GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL BACKGROUND source for the seepage gas. Cool surface waters do not necessarily indicate an absence of geothermal activity beneath the beneath activity geothermal of absence an indicate necessarily not do waters surface Cool gas. seepage the for source on the bog surface, the nearby Nazko volcanic cone and an interpretation of seismic data (Kim et al. 2014) suggest a magmatic 5C, the existence 15 of carbon dioxide seepages, travertine deposits Although the highest water temperature measured in the bogs is 22 and 36 km depth. et al. 2011) and the interpretation of seismic data by Kim et al. (2014) suggest the presence of in the lower crust between (Williams-Jones, pers comm, 2013). complement earlier investigations and to support local community interest in geothermal resources. to – 6.9 per mil PDB) of the gases suggested a magmatic origin olivine flowed from the to the south and west. An earthquake swarm near the Nazko cone in 2007 (Cassidy C between – 6.2 comm, 2013) and the isotopic composition (δ dispersion processes (Lett and Jackaman, 2015). This study, supported by Geoscience BC's TREK Project, is designed to designed is Project, TREK BC's Geoscience by study,supported This 2015). Jackaman, and (Lett processes dispersion formation (Talinga and Calvert, 2014). Glacial deposits covering bedrock are till and glacio-fluvial sediments. pers Vigouroux,2013; comm, pers (Hickson, gas seepage the detected carbon dioxide with traces of methane and helium in helium and methane of traces with dioxide carbon detected water, surface water, soil, rock, till and tree bark sampling to around the Nazko North Bog to better understand the geochemical TaylorCretaceous Creek the of rocks sedimentary clastic by and rocks volcanic Pleistocene-Holocene and Group Endako study previous A 1). (Figure BC cone, volcanic Nazko the interpreted an ash layer to have been deposited by an eruption from 7100 and 7200 years BP when, in addition to the ash fall, surrounding area has been described by Lett and Jackaman, 2014. This poster summarizes the results of more detailed ground Miocene Group, Lake Ootsa Eocene by underlain is area surrounding the of Much cone. Nazko the include that volcanoes two wetlands informally named the North and South bogs near pyroclastic ash, lapilli and volcanic bombs ejected from vents in the cone created the present-day edifice. Souther et al. (1987) with calcium carbonate are among surface features observed in o The soil and water geochemical expression of geothermal indicator elements (e.g. Li, B) in the Nazko wetlands and wetlands Nazko the in B) Li, (e.g. elements indicator geothermal of expression geochemical water and soil The Souther at al. (1987) estimated that the Nazko volcanism began during the Fraser Glaciation. Post glacial deposition of red Pleistocene-Holocene of belt east-trending an 1), (Figure belt volcanic Anahim the in are bogs South and North The Travertine deposits, soil gas seepages and organic soil mixed FIGURE 1.Locationofgeothermalstudyarea,InteriorPlateau,centralBC. 8 Ma Range Rainbow

Anahim V ROUNDUP 2015 Cone White Creek Cone Holte Creek 5 Ma Range Ilgachuz 0.01to1.6Ma

olcanic Belt 0.01to1.6Ma 2.5 Ma Range Itcha 0.01 to1.6Ma 13 0.01 to0.34Ma Nazko Cone Study Area Permian toQuaternaryGeology VOLCANIC ANAHIM BELT N carbonate-rich bogsoilsneartheNazkovolcaniccone,BC. in patterns geochemical anomalous of source the Tracing Project Area Geothermal LOCATION 0 MAP Kilometres 100 200

STUDY METHODOLOGY SAMPLE ANALYSIS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FIELD STUDIES- Douglas Collegeare thankedforgenerouslyprovidedinformation abouttheNazkowetlands. Glyn Williams-Jones, SimonFraser University, Catherine Hickson, Alterra PowerCorpandNathalie Vigouroux, Assistance fromFrancisBertoiawiththe samplinganddatarecordingthefieldwasgreatlyappreciated. esrn ae eprtr,p,cnutvt,aklnt,dsovdC andsalinity. Measuring watertemperature,pH,conductivity, alkalinity, dissolvedCO Sampling soil,till,humusandtreebarkatsitesintheNorthBogaroundatravertinecone-CO Sampling travertineforgeochemical,mineralogicalandstableisotopeanalysisintheNorthSouthBogs. Sampling boggroundwater, surfacewaterandstreamwater. Zr by regia digestion-ICPMS. Ca, Cs, Cr, Co, Cu, Ga, Fe, Pb, Li, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni, P, K, Re, Rb, Se, Na, Sr, Te, Tl, Th, Sn, U, V,Y, Zn and Milled tree bark and sieved (< 180 mm) humus samples were analysed for Al, Ag, As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, minerals X-ray diffraction and for carbon and oxygen isotopes. C; for C and S by Leco combustion. Selected 1100 travertine samples were also analysed for carbonate elements Zn, (Cu, Ni, Ba, Co, Sr, Zr, Ce, Y, Nb, Sc), by lithium borate – ICPMS; for loss on minor ignition and at P2O5) MnO, MgO, CaO, Fe2O3, SiO2, (Al2O3, oxides major for (ICPMS); spectrometry ol < .8 m sz) n taetn smls < .5 m sz) ee nlsd tAm Labs, Acme at K, Re, Rb, analysed Se, Na, were Sr, Te, size) Tl, mm Th, Sn, U, 0.050 V,Y, (< samples Vancouver,Zn and Zr travertine by BC, aqua for and regia digestion-inductively Al, coupled size) mass Ag, As, mm Au, 0.180 Ba, Be, Bi, (< Cd, Ca, Soil Cs, Cr, Co, Cu, Ga, Fe, Pb, Li, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni, P, l,B O- O-adS - - by and -,ion SO NO chromatography. , , NO , Br Cl F U, V, Y, Zn and Zr by high resolution mass spectrometry B, (HRMS); Cd, for Ca, total Cs, Cr,alkalinity by Co, Cu, titration, Ga, and Hg, for Fe, Pb, Li, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, WaterRe, Rb, samples Sb, were Se, analysed Si, at Sn, ALS Sr, Environmental, Burnaby,Te, BC Tl, for dissolved Th, Ti,Al, Ag, As, Ba, Be, Bi, - - - o FIGURE 2.Detailedmapsshowingthetopographiclocation,generalstructureand during 2013and2014geothermalfieldexplorations,InteriorPlateau,centralBC. stream watersamplesitesassociatedwiththeNorthandSouthbogstargeted Sampling - The followinglaboratorymethods wereused: 2 3 (Figure 2&3a,b,c) 4 and fieldworkin2014involved: 2

2 vent.

RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS SUMMARY OFRESULTS -SOIL &TRAVERTINE SUMMARY OFRESULTS -WATER REFERENCE There are subtle geochemical indications of a thermal anomaly beneath the Nazko bogs including: of water samples collected in 2013 and 2014 reveals that: Geochemical indicators of geothermal activity, Li, B, As, Rb and Sr are elevated in ground and surface waters. Analysis CONCLUSIONS Soil sample analysis in 2013 and 2014 of the North Bog samples revealed that: FIGURE 3a,bandc. bogsoilsnear theNazkovolcaniccone,BC,NTS 93B/13,GeoscienceBCReport,2015-1. Lett, R.E.andJackaman (2015): Tracing thesourceofanomalous geochemicalpatternsincarbonate-rich )NrhBgadC vent. a) NorthBogandCO water withcooler, nearsurfacegroundwater. Higher dissolvedBconcentrationsthat couldreflectmixinganddilutionofmoreconcentrated,upwellingthermal These elementsmaybethesolubleproductsofreactionsbetweenvolcanicwall rockandupwellingthermalwater The correlationbetweengeothermalpathfinders(e.g.Li,Cs)inthewaterand higher dissolvedLi,Cs,SrandSi. (e.g. Pasvanoglu,2013). Anomalous B,LiandSrlevelsinbogwaters,butatconcentrationslowerthan inwateratgeothermalfields and coldwater. flowing intothebogsfromsurroundinguplands,(2)thermalwaterupwelling frombedrockand(3)mixingofhot The variationsintheNazkogroundandsurfacewaterchemistrythatcouldbe theresultof(1)coldgroundwater uplands surroundthebogsratherthanvapour Hgfromgeothermalactivity seepthatcouldbeanexpressionof cinnabargrainsinthetillon The elevatedsoilHgnearthetravertine cone-CO The travertineispredominantlyaragonite suggestingthatthecarbonatewasdepositedfromwarmwater X-ray diffraction analysisofthetravertineconewallrevealsthatrockis>80%aragonite. <6C slwrta rudwtradsraewtr( 2C). C)islowerthangroundwaterandsurface(>12 (< 6 flowfromaventinthecone(Figure3c). Water temperature ppm FeandnodetectableHg. There isavigorousCO Water fromasmalltravertineconeontheedgeofNorthBog.(Figure3b)has44ppbNi,2.4ppb, As, over5 Li versusCecorrelationcoefficient =+0.88). Several pathfinderelementsinwaterhaveastrongcorrelation(e.g.CaversusSrcoef the glacialdeposits. ventandwithothertracemetals(e.g.Cu, Ni )islikelyweatheredfrom well drainedsoilupslopefromtheCO Trace elements(As,Ni,Cu)increaseinwater-saturated organic soilonthebogmargin. Mercuryiselevatedin (surface water),15.9ppmSrand18.7Si. Water pHrangesfrom5.85(ground)to9(surface)withup383ppmCa(groundwater),850dissolvedCO drained mineralsoilstocalciumcarbonate-richorganic soil. Boron andLilevelsindeepersoil(>50cmdepth)arelessthan65ppmvaluesvaryonlyslightlyfromwell- Nazko bogwatershaveupto637ppbB(groundwater),547Li(surfacewater)and15.9ppmSrwater). o 2 b) 2014samplingprogram. 2 TREK Project 2 Ray Lett&Wayne Jackaman 2 o and449ppbHg. wallhas31%Ca,2.6ppmLi,1.18%Sr, 33ppmB,66Ni enclosingapartlywatercoveredvent. Travertine fromthecone bubblingfroma35cmhighcone-shapedtravertinedeposit c) CO 2 . ficient =+0.89; . . 2