Portugal Drug Situation 2000
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REPORT TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox national focal point of Portugal, Instituto Português da Droga e da Toxicodependência PORTUGAL DRUG SITUATION 2000 REITOX REF/ 2000 PRESIDÊNCIA DO CONSELHO DE MINISTROS ANNUAL REPORT ON THE DRUG PHENOMENA 2000 Commissioned by the European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction Lisboa, Novembro de 2000 ANNUAL REPORT ON THE DRUG PHENOMENA 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................... 7 PART 1 - NATIONAL STRATEGIES: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS............... 8 1. DEVELOPMENT IN DRUG POLICY AND RESPONSES............................................................................. 9 1.1. Political framework in the drug field .......................................................................................... 9 1.2. Policy implementation, legal framework and prosecution.......................................................... 10 1.3. Developments in public attitudes and debates........................................................................... 11 1.4. Budget and funding arrangements ........................................................................................... 12 PART 2 - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION .................................................................................. 13 2. PREVALENCE, PATTERNS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN DRUG USE ...........................................................14 2.1. Main developments and emerging trends .................................................................................. 14 2.2. Drug use in the population ...................................................................................................... 16 2.3. Problem drug use ................................................................................................................... 21 3. HEALTH CONSEQUENCES................................................................................................................23 3.1. Drug treatment demand .......................................................................................................... 23 3.2. Infectious Diseases ................................................................................................................. 26 3.3. Drug-Related Deaths .............................................................................................................. 27 4. SOCIAL AND LEGAL CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES ...................................................................29 4.1. Social problems ...................................................................................................................... 29 4.2. Drug offences and drug-related crime ...................................................................................... 29 4.2.1. Presumed offenders under the Drug Law............................................................................... 29 4.2.2. Convictions under the Drug Law........................................................................................... 31 4.2.3. Individuals in prison under the drug law ............................................................................... 34 4.2.4. Drug use related crime ......................................................................................................... 35 5. DRUG MARKETS ............................................................................................................................37 5.1. Availability and supply............................................................................................................ 37 5.2. Seizures ................................................................................................................................. 37 5.3. Price ...................................................................................................................................... 40 6. TRENDS PER DRUG.........................................................................................................................41 7. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................................43 7.1. Consistency between indicators ............................................................................................... 43 7.2. Implications for policy and interventions .................................................................................. 44 7.3. Methodological limitations and data quality ............................................................................. 44 PART 3 - DEMAND REDUCTION INTERVENTIONS.................................................................... 45 8. STRATEGIES IN DEMAND REDUCTION AT NATIONAL LEVEL ..............................................................46 8.1. Major strategies and activities ................................................................................................. 46 8.2. Approaches and New Developments......................................................................................... 47 9. INTERVENTION AREAS....................................................................................................................48 9.1. Primary prevention................................................................................................................. 48 9.2. Reduction of drug related harm................................................................................................. 51 9.3. Treatment ............................................................................................................................... 52 9.4. After-care and re-integration .................................................................................................... 55 9.5. Interventions in the Criminal Justice System ............................................................................... 55 9.6. Specific targets and settings – The military setting .................................................................... 56 10. QUALITY ASSURANCE ..................................................................................................................58 10.1. Quality Assurance Procedures............................................................................................... 58 10.2. Evaluation ............................................................................................................................ 58 10.3. Research .............................................................................................................................. 58 10.4. Training for professionals ..................................................................................................... 59 IPDT 5 PART 4 - KEY ISSUES ...................................................................................................................... 60 11. POLICY AND THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUGS : GUIDELINES FOR SECTOR INTERVENTION ..................................................................................................................................61 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 61 I. THE NATIONAL STRATEGY – PRINCIPLES, OBJECTIVES AND OPTIONS .................................................62 1. Principles.............................................................................................................................. 62 2. Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 63 3. Options ................................................................................................................................. 63 II. INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................64 1. International Co-operation ........................................................................................................ 64 2. Legal Framework ...................................................................................................................... 65 3. Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 67 III. PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTION .....................................................................................................69 1. Prevention ................................................................................................................................ 69 IV. RESEARCH AND TRAINING............................................................................................................71 V. CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................................................74 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................75 12. COCAINE AND BASE/CRACK COCAINE ............................................................................................76 12.1. THE USERS.................................................................................................................................77 a) Experimental cocaine users ....................................................................................................... 77 b) Recreational cocaine users .......................................................................................................