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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA OPEN FILE 5906 Review of National Geothermal Energy Program Phase 2 – Geothermal Potential of the Cordillera A. Jessop 2008 Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Canada Canada GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA OPEN FILE 5906 Review of National Geothermal Energy Program Phase 2 – Geothermal Potential of the Cordillera A. Jessop 2008 ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2008 Available from Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8 Jessop, A. 2008: Review of National Geothermal Energy Program; Phase 2 – Geothermal Potential of the Cordillera; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 5906, 88p. Open files are products that have not gone through the GSC formal publication process. The Meager Cree7 Hot Springs 22 Fe1ruary 1273 CONTENTS REVIEW OF NATIONAL GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PROGRAM PHASE 2 - THE CORDILLERA OF WESTERN CANADA CHAPTER 1 - THE NATURE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY INTRODUCTION 1 TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE 2 Vapour-domi ate reservoirs 3 Fluid-domi ated reservoirs 3 Hot dry roc) 3 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES IN THIS REPORT 3 UNITS 4 CHAPTER 2 - THE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PROGRAMME 6 INTRODUCTION THE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PROGRAMME 6 Ob.ectives 7 Scie tific base 7 Starti 1 the Geothermal E er1y Pro1ram 8 MA4OR PRO4ECTS 8 Mea1er Mou tai 8 Re1i a 9 ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC STUDIES 9 GRO6 TH OF OUTSIDE INTEREST 10 THE GEOTHERMAL COMMUNITY 10 Tech ical groups a d symposia 10 ASSESSMENT OF THE RESOURCE 11 i CHAPTER 3 - TECTONIC AND THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THE CORDILLERA 12 TECTONIC HISTORY 12 HEAT FLO6 AND HEAT GENERATION 13 VOLCANIC ZONES 15 HOT SPRINGS 15 REVIE6 OF INTERNAL AND OTHER STUDIES 21 CHAPTER 4 - GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN VOLCANIC ZONES 23 INTRODUCTION 23 REVIE6 OF INTERNAL STUDIES 23 REVIE6 OF CONTRACTED AND OTHER STUDIES 24 THE MEAGER MOUNTAIN PRO4ECT 32 I itial e:ploratio 33 Geophysical surveys a d geolo1ical mappi 1 3, Diamo d drill holes 37 Deep e:ploratio wells 38 The north reservoir 41 SUBSE*UENT DEVELOPMENTS AT MEAGER MOUNTAIN 41 6 ester Geopower Corporatio 42 MOUNT CAYLEY 45 OTHER VOLCANIC BELTS 45 A ahim Volca ic Belt 45 Sti)i e Volca ic Belt 47 CHAPTER 5 - LOCAL AND MUNICIPAL PRO4ECTS 48 INTRODUCTION 48 REVIE6 OF CONTRACTED STUDIES 48 REVIE6 OF INTERNAL STUDIES 45 THE SUMMERLAND PRO4ECT 45 I itial e:ploratio 45 Drilli 1 52 HOT SPRINGS COVE, VANCOUVER ISLAND 53 KOOTENAY AREA 53 YUKON TERRITORY 53 ii CHAPTER 6 - POTENTIAL FOR HOT DRY ROCK RESOURCES 55 INTRODUCTION 55 CONCEPT AND MECHANISM 55 FOREIGN PRO4ECTS 5, Fe to Hill, New Me:ico, USA. 5, Marysville, Mo ta a 57 Car me ellis Gra ite, Cor wall, UK. 57 the Weardale Gra ite, UK 57 Soultz-sous ForAts 58 DEEP DRILLING 58 REVIE6 OF INTERNAL AND OTHER STUDIES 58 REVIE6 OF CONTRACTED STUDIES 55 CANADIAN POTENTIAL 55 The Coryell Sye ite ,0 The Raft Batholith ,1 CONCLUSIONS ,1 CHAPTER 7 - SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF THE CORDILLERA ,5 INTRODUCTION ,5 BASINS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ,5 BASINS OF THE YUKON ,, ASSESSMENT OF RESOURCES ,, CHAPTER 8 - ENGINEERING AND ECONOMICS ,7 INTRODUCTION ,7 REVIE6 OF CONTRACTED STUDIES ,7 THE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES ACT ,8 CHAPTER 9 - FUTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ,5 INTRODUCTION ,5 VOLCANIC ZONES ,5 HOT DRY ROCK 70 BINARY TURBINES 70 SPACE HEATING 70 ABANDONED MINES 70 IMMEDIATE PRIORITIES 71 Specific priorities 71 Ge eral needs 71 iii APPENDICES 1 - E:pe ditures of the Geothermal E er1y Pro1ramme 2 - Federal participa ts i the Geothermal E er1y Pro1ramme 3 - I dustrial participa ts 4 - U iversity participa ts 5 - List of co tracts, with performer, cost, date, etc These are to be fou d i Volume 1 of this report a d are not repeated here. REFERENCES 73 Refere ces i the4 te:t 73 Ca adia Geothermal E er1y Biblio1raphy 77 Ca adia Geothermics Biblio1raphy 5, iv FOREWORD The purpose of this report is to set dow a record of the wor) do e, the co tracts let, a d the k owled1e gai ed duri 1 the Geothermal E er1y Pro1ram of 157, to 158,. Small pro.ects, both before a d after the Pro1ram, are also i cluded. A brief review of subseBue t pro1ress at Mea1er Cree), carried o by e tirely commercial i terests is also i cluded. It is hoped that this will provide a base o which to build further research i to geothermal e er1y i Ca ada a d that will stimulate the use of geothermal e er1y as hydrocarbo resources decli e, as e viro me tal co cer s grow, a d as eco omic co ditio s cha 1e. This report is the seco d volume a d co tai s details of the wor) i the volca ic belts, the thermal spri 1s, a d areas of pote tial for hot dry roc) e:ploitatio i the Cordillera of British Columbia a d the Yu)o . Resources i the Cordillera are li)ely to be much more locally variable tha i the Wester Ca ada Sedime tary Basi of Alberta a d Sas)atchewa , but they are more li)ely to be of hi1h pote tial for co versio to electrical power. This is the o ly part of Ca ada where hi1h-temperature resources, capable of ge erati 1 electrical power throu1h steam turbi es, are li)ely to be fou d. It is the locatio of most of the Ca adia thermal spri 1s. It is also the locatio of most of the i trusive roc)s holdi 1 residual volca ic heat or co tai i 1 sufficie t radioactive heat ge eratio to provide the pote tial for useful hot dry roc) i the foreseeable future. The co cept of —heat mi i 1D, i theory possible a ywhere o the surface of the earth, is still i relative i fa cy. I ma y parts of Ca ada this will reBuire very deep drilli 1, a d it will be ma y years before this e er1y source is available i tecto ically stable parts of the earthEs crust. The correspo di 1 report for the Wester Ca adia Sedime tary Basi , the Atla tic Provi ces, a d all other parts of Ca ada east of the Roc)y Mou tai s appeared i 2007, a d is available from the NRCa web site as Ope File 5,50. v CHAPTER ONE NATURE AND USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES INTRODUCTION Geothermal energy comes from the solid earth in the form of heat. The Earth's heat is a combination of the original heat resulting from formation and layering of the earth and of the heat generated since the formation by the decay of radioactive isotopes. Both depend on the finite amount of energy associated with the formation and original content of the earth, and so this is not, in principle, a renewable energy resource. However, the total heat of the earth is so great that it may be regarded, for human practical and economic purposes, as inexhaustible. On a scale limited by human development and technology or by the individual geothermal system the heat is drawn from a limited volume of the Earth’s crust, and so it is finite. In systems associated with recent volcanic plutons the heat may be renewed by natural hydrothermal circulation, but ultimately the resource is finite. In other systems, notably in sedimentary aquifers, the heat is drawn down much faster than it can be renewed, and so any individual production system must be regarded as non-renewable. Heat energy is in all material on the earth, since the only matter without heat is at a temperature of absolute zero. The temperature of the earth's surface is controlled by the level of radiation from the sun, the filtering and insulating effects of the atmosphere, the local vegetation cover and the annual cycle of seasons. The annual average temperature of the surface of the earth normally lies between -15 O C, in regions near the poles, and 30 O C, in equatorial regions. Apart from perturbations of up to 4 O C near the surface, due to rapid surface warming in the last 100 to 200 years, temperature in the solid earth increases with depth. Heat energy needs a carrier. In geothermal exploitation the carrier is normally the water in the ground that has collected and concentrated the heat in reservoirs. The only exception to this is in the use of hot dry rock, where water must be introduced artificially. It is convenient to take the freezing point of water as a base temperature for energy content. Below that temperature water can be neither produced nor reinjected. Since temperature of the solid earth rises with increasing depth, geothermal energy is present below the entire surface of the continents. However, the mechanisms and economics of extraction mean that most of the earth's energy is not useful. Only in special circumstances is geothermal energy capable of being exploited. Conditions for utility are governed by the geological setting, the physical nature, the available technology of extraction, and the economic need for the resource. Of these, the first two are constant for any particular reservoir, the available technology improves with time, but economic conditions fluctuate. This report of research and development of geothermal energy thus focuses on the first three conditions. Exploitation depends on the level of knowledge of these three conditions and the economic conditions of the time. 1 TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE The physical nature of the resource and the technology of extraction impose a system of classification of geothermal resources. The physical nature provides a division into steam, water, and hot dry rock resources, and the technology of extraction divides the water resources by temperature, according to the suitability for electrical generation, direct heat use, or conversion by heat pumps.
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