (who lands to be put into the reserve sys- Northwest. In the process they had started out ironica.!!y. as an inven- tem. However, Congress still refused snatched away all of this land from tive sawmill engineer) he was net. to pass legislation to employ wise forest the Intenor Department-which was However, there was little demand in management practices on federal tim- filled with corrupt political appointees those days for timber from the Na- berland. and dominated by western logging tional Forests--indeed, the timber m- Finally, in 'S%. at the direction of and mining interests-and put the dustry was so busy cuttmg the trees President Grover C:eveland and with forests under the jurisdiction of the off its own ! ands that it didn't want the concurrence of Congress. a com- Depar+ ment of Agnculture. any competition from the federal mittee of the National Academy of The Forest service in its early govemment-so the Forest Service oc- Sciences, after conducting a thorough days was bursting with idealism and cupied itself fighting fires, reseeding, study of the federal forest domain, esprit de corps. It was a swash- conducting silvicultural expenments, recommended that an additional buckling outfit. Pinchot staffed his and educatmg private timber owners twenty-one million acres be included agency with people who believed, as into the ways of sound forestry in the fetest reserves. On February 22, he did, that they were " engaged in a Then came Wor!d War 11 and the 197. an outcome President Grover Cleveland. actmg upon the Academy's %@:(.,;ie $ recommendations and on his author- *4g+- g-m.c g-Q@y$gMt!b~fPQ , V

twenty-one million acres from the . .. . u ' 'p V pzY.br;]. public domain into the reservation p_. h p ;3 p g.p {g%'"Q|.gg_;f--p ,s -fyg~.3p,_gg p. g '' t 4 system. The outcrv was immediate .;3 3. pa .- a g, % and thunderous. Whole towns, C _fi-@4 pj .- y4 .,'b.g ., p A . qyt9 ,' g- 9g,p. ., g .v._7 ranches, and mmes, it tumed out, s v-e a N - = h. - +. & .~).,.-,b-.. . w%< .y. - were .ecated and functioning vizor- me.- Q S ...,:&;%(Qg ,N.m -- mdiR ,y,,v* M gW4brPy'%q-r-.f h~ pp *.-- M, ous!v within the designated areas, 7'fA,e hy'-3",[ ~ $ even though title to the land was held t ge W " hFt" *@LS ~C-1 by the federal government. When ''f .| President William McKinley refused W;7ta.,>=- i; & fig W . ,gg i g d-' M A. - f g,j,.h7 G''*~,d- Q; g g/ g[ h tf'' W{. T

to resemd C: eve!and s order. saying ~ gq @g ( q 4 . , ,rcgA that he was not about to return pro- .g M - g y;i'.J ,,f ,: ' $,J-g,pi $ 2;fg%g g@y,7,q. gJy p%fgM.,d' tected land to the ravages of the timber .''h- > . .. .c' $+.j Am - - . . .4 .4/b ~ industry. Congress quickly passed p"hIM~db6 -Man.y - ~ !egislatton opening the reservations to g;{.Or. y j%. Je phy e@'**-p T y% .h Te * g'' ' *''-j-' d toc mg again. Sut McKinley threat- p Q i, .y Nr $ 49-: g$ , 5 -tD ,y . % R -j ' , '. f,- 9 ened to veto any legislation that did ."*W. y D ' .. M J y4. C @N -7?. C. M -M y'. QM s". 3, not contam reforms.' so. in the end, rff-[i'|WM'%* - @Q^ the forest conservationists had won QM M f U@d' '~-S-Qap':#I'a . ' ' , ' "- * ~srWIM'--O h.'"J the day. After twentv frustrating yeart t., GJ2K.m.. g,y, .'* aw:x,gW- y , ,,- %@mg-u. @wg %g, . g .~. gd of tremg to get Congress to enact leg- n.m. ..,gp .-3y, . ,, r. 'slation requinne responsible forest M -4.vr-E p ,/.9 d.i N * -g .g- 3 . ,MWp% ,,'.;d% management on puHic timberlands *iQi:GMQi ,-U P %.- %' p 3*Qlh Q 9 M they succeeded m having carefully QM @$Di","j'Q 5-k.5 M presenbed foreserv pracuces included ,i e -<-$~'t-4-fM m the leg:s!at:on. The measure be- f 8QWh-Tg-|g(,t{.p%srQ ) +-%p-7-j f'fV*%'.d 7;g ,y-[;, &7G4g %]d. * - Came known as che Organic Act of **DW- ur4 ~ e e- , ;< "*N 1 P'I **- '

- ?,., y;p y.d 3 AN]gh.-+ ;?NDkg- i'"Q M[s Itt* &Yy h.R-[ ? @. ,.a r/ --=..o. n)as - "5 c *T.- W. P=T.c-6- c. .:- _ i _n ~,,' - W ; The fitst person to set :he admin- _2'. g,h W.T.m*r. %,...,q_. . , . ~ -s - p4 istrative tone at tederai torest managa . E "s.;iM #$4p,g.%-- p* 4 c,,,,Sge-e-% y, -- -,r. ment was Cifford ?mchot. The agen- - U , ji .. I, cv he headed. wnich ultima:eiv be- $f-%g,dQ4,gM55CDMh. .g egn pf }W,p,,,M r.f ,,.9%. " came the U.5. Forest 5ervice. was . j - % e,,,,'O iM , p.4,'J.^o:r5'(Qf. p brought into cemg at the turn or, ; i.'.p'Qp.g'3. hp@a.;;;w.-'S,N..-7**,de % - M M -tA _ hwig.ONN4'

the centurv 2mcho't was an Amer- -- .2.D Z ~ @ m?''. '. * - .MG- w R:4M'. . ?W 9 'ae 7, IJ '- .7 %,L .%'.N. '- EWTj tcan anstocrat wno had studied for- rC- r e-.' %-M '"- est:v M Europe. today he is otten _; g h .'- h ~ M % [Q- [.h regar1ng as Amenca 5 first genuine [@]p,$[h(eh---.e.I..''.i'1g- m., forester He was also a close fnend of M; GAM _'%,7 ~rngfdOM,$.% g M ' F M h*''?- M M fW[ir@4 p -- 3 tne President under whom he served, c, , m,-s,, m w. m.,, u Theodore Roosevelt Both w ere An old gr h -est. 7,qcky Mountain Nationai Park. Celerada ' d )' t Yfl 'Ik p f Q m rg gj /O ; M 1 a / (% sdD ' M [p' f ' #f bf MrfN DM[|k ' ' s ! f

- - - housing boom that followed it. From , 5 that pomt on, the consumption of 1 Bn;eny Notean w y mi M M M W & j timber roared upward, as affluence j " and a paperwork society generated !WW Board Members New 5taff Members insatiable demands on America's i ! forests. The timber industrv's lands. j Trent Orr, a graduate or Mars ard ; which had been badly overcut, couldn't j NRDC would l.,ixe to welcome Law School. and most recent:v 2 rei- ; keep up with the demand. so the indus- three pecole who have recenti? low at the Los Anceses~ Cen:er for j try looked to the National Forests. Sub- j i ine ur S ara of Trustees: Law in the Public interest. has - jomed our Palo alto ;egai sta.f and ; tly, quietly-but quickly-the Fore t , Service began to change from a custo- | Adrian DeWind, a partner m the wul be working on de romsus : dial agency into one which acted like a New inrk law tirm of Paul. Weiss. Pr iect. j giant timber corporat:en. Haul road | Ritli d. '.vharton. and Gamson, na> Geor:ia iuan, who teachas en- : mileage m the National Forests went up j tu3: compieted a term as President or vironmentai neolo ;v at $2n Fran- ! and up, from 3o.000 miles in 1940 to j the New t ork City Sar As3cciation. cisco State Cn'iversi:v.' c.as become a .' 106,000 miles in 1970. Annual timber i consulting cecincist w@ the Pa!c ; sale volume lumped: 1.5 billion board , feet (1951). S.0 billion board feet can Davidson is a former Alto of fice'. S h'e is worun: on i - * r-" ^- ,,,."U"" U..''' "' ww ' or :.-.'"e radicactive waste dismi w : 5t2ff 7 (1961), 11.3 billion board 'eet (1971). u - - d Council on the Ar s. anc is hesiuent -tenuS.v"- .' Lam j t he percentage of the nation's timber . _ _ U' 'b '"""' cut on the National Forests climbed - N # ? !'" steadily, from a tinv fraction before : An Ailin : hiend | World War 11 to 22 percent in 1970s. : Ichn Oakes nas had a long and ; distinguisned career as a mumanist Altred Forsvtn. 2 Siern Club - 8 and Lw iorx Times edi or nas re- leader and Io n ;t:m 2 tri-nd of| @ y the late 1950s, a number , cerceu a numoer of awards in recog. GDC, is ;II. We e . tend to Hm car ; 1; .i of conservationists. some pro- I nit:on et his work as a conser- wishes for a speedy reem enc. Al a:.1 Jj., fessional foresters, and a few ; vanon:st. a: a is the author at The be w ntten to at: P. O. Sox Draw er . members of Congress had be- E6 J FrectIom i1%1). 63, Pecos. New \lexico S E. I come deeply concemed that timber 1 cuttmg on the National Forests was __ getting rapac:ous: moreover, the pres- ple Use-Sustained Yield act in 19eu. 1960s to exhibit what Dr. David L. ence of good forest managers in the The Act, which is oriy a few para- Smith, one of the nation's most emi- Forest Service hadn't stopped the graphs long, simply e.ecrees that the nent silviculturists, has described as depredations from occurrmg. Man- National Forests shall be managed for a " spasm of zeal for clearcutting." agement of the National Forests '' outdoor recreation, range. timber, Although it is a w:dely accepted silvi- had been left by various laws- watershed, and wildlife and fish pur- cultural technique clearcutting citen actually by the absence of laws- poses." leaves an aesthetic horror, and, if im- almost ent: rely to the discretion of the As it turned out, the Multiple properly carried out-on too steep Forest Service bureaucracy in Use-Sustained Yield Act was all gums slopes, for example. or on highly erod- Washington and the regional foresters and no teeth, and it had no appre- able soil-can cause lasting ecological throughout the nation. What the an- ciable effect on the Forec Service's damage to the forest. It can be partic- nual allowable cut should be. where t:mber managment policies, which ularly detrimental to wild:ife popula- timber could be cut and by what were aimed more and mor? at gettmg t:ons and fishenes. In the 19e0s, tb- methods, where the logging roads the maxtmum possible volumes of Forest Service began allowmg single should go what protection would be timber out of the National Fortsts. clearcuts of hundreds of acres or more provided for fish and wildlife what The agency had come to see itse!! as in some of the westem forests: mere- consideration would be given to peo- timber supplier not just to the na- over. it permitted heavy c!e rcuttmg pie using the forests for recreation- tion. but to the world In the 19'Os in the Monongahe!a Nattenai Forest maimg such decisions was solely the and eariy 19e0s, the Serv ce !et sevez 1 in West Virginia. a hardwcod forest prerogative of remote admmistrators. titty-year contracts to sell enormou:, which, according to a substannal With the timber mdustry pushmg hard quannt:es of timber from the great number of professtonal foresters. for more loggmg at the expense of oth- virgm forests of sourneast Alaska. should be harvested pnmac!v through er forest values. the toresters were Uncer the contracts, a consicerable seleenve cuttmg or small paten c! ear- caught in a cr.:c:ble. Those within the port:on of the standing timber in- cutting. agency who were happy to serve the ventory of the Tongass National Forest By the late 1900s. the Forest interests of the timber m mpanies -the larg2st and oae oi the most beau- Service was under attack from en- seemed to be gamm; miluence over uful of Amenca's rapidly dwmdling vironmental organizations. outdoer those who held to the pnnciples of virgm forests, with a stunnmg divt - groups. local ett:: ens and pelinc:ans. wise forest management. sity of wild animals-would be lig- members of Congress. and even some The a n sw e r-o r so it was utdated w:thm about half a centut - of its own foreste s Soth of West thought-to resolvmg the contlict be- and sold to Japan. Virginia 3 senators. Jennmgs Ran- tween timber demand and sound In the Toncass Fcrest and else- dolph and Rober* Svid. were com- ~ forestry was the passage of the Multi- where. the Fores't Serv:ce began m the piamine loudly about the Monon- '~ a 1 ijQ - 6i, a [. U l . - gahela clearcutting. They got terse be done with the issue, appointed an conclusions. "N1ultiple Use manage- replies from the acting forest super- agency task force to conduct an "im- ment," it said, '' dues not exist as the visor, and the clearcutting continued. partial and penetrating analysis of gcvernmg pnnciple in the Sitterroot When the West Virginia legislature management practices on the Bitter- National Forest." The Bolle Report caned for a study of management prac- root National Forest." The report came was especially damaging to the Forest t.ces on the N1onongahela, the answer out in Apnl of 1970. No one in the Service because it went well beyond was the

- .m.-.-4 j of stunnirig blows from which received too little consideration. The next blow struck in Alaska. it has not ya been ab'e to [A] preoccupation with timber in 1970, the Sierra Club filed recover. management ebiectives-all the way suit against the Forest Service over y The first landed in the Bitterroor from meeting allowable cut goals to the largest of several timber sales in . National Forest in Ntontana. The forest efficient establishment of regenera- the Tongass National Forest in south- ! had been the scene of some particu- !!en-has resu.ced in c!earcutting and east Alaska, a !cng sliver of moun- f. lativ heavy clearcuttmg in the 196Cs, planting on some areas that could tainous coastline which contains much ) which provoked a senes of savagely have been partially cut." of the natio? emainmg virgm tim- ! cntical artides in the .\!:ssoul.:n. one of Six months later, the other shoe ber In the late 19e0s. the Savi. ' ' Ntontana's largest newspapers and an dropped. A second Bitterroot study had signed a contract with c,.ie com- angrv chorus of protest from inside group chaired by Dr. Arnold Bolle, pany. Champion International, for and outside the state. In 1969. Re- dean of the forestry school at the Uni- the sale of 9.75 9dlien board feet of gional Forester Neal Rahm, trying to versity of Nionta.na, reported its own timber, which was to be logged on

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- , , over a million acres of the Tongass of Califamia zoologist. On the basis of All of these issues were raised in durmg a fiftv-year pened. It was the the study, NRDC's attorneys got the the Sierra Club lawsuit, and the court largest timber sale in United States case remanded to the district court, immediately issued a temporany miunc- his to ry . where it sat until Champion's tion against any development on the Even though contracts in still- Japanese buyer, the Kanzaki Paper lands in question. Before the ci se virgm forests were bemg let by the company, pulled out of the deal and came to enal, the Chief of the Forest Forest Service throughout the Pacific the whole contract fell to pieces. Service had reversed his agency's No rthwes t. there was a special poi- The road!ess area case was next. pelicy and ordered the preparanen cf gnancy to the Tengass issue. Southeast in June of 1972, the Sierra Club, environmental impact statements be- Alaska is one of the tew places remam- NRDC, and other conservation groups fore the construction of roads could ing m the wor:d where one can see took the Forest Service to court over take place. The roadless area bar:!e what the earth must have looked its fa: lure to conduct a proper in- has simmered for several years now, like a million years ago. The hand ventory of the sixty million acres of and is about to boil over-a matter of man has hardly touched it. There road!ess area in the National Forests. which will be discussed further on. are a courie of small ~ities. Juneau The inventory was required under the Nieanwhile, timber management and Ketchikan. and some scattered Wildemess Act of 1964, which estab- reformers were making headway in towns and villa.:es. but virtually no lished the Wildemess Svstem, and it other forums. roads. The Tongass Forest itself'is a was intended to identify all the re- The puMe outrage over clear- vast coastal ratnterest of awesome mainmg areas in the Natmnal Forasts cutting had reached such a crescendo sitka spruce and hem;ock, providing which might qualify for inclusion in in the late 19e0s and ear!v 1970s spienc:d refuge for wildlife; it is a the system. The Forest Service had that Congress was fina!!y moved to wildemess at once ret and rugged with given everv indication that it was action. A subcommt tee of the Senate its nreat woeded is! ands. magnificent not particularly anxious to enlarge the Intenor Committee, chaired by Sena- trords, and snowv mountams rearmg ten-millicn-acre Wildemess System. tor Frank Church of Idaho. he!d hear- up from the sea. The streams nm thick The regional foresters had delayed ings :o investigate c!earcutting prac- with salmon. bears are far more car:ving out the roadless area review tices. Citizen groups from across the numerous than pecple. 'nd the giant for over three years, following the is- nation sent *epresentatives to Wash- contiers growmg a:cc , cne coast. seen suing of guidelines to conduct the re- ington to testify about the des:ruction from offshore. ar white-dotted with view m 1967 Finally, an order went of forest resources that Ferest Service the heads of nestmg eagles. Wha:es out from Forest Service headquarters clearcutting programs were causing. bask and feed in the bays. If one were to compiete it-within just ten months, The timber industry faucht back hard, to accept :he pnnciple that some places and during the wintertime, when argumg that clearcuttmg was a leg:ti- on earth should be left absolutely most of thc areas to be studied were mate and responsible harvest prac- alone. the Tongass would be among deep in snow. tice. Even though the industry was the first to quali:v In Januarv of 1973, newly ap- suffic:ently powerful to prevent clear- The Forest Service, of course, pointed Chief Forester John NicGuire cutting reform legislat:en from mov- didn't agree; it saw the forest as a finally released the Service ,s recom- ing through Congress. the subcom- g:gantic storenouse or " overmature ' mendations. They called for the inclu- mittee did suggest guidelines to re- timber wait:ng to be logged and sion of only eleven million more stnin clearcuttmg abuses. which the sh:pped :o lapan. The 5:erra Club chal- acres-about one-fifth of the total Forest Service. despite in:ense mdus- .enged :he sale as a violation of the area which had wildemess qualities- trv opposit:en. began to trv to imple- \tuttiple Use-Sustamed Y: eld Act. The in the Wildemess System. Only 45.000 ment. Fores: Semce wen he first round of acres, an area about three times the The next blow by conservationists the law sui: m the distnct court, and size of Nfanhattan. were m National hit :he timber industry especialh the Sierra Club was represented on Forests east of the Rocites. hard; it was even secre:!y cheered appeal bv NRDC a:!cmey Angus Niac. from withm the Forest Service. In be:n. Af ter oral argument in the cour: A onse-vationists immediately 1973. word c2me down from :he Nixon 2 or appeals had oeen heard, there pared over the recommenda. Administration that the propcsed was an astonish:ng development. L.7 tions and !eamed scrne inter- t:mber sale volume for IC74 was co Champton-Interna::onal released a b# estmg fac:s. Areas with the icw anci should be mcreased by a report on the etiec:s of the tmber slightest traces of human visitatten- St!! ion beard fee: The Ferest Semce contract-a repor* w hich it had com- for example. famt parailel tracks ier: :eadership dutifully ccmphed. send- missioned to refute critics w ho long ago by a wagon-were often mg out mstruct: ens to t:s Reg:ena, charged that the :cegmg would be exc!uded. The Wilderness Act how. Fores:ers :o up the cu: Withm ne devast- as to wilditfe. Tha report it- ever, defines w1!demess as !and where Forest Serv:ce. however. :here was self tumed out to be des ing-to the impnnt of man's work [is] sue- unhappmess, because cer:am areas the Fores: Semce. !* sai, .1 effect startudy unnoticeabie" (emphasis would have to be heavny c,vercu: :nat the Ton gass contract viciated addedL Less than a third of the rec- some otfic:ais pnvately referred :o the every muit:ple use pnnciple known to ommended areas were forested. which order as the 'su cer-seil" omm:-- m o c e rn :o re s t ry and would play prempted the denstve term "wtider- NRCC immediateiy s;apped ene Ac- havoc with the ecoicev of a !arge sec- n es s -o n- t h e-re c ks. The Forest k. mmistration w:th a !aw sui: The super- : en of the Forest. The report was vice had also failed to prepare any seil program, we said. viciated :he wmten by Dr Starker Lecpoid, an environmental impac: statements on :ts National Environmental hiicy Act miemationally recogntred Universt - mc!usto s and exclustons. e s t co ! ' ' h , h ,@. did 8M.Mnn u : wwua syy L 1 w .pu . n, - - 1 1 h u s._ t ews W6 a surance. Of carticular interest to .bviruhle Parrkles: 2 WaMes Make Ha3te T| e Impact v | ) t.ater this s ear tur early nest atizens rollnwing waste discosal is- .iirhorne Fine l'a r t ic u la r m on

I . ears . 'ne l'resicant wul m:se an im. sue 3 is the recommencation to intro- lieaitli und the Lnaronment mar 4 J portant polics 3ta:ement an radteac. auce tec: .iarmn tnat would estend be ordered by seneine a ched or j 8 tive w a,:e nan: cement ano ais. N RC Lensintt author:tv to ome money orderimade cu; o C.CC. to: ; $ posal. The isad: cund intormat:en new Deecrtment or Ener2y tactaties. Daphne Tabannan. NRDC,122 East e '. 'or tnis statement % .Nin; cathere.i NRCs -accor ed " !3 recommenc:- 42 5treet, New 'r o r;,,. ..o.,017 The . i b the President , interai:ency Re. .;on. ~ut .w urged iha i3C to es- r ice per copy is L..0 tar rh.r pn i } view Groun on Nuclear A aste .\ tar. 7:nd YRC licensing .nd saf ety re- erai puciic. and H.JJ ror nonpro:it { ;4ement tlRC). The IRC's dratt re- Views to inc:ude ai! def 2nre-related groups and NRDC members. , , j rort and sis du. rcue recorts were facilities recuired for tne nanciin:t , ; reteasea sur puciic comment and re- anc 3torage or Ion.t-sived radioacti.e Indu5try Adve:*ising on 4 iw ;r C:tocer The <. t a r i er w a-tes. g g , Issues d i N;sDL 5 - j na ctua ctn e ..aste Prn:ect . . i ; . .. . in a senes or c:csuns over tne J i in F:lo Alt eterarea- an anaivsis- at - . . ' - \. ." .-' .u -" i r m o - T' '~9' fne r'"" ' " t 5 . 'ae3e rererts o aic + mteu .ni- ,ast seseral vears cuimmar.; Ias. j i *ren3 T'ic anait-is is a.aua.:ie :ro" Dr. Cerd Mi:ncisen. Director ot Aprii wuh F:r t .. :romai E.:nk of j i ' 'ro ect on .u c io a ct iv e 0.' a s t e , :he A Aoicc:e last: tut. Freicura, Wert Sm''m . . Scdwtr. the ~.nied States y j ~ j N RDC. 2343 t ate :'t. . . aio :4ito. C A Cermant, and iincent Ricaet staff Supreme Court nas b-azd?. arpiied i t memeer or Les Amis de :s Iene. the tree sPee n guar .nues or tne j | "Wo . ? A mamt i -ue ra:-ec. our ac: ,:n t First Amendment (o c per: tion 3. ' rance. worxed a NRDC 3 a cc c u a u.- n3cu3 ed be e 2C .*,a nin~ ton otiice :or nvn montr3 :ncreasia .,, .arp cormr2ac-s have j j Re or t- w netrer ve! ear ower ee- mis : n. uncer a n:iat tellowsnio t u rn e d to the ? t i -a me: iia. ; * i t eu.c e t wouiu centinue etracated crocr:n sucrertec bv ene Cer nce billboards. and teiesiCon to com- | ! , whi e au erouturv nas t'een :mit :o starsnai! pun'd. They cecame tamil. mun:cate their v;ews an :ssues of f i * d i - o c, - c ,r .v.t 3 t e s. .RDC : m- iar with U.S. environmental inst""- OU 0lic PO!i'3 - I .en:ec th:t ortr er reation m mn, and decision , k:nc croce- IhaCd2nE3e'2" % db O'} .'asnington orf':: e: NRDL :s cun ~ .. -te- a u nw et.:nwd in : .e a 3 ente ures. and came: .irst 2nc knc.. i. . .n 3aa3rc. -m recress in rotecunc "--- and ! } .c:2 accut 'ene eriarts or l'.5. non. :uctine 2 stuc:. of the ' .h eurue nine me 'ce-v ang-:erm 29 tern .anta ::c u ps suen .a, nntant of cory? rate puc i: p^; icy ' ~ I a _r:5 posea . these wn e3. The ' .RDC. adVe ri2in3 03 #P2F3' '21""" ' N- 1 - ' ~ C 3a c:.c.aa the r eacie ::iun :t n owd ce mos: ne.r t . if .e- cers i j

e :iP \ ene 2uic tar 3c ain i:an- 4 . w no see an :.i on ze energ; risis. 3 ., c. , ,. .T i . .. '. n rt .". .' *. .. .N. s%4. , ,4 ic:e - asation re- ~ , - oil. _a. c ai. ,0.ar or n . 2. . . car.- m - 2 :_ ower. e . '.N '.V . ? 1. V.E.10 t t - . ts- ' e s iew '

. - -- __ _ 3 Faced with the prospect of document- Forest Service was applymg silvi- ing the language of the act to which it I ing the environmental damage that cultural techniques wnich, ac- owed its eustence. ! I would result from the logging being cording to a number of foresters, . - On behalc. of. the 12:ax h.a.t ion . . - p ro posed.. e . non Administration should be confined to sortwoods. ! League at W.est \..:rgmta. N,aDL and i quic 1v shelved . e whole idea. Dunn the su:rmer or 10. . a Sierra Club !awyers went mta court m ,he , nal slow, and the har.;.est law student worked in NRDC.s . t a - 'o_..;. m ear,z ,.c_. i - the summer of 4. the ene of III. ,ande. a on the Forest terv ce N.ew York office had uneached the . distnct cour affirmed our nositen.r a

in the Monongahe1a N. tional corest m Organ:c. Act at 189, . the origmal and im osed an m;uncnon agams: W.est ttrctnis. er acling legis..ation or the N.ational further clearcuttmg oi aneven-a ted The stenongahela National Forest Fo ests--and discovered some :nter- stands in the Mencngare!a. ine m - c . was to the ast wnat the Bitterroot est ng language. All timber m the ber mdust:v was thunderstrucx.. i he . ' was to the W.est-a forest which. for N.ational Forests. ti said, was to be Forest Service qu;c.dv. accealem.a .,n some reason. the corest Service seemed .. marked and designated,, before log- August at. 19_, .0. tne, .-ouch Circuit obsesseu2 with managmg as a tree gmg. and only trees which are .. dead. Coun of Appeab urn.e::. . e 1 cer tarm.. Clearcuts oommateda the forest mature or large growth., could be cut. - - .. cou rt, and appitec the ranng- to .ts

some of them sheanng- .ott the tops- In forests with trees of .a.ifferent ages. a icur-state junsd:ction. or whole mountams. anc the nyers c,earcut. takes a 'ot of trees that are not ran brown trom erosten. Mcreover ' dead matured or large growth. Thus began the battle that culmi- the Monongahela is predominantly There didn't seem to ee'mu'ch qt.es- mated in the passage of the National a m:xed harcwood forest, but the tion that the Forest Sernce was viciat- Forest Management Act of '970.

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' 'The Baitle for Service preferred to create a climate curred it would affect a few mill o; The Forests of crisis in the four state region. At erations ratner ihan the entire woc the same time, it begazi to spread products industrv. dire predictions about the effect of Still, the decision did raise a trot Gi2 he unantmous decision of the the Monongahela ruling on *he rest of bling issue. Over the years. clearcu p Founh Circutt Court of Ap- the nation. tmg had come to be an accepted si ; peals upholding the district The Forest Service's scare- viculturai practice, within cer ain lim court ruling in the Mononga- mongering was particularly unwar- tations, but the Organic Act tanne hela case brought the timber mdustry ranted. For the Monongahela ruling to all clearcuttmg except in even-age to a crunching impasse. The Forest apply nationwide, the case would mature stands. The situation obvious Service immediately suspended all either have to go to the Supreme Court ly c111ed for congressional action t timber sales in the National Forests or else identical cases would have to amend the Organic Act. of West Virginia Virginia, North be brought in all ten judicial circuits, In the battle that followed, th , Carolina, and Sot th Carolina. It was a with similar results. No timeer short- person who emerged as the champio calculated overreaction, since the For- age occurred as a result of the deci- of the forest management reformet est Service, under the terms of the sion, mainly because most National was Jennings Randolph, the Deme court ru!ing and the Organi: Act, Forest purchasers have large backlogs cratic Senator from West Virginia. H was still able to sell timber on a s?- of uncut timber already under con- had listened closely to his constituent lection cut basts and for purposes of tract, And the National Forests, while in the mid-19o0s when they bega: thinning and disease control; it could an important source of supply, con- to complain about the Monongahei even sell timber for clearcuttmg where tribute only *:.2. percent of the nation's clearcutting, and had gone to visit th, the forest was uniformly mature or of cut timber. If there was to be a crists forest himself He had compared th- !arge growth. Never heless, the Forest it was not imminent, and if it oc- devastation caused there by clearcut , ~ ~ g g1-Oh- gwdd

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' " ' - ~ - * * . da. .' t f i . . . ,, w. -,. p :s w.w,, '. * ( yW ,,,e,g'.q. == nn , . . mY m m J p, n,:,yw -* f'*;_|.'*f,-sw' p *j',W , w'Q m +i ,*m''''- , - . - W 'y,y w* k_- @q., y y Lgsy h (, ._r a .- ...,'a.: ';; , , .x.< . ( , y?. 7 % +&v_. 4H ". 4*" % .+ ' _ o : 4,1 i g-~-' ' ' '.f. g, -|& r$_p u.g? ? , r t.': dy,.2y-|}r~T z1. _ P ,'-iQ7 , , ; , -., .- m~, [' , - # - .N r - N}5 T'il * ) b@N - M d d [ rd hd h2,i,)$ ~ . ~ . ~ . A clearcut of several hundred acres in the Civmpic National Forest in Washingten. * hts photeerapn. taken in October at thts year cemonstrates that twenty years of puche cutcrv over excesswe cWarcutting have har ly cnangea Forest Service gehey at at C'earcuts of this stae at: still common in some ci the westem National Forests.

, ' , . ,r' 9 nng to earpet bombing by B-52s. and mmation and ruthlessness. that. The legislation focused on a great was heartsick over having seen the nv- But he was. In the fall of 1975, many National Forest management ers and streams of his beloved state Jennings Randolph assembled a small practices which have come to trouble running rad with mud from the cler- group of experts in the fi-Id of forestry, people greatly as the Forest Service cut mountamsides. Randolph, who is and they began to draft reform legtsla- has moved from the role of custodian now m his seventies, is known in the tion for the management of the Na. to that of timber sales agent. One Senate for his great range of interests tional Forests. cannot recall the batt!e over the Act and concems, and one might hwe ques. The Issues without mentioning the maior issues t2cned his staymg power en env one that were-cnd in most cases stili issue. A smiling, kindly man, tend of /P any people think of the bat- are---the sources oithe National Forest anecdotes and jokes he would not MO t!e over the National Forest controversy. appear to be the es pe of Senator who is Afanagement Act of 1976 as Of all'the issues. the central one prepared to take on an entire industrv ' a battle over clearcuttmg. It was still clearcutting. It had become respected, if not feared, for tts deter- was that, and it was much more than symbolic of all that seemed wrong

Inflation's First Casualty

Several months ago we reported On the same day, the Washing- could expect from such a drastic shift on an attempt by the President's ton Post carried an editorial con- of power. economic advisors to institute a tributed by Lloyd Cutler, of the Opposition appaiently mounted White House staff review of environ- influential Washington law firm of within the Administration as well. mental and workplace health and Wilmer, Cutler and Pickering, advo. Within a few days, the regulatorv ' safety regulations, under the banner cating greater " Presidential control" agencies had made a co u nter- ! of fighting inflation and increasing of regu!atory agencies. (Nir. Cutler proposal: that the Presicent create a ' govemment efficiency, that resem- has represented a number of large " Regulatory Council," composed of . bled President Nixon's infamous corporations attempting to lessen representatives of the regulatory " quality of life review" system. their burdens in cleaning the en- agencies, as a means of providing a Since then some elements of the vironment; his hrm was once pick- fulllook at the government's regula- business community and their allies eted over his part in obtaining relief tory program and ironing out poten- in govemment have been mount- from the clean air laws for General tial conflicts or overlapping between , ing a campai5 n to use this banner Slotors.) The bulk of this editorial agencies. In the end, the President i to salvage the environmental and was devoted to arguing that the Pres- sided with the regulatory agencies occupational health and :afe+v pro- ident has the inherent power, re- and the public, announcing the for- grams. gardless of statute, to shape or cur- mation of the Regulatorv Council in They have sounded the theme tail the regulations of agencies such his inflation speech on October 24. that the " regulatory agencies"-code as EPA-a position rejected only six Though environmental interests words for EPA and the Occupational months ago by an Ame-ican Bar As- could take comfort in the economic Safety and Health Administration sociation Committee examining advisors' failure to seize control over (OSH A)-are out of control and these issues. EPA's regulatory agenda, the gov- must be reined in by the White A week later, as preparations for ernment's anti-inflation program House. On October 17, for example, the Presid mt's anti-inflation speech continues to threaten environmental the Depanment of Commerce held a began, the Washington Post re- and workplace health and safety "R e gula to ry Reform Seminar." ported that the President's economic programs. For example, the freeze on Thougn two public interest repre- advisors were seeking to have him federal hiring announced by the sentatives were invited to pmici- run the legal and political risk of President in his anti-inflation

10

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une~ between red hr and boulder. Clympic Nanonal Parx, Wasps Zd 155 uJp={fk'N phh/Bf.Mg; L . - ..m... . . _ _ . _ . _ . . ___ _. with tlie Forest Service. Satellite pointed out that many species of wild- cause of the pientiful sunlight. The photos taken from space had shown lite dependent upon mixed hardwood softwood tree seedlings are cmwded Oregon look.mg Itke a giant checker- forests were disappearing as the in and their growth rate can be affect- board, cross-hatched with thousands of pine monocultures took over. ed. a source of tmtation tf one is cen- hundred- and two-hundred-acre clear- cemed only about max: mum wood fi- cuts. Hikers and backpackers in the bre volume. So a blanket ei herbic: des National Forests complamed bitterly bout twenty years ago, hervi- is laid down penodically to k !! the that clearcuts spoiled their vistas in cides emerged as a common. " competing" vegetation and free the every direction. Moreover, the Forest ly used tool of the forester softwoods for more rapid growth. ' ret Service had begun to allow clear- engaged in even aged mono- such herbicide use in forest manage- cutting all over the East even though culture forestry. In between the soft- ment is troubling to many peop;e. eastem hardwood forests respond well wood seedlings that are planted to 2,4,5-T. one of the most heavily used to selection cuttmg. which is generally generate new trees in a clearcut, other herbicides, contains an extremely more beneficial to recreational use vegetation, including hardwood poisonous contaminant ca:!ed dioxin. and wildlife diversity. Many species, shoots, sprout vigorously to life be- which has been traced to birth detects from common squirrels to pileated woodpeckers. cannot thrive in forests ' - which do not have old-age timber g 77 , -- ~ represented among the trees. h .,9 ~@3 - n e;Q .,,c'. . . -pfl. [WEN Clearcutting is the central element f ' ~99t-- T t''.. - % (f # ~[' / /h / g [/ [- - j ]Q insistentin a scheme use ofor thatforest Orweilian management term, y- (the {_'-|;e,~g__y.y.,- - - < -- [8 e A ! [3 pe ;,.. 7 " management," w, 5, to many people, F ,* 'M M:^ 'f O.'[ . 7 }:H D ,, T | also symbolic of what was wrong with , in.Q ~ L / $[k c rM the Forest Service) which is aimed at gD_ $" |I .pd ~/Mp | establishing smgie-age strata stands 4 ''t, g,p . C _ qq 4 4 g'% * { in the forests. Even-aged manage- . !-ciu by. k%g ,[ g#c/y ,,h g,,'2 1C , ment. as the pracuce is called, makes ,r . j -. , clearcuttmg inevitable because all the 4 p d'M'6j ,7 p; - [y/- ,lC, , / N ]g - ,- Q, ' E. trees reach the age of harvest at the D ,, .Jj , tpeye , same t:me Once an even-aged manage- t 6 r. f'' * M - - , 'sMf,#N* ' -.~- 72 2e -p ment approach is adopted in a forest, /1 .- ,,.bW.j t ,,,- e %w y - N.*<- .i , N i " somewhere m thte forest c!earcuts will #* g#. = ++q ., y M,g. be taking place each year. The timber .-,+- g .- .s ' -m & 8' J ' g ,- [[ W; industrv likes even-age stands because 'Dg gg e QQ6 they provide trees of uniform size y- ,Laj in the e s as e learc t i g . ,s l kM, - ' of hardwoods fo;1cwed by their re- 7""#*'*' 8 ~~'C 4 TMW -d ' placement with sortwooii pines, a 3, r] | - k,- practice known as spec:es transter. gy 7, gg ! The practice was adopted largely e_ 9geg a h y 2+- .; 'j - c--- because softwoocs have more uses g r- , g_ g _. y , . _p __ _ ~"C L - q _ 4 ,, - than hardwoods m the forest prod- - 7g; p, _ ' c - .! y u:ts mdustrv they also grow fast- T - -~: -I _.-- -- d__; g _ -Q)Q- m --F ' er. Many people became ceeply of- ::5/@ .E - ' "' d -q "" # E1 iended as vast hardwood forests in the W N=N8 1 M ia Southeast in the Misstssippi Valley. ,_ el ~~9 ,me -U J:'C5 kJ ' ~ %. and along ene Cuif Coast were lev- =a---- -p-M -' q r '* -*;._;;& y [ .i eiled and transicrmed into smc!e spec:e - p # g.y q y - g

- pine plantations. t he outcrv was ; ,7_ { ;7 ~_ j( q .j . m_ _ , y especially loud when species transfer pg __ Q (,] p .j was undetyaien m :he pubhc!y owned _Qgej,j _._ gjd,,f- ij.8w y n d.re J "'5' M ' , yj"] National rorests, causmg the mtxed .w,,. a 7. - - .n l_ s - w .0-** - hardwood forests of ash, sweet gum. gcM-{ 7~p @ . F"::M oak. hickorv basswood, etm. and tr.a. s.pu cs . - -w -& + p"T" - _ -9 ' pie to disapeear. only to be replaced by b'Tk W - - 7d unticrm s'tands of nurserv-produced @ h h T h y. W M ; N'#"~' a- dhf ' D{ gKb pine monocultures. Wildhie experts p g g,r ~g ytgjuo g g , ,, gu ) m < 7 , V %, u g ]t y-t y ;g g .g , L ,N r khk M U The Irrationally of to*sMviM1%MfrWQ | 'N Forest Se vice has a strance nerage rur was m.90. timber sold below cost in the N2- ; ethou of cricirz timt er, a method rn Renton four s!Jaho. Nevada. tional Forests. Farminz trees a :e:- | .. a 3 Seen reatmg proolems for altah, and n yomina the aversee ting to be serv espenshe. svich me * :me er-ew nme corr ^ rations ano the ;i rw. tar Nationai fores: timber was costs of bbar, nursena. and rer- 1 utions or ernite tree farmer 3 and 51.M2 in 1077 the asera e cmr w as ilizer climbing rapic!v-. tripiin in . - , mad woodiot ow ners. Indeea. with 533.33. the last eight years, accorcine o ... :s ,:s present prictne posicies. *he In let:icn Nine tillinois. In- W. 3ingham, Senior . :ce Pr:3!:er Fere4r ser/:ce s.n heta create sitor.- diens. Wenizan, .\taine, . Minnesota. 9| the W evernaeuser Urc:::icn In . ges or ' corn tim er and wildemess ' U s'ouri. .ew Hampsnire. Chio. Weyernaeuser s case. sJ3e :ests are j in :he years ahead. .n ?n cem.inc for Per m t h :nia . 'iermont West Vir- borne by a company that ar w 3 i rotn will be enormous. This timNr .: inia anu Wisconsin) the averaee aimost all or the tim;rer :: uses ircm . micin: method resuas m tens c: sme ror . National Forest timoer was its ow n ! ands. The Orc::t 3nrinic:e . niiicn> or 'oara teet of National slo. I in IC7 the aserage cr.-3t was that such costs can cr11:e m;y haUe 4 ?cm: :tmeer :.=mg -oid everv year 532.21 been a tactor m We.wr-aeu'er 3 .e- j at 'ess tna the east nt crowing and 'he timber sales in which the c:sien to !:y off 'housanes '! em , m:nazin: P c rnre,t;. J Forest Serwc2 seems generai!y to be Noyees in 1.g , :nc ;'''***- ; . ae amrer ,2!e ,nciac croceu NCn'nn; :ts costs are pntnart!v m g ,, , , - ae 3:stes nt Ore:en anc A asamg- . - , , , . ; .* ,i r e. .q, ...... , n p n tm. .s e r n.o ra.- - . . ! - - -.. . ,. ,..v.m t o r ton, wnere nientv ot accessibie ola, .ts ! ands are man:::L-. :o r m *.it:.:.e 3 .. .s. .:ou s a a r - . . . , . . - . - uses, and justif.tes sa:es .emw costs * . a ..anu c:t ~.a aav_ t.a.. c c. row en n=. en emasns. t,: he ecsr :21- icg,,u. an . . . on the easts that some v: :nc in'. n t- ! ., s., . ' . . .,,,i...u:e...... s e . i.. - .g;e,.,n.. . cuistions it mient - 5.e :dded. 2re cuite- :ents neecec ter. ocr.: ne bene n- i H.' r- ":, a .n c :U n 5 'n: rive: m:n. timeer m:ns ;e- c.e ~ u btr:c:s "e gg g g, , ,g,, ; c ur: :ser sa ,:,: harv2-un ;ae ~ 23' U'ts are simpiy not accaunted _ ,_, . g ,j 3 trees. ran-rorn 2 ent :o Me mir.. int v tn: r'orest Service in a fashion f , _3 i .i n u. ...,n...)...... -. u m t'e r. . '. .e n wnica enacies t5em to de analyzed . - ja ;o m narsson with im be r s.:.,e wildlife. especia!iv deer :na em..can - he aciuus :nc n ". . ure w cust:r. ,, ,, . , , , - *"UT' t e the n~ ?e 20m DJr.t a "rofit mar- .gcag 3.;g gjg :.agg n;;e A ,.1.' ,ig. y @; . . . ..0.r ...,,,,.....,...yme . s. o. rg.e., g... ~. ~.e. , .,.othe'se be!Ow-c ost i les . ,,, g . 6 h e 33r7 N .:C .a t'' : be.%, re -* a '" i 12 1.u e of ' 'se ! m Dt'r i5 2 #UU 5 2U , .,I' e . .!e d ' ' J u r . D a . ;;;0..~.1nu uin U* b ' Cf' i IT* UII' 2I NPf 'NI s e volumes ii 1 CaIf Ori'ci A ! . = .. ... i . ,,n 6 . ..' 1, o m e,.; n.,. . ,r .ns n mmsts: mmptv racause .mv ert- . .. w - ...... 1 - .. sw.a in 'hi- Trocess are ::e manv Forest . _ , , , : .. . . s .n d r.;., ,, _-...... > n o. . , u h, _. ._ ,, , y - . . . $ 2 **J ':N. n nce3 N Wera: ion MW e CO2:a !cr !!."Oer -* ? ?.aFe" ?ni g__,, ,_, oSts O'1 , h. ,. s ., . ' ,) ,. . . , . , . . v i*1 . ..; u :.m :a e w :.:n- ,:anas. re:uen manapment cas:3 on s:. s . , .g ; ir: "r *:"W" or un put or cusmess. "e nlJ : rest na -'u mz a new ; ne is : :=J te .3.e-'r'" - :-s. \J N';? Jily. *he CrCrit SGuCeZ2 ( g'e5 3 ;3e -n re. i; 50 tc? ! - -cr... .in g c .. c.:r ,2 e - .. n ree ::: me crers:: ens :s ren- - . ;e3 its .imec -. ,:3 an,.e( - ;s a m

' :N ' eve se-:ec to recover taxcas' er 0"0" " #2'*"fuendv w nne 'n :. igg 7.orit., trum b e O w- :'s t -2.e - ,,ng,, ,n 3 g2 . ,e. me gurnal et t' a -'ocie:v o r .\.nen- . t.: -n ; ' 2.ia 'r'.e .cr r - * remeer rnr sate. coucie 'n the next rnrry ' -ar>. his ers w dl ha s e the pro p c ' c;r n'. .'< : , I in Re2*u, Twn iCniorada. Ve- - tuanon harc!v aucurs -ell tor ru- nanate their lands imen e. =iv mra . brasia. :outn Dakota anc h vo- .ure amrer suppiies. mastmum dmoe- trJus m. W ! -tmus t he iver:ce "erre p :a Mr Na- '.arce timberland w nma :cr- :he na: ion mav ,ur . - nmeer 3: or - i .:a n a i :- s - :meer in IC was cor:nons are aiso hurt u n,ev nave to .iees in the ie r:Je4 arrac - 2e- : 51; 3 er rneus.md board teet: the wmeete az inst hu e voiumes nr mana rcr wnoa tibre -:se, :cdv. !

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> -- iv t i'4 p I eIQ ' hQ n g a?.su s.S e; L s. - r- 's 2 e m% r * c. n A,,L - pg%m,&,; . -c e. 9a ,. mu - t._--. m .*-*c.c ( J pe0p, m: g.w; y. p g.-. flow sust:med ' : eld m forest man- C: era:nne a:ene streams and . vers mg cut :cdav. he would be merecu- asement Even ecrpera:: ',res:ers m me Na::enai Forests has exposed leus. Trees 2: young as :welve vears have tume aw ay 'rc - 9 e a : .: n - wa:ers ic " e w a.-m .ays ei the sun. old with d:ameters of cur mches are run phi!csephv ena: p re v a C e .:. a wh:en can regr.ne w ater auab anc bem; turned m:0 umber Today. hundre: vers 2.; Tc d c. - u s: - anec* me & s ::es er aquanc spec:es w hen a icres:er speaks c: ' mature ' cr piv cas. :ce mucr :c ce abancc c; ceren;ent en ccM w aters E ro sie n ' eve mature ' M m be r. he :s usuadv aner nve ;r en vers :f :r2- :c ic;g:n; m:c s: reams has cranec them w:th taikmg aceut nmeer mat can be pror- a:ter wn:ch t- e :cres: m, ~ -<

Je r r:s A3 nroup the sn::es mere nom:cailv ' ma:ure. But when a visuor want *o have a 5:eadv 'cw. c w- er nad reen caiis .s n:ch :cr me mes: to the fores: sees the econom: cal- H deraces. even ice s.r:une, Su: r r went unneece :-far ru:;er 3: .ps lv mature tree. he w:il thmk that he :nere is consider:bie ::sacreemen' atenc streams an: vers m crcer to :a lookmg at a sariinc. If the :m- over ne :ce n s n.c., :crca:2 2neu.a r- pre:ec w aterccurs s ber ccmpanies ne acie to press me:r cut :n craer a mamtam an et en 'c w Snil anctner :ssue that has ansen philosepny or fores: ' management or *:mber The :ssue :s ,.mme : a wuh mecem feres v :s tne retanen cv- upon the Fores: Serv:ce, trees ex- head m me Pac:!:c Ner hwes w he re c!e c: c~c w - ha:xes: anc ecowtn. ceeding a W vea W t N cr ~ ~ be re- 2J ._] Mk.rs- mf.,hn.;:.% h"-~~ g:w - -

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. - - n g. j :orchin"c i min.,s- I,7oi m Alaska e Urtuaily ai ne trees cut in the shreadec " to aood pulp for Alas > an tim ber. nc ::enu:se 72 I v. mai Tore-t- in s;a Aa-c onut 'apanese ravor mi.!s. Seir own wood r; - s. '..a re-

a .nniion boara teet per year--:e - . . . suit: ! asses to the C.5 a t:~e- w. - - - ,he. ice-.>s we i' ceronc :ar their mawninu uns. ,.he v - all Ine . 'fer :otG ~!arn 'he . . ate:.J. c:.5.er ia:W r.a . J ^ re' * i ' i fle i t' 4 .2 s uet Hit 2 Mon at the streams nas ai- - .s a.alu = d t : 0 ~. . -"9 tCi3 ..Ce .ois .- a : e s "". 2 '.' " * be rPJa\e! int :9 *' . D Jrt .0 cncaC *nar 'Jns o r 'h0u 2J 1Ji ' s h e ' a t'"t e * * 10 , (I J:Jaido'e.:7 W : 7'I '

. . - s0 - C G T""Itf rC al N%nt't:Cs. . , ,- *:m 1:1c 'P. ires .;r - e :0TO5 hi'G .-- acted in.i t.,.e 'N 2t:Or.r.. r c ::b 'N ;P tuarle3 Ot tout J'% b ; 3,sa . . 7-ted - "h r *s ? $er* lice Aa:es ' 9:n N CCst fon and "laihinM:"!- %: .s? *. :. . ? ' re : ;'e t usn t n '. m 2:rev i- Ma:.c .:re also causiny st-ious been soucec ana .': . eme . mem . < - - ?nei 'a %e :m ccacmc ci>ruenen, in 'he Mw er he < rec:es me. wacc m . -ite av 2 m; r:ns t aa: :re .;aa: a . . -.nh. --t'c " ht st:tJs. The timber maus- *ne icre * 5ere'ce F S::: : 3.Je . . t .s 1 :rme. . nica > ru: c r :n -" : n G re co n. 'A'ai h in ;.a n . .n o preri:s nac ceen .-re cu -are:ne. ne .siasa.' -- t e precac-> +:r-e O5e- ia is tr ema to 3e!! aisced wera earnei the ' : :- ~ Car .. t: c .o.,t iuscous. . m e .sra me c cond r acucts :n e:can. aut :he inuustr .:au:d ' 2 ce r. : :: .a . ,= r e e r - n eanc ?.a1. .; ; M *.,r ,e . n rer T to impo rt er- :lle d , te c;.y ';au r; .c c- c .e - n ua r h a rva t e r o.u, .:.. r n o r r H .::o. ..: - . e --. n *' , an o a c n ; ; ., ' -aw nicer. uen v: . . *

-- -_ ,- _ - - _ _- . m mam. The Forest Service has been eight states, almost all the ren- Omg road-building could easily cost folloicing a restrained sale policy, wildemess is in the National Ferests. 51C0.000 per mile. It is almost mcon- because it does not want to exhaust For several years, a review process has ceivable that the sale price of the the aid growth unt:1 new forests grow- been going on to determine the timber-even accounting for future re- ing on cutover stanc:s have reached amount of the remaining wildemess growth-would recover such costs. considerable matuntv-at least a cen- that ought to be preserved in the wil- Moreover, many of the high mountam ture in age. The r:mber industry, on demess system. The final stage of the zones where the timber :s found are the other hand. is badgering the review, which is now called the Road- slow growth sites; if thev are !cened.~~ :t Forest Service with demands that it be less Area Review and Evaluat:on. or will take the regenerated stands many allowed to cut the old growth at a very RARE II. is nearing completion: RARE decades to reach matunty. These are. apid rate; it can. ene must remember. Il assessments will be finished th:s almost without quesucn below-cost use the regeneratmg stands atter a year. and, if the Carter Admmistrat.on sale are:s. So whv manace thera tor ~ couple of decades. The Forest Service's holds to its promise, legislar:on !cr timber at all? Wh'y bu;!d the expen- concern about wt!dlife. recreational new wilderness desicnations wdl be stve roads? Whv !ase taxcaver dei'ars opportunities. watersned preserva- forwarded to Congress somet:me m attempting to regenerate' timber rap- non. and other forest uses has pre- 19~4 idly on poor sites? And, more impor- valled so far, but no one knows how There are sixty mi!! ion acres of tantly. whv :og the nat:eni last w:1- Icn:; :t w.!I last under sustained pres- roadiess area under consideration demess areas when. even from a ti:n- sure trom the umber companies. which are virtually undisrupted bv man ber suppiy pomt of view. it may not With the encroachment of human and ccuid be transferred bv !egislation be necessary? A recent Forest Sere:ce ~ populat:en, and the ;iesire of increas- to formal wildemess status. About study m Oregon showed that the-e is a m2 numcers at people to have a wil- twenty million acres are forestland, sufficient continuous flow of timber derness exper:ence. the disposition and the timberis coveted by the wood from already rcaded areas in the state 5 of the last wt!demess areas in the products mdust:v. However much of Nat:onal Forests to meet indust-e s m:!' nat:en has become an issue of enor- the umber is m remote secnons of the needs now anc mo ne ref re:r% meus signtiicance. In the lower fortv- Rockies and the coastal ranges, where future.

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__ _ _ . - - -_ ~~.T ' 11 of these issues-clearcut- than void the hionongahela decision and markup began in the early sprmg. 7i t.ng. species transier. the ro- by stnkmg the language of the Or- The mber industre throuch its "I-i tation cycle. even flowisus- ganic Act. lobbymg arm, the National Forest P od. " tamed vield, watershed pro- Senator Randolph's bill was re- ucts Association (NFPA), immediately tectica 1 erbicides, and wilderness- ferred to the Intenor Committee, which mounted a scare campaign predictmg were 'aised in the debate over the has lurisdiction over public lands and huge timber shortages and dismal un- leMarion to replace the Organic which had held the Church sub- employment in the industry if the Or- Act of 1S07. The bill which Senator committee hearings on clearcutting in ganic Act were not amended or if the Randolph's group of forestry profes. the early 19~0s. Senator Humphrey's Randolph bill were enacted into law. sionals draf ted was introduced in bill was referred to the Agricul- The industrv strongly suppor*ed the the Senate in Feoruarv of 1976. Short- ture Committee, of which he was a Humphrey bill. and was mtent upcn ly theresiter. a companion bill was membu, because of its jurisdiction seeing as little restrictive language as introduced in the House by Rep- over the Forest Service. A host of possible creep into it during the re>entative George Brown of Califor- other bills dealing with the N1onon- markup. The industry campaign. nia. The legislation dealt with most of gahela issue were introdused by other which was fear-mongertag from the the forest management issues that legislators. Virtually all were inspired outset, entered the realm of the ab- were conceming people across the na- by the timber industry and did little surd when the NFPA began waming tion. It set specific standards in law for more than annul the Organic Act. It of toilet paper shortages in the Los '

forest management practices, and di- was clear that the Randolph and Ange!es area if Congress did not meet i rected the Forest Sercice to issue regu- Humphrey bills were going to be the its demands. i lations to implement the standards. legislative vehicles behind which the The Forest Service's posture dur- In Starch of 1976. the late Senator opposing sides would gather. The two ing the whole penod was typica!!y , Hubert Humphrey of hiinnesota in- committees decided to consider the professional. Professionals in any field | troduced legis;ation that did little more legislation jointly. Hearings were held are usually determined to be free of FT-E*% ? * ". & m . ~w? e n-;m-=T."-,,L.-,.. , - *. ,sg.d - . 3- ' %,, t g .4Sq.,y,G.~'V- Q g 7 , ,, . - -- -*N .v._ . , . .-- w - ?.< w. > j w, - y[ - p%,e.;9. a.: cp. t . .# - . . , , .. , .+ u. 4.a%e; e ge,. w [*|pM. ./ I f. _C g,y - V .y% v'(.$U. f ',':, ..,.S S..m 1 .Q[ s.f X d,. ; ~. %Q.C z h==S c %yh. L { ?y y i ',. -5* $ .h G " $. .Wm ~,.~L;. Q,,'m Q 7i. '.%%y. % , M( * h.- ~Q.~'..?i.M *Pr 3vhamej }. f 1- - -:.m, ,w m --v- pW;y.. . m,.6%."%.Q--1.., ' -i t? ,m. 'f . .i W y = 'j't KTM-M.. c$7. . ,.. . = . - f -.Q.. . 3 . .} 7 . , . .9 ,s - x w , ,',d.,. ~ u. , g < ,,,.& p.o ,, ~ -v i - # Y,' . . , l,d-h T h :. - s. .- - n &x- . 7.w & w. s. - % ~ e ~' .~* I 6- 1.~m.m*d-r p'%7MM~-MT.:t - ' A. w _. , :n * w .~ %~ m,w.,.~=m ,h+'Cs w$n3 . ^;SNM"~''*-'" -%T M -Y ~ ii m Lpu + P5- -wQ.hgNJy %w 4=, , ..W, ~- ;eMT W .1 h. .*- ~ :geg%&f - Am,, g . Wrcm3 b . ,. _= '_~'' ~-n'N- . N g Yi- * *bh , n ; - . wJm.;-. . ,. s- .pr,,.,-ep,m ;.Vh.v w ,. e:. m . e_$m.. m$*r f: w.h"~~{ e. ~Y1NY' N e !h : kec.voc 9 s -ww .-e u.. , y _ --o._ .. . W ,.a 4 j ng;C -- .,s. _ g''*#.b'n, .- w. w c. ~ . m_ ~ >- - .e.;,. mc .- nr ,, u''m$'Cne- 4a h t, .u.w.- . - c.,u, w9".' - 4 _. _ -g- w ..w ,,p-sm . -- ,,.;.gygAth .-* r.ed',,]Lg,.. . w , e. ., . *'"~ae.. r ~ y;h.my e :u .s. . & :yps.;.m. .m.,.% *W- * h -'**'aN==T-%r~A W'7M -frv. ' - u *8-:, . ~ - . w:. -ae@ -JdZ.. ?,%s%-me' k.f S.,'e: =* /w,%. , - - . .-4 il6. k M'$ED - N c' 9 J.f" C N'~'-MM Q Nfy,k4:t92,.,,,,;g??W Y w m'J O.C pg% ,'.g,y e,-; m@Y:J fffJC;,-J: F: 5 CSSzowA m=2

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_ _ _ _ . _ . . ~ - .-. .. . constraints so that the, can practice environmental campaigns of the de- and his strong presence throughout a; cording to their own self-imposed cade. Forest Service Chief John the deliberations in Congress, had standards. The Forest Sercice is no NicGuira promised Congress that his served to inspire his colleagues to exception. It likes to portray itself as agency would enact firm regulations go much further than they normally the objective arbiter of competing de- to implernent the guidelines that Con- would have, coasitienng the heavy mands in the National Forests, and gress had shaped. The Act was, how- industry lobbying campaign directed has been unable to see how pressure ever, far from a complete victory for at them from start to finish. from industry has pushed it far in the conservationists. The standard sett.ng direction cf industrial high volume language that Senator Randolph had he Act allowed a two-year forestry. The agency's position was proposed was too bitterly opposed by Z - E( pened for the preparation of that it wanted as httle restram' in law the timber industry to survive the ,J regulations by the Forest Ser- as possible. gauntlet through Congress. And the " vice, and created a committee Senator Randolph did not sit on eastern mixed hardwood forests were of scientists to advise and counsel the the Agriculture or Interier commit- still open to clearcutting and even-age agency in the drafting process. The tees, but he was invited to the mark- management. But Randolph's finn and committee has been meeting period- ups. Steanwhile, two other Senators unswerving leadership for reform, ically for the past year, and the two-

,_ _ _ _ had become determined to push retorm __ __. language into the legislation: Dale ; a Bumpers of Arkansas and Lee Nietcalfe ~ T[-:2 FOREST SET /IG'S GIANT T'M3E2 j of Montana. Senator Frank Church of - ....-,,f -- Idaho was also intent upon seeing his j O M, CO._ ,,L- ,., ,d. n Uni s.O E3l,v,,a,11ac j subcommittee's earlier guidelines put ' One at the main justifications also hurt the small m. deren&ntiv , - into law. e.enator Bumpets suc:eeded . usec Sv t.N Forest Service for its owned mills. On.:v the -crecer umoer.. .- ,1 . u - -- m ..aving econcmic criteria inserted . . . .

ae;ressive- r:.moer s:tesmansnty is corporations can affurd to bia on - to help assure that timber manage- . th 2: - omotes " community n:bi'. m uitimila. .on-t ost:-foot sa.,es; the ment was not aursued m areas where J r ' ite, "anc ,,,.oezi economic ernwth.,, smaller mu..ls generady c:nnat. .s. s a ; ~ it was not profitable. Senatcr Her- . . . , a; sowns that are heavily dependent resuit, the small indepencen: mt,.3. j man Talmadge of Georgia, Chair- . . . . . man of the Agnculture Committee. > upnt. ne. io

tinuous 2na olentiful suppiv of cannot cet- a ceren acia surelv at - the acerbic comment that ,,only an . . - ' . - - - i - . . timeer ur :hev wil,. surfer cr: sue timeer, mav re ter .. s.oe. - idiot forester would put his money mto . . . . .

, eco .cmic d.isruptions. Particus uy A gcce. c.amr:e- c.tw m -c a. - ' g owing trees where he couldn.t mas.e i. . - - - - .a t.ne ,sest. the issue of ecunnmic e m Idano.. ast year. .ne rm es: der- a profit.,, e.enator Talmadge's standam,4 i . . . . ' staciim. is sucn a cnargea one :52t vice mace a muh mn. ..uen o:rd t mt . gecame- known as the foresters tcact . . . . Senater Naar,e,, -.n: ttield ai Orc:an. saia :nere o ,\..:exc3 corest .:ncus- test. Philosophically. It was a major . , . i _cu rin: the debate over tne N.ation:: :nes er an D:.e go, s.d.rorm:. i .:e break,..w. rough. q.enator Metcalfe made , headway with sustained yield..even rorest .anagemen: 1.ct o r Mr6> sale was too ater :cr the en s=6 .. . m.cnt . , - usurances that disruenons- sawmill companies m h :mmed. k - flow language that atfirmed ,he corest of .ou. economtes would be ere- viemt:v... so nane r m m . ::d en a. Ai c.ercice's authority to practice its re- . . . , ven:ec by tn.e om. secona sate v:s han :t: rec. and it strained sale policies in the ,.old . . ~ -out ine : set is that. even in the too was out or reacn ior tne :.ocat mi.,. - . growth.. forests of the N.orthwest. He . . N. ationai Fores:s areas tnat cre cemg ow ners. '.,.hevt re crow cine me ude + also . .tacored michtu.v to insert ,an- . . . . : .. - ^ . manaRec for neaW tirnDer proauc- man out.. iaid sawmn.i Ow ner 041. guage to limit the size et clearcuts and ., . . . !

- to strengthen the Church guidelines - tion. t,e forest Service is not 2: ways . u;'m to a rero-ter om ;ne .i w "- . .. - encoura::nc community stantiity Fails -i r m o- W:rn. ..,, : 2s .re n whicn became part of the leg:siative 4 . . .. , and economic nealth: in i:ct tne r- hard ter us to :et !.!m:2r , .me: n - package that t.a.e committee finally- re- . ma is or en true. a recor:er w he ,o;as - - saw mitt . orted m May or.1976. . r i .nt uunout the N.orthwest. ne oper:: ors .ere et aci .e n:rerec Use 'egislative action then shifted ^ m: tor Hmeer corrorations are in- saios e.23 nou n .o. ..s.- .o bi ' to the House, where heanngs were , non; iv c!nsing down : heir smail on. ene I wm - t ai.3 1.3:- .: :oresta ' held m the House Agriculture Com- ! miih d i numcer of town > 2nc wn. replied act :52 Fore w rv w . 2 .1 mittee on the Brown bill, the Weaver - sc.idat! .g mil'in2 acer:aen, .n been we cu:.v w ar, .. an - :' - bill (which was the same as the re- , a i i:rp mecratec mn., ene, at -incie sale. . . por ed Senate bilD and a gracbag of ' !ccr.t:c n s The Forest ser.tce .usis:3 Interest:ngly. the -m2. Mca other bills, mostly industrv-mspired. t . hem m acing 30 w ah :s pr:cace ut owned .:% in sou:ne- .c: c : e In the House markups. George Brown , gigogng c, niUcns of boarc reet doia; more nc.n catP .; mr sma:.c r - succeeded in inserung 'anguage deal- f of y m,c , in a miere saie and sales. Thev are n c .e , ren:nmna :o mg witn spec:es transter and rotation - q p..c ., g. : out the contr:cted harvest icrm alliances ws:n c.mser.c:W ' ages. another important break- i penod mer a number nt vears. Thi3 eroues in the egion. w: h vhom through. i ensures v corenranon or a curri. hey :nav have mo e m ;omrnon :h r The National Forest Management eienny 2g, .co m. ,e a .imer o u n a w n e. m - ' : .a - c Act passed Congress and was signed jmake attractive the. investment m their f ar::er counterr:r:3 inthej into law by President Ford m_ early , lar:e micurated m:lis. I.ar e c a!es Mm t er " m,m . 4 . October or 1976. It was one of the great ------~n -

2

- _. - _ . . year drafting process is now draw- advisory nature. In particular, the now saying that it does not need the ing to a close. What does the For- Forest Service is refusing to write timber from buffer strips along est Service have to show for all the strong language on the issue of sales streams or erf steep slopes. where satts e ffo rt ' Very little despite Chief below costs (see Box on page 13). The are delicate and easily disrupted by McGuire's assurances, dunng legisla- draft regulations issued by the agency logging. Yet the Forest Sernce does tive markups of the NFM A, that his last August, and due to be wntten in not want to wnte firm regulat: ens con- agency would produce regulations their final version after the first of the trolling even these types of abuses. that would effectively prevent forest year, are deplorably weak at many One hopes that it will not require a abuses. The Forest Service is now say- pom:s. Letters of concem will have to succession oflawsuits m coming years mg that there will be no firm language be directed to Assistant Secretarv of to bring the Forest Service withm the in regulations-which are legally Agnculture Rupert Cutler (Washing +on. letter or the law, but that recourse may binding-but rather m Forest Service D.C. 20:50) if :ne weaknesses are to be we!! be necessare With final National manuais, which are generally of an corrected. Even the timber industry is Forest Management Act Regulations.

-- _ _ _ _ _ s 1 , .- e . -. . - . *- t . r o v- s - v e e _ . u v u . .a.g - v .t:. r._ 6. ;~.Lc. ~. rJ A T.1.A.rs.s ow r. , Lr.to. ; :: R t r a : ' 2 -- ritece 0: 9r bar :cc!! m - om 13 percent in M70 NIIC C :naitse< s ho.- tse m m ' a, I c ~ -m evc , e :.:, reen marcr- :: 1: r?r ent ;n i=**~. :nd acrar- ;ctra::c Tr1cis ;er -h us en . ~ad -a , - - ;> .a : ne C:ne: -c. 2n:n are 3te; r.a men; : nan that :eet !cr 'i". er iales in V.;sh k _ a n : :>iram , i e ner cemeinin- n 1". 3. Our ow n economiss and Ore:on. he states re.- w hica I . em - ;n oaera: : .nber crice steu!sta that no more than i :he bulk'of the higne3t pri-ec .:ser 'i F rs n e rm; :a keen hou,ir: percent of the cost of the aserste .:.tiv ownec 'imrer .- esc: " 4- ,:;r + ur , "n '-* . if tne r:. r house is weod procacts cost ur 3124.33: T3.---W . 197:- M M

. ' : .2, ,e 'o- ._e. a a er.er: . . mil caiore :r_n,ror t:ca. - 1137.2. Thus. w 'he 2 .-- - wre . e~ 7n .: .ir d 0. > m e m an u tact u r:n ; 2nd dealer :h:t i400 ces are bei .; r,:c * . ' < < . _ - , sa. , t.!.i.w :2nni .nar es. no the lumper comro- purcha ser of .e der:. *:m ber . :- na- :asen ;r e: .a u e. The an.v nert of that is bnu 4 percent ci menccus voi:ame f fee.crat !"-bar is n aar - 32 - ' : incus: c ana w no usin.: cos. cem2 so;i ct 20 cr thnusana ar , 2 .rrormrs .. r'er u r t. 2 N u;_ n- ~hus. at p esent aver::e tret<.r a .. a nr:ce o eleeur.2ie r . - .- _.- .- .a ._ v cr::-ea 'og;1..e. :cw iieme prices o niv accu: to 52.;0 a e . e m , f: : t.'e . . . - . 2:- -- _ r . >iMr ... ne . r. .: r. a t :.re-:: n :2.wd or the :,e0.vv' new nome .ncremen: :n a ::u,.t.d. an v_ ; 1 . e r- r - r.ermat are. ceca- - :ce is ini!uenced by :he There :re -cr e .' t n e r ::w,s . .er: , .:n u, o: m timbar - h: - :umoer ocuc2r. :na smc2 less a hy individ :a: H m i r ri; * rz ; . . e r.c r - er. . ; 't3 r ! c r i ne re - t:r. 40 rercen* cr tamcer CO3: is 1: h wri e mGed lumb'r ;''t3 Ore t ' 4:r ::'r . e. .1 eser.aaan x i. Irm - age cv tea r h :. .sl M O much ' ass. The - ; ecc cr esth :; ' ' c m ;:rn :- * :.n u.a a e nr:ce : , ,* ,:curi . m -- .x : rv ne , ;n: er . nium .:n s.n ::: ' -- .2 .-+ - . . nairrec. '~w- "wr .nnce. . I.a:. em e n;3 as tends to be a: _- . 0 -e - . n ? 9; < ?.t:; ..- : a d ..; , . . . r t - J d e a. ) 9.,3,]g.j e ta ' i J V J J S :- e-''- 10 J -

:- rer : ae m - .~3:urumba 7e em mills .. an e .tr::- -'- 23 :a D ' ' rr:e n ut arc - :n c :c ~ct ruc- Cu:. sav 'he omer.nies purchas- percent mere beari me :e : :-- . . . .- .wcru timcar the :.:uen2. 'n2 :e erat t un c.er. :ne compet:nvc ;o rs en:n the 'rrr !-e - e tim R3 - .:s re sent ra . . ir.s . In un. -ic ruren:3e pr:ces m new imaer Also. .he rotvs t r e :.. >u.-c a.., t.;;.t movn m c:.e rean a3tounc. 4:3 in tne P:cific Nortnwest :re . cme acerti :meer tre.: er ->- ~ - .o w . -oc.n. rne prne et :1meer now ur to 5400 per thousanc board be takir.c more irre< * r,- ' a r . e - r ' in *Pe nur e .3 enti a re : ... re: ta r ecs on the stump. At + hat ,ites th:n :nev tre :: i.., . . TN ' :ric:ni tat:or .c ne n3.ne cou rate. *:e 12.?00 boara teer in the :ercice .s naw re :: mn .a m et3 or rundine a no.ne. averace stazie rami!r hnme wou!d timeer 'r tu:u e -::e :re s % c e as :,40 on the stume, .: .eq cc- On W: ore: , or tha vcar. C. W. 3ucii thiev :n - :y e< os :urrm , i 3!nzh m en:nr .' ice rewicent or . ore millint. trarupur::tien. :nd re- What acoc. :ne am:bh m :ne . :ne .t et ern:cux: se rruraunn. e3 alia; en: rec 3. price ut iumpe ever :nc p:3 . ::u. . t: led on .r cer ss ,ernre r ..e Jut wait. .\ thau3ana board feet t a true th:: 2 ' ce r : y_3. 1. Cauncti on A J0e "riev it:izility '' -*1110 0 t W n -o v - ro tirS is currentiv ha, occur Jc-'- :! 7: . ? ?. M-- - ' hl 4 :n atina zton. E' C. Par * .r a n. te,. auotea in we *. Fad '.arce! jr.r4rnw 2eout 5:00 rer :hous:re : -..;t ti commocity pt:.:e reportmg e-v:ce s This amounts to onis a '.1 in- ! mony went as fosw : ,eiling at acout 5:40. How can * .:e crease .n er ten s ears m ::e ta>t t . . . , ' ' ' "The cost or M: wood products reacrai :i nber purenasers be paymg average new home-a r te or - I in ne av era e new home, m- ner 4DO per enousand boar: :e"! ;rene in the toe at :he home " ] elucin: :umter tvwnott. par- ror timber on the stume that seil> about rercent rer war I: :he T. er- ' ; : ciecoarc. saa nes, snmeies. for 3240 ss milled lumber? ail cost 'or livin.: 5:a merened . . moiames. anc ranel3 has. .ic- 4 The answer is simple. Not all such a low r:te o '- ' 0 ! ' ten - :Orcing to Susinen WecA v

. - _. .. RME !!1egislanve proposals, and the predicting a doubling in the de- technology has been developed which sett;ement of the A:aska | ands issue, mand for trees by the year 2020 just for uses almost every part of the tree; as ic S promises to be a busy year for the forest products we now use- the mill employees proudly say above these who are concemed about Amer- paper. lumber, and plywood. So the the din of their slashirg, gnnding. ics s National Forests. question is, where is all of the wood thumping machines, "We use every- going to come from? Are we gomg to thing but the squeal." begm devastatmg America's forests all Tree plantations. Comfield silvt- nr again? An the baules n u m- cuhun. Bran New Fomst U cne is a The Future of the peting uses in the National Forests natural as well as a National Ferest . going to increase m ferocity? enthusiast, the pe;orative terms all ap- National Forests The answer: not necessanly, if we ply. But cnnes or high volume fibre for- plan carefully and make some crucial estrf somenmes miss the point that, with J'3 he history of the National adiustments in the nation's forest all of these silvicultural and tech-

. Forests can be viewed as a policies. In recent years there has been nological advances, more wood prod- contmuing struggle over the an explosion of knowledge in the sci- ucts, including wood fuel, can be - issue: where shall the nation's ence of growing trees; foresters have tumed out from fewer acres, leaving timber supplies come from? It has been mimicking agriculturists by de- more forestland available as natural ahvays been a contested issue, and it veloping fast-growing hybrids- woods and as wildemess. The real will become even more vigorously which resemble trees as much as a issue is not, will we have tree planta- contested in the years ahead, with Prmgle resemb!es a potato chip-that tions. but which lands will be tumed recreation demands on the National exist only to be consumed. At the into tree plantations? Fortunately, we Forests expected to double by the same time, super efficient sawmill are blessed with a vast forest area to year 2000. , p g n._ g.y*Ae A::yp, One thing is clear: people need - . h,. dg yj ; yg " trees, and trees will contmue to be cut. * - g* s r, w.s, * In fact, they will probably be cut more Ng'7 yFW@'h.i Pg g [Ig;j.43,par- @ [;"f?3.Q ,.. ,.q. ~.i-#y w.,40've. gf**' % #~ ;"T, % -- than ever. As shortages of e!cetricity, k . ' @D N q. p.'m=1' % %y ,,~" w . b. 4.. ,,u.N...N..- M oil, and natural gas loom ahead we are . P C .4 i O M%e os. - . g ,$ $1 now begmning to retum to wood as a [J~* 'I /*% Q ' , Pa y My[gN 'Y 3dk["p-b[[uM..W ,- j.h;"/.' b [email protected]> source of energy and heat. The cutting . , , g, ;, q a ,, ( , -r,, of trees for fuelwood in New England I, g is scanng, to the extent that foresters f ~ ~f 7."4 W*ip~hhf* ' sty* [3*J 4, are begmnmg to worrv about the condi- Ni g.,h.m ([. D A-%e N-h.-b y {, %gM. g @% % tion of some of the forests. A person 4 =YdA?r.- Md,, with a chainsaw and pick up tmck who ye p g . ," 'p y .g-@ M:t * goes out to cut a supply of wood to heat ' t,''d' 5 ;3 N.;;f {C,.q%;,[,j;;":g yM "}' . .,pg 4y@% .Ip";. jt b.'4Q(?* " his home tends to take the best trees . ;, ,p . ; g % g,;, - , 4 g . %q ., t, ,''fjg:.,gq,, g and leave the poorer ones to regenerate . .c...,_. 'w c.e Q'' %y(** K.sf - g-* ]U b eg , T the stand. Such a pracuce, called "high %p ?,- 4 W .4 - p.. $ C Oj g1't!@/;M. gading," has always been nghtfully ,p, .,,MO;%qe9 D ~<_T ; h k d condemned by foresters. p n. b Q * h, ,$.7'.J% .d.^-Q g.[.. j cd ~ 7[1.' '"2A,f"@f@O Wood is a!so bemg considered verv To- W h D I . ,o a i "' ~ T*m seriousiv as a source of fuel for power h .,d Ny'~ h% piants. Some timber mdustry mills have { ,.' J g ,, . y, h d Q[M2N3@$ I..M- g ie g .K M'' g]D h. p.; Q ' '. W [ 6 already converted their boilers to , , 2-y ; j;7.yM'3 wi,54-LQQ ,r pP i*C:, p"1 %r ; g ../. . A w, use the wood wastes from their op- ' -* - u J .,q3, - erat:ons-wastes that they used to ,,,j,g2 . WgMgWh;::.:"gi'Q:[email protected]",;.'1prp-- .y[.j;; f 'c.cyy , % F'yg ~ 4-M;;"* *3- discard-in the place of costly oil or . p'$3 h %!)Mpi p,.;fr .i . -'jp'$. C.,: . coal. Now some utilities are looking P , 5 ^ '' ' gN-;f@, TI.$''n..$.m,gp;,,g%,[dh)0'%''{. . closely at wood fibre: m a few cities, j'. -f,1,:, - ], y' -% p. such as Portland. Oregon and Surhng- rag'j,%6iFW , .-. .s .f g -- T - .; g " O..g ton, Vermont they are already stok- h-fM , d"'"k, ;p,%@,,f, g. ,,;~. . ng,. mg their central power generating .=.rgr.- q 9iq - --::r- Mdg.1 _. .P :ws -:f ,'jg-?-Q0:n~'-[P.w 7 'fj.,d]a units wtth wood. D M.c W,"*:' .d,p . b2.- YbY' O sN&-D ', At the same time, we are be3 in- d .h.. . [. .ei.M Nb r7!",#!.h,_D- ewM.~ ,g:My.,,;T:::::n 2e - -w -t*** nmg to 'coi:o wocd as an automotive im M.'.',< ,. 7R:.: fuel. Earher this year. Ce: eral Motors '* kp,n w. .-, @em=.,ma6,.j&, V.p.';|%'f- ~7- N M ''$$M#M.-.:* d'h&_M$* was repor:ed m the Washincon St.ar %$'Tcy,b,i~Sad' N .ea.'O,,$|C -M ]0.~ r'.'.J C. E.N P.4 to be contemplatmg the poEermc; of %db- ~ b. - ' he ent: e U.S. auto anc truck t1eet h.w.. .N. O% ' M T I _ . r- a; %n ' gSJ$$'"g'%,,- c s o.-?MV,, ( f., '$ # '.Mwcp.2~s'I-SMW.fq ?4- :'Gp '' yC, bge7'.2-{Q withm a few decades with wood alco- 8._m.--t @2.r.,J.-{. p ? S *v" T;; M hol produced from the sustamed har- P tf 8 E c , h q.,n,c';itsf y _ " M,s g __ vest of forty milhon acres of trees. . .. w .w .n.. %,w.., c .a Meanwhile, timber experts are A seleenvel - logged rcrest near Hope. Alaska.

I .; T 19 . 21' | '' ; 3 g g( @y 5Rg ri 4 - - _y _. y . choose from; 300 million acres of our are not to be tree plantations, doesn't mer? With below-cost sales c.f Nat:enal nation are slassed by forest surveyors this mear. ihat we will have to Iock Forest timber. don't we mvite the as timberland The ownership breaks to th; pnvate sector to meet a greater worst af possible worlds: (1) Nattenal down as fo!!ows: GO million acres m propertion of our future fibre needs? Forests

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