Slangs Reflecting Male and Female Rappers' Lexical Styles Seen in Song

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SLANGS REFLECTING MALE AND FEMALE RAPPERS’ LEXICAL STYLES SEEN IN SONG LYRICS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By YUSTINA ROSA Student Number: 144214097

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2018 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

SLANGS REFLECTING MALE AND FEMALE RAPPERS’ LEXICAL STYLES SEEN IN SONG LYRICS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By YUSTINA ROSA Student Number: 144214097

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2018

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

SLANGS REFLECTING MALE AND FEMALE RAPPERS’ LEXICAL STYLES SEEN IN SONG LYRICS

By: YUSTINA ROSA Student Number: 144214097

Approved by

Arina Isti‟anah, S.Pd.,M.Hum. June 11, 2018 Advisor

Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd., M.Hum. Co-Advisor June 11, 2018

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

SLANGS REFLECTING MALE AND FEMALE RAPPERS’ LEXICAL STYLES SEEN IN SONG LYRICS

By: YUSTINA ROSA Student Number: 144214097

Defended before the Board of Examiners on July 12, 2018 and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name Signature

Chairperson : Arina Isti‟anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______

Secretary : Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______

Member 1 : Wedhowerti S.Pd., M.Hum. ______

Member 2 : Arina Isti‟anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______

Member 3 : Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______

Yogyakarta, July 31, 2018 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University Dean

Dr. Tatang Iskarna, M.Hum.

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, June 5, 2018

Yustina Rosa

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Yustina Rosa Nomor Mahasiswa : 144214097

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

SLANGS REFLECTING MALE AND FEMALE RAPPERS’ LEXICAL STYLES SEEN IN SONG LYRICS beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 5 Juni 2018

Yang menyatakan,

Yustina Rosa

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“Never forget to pray and thank to Jesus for what He has been giving to us.”

Happy Silver Anniversary to My Heroes, Siprianus Madu, S.Pd. & Maria Ni Made Partini

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“If you combine the initial letter of your and your brothers’ name, it forms EYE. With EYE, you could reach “larger scope of view”” -Mom-

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to deliver my gratitude to Jesus Christ, Mother

Mary, and St. Joseph, who have been giving Their blessings upon me, my family, and my beloved people, so all of us could always be in a good condition. Besides, because of Their help and guidance, I could finish my undergraduate thesis.

Secondly, I would like to convey a bunch of thanks to my advisor, Arina

Isti‟anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her patience in guiding and supporting me to finish my undergraduate thesis. I would also like to convey my gratitude to my co- advisor, Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd., M.Hum., for the detail correction, so I could learn many things during the process of finishing this thesis.

Thirdly, I would like to convey my gratitude to my Father, Mother,

Granny, my elder brother, Engelbertus Vione, my younger brother, Euphrasius

Verona, and also my beloved, Fransiskus Asisi Enggartiasto Satria Jati Nugroho, for their support and advice during my hard time in finishing this undergraduate thesis.

Fourthly, I am also very thankful to Neira, Moore, Noni, my sisters and brother of Kampret Grup, my sisters of Cacing Naga OTW S.S., all of my brothers and sisters of English Letters Department 2014 batch, and my younger sisters, for their support upon me during the process of finishing my undergraduate thesis.

And lastly, I would also convey my gratitude to my families and friends in heaven for the prayer that I believe they always give me and my families who still stay in this world.

Yustina Rosa

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... vi DEDICATION PAGE ...... vii MOTTO PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF TABLES ...... xiv ABSTRACT ...... xv ABSTRAK ...... xvi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 5 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 5 D. Definition of Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 7 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 10 1. Stylistics ...... 10 2. Semantics ...... 14 3. Slang ...... 15 4. The Forms of Slang ...... 16 a. Algeo‟s Forms of Slang ...... 16 i. Compounding ...... 17 ii. Affixation ...... 17 iii. Functional Shift ...... 18 iv. Shortening ...... 18 v. Blending ...... 19 vi. Borrowing ...... 19 b. Coleman‟s Forms of Slang ...... 19 i. Change in Meaning ...... 20 ii. Change in Function ...... 20 iii. Change in Form ...... 20

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iv. Abbreviation ...... 21 v. Change in Spelling ...... 21 vi. Folk Etymology ...... 22 vii. Influence of Other Words...... 22 viii. Slang Loans ...... 22 ix. Slang from Sound ...... 23 5. Morphological Processes ...... 23 a. Compounding ...... 23 b. Affixation ...... 24 c. Derivation ...... 24 d. Inflection ...... 25 e. Abbreviation ...... 26 f. Borrowing ...... 26 g. Coinage ...... 27 6. Language and Gender ...... 27 C. Review of Related Backgrounds ...... 28 D. Theoretical Framework ...... 29

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 31 A. Object of the Study...... 31 B. Approach of the Study ...... 32 C. Method of the Study ...... 33 1. Data Collection...... 33 2. Data Analysis ...... 34

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ...... 36 A. How Slang Words are Used by Male and Female Rappers ...... 36 1. The Forms of Slang Expressions by Male and Female Rappers .... 36 a. Slang Forms by Male Rappers ...... 37 i. Multiple Processes ...... 37 ii. Compounding ...... 40 iii. Affixation...... 42 iv. Functional Shift ...... 44 v. Shortening ...... 45 vi. Change in Meaning ...... 47 vii. Change in Spelling...... 49 viii. Coinage ...... 50 b. Slang Forms by Female Rappers ...... 51 i. Multiple Processes ...... 52 ii. Compounding ...... 54 iii. Affixation...... 56

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iv. Functional Shift ...... 58 v. Shortening ...... 59 vi. Slang Loans ...... 61 vii. Change in Meaning ...... 62 viii. Change in Spelling...... 63 ix. Coinage ...... 65 2. Meanings of Slang Expressions by Male and Female Rappers ..... 66 a. Meanings of Slang Expressions by Male Rappers ...... 68 i. [+Finance] ...... 69 ii. [+Rudeness] ...... 70 iii. [+Profession] ...... 71 b. Meanings of Slang Expressions by Female Rappers ...... 73 i. [+Rudeness] ...... 74 ii. [+Crime] ...... 75 iii. [+Body Part] ...... 76 B. How those Slang Words Reflect the Male and Female Rappers‟ Style(s) ...... 77 1. Male Rappers‟ Styles ...... 78 a. Various ...... 78 b. Power ...... 82 2. Female Rappers‟ Styles ...... 86 a. Various ...... 86 b. Oppression ...... 90

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 93

REFERENCES ...... 95 APPENDICES ...... 98 Appendix 1 ...... 98 Appendix 2 ...... 99 Appendix 3 ...... 100 Appendix 4 ...... 101 Appendix 5 ...... 102 Appendix 6 ...... 103 Appendix 7 ...... 104 Appendix 8 ...... 105 Appendix 9 ...... 106 Appendix 10 ...... 107 Appendix 11 ...... 108 Appendix 12 ...... 109 Appendix 13 ...... 110

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Appendix 14 ...... 111 Appendix 15 ...... 112 Appendix 16 ...... 115 Appendix 17 ...... 116 Appendix 18 ...... 117 Appendix 19 ...... 118

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LIST OF TABLES

No Table Page 1. Table 1. Levels of Language with Each Focus 11 2. Table 2. Levels of Language with Each Branch of Language 11 Study 3. Table 3. Summary of Slang Forms by Male and Female Rappers 37 4. Table 4. Male Rappers‟ Slang Expressions in the Form of 41 Compounding 5. Table 5. Male Rappers‟ Slang Expressions in the Form of 42 Affixation 6. Table 6. Male Rappers‟ Slang Expressions in the Form of Change 47 in Meaning 7. Table 7. Female Rappers‟ Slang Expressions in the Form of 54 Compounding 8. Table 8. Female Rappers‟ Slang Expressions in the Form of 56 Affixation 9. Table 9. Female Rappers‟ Slang Expressions in the Form of 62 Change in Meaning 10. Table 10. Female Rappers‟ Slang Expressions in the Form of 64 Change in Spelling 11. Table 11. Summary of Slang Semantic Features by Male and 67 Female Rappers 12. Table 12. Summary of Frequency of Semantic Features by Male 68 Rappers 13. Table 13. Summary of Frequency of Semantic Features by Female 73 Rappers

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ABSTRACT

ROSA, YUSTINA. (2018). Slangs Reflecting Male and Female Rappers’ Lexical Styles Seen in Song Lyrics. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Slang is one of language varieties which has been used in any kind of language uses. One of language uses in which slang exists is rap song lyrics. In rap, there is no gender restriction in using slang. However, both male and female rappers have their own styles in using slang expressions. There are two objectives which are going to be achieved in this research. The first one is to find out the form(s) and meaning(s) of the slang words used in song lyrics by male and female rappers. The second one is to find out the style(s) of male and female rappers in using slang words in their song lyrics. The rap lyrics analyzed in this research were created by the rappers themselves. The rappers consisted of 3 male rappers and 3 female rappers. The male rappers were Eminem, Jay-Z, and B.o.B, while the female ones were Nicki Minaj, Lil‟ Kim, and Trina. There were 2 songs observed from each rapper. This research used purposive sampling in selecting the songs. In analyzing the data, this research used stylistics as the main approach supported with theory of semantics, theory of slang, theory of slang forms, theory of morphological process, and theory of gender language difference. This research finds that both male and female rappers use Multiple Processes, Compounding, Affixation, Functional Shift, Shortening, Change in Meaning, Change in Spelling, and Coinage. There is one form called Slang Loans which differentiates male and female rappers. Male rappers do not use it, while female rappers do. However, this form is not strong enough to be used as a proof that male and female rappers are different in case of slang forms. The difference between male and female rappers could be seen in semantic features resulted. Slang expressions used by male rappers show [+Finance] and [+Profession], while slang expressions used by female rappers show [+Crime] and [+Body Part]. From the analysis of slang forms and meanings, it could be concluded that male rappers‟ style in using slang expressions are various and power, while female rappers‟ style in using slang expressions were various and oppression. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that slangs are used by both male and female rappers in creating their song lyrics. In case of forms, both male and female rappers have similar style, which is various. However, in case of meanings, male and female rappers have different style. Male rappers tend to show power, while female rappers tend to show oppression.

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ABSTRAK

ROSA, YUSTINA. (2018). Slangs Reflecting Male and Female Rappers’ Lexical Styles Seen in Song Lyrics. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Slang merupakan salah satu ragam bahasa yang telah digunakan di berbagai penggunaan bahasa, salah satunya, yaitu pada lagu rap. Pada lagu rap, tidak ada batasan gender untuk menggunakan slang. Namun, penyanyi rap, baik pria maupun wanita, memiliki gaya bahasa sendiri dalam menggunakan slang. Dalam penelitian ini, terdapat dua tujuan yang akan dicapai. Tujuan yang pertama, yaitu menemukan bentuk dan arti slang yang digunakan di lirik lagu oleh penyanyi rap pria dan wanita. Tujuan yang kedua, yaitu menemukan gaya bahasa penyanyi rap pria dan wanita dalam menggunakan slang pada lirik lagu mereka. Lirik lagu rap yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini diciptakan oleh para pnenyanyi rap sendiri. Para penyanyi rap tersebut terdiri dari 3 penyanyi rap pria dan 3 penyanyi rap wanita. Penyanyi rap pria terdiri dari Eminem, Jay-Z, dan B.o.B, sedangkan penyanyi rap wanita terdiri dari Nicki Minaj, Trina, dan Lil‟ Kim. Dari masing-masing penyanyi rap, penulis memilih 2 lagu untuk dianalisis. Dalam memilih lagu-lagu rap, penulis menggunakan sampling bertujuan. Dalam menganalisis data, penulis menggunakan stilistika sebagai pendekatan utamanya dan didukung dengan teori semantik, teori slang, teori bentuk-bentuk slang, teori proses-proses morfologis, dan teori pengaruh gender terhadap bahasa. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menemukan bahwa baik penyanyi rap pria maupun wanita menggunakan Multiple Processes, Compounding, Affixation, Functional Shift, Shortening, Change in Meaning, Change in Spelling, dan Coinage. Terdapat satu bentuk yang disebut Slang Loans yang membedakan penyanyi rap pria dan wanita. Penyanyi rap pria tidak menggunakan Slang Loans, sedangkan penyanyi rap wanita menggunakannya. Namun, bentuk slang ini tidak cukup kuat untuk dijadikan sebagai bukti bahwa penyanyi rap pria dan wanita berbeda dalam menggunakan bentuk-bentuk slang. Perbedaan antara penyanyi rap pria dan penyanyi rap wanita dapat dilihat dari fitur-fitur semantik yang dihasilkan dari penggunaan slang. Slang yang digunakan oleh penyanyi rap pria menunjukkan [+Finance] dan [+Profession], sedangkan slang yang digunakan oleh penyanyi rap wanita menunjukkan [+Crime] and [+Body Part]. Dari analisis bentuk dan arti slang, dapat disimpulkan bahwa gaya bahasa penyanyi rap pria dalam menggunakan slang, yaitu beragam dan berkuasa, sedangkan gaya bahasa penyanyi rap wanita dalam menggunakan slang, yaitu beragam dan tertekan. Berdasarkan hasil temuan di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa slang digunakan oleh penyanyi rap pria dan penyanyi rap wanita dalam menciptakan lirik lagu mereka. Dalam hal bentuk, penyanyi rap pria dan wanita memiliki gaya bahasa yang sama, yaitu beragam. Namun dalam hal arti, penyanyi rap pria dan wanita memiliki gaya bahasa yang berbeda. Penyanyi rap pria cenderung menunjukkan bahwa mereka berkuasa, sedangkan penyanyi rap wanita cenderung menunjukkan bahwa mereka tertekan.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

As one of the important proponents in supporting human‟s life, language has been defined by many linguists. One of them is Eble (1996) who defines language as the process in which form and meaning exist or come together (p. 25).

In the process of language production, people do not realize when they are using their vocal organs to produce or create sounds or form, simultaneously they are also producing the interpretation (meaning) of the sounds. The sounds they produce will form the so-called lexicons or words which are later arranged, whether grammatically or ungrammatically, into sentences. In their use, lexicons have some distinctive lexical categories, which are divided into general aspects, nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, in which each lexical category has its own lexical features (Leech & Short, 2007, pp. 61-62). In this research, the writer will analyze one of lexical features of general aspects in lexical category, which is slang.

According to Eble (1996), slang is a set of colloquial words and phrases that change continuously used by people to create or strengthen the social identity in a group or a trend in a society (p. 11). Slangs that exist in a group of people or in a society will not be long lasting. It happens because as the time goes by, people will always find new terms that they will use in their group or in their

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society. These new terms, then, are known as slangs which they use to talk to one another to strengthen their relation and to keep their intimacy.

However, slangs themselves are differentiated from standard language in both morphology and semantics even though they are used as colloquial words or phrases (Mattielo, 2008, p. 33). Being used as colloquialism does not guarantee slangs to be a standard language. It is assumed that standard language can be used both in formal and informal situations. It is different from colloquial language, in this case, slangs. Slangs tend to be used in an informal situation rather than in a formal one. In a formal situation, people tend to avoid the use of slangs in order to make the hearers understand the language utterances of the speakers and to respect the hearers‟ position. On the other hand, in informal situation, people are free to choose whether they want to use slangs or standard language because they assume that the hearers will understand what they are talking about. It happens because they have gathered in a group whose members have had the knowledge about slangs and standard language.

Slangs as colloquial words or phrases are not only found or used in daily conversation. It is also used in creating song lyrics, one of them is in creating rap lyrics. Being similar to other song genres, rap also has its own base. As stated in

Pate (2010), rap has poetry as the base which comes from hip hop cultural reality

(pp. 25-27). This base causes rap to have many similarities to poetry. One of them is the similarity of the language they use. Both rap and poetry use very dynamic words which are in existence for, sometimes, only in a short period of time and

“constantly morphing”, caused by “popular television programs, characters,

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gangster, mistakes, boasts, and bravado” (Pate, 2010, pp. 51-52). In other words, the language used in rap can vanish as the time goes by. This type of language usually follows the development of human life. In creating the song lyrics, rappers often use one of the language varieties, which is slang. The use of slang words or phrases itself is not restricted by gender. It means that both male and female rappers can use slang words. Even though both male and female rappers use slang words, they still have differences in using the words.

Trudgill (2000) states that “nowhere else has sex differentiation been found to be so great that people have been led to propose that there were actually distinct men's and women's languages” (p. 65). It has been obvious that even though male and female live in the same region of language, they will speak different variety of the same language and use different lexical choice. The writer finds this phenomenon also occurs in rap music. As stated before, in rap music both male and female rappers have same position which is as rappers who work in the same music genre field, called rap. However, as rappers who come from different gender, male and female rappers have their own way in using language when they are creating the lyrics of their songs. This also works in the use of slangs. This distinctive way in using language, specifically in using slangs, then, will produce certain style(s).

As mentioned by Verdonk (2002), style can be defined as distinctive linguistic expressions and their effects toward the text (p. 3). In describing a style of a text, it is important to know what kind of linguistic expressions contained in the text. Linguistic expressions can also be defined as linguistic features. Leech

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and Short (2007) also make definition about style, in which according to them, style is the linguistic features of a certain text (p. 11). The linguistic features in a certain text determine whether the text has the same style to another text or different from another text. In linguistic context, style is found in both literary and non-literary text. The style of both text types can be analyzed by stylistics.

Stylistics, which is simply defined as the study of style, can also be defined as a branch of linguistics which analyzes the different expression in a language and the description of its effect and purpose (Verdonk, 2002, p. 4).

This research focuses on the lexical style which is seen in slang words that are used in rap songs by male and female rappers. The writer chooses rap songs because in rap songs, rappers certainly use slang words in their song lyrics, for examples “bananas”, “shit”, “fucked up”, “hood”, “weave”, and “bitch”. This reason supports the writer to collect the data. The rap songs which are used are taken from both male and female rappers with the same background, which is

Americans. The writer chooses American rappers in order to get more specific data about slang words which are going to be analyzed.

This research benefits linguistic research since it presents the different language use which appears in song lyrics which can be concluded into the style(s) of male and female rappers as seen in the meaning(s) and form(s) of slang words in the song lyrics. This thesis will enrich the finding(s) in gender language difference.

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B. Problem Formulation

In order to make the research more organized, there will be two problems formulated.

1. How are slang words used in song lyrics by male and female rappers?

2. How do those slang words reflect the male and female rappers style(s)?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulated above, there are two objectives that are going to be achieved in this research. The first is to find out how male and female rappers use slang words in their song lyrics. It refers to the form(s) and meaning(s) of the slang words used in song lyrics by male and female rappers. It is important to know both form(s) and meaning(s) of slang words used by male and female rappers in song lyrics because later they will relate to the second objective, which is to find out the style(s) of male and female rappers in using slang words in their song lyrics.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to specify the information of this research, the writer supplies the information of the terms that are used in this research. The terms used in this research are slang, rap, and style. Eble (1996) defines slang as the colloquial words and phrases that are used in order to establish or strengthen the social identity within a group or a fashion in society at large (p. 11). Another definition of slang comes from Mattiello (2008) who defines slang as words or phrases which are different from standard language in both morphology and semantics (p.

33).

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The next term is rap. As stated in Pate (2010), rap is one of music genres which has poetry as its base in which the base comes from the cultural reality of hip hop (Pate, 2010, pp. 25-27). According to him, the idea that exists in rap comes from hip hop‟s core, and this existence creates the environment in which the poetry occurs (Pate, 2010, p. 27).

The last term is style. Style which is analyzed in this paper is style in linguistic context. According to Verdonk (2002), style in linguistic context means distinctive language expressions and their effects (p. 3). This definition is supported by Leech & Short (2007) who define style as linguistic features of a certain text (p. 11).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents four parts, which are review of related studies, review of related theories, review of related background, and theoretical framework. These four parts, which simply contain studies and theories, are relevant one another since the studies discuss slangs and two of the theories supplies explanations about slangs, while other theories supplies explanations that will help the writer find out the meaning and form of slang words.

A. Review of Related Studies

The first study done previously is conducted by Hummon (1994). This study is about college slangs which are used in college life. Slang and undergraduate life are two components which cannot be separated. Slang has become a culture in undergraduate life. As time goes by, the complexity of undergraduate life also changes. Nowadays, undergraduate life is very complex.

This phenomenon urges the increasing of college slang in undergraduate life.

Because of the complexity of undergraduate life, college slangs also become complex. Some of the slangs are taken from the general slang of the national culture, some are taken from a national collegiate culture of undergraduate life, some are taken from regional or institutional sources, and some have their origins in the ephemeral idiographic cultures of small-group experience. In this research, the researcher finds that slang itself has important roles for undergraduates, which

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are first, providing the terms that are useful in characterizing important problems in college life, and second, expressing the important values of undergraduate life.

The second study which is about slangs which are used in text room or chat room is conducted by Ochonogor et al (2012). The use of slang words in text room or chat room has become a common habit in people‟s life, especially in adolescents‟ life. Many students, either in school or in college, often use slang in sending messages to one another. Text slang or chat slang help them to send message fast because they do not need to pay attention to the grammar or syntax of their language. However, because of the habit, most of students misuse the function of slang text. They become addicted to the use of slangs. As a result, the students do not only use slangs in text room or chat room, but they also use slangs in their academic assignments, and even in their exams.

The third study which is about English use in Indonesian adolescent‟s slangs is conducted by Wijana (2012). In this research, the researcher analyzes

Indonesian slang words which are used by the Indonesian adolescents. He finds that there are many English elements that are adapted into Indonesian slang or

Indonesian colloquial. These elements belong to linguistic elements. He also finds that the linguistic phenomena do not only occur in standard or in formal situation, but also occur in non-standard or in informal situation. There are three linguistic levels of Indonesian language which are influenced by English. They are word, phrase, and sentence.

The fourth study is conducted by Endrawati (2002). This study is about slangs which are used in a Stephen Crane‟s novel entitled Maggie: A Girl of the

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Streets. In this research, the researcher analyzes slangs which are used by the young people of the story. She finds that there are seven characteristics of slangs which are used by young people. They are arbitrariness, the use of existing words for interjections, the use of idiom, the use of metaphor, showing emotions, close meaning to the derived words, and abbreviation. Besides the characteristics of the slangs, she also finds that the use of slangs in the story is based on several reasons, which are to be considered up to dates, to be considered intelligent or brainy, to be brief, to be quick, to be secret, to have profound meanings, to express feeling, and to attract hearers or interlocutors.

By looking at the data used in those four studies, this undergraduate thesis is similar to the studies in case of data which are analyzed because this undergraduate thesis and the studies analyze the same data, which are slangs.

However, by looking at the objects, this undergraduate thesis is different from those three studies because in this undergraduate thesis, the writer conducts a research on rap songs by male and female rappers, while the object of the first three studies is the adolescents and the object of the fourth study is fiction story.

Besides, this undergraduate thesis focuses on the lexical meaning and the slang words‟ effect on song lyrics, while those previous studies focus on, sorted from the first until the fourth, the role of slangs, the use of slangs, the English elements used in Indonesian slangs, and the characteristics of slangs and the reasons of using slangs.

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B. Review of Related Theories 1. Stylistics

Stylistics or the study of style is a branch of linguistics which analyzes the different expression in a language and the description of its effect and purpose

(Verdonk, 2002, p. 4). Stylistics does not only concern about the form and structure of a text, but it also concerns the linguistic features which exist in a text.

The linguistic features which exist in a text are varied and different one another.

These linguistic features determine the characteristic and the style of a text. In stylistics, the texts analyzed are not only literary text, but any kinds of texts, such as song lyric, newspaper headline, advertisement, and poster. The reason why stylistics deals with text is because within a text, there is a possibility for a researcher to be more specific in analyzing about how language serves a particular artistic function (Leech & Short, 2007, p. 11). Stylistics, which is also defined as the linguistic study of style, is rarely assumed as the study that only concerns about the linguistic aspects, but it also concerns about explaining the relation between language and the artistic function of the language (Leech & Short, 2007, p. 11).

Like other approaches, stylistics also has its own features. The term feature, according to Leech & Short (2007), is defined as the occurrence in a text as a result of linguistic or stylistic category (p. 52). As the comparison, the examples of linguistic categories are noun, question, and negative, while the examples of stylistic categories are balanced sentence, alliteration, and personification (Leech & Short, 2007, p. 52). Even though stylistic categories are more complex than linguistic categories, stylistic categories cannot be separated

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or differentiated from linguistic categories (Leech & Short, 2007, p. 52). The categories themselves are divided into four general headings, which are “lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech, and cohesion and context”

(Leech & Short, 2007, p. 61).

Besides categories, in stylistics, there are also some levels of language which are used to analyze texts well form and organization. According to

Verdonk (2002), there are four levels of language, which are graphology, phonology, lexis and syntax (58). Here is the table of levels of language according to Verdonk (2002) with each focuses.

Table 1. Levels of Language with Each Focus (Verdonk, 2002, p. 58)

Levels of Language Focuses Graphology Typographical features Phonology Rhyme, metre, assonance, and alliteration Lexis Vocabulary, metaphor, and other figures of speech Syntax Grammatical structures

Simpson (2004) also discusses levels of language, in which he mentions that there are seven major levels of language which make the analysis of a study more organized and principled (p. 5). Here is the second table of levels of language according to Simpson (2004).

Table 2. Levels of Language with Each Branch of Language Study (Simpson, 2004, p. 5)

Levels of Language Branch of Language Study The sound of spoken language; the way words are Phonology; Phonetics pronounced

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The patterns of written language; the shape of Graphology language on the page The way words are constructed; words and their Morphology constituent structures The way words combine with other words to form Syntax; Grammar phrases and sentences The words we use; the vocabulary of a language Lexical analysis; Lexicology The meaning of words and sentences Semantics The way words and sentences are used in everyday Pragmatics; Discourse situations; the meaning of language in context Analysis

Each level has its own function in analyzing a text. However, when they are used in analyzing a text, they are interconnected. It means that those levels

“interpenetrate and depend upon one another, and they represent multiple and simultaneous linguistic operations in the planning and production of an utterance”

(Simpson, 2004, p. 5).

In this research, the writer focuses on one of levels of language, which is lexis, focusing on vocabulary, metaphor, and other figures of speech (Verdonk,

2002, p. 58) strengthen by Simpson (2004) that lexis also involves semantic study because semantic study deals with the meaning of words and sentences (p. 5).

Semantics and lexis relate to one another because in this research, besides the form of the slang words, the writer also finds the meaning of the slang words used in song lyrics.

Simpson (2004) defines lexis or lexicology as the study of the words or vocabularies of a language (p. 5). Verdonk (2002) supports this definition by stating that lexis concerns about the vocabulary, metaphor, and other figures of speech (p. 58). Lexis itself, in its use of analyzing a text, is related to lexical

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categories, in which lexical categories themselves consist of general aspects, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs (Leech & Short, 2007, pp. 61-62).

The categories of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are related to one of the slang forms, which is functional shift. It happens because in functional shift, the slang words used in the song lyrics undergo word category changing from the word category in slang dictionaries. It means that the word category used in the song lyrics is different from the word category in slang dictionaries. The categories are explained by using figure as below.

Figure 1. Word Category (Leech & Short, 2007, p. 53)

In general aspects, the categories which are analyzed are whether the vocabularies used are simple or complex, formal or colloquial, descriptive or evaluative, whether a text contains idiomatic phrases or notable collocations or not, whether there is particular morphological process or not, and so on (Leech &

Short, 2007, p. 61).

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2. Semantics Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences (Fromkin et al, 2014, p. 140). Semantics does not only analyze the meaning of one single morphemes or words or phrases or sentences, but also the relationships of meaning which are constructed among them, and the subfield that analyzes this relationship meanings is called lexical semantics

(Fromkin et al, 2014, p. 140).

Crystal (1994) also states that a useful idea in investigating lexical structure is called semantic or lexical field which can also be defined as a named area of meaning in which lexemes interrelate and define each other in specific ways (p. 157). Lexical semantics itself has some branches, and one of them is semantic features (Fromkin et al, 2014) which is also discussed in Leech (1974) as semantic oppositions. In this research, the writer will use the term semantic features instead of semantic oppositions.

Semantic features, which are also known as semantic properties, mean part of word meanings which reflect our knowledge (Fromkin et al, 2014, p. 158). In semantic features, the meanings of the words are taken from the researchers‟ basic knowledge. In other words, in semantic features every possibility of meaning can be taken or chosen as long as it is appropriate and makes sense to the words. In semantic features, the meaning of content words, which consist of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, and also some of the function words, such as with and over, can also be specified by using features (Fromkin et al, 2014, pp. 158-159).

The way of determining the meaning in semantic features is strengthen by

Leech (1981) in semantic oppositions. Semantic oppositions mean the dimensions

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of meaning as the result of the use of formulae in determining the meaning(s)

(Leech, 1981, p. 90). In semantic oppositions, the meaning is analyzed by using a formula, which is called componential definitions, in which in the formula, the feature(s) is described by adding labels of + (positive) or – (negative) to the feature(s) itself (Leech, 1981, p. 90). However, in elaborating the method of showing the meaning(s), Leech (1981) uses the term “semantic components or features” (p. 91).

3. Slang As stated before, a slang is a set of colloquial words and phrases that change continuously that are used by people to create or strengthen the social identity in a group or a trend in a society (Eble, 1996, p. 11). Slang itself is divided into specific and general slang. Specific slang is the language that is used by the speaker in order to show closeness to a group and also to establish the intimacy within the group, while general slang is the language that is used by the speaker intentionally in order to break the standard language and change the formality into informality (Mattiello, 2008, pp. 39-40).

Flexner (1960), Eble (1996), Munro ed. (1997), Stenström et al. (2002), and cf. Anderson & Trudgill (1990) in Mattiello (2008) add that specific slang is used by the speaker to create their identity, strengthen their identity in a group while keeping the outsiders out, share the same occupation, and share an attitude or a lifestyle (pp. 39-40). On the other hand, general slang is used by the speaker to refuse conventions, be modern and startling in terms of expressions, to encourage social exchanges and cause or make relations, to reduce excessive

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seriousness and avoid clichés, and finally to enrich the language itself (Flexner

(1960), Dumas & Lighter (1978), and Partridge (1947) in Mattiello, 2008, p. 40).

Adams (2009) also adds that slang is not only a lexical phenomenon, which is a type of word, but slang is also a linguistic practice which is used by the society and rooted in the society‟s life, in this case in social needs and behaviors to fit in and to stand out (p. 6). According to Adams (2009), slangs assert our everyday poetic ability as we control the sounds, shapes, and effects of words, so we can feel the pleasure existing in the slangs (p. 6). Slangs, even though they only play a bit part in linguistic book, may affect our “linguistic competence” or our innate human capacity to receive and use language (Adams, 2009, p. 6).

4. The Forms of Slang

As a kind of language variety, slang also undergoes some main processes which alter the shape or the form of a word. Coleman (2012) mentions that most slang words are produced in the similar ways to Standard English (p. 45). Because of that, it is not a strange thing if most of slang forms use the term of Standard

English word formations. In this research, there are two sources of slang forms which are used by the writer. They are forms of slang by Algeo and forms of slang by Coleman. The aim of using the two sources is to complete the forms which do not exist in one of the sources. a. Algeo’s Forms of Slang

Algeo and Algeo (1991) in Eble (1996) mention that there are six main processes used in creating or forming slang expressions (p. 26). They are

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compounding, affixation, functional shift, shortening, blending, and borrowing

(Algeo and Algeo (1991) in Eble, 1996, p. 26).

i. Compounding

In general vocabulary of English, slang allows the compounding of words of various grammatical classes (Eble, 1996, p. 31). The compounding of words can be in form of Noun + Noun, which “often the second part of the Noun + Noun compound is derived from a verb by the suffix –er”, for example “buzz crusher”

(Eble, 1996, p. 31). Another form of compounding is Adjective + Noun, for example “redneck” (Eble, 1996, p. 31). The next form is Verb + Noun, for example “boogiebox” (Eble, 1996, p. 31). The other form is Noun + Verb or

Noun + Noun, for example “facerape” (Eble, 1996, p. 31). The last form of compounding is Verb + Verb or Verb + Noun, for example “lose move” (Eble,

1996, p. 31). In slang compounding, the use of particle also supports this word building process. Some particles which are commonly used in slang compounding process are out, on, off, and up (Eble, 1996, p. 30). Sometimes the Word +

Particle construction becomes the characteristic of slang and strengthen the synonymy of a group of related verbs (Eble, 1996, pp. 30-31). The examples of compounding word in the form of Word + Particle are “blimp out” and “chow down” (Eble, 1996, p. 31) ii. Affixation

Slang uses many of the same prefixes and suffixes as what English does, but sometimes the use does not follow the rule and it causes slightly different meanings or grammatical consequences (Eble, 1996, p. 32). Two common

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prefixes used in slang affixation are mega- and perma-, for examples

“permanerve“ and “megabucks” (Eble, 1996, p. 32). On the other hand, some common suffixes which are used in slang affixation are -er, -j which is equivalent to -y, -age, and -aholic, for examples “bummer”, “dorky”, “foodage”, and

“caffeinaholic” (Eble, 1996, pp. 32-33).

iii. Functional Shift

Such as language in general, slang also undergoes shift form (Eble, 1996, p. 35). Functional shifts in slang are various. The first functional shift in slang is the shift from nouns to verbs, for example “flag” (Eble, 1996, p. 34). The second one is the shift from verbs to nouns, for example “bust” (Eble, 1996, p. 34). The next shift is adjectives which shift to nouns, for example “bad” (Eble, 1996, p.

34). The last shift is from adjectives/adverbs to verbs, for example “later” (Eble,

1996, p. 34).

iv. Shortening

Similar to common shortening word process, slang clipping process also frequently deletes the sounds from the ends of the words, for examples “bro and broth, from brother” (Eble, 1996, p. 36). Besides, the clipping process by omitting the beginning of the words also occurs in slang, for example “brary, from library”

(Eble, 1996, p. 36). Besides the clipping process, shortening process in slang also occurs by reducing words to letters, or frequently known as initialism and acronym (Eble, 1996, pp. 36-37). Initialism means word form which names individual letters, for example “BFE (bum fucking Egypt)” (Eble, 1996, p. 36).

On the other hand, acronym means word form which pronounces the letters

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together as a word, for example “fubar (fucked up beyond all recognition)” (Eble,

1996, p. 37).

v. Blending

Slang also undergoes blending word process. However, there is only little use of this word formation process in forming slang, with only about a dozen examples collected since 1972 (Eble, 1996, p. 38). The example of slang word in blending form is “droned (drunk + stoned)” (Eble, 1996, p. 38).

vi. Borrowing

Borrowing is the only form which does not occur in slang. In other words, this word formation does not give any contribution to the slang formation process.

It is because the nature of slang is not “outreaching and cosmopolitan” (Eble,

1996, p. 39). The reason why the nature of slang is not “outreaching and cosmopolitan” is because the main function of slang is to bind people who have the same persuasions (Eble, 1996, p. 39). b. Coleman’s Forms of Slang

The processes of word formation in producing slangs are strengthened by

Coleman (2012). In his book, Coleman (2012) explains that the processes of slang word formation consist of change in meaning, change in function, change in form, abbreviation, change in spelling, folk etymology, influence of other words, slang loans, and slang from sound (pp. 31-45)

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i. Change in Meaning

One of word processes which is undergone by slang is change in meaning.

In this process, slang undergoes “figurative, extended, or narrowed use of

Standard English” (Coleman, 2012, p. 31). Even though figurative applications of

Standard English create many slang uses, this is not the only source of semantic development of slang because the meaning of slang is sometimes entirely reversed with the meaning of Standard English (Coleman, 2012, p. 31). In this process, slangs come from Standard English expressions, but with different meaning. The example of slang expression for this form is “ﬂipper”, meaning “the hand”

(Coleman, 2012, p. 31). ii. Change in Function

The next process is change in function. This process is similar to the process mentioned in Eble (1996), called functional shift. In this process, slang expressions are formed from Standard English, but with different grammatical function (Coleman, 2012, p. 33). The example of slang expression in change in function form is “bad” (Coleman, 2012, p. 33). This expression is used as an adjective in Standard English, but in slang it is used as a noun which means

“mistake; fault” (Coleman, 2012, p. 33).

iii. Change in Form

After change in function, there is change in form. This process is almost similar to the process mentioned in Eble (1996), which is compounding. In this process, slang expressions are created form Standard English expressions which are combined in irreverent and humorous way in order to create jokes and

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gratuitous insults (Coleman, 2012, p. 35). The slang expression example for this form is “knowledge box, meaning “the head” (Coleman, 2012, p. 35).

iv. Abbreviation

Slang expressions can also be created by abbreviating Standard English expressions (Coleman, 2012, p. 37). This form is similar to the form mentioned in

Eble (1996) called shortening. The way of abbreviating the words are varied. A word can be abbreviated by omitting the beginning of the word, for example “za for pizza”, or even the end of the word, for example “Oz for Australia” (Coleman,

2012, p. 37). Another way to form slang in abbreviation form is by combining abbreviation and blending, for example “fugly for fucking ugly” (Coleman, 2012, p. 37). It depends on how the slang users want to use the expressions. Besides those processes, there are two other abbreviation forms, called initialism and acronym. The example of initialism is “MILF, from Mother (Mom or Mum) I’d like to fuck”, while the example of acronym is “posh, for the phrase port out starboard home” (Coleman, 2012, pp. 38-39). v. Change in Spelling

Another way of creating slang is change in spelling. In this word formation process, slang expressions are created by changing the pronunciation of a word because the speakers want to distinguish between two uses of a word

(Coleman, 2012, pp. 30-40). The example of this form is the word “gangster” which undergoes spelling changing into “gangsta” (Coleman, 2012, p. 40).

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vi. Folk Etymology

After change in spelling, there is folk etymology. In this word formation process, slang expressions are created form the existing Standard English expressions, but with no clear relationship to Standard English (Coleman, 2012, p.

40). “Folk etymology produces accounts of the origins of words based on superﬁcial similarities (Coleman, 2012, p. 40)”. The example for this form is

“pot” which can be taken from “pot” or “pod” (Coleman, 2012, p. 40).

vii. Influence of Other Words

The next process is called influence of other words. In this word formation process, there is a possibility for slang expressions to have two etymologies for each slang expression (Coleman, 2012, p. 42). It happens either because it is impossible to distinguish the two closely related alternatives or because the process of folk etymology or assimilation has led the two separate words to exist together (Coleman, 2012, p. 42). The example of slang expression for this form is

“shamus” which comes from the Irish personal name Seamus and the Hebrew word shomus (Coleman, 2012, p. 42-43). viii. Slang Loans

The next one is slang loans. This process is similar to one of processes mentioned in Eble (1996), which is borrowing. However, in Coleman (2012), it is mentioned that slang expressions are not always generated from the existing

English expressions, or in other words, some slang expressions are borrowed from other language (p. 44), while in Eble (1996), it is mentioned that borrowing is not included into slang word formation process. The example of slang expression

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which is loaned from other language is “wallah” which is loaned from Hindi sufﬁx (Coleman, 2012, p. 44).

ix. Slang from Sound

The last word formation process of slang is slang from sound. In this process, slangs are created by imitating certain sounds (Coleman, 2012, p. 45).

This process is also known as onomatopoeic process (Coleman, 2012, p. 45).

Besides onomatopoeic process, some slang expressions also create entirely new words (Coleman, 2012, p. 45). The example of slang expression for this form is

“zap” (Coleman, 2012, p. 45).

5. Morphological Processes

There are some morphological processes which are used as the addition of slang forms analysis in this research. They are compounding, affixation, derivation, inflection, abbreviation, borrowing, and coinage. a. Compounding

Compounding is simply defined as the combination of two or more lexemes into larger words (Booij, 2005, p. 75). There are two types of compounding, which are endocentric compounds and exocentric compounds.

Endocentric compounds are compounds which have head in their construction

(Booij, 2005, p. 79). In endocentric compounds, the category of the entire construction is exactly similar to one of its constituents (Booij, 2005, p. 79). The example of endocentric compound is “blue-stocking” (Booij, 2005, p. 80). On the other hand, exocentric compounds are the opposite of endocentric compounds. In

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other words, exocentric compounds are compounds which do not have head in its construction, for example “pickpocket” (Booij, 2005, p. 79). b. Affixation

Affixation is defined as a process of combining two or more morphemes which consist of a base and affixes (Haspelmath and Sims, 2010, p. 34). A base is part of a word where affixes are attached to (Haspelmath and Sims, 2010, p. 20).

A base is also sometimes called as a stem (Haspelmath and Sims, 2010, p. 20). A base which cannot be analyzed further into morphemes called root (Haspelmath and Sims, 2010, p. 21). Affixes are divided into four types. The first one is suffix which means affix which follows the base, for example {-ful} in “eventful”

(Haspelmath and Sims, 2010, p. 20). The second one is prefix which means affix which precedes the base, for example {un-} in “unhappy” (Haspelmath and Sims,

2010, p. 20). The third one is infix which means affix which occurs inside the base, for example in Arabic term, {-t-} is the infix of (i)š-t-agala, with šagala as the base, meaning „be occupied‟ (Haspelmath and Sims, 2010, p. 20). The fourth one is circumfix which means affix which occurs on both sides of the base, for example in German term, {ge-…-en} is the circumfix of ge-fahr-en, with fahr as the base, meaning „driven‟ (Haspelmath and Sims, 2010, p. 20). c. Derivation

Derivation is a morphological process which changes the word-class or the word-category of a base lexeme (Haspelmath and Sims, 2010, p. 87). There are three general types of derivational process. The first type is denominal meaning word which is derived into noun, for example “drink” (V) which gets suffix {-er}

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changes into “drinker” (N) (Haspelmath and Sims, 2010, p. 87). The second one is deverbal meaning word which is derived into verb (Haspelmath and Sims, 2010, p. 87). The example of deverbal is the word “civil” (Adj) which gets suffix {-ize} changes into “civilize” (V) (Lieber, 2009, p. 36). The third type is deadjectival meaning word which is derived into adjective, for example “government” (N) which gets suffix {-al} changes into “governmental” (Adj) (Haspelmath and Sims,

2010, pp. 87-89). d. Inflection

Inflection is a morphological marking of properties on a word which results in a number of forms for that word and a set of grammatical words (Booij,

2005, p. 99). In languages of the world, the morphological markings are found in three word categories, which are nouns, verbs, and adjectives (Booij, 2005, p.

100).

In nouns category, the morphological markings cause changes to number

(singular, plural, dual, etc.), case (nominative, genitive, accusative, etc.), definiteness, and gender (Booij, 2005, p. 100). The example of noun category is

“cat” which gets suffix {-s} changes from singular into plural, “cats” (Lieber,

2009, p. 88).

In verbs category, the morphological markings cause changes to tense

(present, past, future), aspect (imperfective, perfective, etc.), mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, etc.), voice (active, passive, etc.), number (singular, plural, etc.), person (first, second, third), and gender (Booij, 2005, p. 100). The example of verb category is “chased (pt)” which gets addition of “be” changes

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from active voice into passive voice “was chased (pp)” with the verb “chased” in past participle form (Lieber, 2009, p. 97).

In adjectives category, the morphological markings cause changes to degree (positive, comparative, superlative), number, gender, case, and definiteness

(Booij, 2005, p. 100). The example of adjective category is the word “happy” which gets suffix {-er} changes from positive degree into comparative degree,

“happier” (Booij, 2005, p. 101). e. Abbreviation

This morphological process consists of three types. They are clipping, initialism, and acronym. Clipping is a morphological process which creates new words by shortening the words that already exist (Lieber, 2009, p. 53). In clipping, the process occurs by omitting either the beginning or the end of a word, for examples “info” created from “information” and “fridge” from “refrigerator”

(Lieber, 2009, p. 53). The second type, initialism, is morphological process which forms a word by taking the first letters of a phrase and pronounces them as a series of letters, for example the Federal Bureau of Investigation is pronounced as the FBI [ɛf bi ai] (Lieber, 2009, p. 53). The last type, acronym, is a little bit similar to initialism. However in acronym, the new word is pronounced as a word, not as series of letter, for example Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is abbreviated into AIDS and pronounced as [eidz] (Lieber, 2009, p. 53). f. Borrowing

Borrowing is a morphological process which takes over words from other languages (Yule, 2006, p. 54). English itself has borrowed many words from

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many different languages, such as croissant (French), dope (Dutch), lilac

(Persian), piano (Italian), pretzel (German), sofa (Arabic), tattoo (Tahitian), tycoon (Japanese), yogurt (Turkish), and zebra (Bantu) (Yule, 2006, p. 54). g. Coinage

Coinage is defined as morphological process which forms entirely new words, for example “blivet”, meaning an intractable problem (Lieber, 2009, p.

51). However, most of coined words are formed by “recycling bases and affixes into new combination”, for example a product named “Kodak” was used for cameras in general (Lieber, 2009, p. 51). The amounts of coined words are not as many as other word-formation processes. It happens because the coined words themselves do not give any clue to their meaning (Lieber, 2009, p. 51).

6. Language and Gender

In using language, especially English, male and female have many contrasting pair words (Mills, 1995, p. 83). The term used by female has gained a connotative meaning which distinguishes it from its partner (Mills, 1995, p. 83).

The male term has maintained the associations of “power and prestige”, while the female term still has interior meaning which associates with “a sexual and non- prestigious meaning” (Mills, 1995, p. 84).

Mills (1995) mentions that the terms referring to male often are often associated with more positive qualities (p. 86). Male is often associated with terms which has power when they are used to talk about human revolution and certain positions in a job (Mills, 1995, p. 66). It is different from female ones. There are many words referring to female stupidity, such as “bimbo”, “dumb blonde”,

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“doll”, “bird”, “scatty”, and “babe” (Mills, 1995, p. 87). There are also other words referring to female alone, such as “skinny”, “bubbly”, “vivacious”,

“pretty”, “voluptuous”, and “tom boy” (Mills, 1995, p. 87). These examples of words do not have equivalent in male terms (Mills, 1995, p. 87).

C. Review of Related Backgrounds

Rap, as one of the music forms, has its own cultural background which differentiates it from other music forms. Simply, this music form comes from hip hop culture (Pate, 2010, p. 27). If it is compared between hip hop and rap, there will not be any difference that exists between them since the rap is included into hip hop form. Rap exists after the existence of hip hop. This kind of music, which is also called poetry, is the African American literary form of the postmodern age which appears, has roots in African and African American oral tradition, and has slowly developed from the level of playground to the level of actors, politicians, and teachers (Pate, 2010, p. 3).

African American which is also known as Black American or Afro-

American is an ethnic group of American which consists of total or partial black racial groups of Africa. Hence, it is not strange or weird thing anymore if most of rappers nowadays are the African American people. They are the people who firstly introduce rap to this world. Such as hip hop singers, the rappers start to write their lyrics to show or to voice their opinion about social, cultural, and economic conditions of the world today. In voicing their opinion, they have their own way or characteristic which also differentiates them from other music forms singers.

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Perhaps the most important idea embodied by the language of rap, and the language of African American literature in general, is that it can reflect an oppositional position. Words spoken can oppose existing ideas and supplant them with new ones (Pate, 2010, p. 27).

In making the rap lyrics, the rappers or the poets do not directly pay attention to the music or the beat of the rap, but they pay most attention to the words which they write first as poems. Hence, it can be said that “when it comes to rap, the words are more important than the music” (Pate, 2010, p. 3). It is different from other music forms in which the song writers pay attention to both the music and the words. In other words, both music and words equally have the same role, while in rap the most important aspect is the words and the music is the addition which supports this important aspect.

D. Theoretical Framework

In doing the analysis, the writer uses five theories, which are theory of semantics, theory of slang, theory of slang forms, theory of morphological processes, and theory of gender language difference, with one main approach, which is stylistics. The function or the use of the main approach will be explained in Chapter III, Approach of the Study.

Theory of slang, slang forms, and morphological processes help the writer to find out the forms of the slang. Form of slang is one of objectives which is included in the first research problem. Form of slang can be determined based on the forms mentioned in the theories. In determining the form of each slang expression, the writer uses both theory written by Eble (1996) and by Coleman

(2002) because by combining those theories, the writer obtains more complete

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slang forms. Besides the two sources, the writer also uses some morphology books to find out more explanation about morphological processes because slang undergoes similar processes to Standard English. Before finding out the form of the slangs, the writer, first, differentiates the slang words from the Standard

English words. The writer uses slang dictionaries in differentiating slang words from Standard English words.

The next theory is theory of semantics. Theory of semantics helps the writer to find out the meaning of the slang words. The meaning of slangs is also one of the objectives which is included in the first research problem. In finding out the slang meaning, first, the writer lists the most appropriate definition(s) from two slang dictionaries, which are dictionary written by Tom & Victor (2006) and dictionary written by Tom (2009). However, the writer does not use the dictionary meanings in analyzing the context meaning of each slang expression. After listing the dictionary meanings, the writer describes the meaning by using semantic feature(s). After that, the writer relates the result of semantic feature(s) with the line where the slang expression exists or with the line(s) before, after, or both before and after the slang expression exists.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers three parts which are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. In the first part, which is object of the study, the writer explains the characteristics of the songs selected, supplies the songs which were analyzed, and explains the reason of choosing the songs. In the second part, approach of the study, the writer explains the use of approach used in analyzing the data. The last part, method of the study, is divided into two parts.

The first one is data collection and the second one is data analysis. In data collection, the writer explains the type of method which was used in selecting the data, while in data analysis, the writer explains the methods or the steps of analyzing the data.

A. Object of the Study

The objects of this research are rap song lyrics which are taken from 6 different rappers: 3 male rappers and 3 female rappers. The male rappers are

Eminem, Jay-Z, and B.o.B, while the female rappers are Nicki Minaj, Lil‟ Kim, and Trina. All of them are American rappers. The rap songs analyzed were released around the late 5 years, or in other words around 2013-2017. The writer took two rap songs from each rapper. It means that the numbers of the rap songs from the 6 rappers are 12 rap songs.

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The first male rapper was Eminem with his song entitled “Rap God”, released in 2013 and “Phenomenal”, released in 2015. The second male rapper was Jay-Z with his songs entitled “Dead Presidents”, released in 2015 and “The

Story of O.J.”, released in 2017. The third male rapper was B.o.B with his songs entitled “Finesse”, released in 2017 and “Ready”, released in 2013.

The next ones were female rappers. The first female rapper was Nicki

Minaj with her songs entitled “Feeling Myself”, released in 2014 and “Regret in

Your Tears”, released in 2017. The second female rapper was Trina with her songs entitled “Ass Fat”, released in 2013 and “Fuck Love”, released in 2014. The third female rapper was Lil‟ Kim with her songs entitled “Kimmy Blanco”, released in 2013 and “Took Us a Break”, released in 2017.

B. Approach of the Study

The approach that was used in this research was stylistics. As mentioned before, stylistics or the study of style is a branch of linguistics which analyzes different expressions in a language and the description of its effect and purpose

(Verdonk, 2002, p. 4). Stylistics could also be defined the linguistic study of style which is rarely assumed as the study that only concerns in the linguistic aspects itself, but it also concerns in explaining the relation between language and the artistic function of the language (Leech & Short, 2007, p. 11).

The writer of this research uses stylistic approach in order to find out the style of male and female rappers in using slang words in song lyrics. The style of male and female rappers could be identified by looking at how the rappers use the slang words. What is meant by how here is the slang forms used by both male and

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female rappers and the meanings resulted from the use of slang expressions by male and female rappers. In the first aspect, slang forms, the writer could see whether the rappers use various or less slang forms, while in the second aspect, slang meanings, the writer could see what the rappers intend to convey through slang expressions they use.

C. Method of the Study

1. Data Collection

As mentioned before, the objects of this research were 12 rap songs which released in 2013-2017, which came from 6 different rappers with 2 songs from each rapper. Because the writer was going to analyze song lyrics, the writer used a sample study. In choosing the songs, the writer did not determine the standard of the rap songs. The writer used purposive sampling in choosing the rap songs since the writer needed the songs which contained various slang expressions. With the various slang expressions, the writer could find many forms and meanings of slang expressions which later determined the style(s) of male and female rappers.

The idea of choosing the objects based on purposive sampling was supported by

Creswell (2014) who mentions that the idea of purposefully select the data which aimed to help the researchers select the data that would best help the researchers in understanding the research problem and research question (p. 239). The writer only limited the background of the rappers, which was American rapper in order to get more specific data about the slang words.

In collecting the data, the writer separated the slang words from Standard

English words by using two slang dictionaries, which were written by Tom &

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Victor (2006) and by Tom (2009). After categorizing the slang expressions, the writer inserted them into a table. In the table, the writer also inserted the dictionary definition(s) and the word category(s) for each slang expression. The aim of completing the table with the dictionary definition(s) and the word category(s) was to make the writer easier in analyzing the forms and meanings of each slang expression.

2. Data Analysis

There were three steps used in answering the problems. The first one was analyzing the form of the slang words used in the song lyrics. The form was identified by using theories of slang forms which were taken from two writers. In the first theory by Algeo and Algeo (1991) in Eble (1996), it is mentioned that slangs are divided into six forms, which are Compounding, Affixation, Functional

Shift, Shortening, Blending, and Borrowing. In the second theory by Coleman

(2002), it is mentioned that slang are divided into nine forms, which are Change in

Meaning, Change in Function, Change in Form, Abbreviation, Change in

Spelling, Folk Etymology, Influence of Other Words, Slang Loans, and Slang from Sound.

The second one was analyzing the meaning of the slang words used in the song lyrics. In finding out the lexical meaning of the slang words, firstly the writer determined the semantic feature of the slang words. Then, the slang words were compared to another word(s) or phrase(s) which also had the same semantic feature. The other word(s) or phrase(s) could be in the line itself or in the previous

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line(s) or in the next line(s) or both in the previous and the next lines where the slang words existed.

Finally, the last step was describing the style(s) of male and female rappers. The style(s) of male and female rappers were analyzed by looking at the form(s) of slang expressions which were used in the song lyrics and the slang meaning(s) which were resulted from the use of slang expressions. The result of slang form(s) and meaning(s) gave information to the writer whether the rappers had similar or different style(s) in using language.

In doing the analysis, the writer used certain codes which referred to the songs analyzed. The codes were divided into 12 codes which consisted of six codes of male rappers and six codes of female rappers. The codes for male rappers were M. R. 1. meaning male rapper 1, which was Eminem, M. R. 2. meaning male rapper 2, which was Jay-Z, and M. R. 3. meaning male rapper 3, which was

B.o.B., while the codes for female rappers were F. R. 1. meaning female rapper 1, which was Nicki Minaj, F. R. 2. meaning female rapper 2, which was Trina, and

F. R. 3. meaning female rapper 3, which was Lil‟ Kim. The example of the song code for male rapper was M. R. 1. a. standing for male rapper 1 song a entitled

“Rap God”, while the example of the song code for female rapper was F. R. 1. a. standing for female rapper 1 song a entitled “Feeling Myself”.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS)

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is how slang words are used by male and female rappers. What is meant by how here is the slang forms which are used by male and female rappers and meanings which are resulted from the use of slangs by male and female rappers. The second part is how those slang words reflect the male and female rappers style(s).

A. How Slang Words are Used by Male and Female Rappers

The first part of this chapter is divided into two subtitles. The first subtitle is the forms of slang expressions which are used by male and female rappers in their song lyrics. The second one is meanings constructed as the result of the use of slang expressions by male and female rappers in their song lyrics.

1. The Forms of Slang Expressions by Male and Female Rappers

The division of slang forms is divided based on the slang forms and morphological processes explained in Chapter II. The analysis of slang forms is divided into two parts. The first is the analysis of slang forms by male rappers, and the second is the analysis of slang forms by female rappers. The forms of slang expressions analyzed consist of multiple processes and single process. In multiple processes, the slang expressions undergo more than one word formation process, which are compounding and affixation. In single process, the slang expressions only undergo one word formation process. Single process consists of

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compounding, affixation, functional shift, shortening, change in meaning, change in spelling, coinage, and slang loans.

Table 3. Summary of Slang Forms by Male and Female Rappers

Forms of Slang Frequency of Slang Frequency of Slang No. Expressions Expressions by Male Expressions by Female 1 Multiple Processes 7 8 2 Compounding 8 7 3 Affixation 11 20 4 Functional Shift 4 3 5 Shortening 6 5 6 Slang Loans 0 2 7 Change in Meaning 27 52 8 Change in Spelling 4 5 9 Coinage 4 4 Total 71 106 a. Slang Forms by Male Rappers

There are seventy-one slang expressions used by male rappers. From the seventy-one slang expressions, there are seven slang expressions which undergo multiple processes, eight slang expressions in the form of compounding, eleven slang expressions in the form of affixation, four slang expressions in the form of functional shift, six slang expressions in the form of shortening, zero slang expression in the form of slang loans, twenty-seven slang expressions in the form of change in meaning, four slang expressions in the form of change in spelling, and four slang expressions in the form of coinage. i. Multiple Processes

As mentioned before, there are seven slang expressions which undergo multiple processes. From these seven slang expressions, there are five slang expressions used in M. R. 1. a. and two slang expressions used in M. R. 3. a..

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Slang expressions used in M. R. 1. a. are “Pissin‟ match”, “Motherfuckin‟”, “F- bombs”, “Deep-throatin‟”, and “Cornrows”, while slang expressions used in M.

R. 3. a. are “Fucked up” and “Fuckin‟ up”. The examples of lines which contain some of those slang expressions are:

M. R. 1. a. : But I got your mom deep-throatin' M. R. 3. a. : I ain't been this fucked up in a while At the same time, fuckin' up the couch

The first datum undergoing multiple processes is “deep-throatin‟”. “Deep- throatin‟” undergoes three morphological processes, which are compounding and affixation. Firstly, this expression is categorized into compounding form because it consists of two lexemes, which are “deep” and “throatin‟”. “Deep” itself belongs to adjective category, while “throatin‟” belongs to verb category. This expression is categorized into endocentric compound since the entire construction of the expression is identical to one of its constituents, in which the most appropriate category of the expression in slang dictionary and in the lyric is verb category. Booij (2005) mentions that endocentric compound means a compound word in which the entire construction have identical category to one of its constituents (p. 79). Besides, the entire meaning of the expression is related to the meaning of its constituents, in which the expression‟s entire meaning is to take a man‟s penis completely into the mouth and throat. Secondly, this expression is also categorized into affixation because one of its lexemes undergoes affixation process. The lexeme which undergoes affixation process is “throatin‟”. This lexeme comes from a root, “throat”, which gets addition of suffix {–ing} which is

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formed into {–in‟} in informal use. The pattern of this expression is drawn as below:

Throatin‟  throat + {–in‟}

Root Suffix

From the pattern, it can be seen that the expression “throatin‟” consists of two morphemes, which are “throat” as the root and {–in‟} as the suffix. In the process of affixation, the root also undergoes derivational process which changes the word category of the root from noun category into verb category.

The next one is “fucked up”. This expression belongs to multiple processes form since it also undergoes compounding and affixation word formation processes. Firstly, this expression belongs to compounding since it consists of two lexemes. They are “fucked” which belongs to word category of verb and “up” which belongs to word category of adverb. By looking at its construction, simply it can be concluded that the expression has verb as the head.

However, in this compounding word, the word “fucked” undergoes derivational process from verb into adjective when it gets suffix {–ed}. The process of suffix addition to the lexeme is the second word formation process, which is affixation.

Fucked  fuck + {–ed}

Root Suffix

As mentioned in Booij (2005), derivation is a morphological process which enables the language users form new lexemes which have different category from their base (p. 51). Therefore, the expression “fucked up” belongs to exocentric compounding which has adjective as its head with entire meanings of “drunk or

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drug-intoxicated, mentally unstable; depressed; anguished, despicable, and ruined; spoiled; broken”.

The last example of multiple processes form used by male rappers is

“fuckin‟ up”. This expression belongs to compounding because it consists of, also, two lexemes. They are “fuckin‟” which belongs to word category of verb and

“up” which belongs to word category of adverb. Different from the previous lexeme, “fucked”, the lexeme “fuckin‟” does not undergo derivational process because of its addition of suffix {–ing} in the form of {–in‟}. This word undergoes affixation process in inflection level which does not cause category changing to the lexeme itself.

Fuckin‟  fuck + {–in‟}

Root Suffix

It is mentioned in Booij (2005) that inflection is a morphological process which changes the number of lexemes in noun category, the degree of lexemes in adjective category, and the tense, number, person, infinitives, gerunds, and participles in verb category (pp. 90-101). Therefore, the expression “fuckin‟ up” belongs to endocentric compounding which has verb as its head with the entire meanings of “to spoil; to destroy, to make a mistake, to fail dismally, and to cause drink or drug intoxication, especially if extreme”. ii. Compounding

As mentioned before, there are eight slang expressions found in the form of compounding in male rappers‟ song lyrics. From the six songs, there are three songs in which compounding form is absent. The other songs contain slang

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expressions in which compounding form is present, but they are not used evenly by each rapper.

Table 4. Male Rappers’ Slang Expressions in the Form of Compounding

Code Male Rappers' Slang Expressions M. R. 1. a. Half-cock, Nutsack, Flippity, Backpack, Yap-yap, Yackety-yack M. R. 2. a. Dish out M. R. 3. a. Run her mouth

In Table 4, there are six slang expressions which are used by M. R. 1. a., one slang expression is used by M. R. 2. a., and one slang expression are used by

M. R. 3. a.. The examples of compounding are found in the lines below:

M. R. 1. a. : My pen'll go off when I half-cock it With Monica Lewinsky feelin' on his nutsack

In the above datum, “half-cock” is called compounding because this expression is formed by combining two lexemes, which are “half” and “cock”.

“Half” itself is an adverb, while “cock” is a verb. However, in this compounding word, the category of the entire expression is not identical either with “half” or

“cock” since the category of “half-cock” in slang dictionary is adjective. This case is similar to one of compounding types, which is exocentric. In exocentric compound, the category of the entire construction is not identical to either one or two or more constituents of the construction (Booij, 2005, p. 79). Hence, it can be concluded that “half-cock” belongs to exocentric compound with “ill-considered and inferior” as the entire meanings in slang dictionary.

The second example of the datum is “nutsack”. This expression is categorized as compounding because it consists of two lexemes, which are “nut” and “sack”. “Nut” and “sack” belong to the same word category, which is noun.

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Even though these lexemes come from the same word category and form an expression which also has the same word category, this expression cannot be categorized into endocentric type of compounding because the meaning of this expression does not base on the two lexemes. As mentioned before, endocentric compound means a compound word in which the entire construction have identical category to one of its constituents (Booij, 2005, p. 79). In other words, either the meanings of “nut” or the meanings of “sack” do not determine the entire meaning of “nutsack” since the entire meaning of “nutsack” in slang dictionary is

“the scrotum”.

iii. Affixation

In form of affixation, there are eleven slang expressions found. All three male rappers use this kind of slang form in creating their song lyrics. There is only one song in which this form does not exist.

Table 5. Male Rappers’ Slang Expressions in the Form of Affixation

Code Male Rappers' Slang Expressions M. R. 1. a. Faggots, Fags, Totin‟, Morphin‟, Fuckin‟ M. R. 2. a. Bitches M. R. 2. b. Hustlers M. R. 3. a. Bitches M. R. 3. b. Faded, Slots, Fuckery

Table 5 shows that there are five slang expressions used in M. R. 1. a., one slang expression is used in M. R. 2. a., one slang expression is used in M. R. 2. b., one slang expression is used in M. R. 3. a., and three slang expressions are used in

M. R. 3. b.. The examples of affixation form are found the lines below:

M. R. 2. a. : I blow a digit on a diamond in a minute but no bitches

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M. R. 2. b. : I'ma play the corners where the hustlers be

The first datum is “bitches”. “Bitches” is included into affixation form because this expression consists of two morphemes. They are “bitch” as the root and {–es} as the suffix. The pattern can be drawn as below:

Bitches  bitch + {–es}

Root Suffix

The suffix {–es} in this datum does not cause category changing, but it indicates an inflectional process which causes quantity changing to the root from singular into plural.

The next one is “hustlers”. “Hustlers” belongs to affixation form because this expression consists of three morphemes. They are “hustle” as the root, {–er} as the first suffix, and {–s} as the second suffix.

Hustlers  hustle + {–er} + {–s}

Root Suffix 1 Suffix 2

In process of forming the expression, the root, “hustle”, undergoes affixation process in both derivational and inflectional level. In the first affixation process,

“hustle” gets addition of suffix {–er}:

Hustler  hustle + {–er}

Root Suffix 1

This causes derivational process which changes the root form, “hustle”, from verb category into affixation form, “hustler”, with noun category. After this process, the word “hustler” undergoes another affixation again in inflection level.

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Hustlers  hustler + {–s}

Stem Suffix 2

In the second affixation, the stem “hustler” gets addition of suffix {–s} which indicates inflectional process. This inflectional process causes the quantity changing of the previous word from singular, “hustler”, into plural, “hustlers”.

iv. Functional Shift

In form of functional shift, there are only four slang expressions found.

Those slang expressions are used in M. R. 1. a.. The other male rappers do not use this kind of slang form in their song lyrics. Those slang expressions are “half- cock”, “yackety-yack”, “wack”, and “hella”. They are found in the lines:

M. R. 1. a. : My pen'll go off when I half-cock it M. R. 1. a. : Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack M. R. 1. a. : It‟s actually disastrously bad for the wack M. R. 1. a. : “It‟s not hip-hop, it‟s pop,” because I found a hella way to fuse it

The first datum, “half-cock”, is categorized as functional shift because it undergoes functional shift from adjective into verb. In slang dictionary, this expression belongs to adjective category. However, by looking at the use of the expression in the song line, in which it is used as the predicate of the adverbial clause “My pen'll go off when I half-cock it”, it can be concluded that the expression undergoes functional shift from adjective into verb.

The second datum is “yackety-yack”. This expression is categorized as functional shift because it undergoes functional shift from noun into verb. It happens because the expression “yackety-yack” is used as the second predicate of

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the subject “backpack rap crap” in the lyric “Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack” after the predicate “yap-yap”.

The next datum,“wack”, belongs to functional shift form because it undergoes functional shift from adjective into noun. The changing of the function can be seen in its use in the line “It‟s actually disastrously bad for the wack” where the expression “wack”, which is in adjective category, is put after determiner “the” where a noun should be put. In other words, determiner “the” cannot be followed by other categories, except noun. Hence, to make it available in the position, the expression “wack” undergoes a functional changing from adjective into noun.

The last datum is “hella”. This datum belongs to functional shift because it undergoes functional shift from adverb into adjective. The changing can be seen in its use in adverb clause of the line ““It‟s not hip-hop, it‟s pop,” because I found a hella way to fuse it”. “Hella” which belongs to adverb category should be used to modify a verb or an adjective. However, in its use in the lyric, “hella” is used between a determiner “a” and a noun “way”. In other words, it functions as an adjective which modifies the noun, “way”. Because of the use, this expression undergoes functional shift from adverb into adjective. v. Shortening

In shortening form, there are six slang expressions found. These slang expressions are found in three different songs by two different rappers. The rappers who use this form in their song lyrics are M. R. 1. a. with the slang expressions: “maxi”, “doc, “F-bombs”, and “fags”, M. R. 1. b. with the slang

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expression: “butt”, and M. R. 3. b. with the slang expression: “grip”. The lines containing slang expressions in the form of shortening are:

M. R. 1. a. : Rappers are havin‟ a rough time period, here‟s a maxi pad “You are just what the doc ordered.” How could I not blow? All I do is drop F-bombs You fags think it‟s all a game, „till I walk a flock of flames M. R. 1. b. : Cause I worked my butt off now M. R. 3. b. : I only pick it up for that grip

The first datum is “maxi”. This expression is also categorized into shortening form because the expression “maxi” stands for the term “maximal”

(www.dictionary.com/browse/maxi). This expression undergoes clipping process.

In the process of forming the expression, the last syllable of the word “maximal” is cut and it leaves the first two syllables, “maxi”.

The next datum is “doc”. This expression is a shortening form which stands for “documentation” (Dalzell & Victor, 2006, p. 206 and Dalzell, 2009, p.

299). This expression undergoes a clipping process in which the four last syllables are cut and it leaves the abbreviation form “doc”.

The next one is “F-bombs”. This expression also belongs to shortening form because the expression “F” in “F-bombs” stands for “fuck” (Dalzell &

Victor, 2006, p. 246). This expression undergoes one of morphological processes which is initialism process which cuts the rest of the letters, “u”, “c” and “k” and leaves the initial letters, “F”.

The fifth datum is “fags”. This expression belongs to shortening because it stands for “faggot” (Dalzell & Victor, 2006, p. 241 and Dalzell, 2009, p. 349).

This expression undergoes two morphological processes, which are clipping and affixation in inflectional level. First, it undergoes clipping process which cuts the

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last syllable, “got”, and leaves the first syllable, “fag”. After the clipping process, it undergoes the second process, affixation. In this process, the result of clipping process gets addition of suffix {–s} which also indicates inflection which causes changing in number of the base.

The next datum is “butt”. This expression is also categorized into shortening form because it actually stands for “buttock” (Dalzell & Victor, 2006, p. 109 and Dalzell, 2009, p. 153). This expression undergoes clipping process which cuts the last syllable, “ock”, and leaves the first syllable, “butt”.

The last datum, “grip”, belongs to shortening form because it actually stands for “gripsack” (Dalzell & Victor, 2006, p. 308 and Dalzell, 2009, p. 463).

Similar to the previous one, this expression also undergoes clipping process which cuts the last syllable, “sack”, and leaves the first syllable, “grip”.

vi. Change in Meaning

In this form, there are twenty-seven slang expressions found. All male rappers use this kind of slang form.

Table 6. Male Rappers’ Slang Expressions in the Form of Change in Meaning

Code Male Rappers' Slang Expressions M. R. 1. a. Bananas, Fat, Knot, Blow, Shit, Batter M. R. 1. b. Stomp, Hell, Shit, Ass M. R. 2. a. Shit, Cream, Dough, Bitches M. R. 2. b. Fuck, Shit M. R. 3. a. Bitches, Ghetto M. R. 3. b. Shit, Pussy, Fuck, Swag, Whip, Bitch, Stool, Pop, Crib

Based on Table 6, it can be seen that there are six slang expressions found in M. R. 1. a., four slang expressions are found in M. R. 1. b., four slang

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expressions are found in M. R. 2. a., two slang expressions are found in M. R. 2. b., two slang expressions are found in M. R. 3. a., and nine slang expressions are found in M. R. 3. b.. The examples of change in meaning form can be seen in the lines below:

M. R. 1. a. : Got a fat knot from that rap profit M. R. 2. a. : Involved with cream, you know exactly what this shit's 'bout M. R. 3. a. : Ghetto bitch, I think she wet the towels

The first datum, “fat”, is categorized into change in meaning form because this expression comes from Standard English term which undergoes meaning changing. In Standard English dictionary, this expression has meanings which are related to size, either animate or inanimate, and an oily substance. However, in slang dictionary, this expression has meanings which are related to human‟s necessary, wealth, military, and fashion.

The second datum of change in meaning form is “cream”. This expression is categorized into change in meaning because it also comes from Standard

English term which undergoes changing of meaning in slang term. In Standard

English, this expression has meanings which are related to dishes, cosmetic, and color, while in slang, this expression has meanings which are related to money, sex, and violence.

The last datum, “ghetto”, is also categorized into change in meaning because this expression also comes from Standard English term which undergoes meaning changing in slang term. In Standard English, this expression has a meaning which is related to a place or an area lived by a certain group. On the

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other hand, “ghetto” in slang has meanings which are related to one of human body parts and low or bad class. vii. Change in Spelling

Change in spelling is one of forms which is also rarely used by male rappers with total of slang expressions as many as four. From the three rappers, there are two rappers who use this form. The rappers are M. R. 2. with slang expressions of “nigga” and “bougie” and M. R. 3. with slang expressions of

“nigga” and “ho”. The lines where each expression is found are:

M. R. 2. b. : Light nigga, dark nigga, faux nigga, real nigga Y‟all think it‟s bougie, I‟m like, it‟s fine M. R. 3. b. : Apply major pressure my nigga And your girl, she‟s addicted to it, I think that ho needs Betty Ford

The first and third data belong to change in spelling form because the expression “nigga” comes from the word “nigger”.

Nigger /ˈnɪɡə(r)/  Nigga /ˈnɪɡə/

From the transcription, it is very clear that the vowel ending of the expression changes from /ə(r)/ into /ə/. This vowel changing causes spelling changing to the slang expression.

The second datum, “bougie”, is categorized into change in spelling because this expression comes from the words “bourgeois”.

Bourgeois /ˈbʊəʒwɑ:/  Bougie /ˈbu:ʒɪ/

Based on the transcription, it can be seen that the first vowel of the expression changes from /ʊə/ into /u:/ and the second vowel changes from /ɑ:/

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into /ɪ/. The changing of the vowels causes spelling changing to the slang expression itself.

The last datum is “ho”. This expression is also categorized into change in spelling form because it comes from the word “whore”.

Whore /hͻ:(r)/  Ho /hͻ:/

This expression is different from the previous expressions which are also categorized into change in spelling. The transcription of the expression shows that the consonant /r/ in the slang expression is missing. The absence of the consonant

/r/ in the expression causes change in spelling to the expression itself. viii. Coinage

The last slang form used by male rappers is coinage. As mentioned in the theory, coinage is morphological process which forms entirely new words (Lieber,

2009, p. 51). However, most coined words are formed by “recycling bases and affixes into new combination” (Lieber, 2009, p. 51). This slang form is one of slang forms which is used by all three male rappers. There are two songs in which the rappers do not use this form, but in their other song, they use this form.

There are four slang expressions which are in the form of coinage. There are two slang expressions found in M. R. 1. a., one slang expressions is found in

M. R. 1. b., and one slang expression is found in M. R. 3. b.. The lines where coinage form is found are:

M. R. 1. a. : Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack Ungh, school flunky, pill junkie M. R. 1. b. : Rap is my shiv M. R. 3. b. : You are now welcomed to the kush lounge

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The first datum, “crap”, is categorized into coinage because this expression is associated closely with a man named Thomas Crapper.

Huffingtonpost.com mentions that this expression had already existed many years before Thomas Crapper was born. It means that the expression “crap” itself does not come from the man‟s name. However, because at that time the expression

“crap” was known by nobody and Thomas Crapper had many lavatories where his company‟s name, Thomas Crapper & Co. written on them, people began to think and relate the expression “crap” with “Crapper”.

The next datum is “junkie”. This expression is also categorized into coinage form because it comes from the word “junk” which undergoes the so- called recycling process which causes it has addition {–ie}.

The next two data, “shiv” and “kush”, are also categorized into coinage form because they come from the existing word which also undergo recycling process. However, in their process of recycling, these two data do not change at all and they still use their base form. b. Slang Forms by Female Rappers

This part discusses forms of slang expressions used by female rappers in their song lyrics. Female rappers use more slang expressions than male ones.

There are one hundred-six slang expressions used by female rappers. These one hundred-six slang expressions are spread into some slang forms. There are eight slang expressions which undergo multiple processes, seven slang expressions in the form of compounding, twenty slang expressions in the form of affixation, three slang expressions in the form of functional shift, five slang expressions in

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the form of shortening, two slang expressions in the form of slang loans, fifty-two slang expressions in the form of change in meaning, five slang expressions in the form of change in spelling, and four slang expressions in the form of coinage. i. Multiple Processes

As mentioned in Table 3, there are eight slang expressions which undergo multiple processes. These eight slang expressions are used by two female rappers, which are F. R. 1. a., and F. R. 3. a.. Slang expressions used by F. R. 1. a. are

“Whacks off”, “Hats off”, “Cookin‟ up”, and “Biggin‟ up”, while slang expressions used by F. R. 3. a. are “Motherfucking”, “Birdbrains”, “Pissed off”, and “Motherfucker”. The examples of lines which contain slang expressions which undergo multiple processes are:

F. R. 1. a. : He be thinking about me when he whacks off F. R. 3. a. : Now you know not to fuck with the Kimmy Blanco motherfucker

The first datum is “whacks off”. This datum is categorized as slang expression which undergoes multiple processes since this datum undergoes compounding and affixation word formation processes. Firstly, this datum is categorized into compounding form since this expression consists of two lexemes, which are “whacks”, with noun, verb, and adjective categories, and “off”, with

“adverb” category. By looking the category of each constituent, simply, it can be said that this datum belongs to endocentric compounding since the categories of the datum in slang dictionary are noun and verb. However, this datum cannot be categorized into endocentric compounding since the entire meaning of the datum is not identical to either “whacks” or “off”. The entire meanings of “whacks off”

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are “an act of masturbation” and “to masturbate”. Therefore, this datum belongs to exocentric compounding. Secondly, this datum is categorized into expression which also undergoes affixation since one of lexemes of this datum, “whacks”, consists of two morphemes. They are “whack” as the root and {–s} as the suffix.

Whacks  whack + {–s}

Root Suffix

The second datum is “motherfucker”. This datum also belongs to one of expressions which undergo multiple processes since this datum also undergoes compounding and affixation. The compounding process is found based on the lexemes, “mother”, with noun category and “fucker”, with noun category, which construct it. This datum belongs to endocentric compounding since the entire category of the datum, which is noun category, is identical to both lexemes constructing it. Besides, the entire meanings of the datum are identical to one of meaning of one of lexemes, which is fucker. The entire meanings of the datum are

“a despised person; a fellow, a person; a difficult thing or situation; used as a basis for extreme comparisons; and methamphetamine hydrochloride, a powerful central nervous system”. Besides undergoing compounding, this datum also undergoes affixation process in the level of derivation. The affixation process occurs in the second lexeme, which is “fucker”. This lexeme has “fuck” as the root and {–er} as the suffix.

Fucker  fuck + {–er}

Root Suffix

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When the suffix {–er} is added to the root, simultaneously the derivational process occurs. The derivation causes word category changing from verb into noun. Hence, the expression “motherfucker” belongs to noun category. ii. Compounding

Compounding is one of the slang forms which is used by all female rappers in creating their song lyrics. There are seven slang expressions in the form of compounding. Different from male rappers who use this form only in one of their songs, female rappers do use this form in all their songs.

Table 7. Female Rappers’ Slang Expressions in the Form of Compounding

Code Female Rappers' Slang Expressions F. R. 1. a. Jack rabbit, Jack off F. R. 1. b. Drop down F. R. 2. a. Jack rabbit F. R. 2. b. 10-caramel F. R. 3. a. Dust off F. R. 3. b. Lap dance

Based on Table 7, it can be seen that there are two slang expressions found in F. R. 1. a., one slang expression is found in F. R. 1. b., one slang expression is found in F. R. 2. a., one slang expression is found in F. R. 2. b., one slang expression is found in F. R. 3. a., and one slang expression is found in F. R. 3. b..

The examples of compounding form can be seen in the lines below:

F. R. 1. a. : 'Cause I'm feelin' myself, jack off F. R. 1. b. : Drop down, turn around, baby show you like this F. R. 2. a. : Pumpin' like a jack rabbit

In the first datum, “jack off” belongs to compounding form because this expression consists of two lexemes. They are “jack” with noun category and “off”

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with adverb category. This expression belongs to endocentric type of compounding since one of its lexemes‟ category is identical with the entire word‟s category, which is noun category. However, in its use in song lyric, “jack off” does not function as noun, but as a verb. It happens because the position of “jack off” is after the object “myself”. The entire meanings of “jack off” itself in slang dictionary are “an act of masturbation, a despised person, (used of a male) to masturbate, and to manipulate the injection of a drug such that the drug enters the blood stream slowly”.

The second datum is “drop down”. This expression belongs to compounding form because it consists of two lexemes, which are “drop” and

“down”. The lexeme “drop” belongs to either noun or verb category, while the lexeme “down” belongs to adverb category. “Drop down” is included into endocentric type of compounding since the whole category of the expression is identical with one of lexemes‟ category, which is noun. However, in its use in song lyric, this expression functions as a verb. It happens because the position of the expression in song lyric is in the beginning and it functions as a command.

The entire meaning of this expression in slang dictionary is “in horse racing, a horse that has been moved down a class or down in claiming price”.

The third datum is “jack rabbit”. “Jack rabbit” also belongs to compounding form because it consists of two lexemes, which are “jack” and

“rabbit”. These two lexemes belong to the same word category, which is noun category. This expression is included into endocentric type of compounding because the entire category of this expression, which is noun, is identical to both

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lexemes‟ category which constructs it. Besides, in the line, this expression also functions as noun because it follows determiner “a”. The entire meaning of “jack rabbit” is “a driver who starts through an intersection at the first hint of a green light”.

iii. Affixation

The next form of slang is affixation. This kind of form is used by all three female rappers in almost all six songs. There is only one song, which is F. R. 2. b., where this form does not exist.

Table 8. Female Rappers’ Slang Expressions in the Form of Affixation

Code Female Rappers' Slang Expressions F. R. 1. a. Drippin‟, Stingin‟, Whippin', Ballers F. R. 1. b. Racks F. R. 2. a. Racks, Niggas, Swingin‟, Pumpin‟, Bangin‟, Pokin‟ F. R. 3. a. Bitches, Fucking, Niggas, Popping F. R. 3. b. Bitches, Niggas, Ballin‟, Gunner, Flows

Based on Table 8, there are twenty slang expressions used by the three female rappers. From these twenty slang expressions, there are four slang expressions used in F. R. 1. a., one slang expression is used in F. R. 1. b., six slang expressions are used in F. R. 2. a., four slang expressions are used in F. R. 3. a., and five slang expressions are used in F. R. 3. b.. The examples of slang expression of affixation form can be seen in the lines below:

F. R. 1. a. : We run around with them ballers, only real niggas in my call list F. R. 1. b. : I count up the racks like Serena F. R. 3. b. : They callin' me the young gunner

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The first datum, “ballers”, belongs to affixation because it consists of three morphemes. They are “ball” as the root, {–er} as the first suffix, and {–s} as the second suffix.

Ballers  ball + {–er} + {–s}

Root Suffix 1 Suffix 2

In the process of forming the expression, the root “ball” undergoes affixation twice. In the second affixation process, the stem gets addition of suffix which indicates inflection. The processes are drawn as below.

Baller  ball + {–er}

Root Suffix 1

In this process, the root “ball” gets addition of suffix {–er} which does not cause any changing of word category because the word category still remains noun. In the second process, the stem undergoes affixation in inflectional level.

Ballers  baller + {–s}

Stem Suffix 2

Firstly, the stem “baller” gets the second addition of suffix {–s}. Secondly, the suffix {–s} indicates inflectional process in which the stem undergoes changing of number from singular into plural without changing the word category of the stem.

The second datum is “racks”. This expression belongs to affixation form because it consists of two morphemes, which are “rack” as the root and {–s} as the suffix.

Racks  rack + {–s}

Root Suffix

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In the process of word formation, this expression undergoes affixation in inflectional level. The root “rack” gets addition of suffix {–s} which does not change the word category of the root because the word category still remains the same, which is noun. However, the suffix {–s} indicates inflectional process to the root which changes the number of the root from singular into plural.

The last datum of affixation is “gunner”. This expression belongs to affixation because it consists of two morphemes, which are “gun” as the root and

{–er} as the suffix.

Gunner  gun + {–er }

Root Suffix

In the word formation, this expression undergoes one morphological process, which is affixation. The root “gun” gets addition of suffix {–er} which does not change the word category of the root because the word category still remains the same, which is noun category.

iv. Functional Shift

The next slang form also used by female rappers is functional shift. There are two rappers who use this form in their song lyrics. They are F. R. 2. in her song F. R. 2. a. with slang expression “cum”, F. R. 3. in her song F. R. 3. a. with slang expression “dust off”, and in F. R. 3. b. with slang expression “ballin‟”.

Here are the lines containing those slang expressions:

F. R. 2. a. : She told me money make her cum so I am give her some F. R. 3. a. : One head now you getting dust off F. R. 3. b. : Yeah, I'm ballin' but I want some mo' money

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The first datum of functional shift is “cum”. This expression belongs to functional shift because the word category of this expression in slang dictionary is noun category, while based on the line “She told me money make her cum so I am give her some”, it shows that “cum” is put after the animate object “her”. In most cases, the word category following animate object is adjective. Hence, the expression “cum” undergoes changing of function from noun into adjective.

The second datum, “dust off”, belongs to functional shift because in slang dictionary, this expression belongs to noun and verb categories. However, in the line “One head now you getting dust off”, it shows that “dust off” does not function as a noun or a verb, but as an adjective. It happens because the position of this expression in the line is following the verb “getting”.

The last datum is “ballin‟”. This expression is categorized into functional shift because it undergoes word category changing from noun into verb. In slang dictionary, this expression belongs to two word categories, which are noun and verb. However, by considering its context meaning, the noun category is the most appropriate one. Then, in the lyric “Yeah, I'm ballin' but I want some mo' money”, this expression is used after auxiliary verb “am”. Grammatically, the word category which follows auxiliary verb is verb category. Therefore, it is concluded that the expression “ballin‟” undergoes functional shift from noun into verb. v. Shortening

The fourth slang form used by female rappers is shortening. This slang form is used by the three rappers, which are F. R. 1. in F. R. 1. a. with slang

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expressions “hood”, “coco”, and “D”, F. R. 2. in F. R. 2. b. with slang expression

“benz”, and F. R. 3. in F. R. 3. b. with slang expression “jack”. The lyrics containing those slang expressions are:

F. R. 1. a. : I‟m with some hood girls lookin‟ back at it Let that ho ho, let that ho know – he in love with that coco Stingin‟ with the Queen Bey and we be whippin‟ all of that D F. R. 2. b. : I was in the benz, so drop drop F. R. 3. b. : Tryna see what else you could jack

The first datum of shortening form is “hood”. This expression belongs to shortening form because it undergoes one morphological process, which is clipping. The real word of “hood” is “neighborhood” (Dalzell & Victor, 2006, p.

340 and Dalzell, 2009, p. 520). In the word formation process, the first two syllables of the word “neighborhood” are cut and there leaves the shortening form, “hood”.

The next one is “coco”. This expression is categorized into shortening form because “coco” stands for “cocaine” (Dalzell & Victor, 2006, p. 152 and

Dalzell, 2009, p. 217). The word “cocaine” undergoes clipping process which cuts some letters of the last syllable “-caine” and leaves the consonant /k/. The rest parts of the word, which are the first syllable “co” and the consonant /k/ get addition of vowel /əʊ/. It causes the word “cocaine” changes into “coco”.

The next datum which is “D” also belongs to shortening because it undergoes one of morphological process, which is initialism. The expression “D” actually stands for “a police detective” (Dalzell & Victor, 2006, p. 183 and

Dalzell, 2009, p. 267). In its word formation process, the words, “a” and “police”, and the letters in the word “detective” are omitted and leaves the initial letter “D”.

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The next one is “benz”. This expression also belongs to shortening form because similar to the first expression, “hood”, it undergoes clipping process.

“Benz” actually stands for “BenzedrineTM” (Dalzell & Victor, 2006, p. 48). In its word formation process, the last syllable of the word “BenzedrineTM” is cut and leaves the shortening form, “benz”.

The last datum of shortening is “jack”. This expression belongs to shortening form because it undergoes clipping process. Firstly, “jack” stands for

“hijack” (Dalzell & Victor, 2006, p. 359 and Dalzell, 2009, p. 553). Then, it undergoes clipping process which cuts the initial syllable and leaves the last syllable, “jack”, as the shortening form.

vi. Slang Loans

The next slang form used by female rappers is slang loans. This slang expression is only used by female rappers. Female rappers who use slang loans form in their song lyrics are F. R. 1. in F. R. 1. a. with slang expression “kahuna” and F. R. 3. in F. R. 3. a. with slang expression “pronto”. The lines where those slang expressions are found are:

F. R. 1. a. : I‟m the big kahuna, go let them whores know F. R. 3. a. : I‟m bout to rain on you pronto, pronto

The first datum of slang loans form is “kahuna”. This expression belongs to slang loans because it is adopted from Hawaiian term, meaning “priest, wise man”. The second datum is “pronto”. This expression also belongs to slang loans form because it is adopted from Spanish term, meaning “immediately”.

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vii. Change in Meaning

The next form which is used by female rappers is change in meaning. This form is the most widely used form among the other forms. All three female rappers use this form in their song lyrics. This form consists of various expressions in which some of the expressions are often used in daily conversation.

Table 9. Female Rappers’ Slang Expressions in the Form of Change in Meaning

Code Female Rappers' Slang Expressions F. R. 1. a. Bitch, Bounce, Base, Drippin‟, Stingin‟, Whippin', D, Flow F. R. 1. b. Dirt, Bitch, Fuck, Bag, Racks, Ass Weave, Dick, Ass, Racks, Cum, Toot, Swingin', Pumpin', Bread, F. R. 2. a. Bangin', Pokin', Thick, Horse, Bitch, Booty, Shit F. R. 2. b. Nerve, Bird, Whip, Bitch, 10-caramel, Fuck, Shit, Cap F. R. 3. a. Bitch, Fuck, Popping Bitch, Ballin', Pop, Bomb, Pussy, Rack, Gunner, Body, Flows, F. R. 3. b. Jack, Shit

In Table 9, it can be seen that there are fifty-two slang expressions used by female rappers in the form of change in meaning. From these fifty-two slang expressions, there are eight slang expressions used in F. R. 1. a., six slang expressions are used in F. R. 1. b., sixteen slang expressions are used in F. R. 2. a., eight slang expressions are used in F. R. 2. b., three slang expressions are used in F. R. 3. a., and eleven slang expressions are used in F. R. 3. b.. The examples of slang expressions in the form of change in meaning can be seen in the following lines:

F. R. 1. b. : Not nice, boy you know you do your dirt F. R. 2. b. : This nigga got nerve, tryna play me for a bird F. R. 3. b. : Yeah, I'm ballin' but I want some mo' money

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The first datum, “dirt”, is categorized into change in meaning form because this expression comes from Standard English term which undergoes changing in meaning in slang term. In Standard English, this expression has a meaning which is related to something dirty or unpleasant, while in slang, this expression has meanings which are related to homosexual man, gossip, drugs, and cigarette.

The next datum is “nerve”. This expression is categorized into change in meaning because it also comes from Standard English term which undergoes meaning changing in slang term. In Standard English, this expression has meanings which are related to strands which carry impulse to body parts, nervous condition, and courage. On the other hand, “nerve” in slang has meaning which is related to rude act.

The last datum which is also categorized into change in meaning is

“ballin‟”. This expression is categorized into change in meaning because it comes from Standard English which undergoes change in meaning in slang. In Standard

English, this expression has meanings which are related to round thing and a type of party. However, in slang, the expression “ballin‟” has meanings which are related to time, sexual intercourse, money, and drugs. viii. Change in Spelling

The next slang form used by female rappers is change in spelling. This form is used by all three female rappers. F. R. 1. uses it in F. R. 1. a., F. R. 2. uses it in F. R. 2. b., and F. R. 3. uses it in F. R. 3. a. and F. R. 3. b..

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Table 10. Female Rappers’ Slang Expressions in the Form of Change in Spelling

Code Female Rappers' Slang Expressions F. R. 1. a. Ho F. R. 2. b. Nigga F. R. 3. a. Niggas F. R. 3. b. Niggas, Thang

Based on Table 10, it can be seen that there are five slang expressions which are used by the all three female rappers. Those slang expressions are “ho”,

“nigga” with two words are in affixation form, and “thang”. The expression “ho” is categorized into change in spelling because it undergoes the omission of consonant. On the other hand, the expressions “nigga”, “niggas”, and “thang” are categorized into change in spelling because those three expressions undergo vowel changing. The examples of lines where those expressions are found are:

F. R. 1. a. : Let that ho ho, let that ho know – he in love with that coco F. R. 2. b. : This nigga got nerve, tryna play me for a bird F. R. 3. a. : While niggas popping yo top and popping the bottle F. R. 3. b. : Sour niggas stay hatin' on us I pull up and skrrt in that foreign thang

The first datum, “ho”, is categorized into change in spelling because the expression “ho” comes from the word “whore”.

Whore /hͻ:(r)/  Ho /hͻ:/

Based on the transcription, it can be seen that the consonant /r/ in the expression

“ho” is omitted. The omission of the consonant causes spelling changing to the expression “ho”.

The expression “nigga” and “niggas” come from the words “nigger” and

“niggers” which undergo vowel changing from /ə(r)/ into /ə/ which causes

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spelling changing from “nigger” into “nigga” and “niggers” into “niggas”. Here are the transcripts of each word:

Nigger /ˈnɪɡə(r)/  Nigga /ˈnɪɡə/

Niggers /ˈnɪɡə(r)z/  Niggas /ˈnɪɡəz/

On the other hand, “thang” comes from the word “thing” which undergoes vowel changing from /ɪ/ into /æ/ which causes spelling changing from “thing” into

“thang”. Here is the transcript of spelling changing:

Thing /θɪŋ/  Thang / θæŋ/

ix. Coinage

The last slang form used by female rappers is coinage. It has been mentioned in the theory in Chapter II and in analysis of coinage form in male rappers part that coinage is morphological process which forms entirely new words (Lieber, 2009, p. 51). However, most of coined words are formed by

“recycling bases and affixes into new combination” (Lieber, 2009, p. 51). This slang form is used by all three female rappers.

There are four slang expressions which are used by female rappers in their song lyrics. From these ten slang expressions, there are “geek”, “dope”, and

“ballers” in F. R. 1. a., and “yo” in F. R. 3. a.. Here are the lines where slang expression which are in the form of coinage are found:

F. R. 1. a. : Pretty gang always keep them niggas on geek Cause we dope girls we flawless, we the poster girls for all this We run around with them ballers, only real niggas in my call list F. R. 3. a. : While niggas popping yo top and popping the bottle

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From all data which are categorized into coinage, there are some data which undergo the same process with what is undergone by data in male rappers songs, called recycling. The data which undergo recycling process are “geek”,

“dope”, and “ballers”. The first two data, “geek” and “dope”, only undergo recycling without any addition. Hence, the expressions resulted from this are similar to the base. However, the third datum, “ballers”, undergoes recycling which causes the base, “ball”, gets addition of suffixes {–er} and {–s}. Hence, the expression changes from “ball” into “ballers”.

The next datum, “yo”, is also categorized into coinage because this expression comes from a greeting which was used in military sine 15C. This expression became more popular since World War II when it was used as common response at roll calls.

2. Meanings of Slang Expressions by Male and Female Rappers

The meaning of each slang expression is analyzed by using semantic features. As mentioned in Fromkin et al (2014), semantic features, also known as semantic properties, are part of word meanings which reflect our knowledge about the meaning of the word (p. 158). Leech (1981) also mentions that semantic components or semantic features is the term which is used in determining the dimensions of meaning as the result of the use of formulae consisting of label + and – (pp. 90-91).

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Table 11. Summary of Slang Semantic Features by Male and Female Rappers

Frequency of Slang Frequency of Slang Meanings of Slang No. Semantic features by Semantic features by Expressions Male Female 1 [+Emotion] 3 2 2 [+Power] 3 1 3 [+Quality] 1 0 4 [+Finance] 13 3 5 [+Rudeness] 28 58 6 [+Profession] 10 2 7 [+Relationship] 2 2 8 [+Life Style] 3 4 9 [+Position] 1 0 10 [+Crime] 2 14 11 [+Struggle] 1 0 12 [+Body Part] 1 9 13 [+Protection] 1 0 14 [+Sexism] 1 0 15 [+Value] 0 2 Total 70 97

Based on Table 11, it can be seen that slang expressions used by both male and female rappers contain various semantic features. There are some semantic features which are found both in male and female rappers‟ song lyrics, there are some semantic features which are only found in male rappers‟ song lyrics, and there are some semantic features which are only found in female rappers‟ song lyrics. Semantic features which are found in both male and female rappers are

[+Emotion], [+Power], [+Finance], [+Rudeness], [+Profession], [+Relationship],

[+Life Style], [+Crime], and [+Body Part]. Semantic features which are only found in male rappers‟ song lyrics are [+Quality], [+Position], [+Struggle],

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[+Protection], and [+Sexism]. On the other hand, semantic features which are only found in female rappers‟ song lyrics are [+Business] and [+Value]. a. Meanings of Slang Expressions by Male Rappers

There are fourteen different semantic features as the result of male rappers‟ use of slang expressions. From these fourteen semantic features, there are three dominant semantic features shown by male rappers. These three semantic features are spread in all six songs. Table 12 shows the frequency of fourteen semantic features by male rappers:

Table 12. Summary of Frequency of Semantic Features by Male Rappers

No. Semantic Features of Slang Expressions Frequency 1 [+Emotion] 3 2 [+Power] 3 3 [+Quality] 1 4 [+Finance] 13 5 [+Rudeness] 28 6 [+Profession] 10 7 [+Relationship] 2 8 [+Life Style] 3 9 [+Position] 1 10 [+Crime] 2 11 [+Struggle] 1 12 [+Body Part] 1 13 [+Protection] 1 14 [+Sexism] 1 Total 72

Based on Table 12, it can be seen that there are three dominant semantic features which are shown from the use of slang expressions by male rappers. The semantic features are [+Finance] with thirteen slang expressions, [+Rudeness] with twenty-eight slang expressions, and [+Profession] with ten slang expressions.

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i. [+Finance]

The examples of the first semantic feature, [+Finance], are found in the lines below:

M. R. 1. a. : Got a fat knot from that rap profit M. R. 2. b. : Two years later, that shit worth two million

The first datum “fat” has semantic feature of [+Finance] because this expression relates to the other word and phrase of the line and the phrase in the next line which also have semantic feature of [+Finance]:

Got a fat knot from that rap profit Made a livin’ and a killin’ off it

As seen in the lines, there are three parts which are italicized. Those are the other slang expressions which consist of “knot”, “rap profit”, and “made a livin‟ and a killin‟ off it”. The italicized parts are the parts which also have semantic feature of

[+Finance]. Those three parts and the slang expression “fat” are related one another because they show the same thing which is the function of the rap profit itself. If the results of the rap profit are in a large sum, it can be used to live well without thinking about financial problem. However, if the result of the rap profit is in a small sum, it can cause financial problem to the rappers themselves.

The second datum is “shit”. This expression is categorized as the expression which shows semantic feature of [+Finance] because it is related to some words and phrases from the lines before and after this slang expression exists.

Financial freedom my only hope Fuck livin' rich and dyin' broke I bought some artwork for one million Two years later, that shit worth two million

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Few years later, that shit worth eight million I can't wait to give this shit to my children

From the above lines, it can be seen that the expression “shit” is repeated for three times. By looking at its structure, this expression refers to one italicized phrase,

“some artwork”. This phrase is related to another italicized phrase, “one million”, which has semantic feature of [+Finance]. Because of that, the phrase “some artwork” also has semantic feature [+Finance]. Thus, the expression “shit” also has semantic feature of [+Finance]. This semantic feature is strengthened by comparing it to the other italicized phrases, which are “financial freedom”, “livin‟ rich”, “dyin‟ broke”, “two million”, and “eight million”, which also have semantic feature of [+Finance]. ii. [+Rudeness]

The next semantic feature shown by male rappers in using slang expressions is [+Rudeness]. This semantic feature is the most widely found in the song lyrics. All three rappers, with all their two songs from each rapper, show semantic feature of [+Rudeness]. The expression they use are various, such as what can be seen in Table 14. The examples of lines where this semantic feature is found are:

M. R. 1. b. : And put in twice what you get back from this shit M. R. 3. a. : Woke up with two bitches in my house

The first datum “shit” shows semantic feature of [+Rudeness] because this datum refers to the previous italicized line, which is:

Get it how you live But are you prepared to give more than you get? And put in twice what you get back from this shit

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The italicized line implicitly talks about life. The function of the expression “shit” in the line is to substitute the use of the word “life”. The rapper uses the expression “shit” instead of using common diction to substitute the word “life” to show his annoyed feeling toward the life itself. Because of that the expression

“shit” has semantic feature of [+Rudeness].

The second datum is “bitches”. This expression shows semantic feature of

[+Rudeness] because it is used to substitute the common diction, which is

“women”, which are not appropriate with the context of the song lyric.

I ain‟t been this fucked up in a while Don‟t know how I made it to the house Woke up with two bitches in my house Talkin‟ bout they wanna have my child

Based on the lines, especially the italicized phrase, it can be seen that the expression “bitches” is more appropriate than the word “women”. It happens because “bitches” has semantic feature of [+Rudeness] which is more appropriate with the phrase “fucked up” which also has semantic feature of [+Rudeness].

Therefore, the expression “bitches” shows the meaning of [+Rudeness].

iii. [+Profession]

The last dominant semantic feature shown by male rappers is

[+Profession]. This semantic feature is the third widely found in song lyrics after

[+Rudeness] and [+Finance]. It can be seen in Table 14 that there are ten slang expressions which show semantic feature of [+Profession]. The ten slang expressions come from all male rappers. The examples of lines where this meaning is shown are:

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M. R. 1. a.: Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack M. R. 1. b.: Cause I worked my butt off now

The first datum, which is “yackety-yack”, shows semantic feature of

[+Profession] because this expression is related to the phrases in the line and the next line.

Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack And at the exact same time I attempt these lyrical acrobat stunts while I’m practicing that

The italicized phrases are the phrases in which the expression “yackety-yack” is compared to. “Backpack rap”, “crap”, “yap-yap”, “these lyrical acrobat”, and

“I‟m practicing that” are the phrases which have semantic feature of

[+Profession]. Because these phrases and the expression “yackety-yack” are related one another, it can be concluded that the expression “yackety-yack” also has semantic feature of [+Profession]. Thus, this expression is categorized as the expression which shows semantic feature of [+Profession].

The second datum is “butt”. This expression is also categorized as the expression showing semantic feature of [+Profession] because it is related to one of word in the line and the semantic feature of the previous line where the slang expression exists.

Me to come up out from under fuckin‟ ground Cause I worked my butt off now

The italicized word is the word where the expression “butt” is related to. This word has semantic feature [+Profession]. Besides that, the previous line also implicitly shows something which talks about the condition of the rapper‟s profession. Because of that, the line also has semantic feature of [+Profession]. By

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looking at the relation among the expression “butt” and the word “work” and the previous line, it can be concluded that the expression “butt” also has semantic feature of [+Profession]. b. Meanings of Slang Expressions by Female Rappers

This part discusses the meanings which are shown from the use of slang expressions by female rappers. It can be seen in Table 11 that there are eleven different semantic features which are shown by female rappers. From these eleven semantic features, there are three dominant semantic features which are widely found in female rappers‟ song lyrics. The table below shows the eleven semantic features with each slang expressions frequency.

Table 13. Summary of Frequency of Semantic Features by Female Rappers

No. Semantic Features of Slang Expressions Frequency 1 [+Emotion] 2 2 [+Power] 1 3 [+Finance] 3 4 [+Rudeness] 58 5 [+Profession] 2 6 [+Relationship] 2 7 [+Life Style] 4 8 [+Crime] 14 9 [+Body Part] 9 10 [+Business] 1 11 [+Value] 2 Total 98

Based on Table 13, it can be seen that there are also three dominant semantic features which are shown from the use of slang expressions by female rappers. The frequency of female rappers‟ dominant semantic features is similar to male rappers‟. However, there are two semantic features which differentiate the

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semantic features by female rappers from the semantic features by male rappers.

The semantic features shown by female rappers are [+Rudeness], [+Crime], and

[+Body Part].

i. [+Rudeness]

The first dominant semantic feature is [+Rudeness]. This semantic feature is also shown by male rappers in one of their dominant semantic features. In female rappers‟ song lyrics, there are found fifty-eight slang expressions which show semantic feature of [+Rudeness]. This semantic feature is found in all six songs by all three rappers. The examples of lines where this semantic feature is found are:

F. R. 1. a. : He be thinking about me when he whacks off F. R. 2. b. : This nigga got nerve, tryna play me for a bird

The first datum, “whacks off”, is categorized as the expression which shows [+Rudeness] semantic feature because this expression is compared to the other slang expressions which exist in the previous lines.

Bitch, never left but I‟m back at it And I‟m feelin‟ myself, jack rabbit Feelin‟ myself, back off „Cause I‟m feelin‟ myself, jack off He be thinking about me when he whacks off

The italicized phrases, which are “bitch”, “jack rabbit”, and “jack off”, are the other slang expressions which have semantic feature of [+Rudeness]. The expression “whacks off” is related to the italicized phrases. Therefore, this expression also has semantic feature of [+Rudeness].

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The second datum is “bird”. This expression is also categorized into one of expressions which shows semantic feature of [+Rudeness] because this expression is related to the other slang expressions in the line, “This nigga got nerve, tryna play me for a bird”. The slang expressions are “nigga” and “nerve”. These two slang expressions have semantic feature of [+Rudeness]. Because of the relation among the expression “bird” with the other slang expressions “nigga” and

“nerve”, it can be concluded that the expression “bird” also has semantic feature of [+Rudeness]. ii. [+Crime]

The next dominant semantic feature shown by female rappers is [+Crime].

This semantic feature is the second widely found semantic feature in female rappers‟ song lyrics with the total frequency of fourteen slang expressions. These fourteen slang expressions are spread into five different songs by all three female rappers. The examples of lines where this semantic feature is found are:

F. R. 1. a. : Stingin‟ with Queen Bey and we be whippin‟ all of that D F. R. 2. b. : I was in the benz, so drop drop

The first datum, “D”, is categorized into one of slang expressions which shows semantic feature of [+Crime] because this expression is related to two other slang expressions in the line itself and a phrase in the next line:

Stingin’ with Queen Bey and we be whippin’ all of that D Cause we dope girls we flawless, we the poster girls for all this

The italicized words and phrase in the lines are the words and phrase which are related to the expression “D”. The words and phrase have semantic feature

[+Crime] because they refer to something which disobey the law and cause harm

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to others and to the people themselves. Because of the relation between the slang expression and the italicized words and phrase, the expression “D” is categorized as slang expression which has semantic feature of [+Crime].

The second datum is “benz”. This expression is also categorized into one of expressions which shows semantic feature of [+Crime] because it is related to one of the words in the line itself. The word is “drop”. This word has semantic feature of [+Crime] because it refers to something which also disobeys the law.

This word explains the condition when someone is consuming drug or anything similar to drug. Because of the relation of the expression “benz” with the word

“drop”, it can be concluded that the expression “benz” also has semantic feature of [+Crime].

iii. [+Body Part]

The last dominant semantic feature shown by female rappers is [+Body

Part]. This semantic feature is the third widely found semantic feature in female rappers‟ song lyrics with total frequency of nine slang expressions. These nine slang expressions are found in three different songs by two female rappers. The examples of lines where this meaning is found are:

F. R. 2. a. : Thick hips skinny waist little bit of weave and a pretty face F. R. 2. b. : You‟ll never find another 10-caramel skin with the right tan

The first datum, “weave”, is categorized into one of slang expressions which shows semantic feature of [+Body Part] because this expression is related to some phrases in the line and in the next line.

Thick hips skinny waist little bit of weave and a pretty face Red bottoms get it straight she said you want this dick

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The italicized phrases, which are “thick hips”, “skinny waist”, “a pretty face”,

“red bottoms”, and “this dick”, are the phrases which have the semantic feature of

[+Body Part]. The expression “weave” is related to those phrases because they refer to the same thing, which are parts of human‟s body. Because of that,

“weave” also has semantic feature of [+Body Part].

The second datum is “10-caramel”. This expression also shows semantic feature of [+Body Part] because it is related to one word following it. The word is

“skin”. “Skin” has semantic feature of [+Body Part]. The position of “10-caramel” in the line is to modify the word “skin”. Because of that, the expression “10- caramel” also has the semantic feature of [+Body Part].

B. How Those Slang Words Reflect the Male and Female Rappers’ Style(s)

This part discusses the styles which are resulted from the use of slang expressions by male and female rappers. As mentioned before, style is distinctive linguistic expressions and their effects toward the text (Verdonk, 2002, p.3). Style can also be defined as linguistic features of a certain text (Leech and Short, 2007, p. 11). These linguistic expressions or linguistic features, then, will determine the style of the text. The linguistic expressions or linguistic features in this research are the slang forms and the meanings of the slangs. In other words, the styles of male and female rappers are obtained by looking at the forms of slangs and the meanings resulted from the use of the slangs which have been discussed in the previous part. The meanings of each slang expression, which are obtained by using semantic features, determine the context of the songs. Therefore, by knowing the context of the songs, the writer could draw the styles of the rappers.

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1. Male Rappers’ Styles

This part discusses styles of male rappers in using slang expressions.

There are two styles resulted from the use of slang expressions by male rappers.

They are various and power. The various style is obtained by looking at the forms used by male rappers, while the power one is obtained by looking at the meanings resulted from the use of slang expressions by male rappers. a. Various

In part A, it is explained that male and female rappers almost use the same frequency of slang forms. The frequency of slang forms used by male rappers is seven. They consist of Multiple Processes, Compounding, Affixation, Functional

Shift, Shortening, Change in Meaning, Change in Spelling, and Coinage.

The example of Multiple Processes is the expression “cornrows”. This expression is found in M. R. 1. a. line “You're pointless as Rapunzel with fuckin' cornrows”. This expression is categorized as slang expression which undergoes

Multiple Processes since it is formed from compounding and affixation processes.

Firstly, it is categorized into compounding process since it consists of two lexemes, which are “corn” with noun category and “rows” with either noun or verb category. Even though both constituents category, which is noun, is similar to the whole construction category, this expression cannot be categorized into endocentric compounding. It happens because both constituents do not connect one another in forming the whole meaning of the expression. In other words, this expression is exocentric compounding which does not have head. The entire meanings of the expression are “hair tied in tight braids separated by rows of bare

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scalp” and “to fix hair in tight braids”. Secondly, this expression is categorized into affixation since one of its constituents, which is “rows”, consists of two morphemes, which are “row” as the root and {–s} as the suffix.

Rows  row + {–s}

Root Suffix 1

Based on the pattern above, it can be seen that the root “row” gets addition of suffix {–s}. This suffix indicates inflection to the process which changes the number of the whole construction of the expression from singular into plural.

The example of Compounding is the expression “dish out” which is found in M. R. 2. a. line “Fuck y'all mean? Handlin' since a teen, I dish out”. This expression in categorized into Compounding because it consists of two lexemes, which are “dish” and “out”. The word “dish” in this context belongs to word category of verb, while the word “out” belongs to word category of adverb. By looking at its construction, this expression is a verb-headed-compounding.

However, this expression cannot be categorized into endocentric type of compounding because the meaning of the expression does not follow the meanings of both lexemes. The entire meaning of the expression “dish out” in slang dictionary is “to dispense (abuse)”.

The example of slang expression in the form of Affixation is “fuckery” which is found in M. R. 3. b. line “So miss me with that fuckery”. This expression is categorized into Affixation because it consists of three constituents.

They are “fuck” as the root, {–er} as the first suffix, and {–y} as the second suffix.

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Fuckery  fuck + {–er} + {–y}

Root Suffix 1 Suffix 2

The first two processes undergone by this expression is affixation. In the first affixation, the root “fuck” gets addition of suffix {–er} which also causes derivational process to the root itself.

Fucker  fuck + {–er}

Root Suffix 1

Because of the addition of suffix {–er}, the category of the root changes from verb into noun. After the two processes, the stem “fucker” gets the second affixation process.

Fuckery  fucker + {–y}

Stem Suffix 2

In this process, the stem “fucker” gets addition of suffix {–y}. In most cases, suffix {–y} causes derivational changing to the root or to the stem where the suffix added. However, in this case the suffix {–y} does not cause derivational changing to the stem “fucker”. In other words, the word category of the expression “fuckery” remains noun after the second affixation process.

The next form is Functional Shift. The example of slang expression in the form of Functional Shift is “half-cock” which is found in M. R. 1. a. line “My pen'll go off when I half-cock it”. This expression is categorized into Functional

Shift because this expression undergoes changing of function from adjective into verb. In slang dictionary, the category of this expression is adjective. However, in

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its use in song lyric, it is not used as an adjective, but as a verb. Therefore, it is concluded that this expression belongs to Functional Shift.

The next one is Shortening. The example of slang expression in the form of Shortening if “butt”. This expression is found in M. R. 1. b. line “Cause I worked my butt off now”. This expression is categorized into Shortening because at first, this expression stands for the word “buttock” (The Concise New Partridge

Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, 2006, & The Routledge

Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English, 2009). This word, then, undergoes clipping process which cuts the last syllable, “ock”, and leaves the first syllable, “butt”.

The next form is Change in Meaning. The example of slang expression in the form of Change in Meaning is “stomp” which is found in M. R. 1. b. line

“Stomp you in a verse, obstacles I‟m drawn to „em”. This expression is categorized into Change in Meaning because it comes from Standard English term, which undergoes meaning changing. In Standard English dictionary, this expression has meaning which is related to the way of walking in angry condition.

However, in slang dictionary, this expression has meanings which are related to a fight and data input.

The next form is Change in Spelling with “bougie” as the example of slang expression. This expression is found in M. R. 2. b. line “Y‟all think it‟s bougie, I‟m like, it‟s fine”. The expression “bougie” is categorized into Change in

Spelling because at first this expression comes from the word “bourgeois” which undergoes spelling changing.

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Bourgeois /ˈbʊəʒwɑ:/  Bougie /ˈbu:ʒɪ/

Based on the transcription, it can be seen that there are two vowels which undergo spelling changing. The first one is vowel /ʊə/ into /u:/. The second one is vowel

/ɑ:/ into /ɪ/. Therefore, it is concluded that this expression belongs to Change in

Spelling.

The last form used by male rappers is Coinage with “crap” as the example of the slang expression. This expression is found in M. R. 1. a. line “Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack”. “Crap” is categorized into Coinage because this expression is associated closely with a man named Thomas Crapper. The expression “crap” itself had existed before the birth of Thomas Crapper. However, since people in the era of Thomas Crapper‟s birth were not familiar with the term

“crap”, people start related the term with Thomas Crapper‟s name. Besides that,

Thomas Crapper had many lavatories named Thomas Crapper & Co. Therefore, people became surer that the term “crap” was related to the word “Crapper”.

Based on the explanation of each slang form with an example of slang expression in it, it can be seen that slang forms used by male rappers consist of

Multiple Processes, Compounding, Affixation, Functional Shift, Shortening,

Change in Meaning, Change in Spelling, and Coinage. Therefore, it is concluded that the first style of male rappers in using slang expression is various. b. Power

Besides discussing slang forms, part A also discusses semantic features which are shown from the use of slang expressions by male and female rappers.

From the discussion, each male and female rappers show three dominant semantic

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features. Male rappers tend to show [+Finance], [+Rudeness], and [+Profession].

From these three dominant semantic features, there are two semantic features which differentiate male and female rappers in using slang expressions. The two semantic features are [+Finance] and [+Profession].

The semantic features of [+Finance] and [+Profession] which are shown by male rappers through the use of slang words in their song lyrics emphasizes the condition where men are still often related or linked to something good or beneficial. Besides that, the two meanings also emphasize the characteristic of men in which since long time ago, men have power in every aspect. As mentioned in Mills (1995), the term man has already gained power when it is used to explain human revolution and to talk about some certain positions in a job (p. 66). Mills

(1995) also mentions that in case of terms which are used to address men, the terms have maintained the “association of power and prestige” (p. 84).

Some examples of slang expressions which show that men have power are

“dish out”, “bougie”, “hustlers”, and “stool”. The expression “dish out” is categorized as expression which shows power because this expression has semantic feature of [+Finance]. This expression is related to another slang expression in the previous line:

Involved with cream, you know exactly what this shit's 'bout Fuck y'all mean? Handlin' since a teen, I dish out

The italicized word is another slang expression which also has semantic feature of

[+Finance]. The expression “dish out” is related to the italicized slang expression since the expression describes the rapper‟s life since he is involved in a life in which everything is related to money.

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The next expression which is also categorized as expression which shows style of power is “bougie”. It happens because this expression has semantic feature of [+Finance] which is related to the previous and the next lines where this slang expression exists:

Financial freedom my only hope Fuck livin' rich and dyin' broke I bought some artwork for one million Two years later, that shit worth two million Few years later, that shit worth eight million I can't wait to give this shit to my children Y'all think it's bougie, I'm like, it's fine But I'm tryin' to give you a million dollars worth of game for $9.99

The italicized word and phrase are words and phrase which have semantic feature of [+Finance]. It happens because they talk about financial condition which changes from time to time. The change causes a thing have different money value from time to time. The expression “bougie” is related to the words and phrases since it shows a high money value as the result of the financial changing.

Therefore, this expression has semantic feature of [+Finance].

The next expression which also shows power is “hustlers”. This expression is categorized as the expression which shows power because it has semantic feature of [+Profession]. This expression is related to the previous lines:

House nigga, don't fuck with me I'm a field nigga, go shine cutlery Go play the quarters where the butlers be I'ma play the corners where the hustlers be

The italicized word, “butlers”, has semantic feature of [+Profession] since it describes about the position of an occupation. “Hustlers” itself also describes an occupation of men. In the lines, the rapper differentiates himself from another

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type of nigga, which is house nigga. He suggests the house nigga to go to butlers‟ place instead of hustlers‟ because according to him, house nigga is not suitable to the hustlers‟ place. Therefore, the expression “huslters” has semantic feature of

[+Profession].

The last expression showing style of power is “stool”. It happens because this expression has semantic feature of [+Profession] which is related to the previous and the next lines:

Anything they wanna do, hell yeah I'm ready for it Sexy bitch, just throw that back, hell yeah she's ready for it They thought that the boy was stool, now my shit, they're checkin' for it And your girl, she's addicted to it, I think that ho needs Betty Ford All I heard was "that boy's pop" All I heard was "that boy's not"

The previous and the next lines where the slang expression exists implicitly describe about the boy‟s occupation. Other people think that the boy is a police informer, while the rapper thinks that the boy is a masculine or active member of a lesbian relationship. Those lines implicitly show semantic feature of

[+Profession]. Therefore, the expression “stoll” which is still related to the lines also has semantic feature of [+Profession].

By considering the position of men in Mills‟ (1995) and the analysis of those semantic features, it can be concluded that men nowadays, specifically male rappers, still intend to emphasize their power which is shown through slang expressions‟ semantic features of [+Finance] and [+Profession] in song lyrics.

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2. Female Rappers’ Styles

This part discusses styles which are resulted from the use of slang expressions by female rappers. There are also two styles resulted. The first one is various and the second one is oppression. The various style is obtained by looking at the forms of slangs used by female rappers, while the oppression style is obtained by looking at the meanings resulted from the use of slang expressions. a. Various

As mentioned before, the frequency of slang forms used by male and female rappers is almost similar. Male rappers use seven slang forms, while female rappers use eight slang forms. The slang forms used by female rappers are

Multiple Processes, Compounding, Affixation, Functional Shift, Shortening,

Slang Loans, Change in Meaning, Change in Spelling, and Coinage.

The example of slang expression which undergoes Multiple Processes is

“birdbrains”. “Birdbrains” can be found in F. R. 3. a. line “Plant a few seeds, that‟s how I catch you birdbrains”. This expression is categorized into Multiple

Processes since it undergoes compounding and affixation processes. Firstly, this expression is categorized into compounding since it consists of two lexemes which are “bird” with noun category and “brains” with noun and verb categories.

This expression has noun category. It is similar to both lexemes constructing it.

Besides, the entire meaning of this expression is identical to both lexemes, in which the entire meaning is “a human who gives the impression of possessing a bird-size brain; a fool”. Therefore, it can be concluded that this expression is endocentric compounding. Secondly, this expression is categorized into affixation

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since one of its constituents consists of two morphemes. They are “brain” as the root and {–s} as the suffix.

Brains  brain + {–s}

Root Suffix

The suffix {–s} in the construction indicates an inflection which changes the category of the whole expression from singular into plural.

The example of slang expression in the form of Compounding is “lap dance”. This expression is found in F. R. 3. b. line “Pussy nigga give a lap dance”. This expression is categorized into Compounding because it consists of two lexemes, which are “lap” which belongs to either noun or verb category and

“dance” which also belongs to either noun or verb category. “Lap dance” is included into endocentric type of compounding since the whole category of the expression is identical to both categories of the lexemes. Besides that, the entire meaning of the expression is identical to the meanings of each lexeme. The entire meaning of the expression in slang dictionary is an intimate sexual performance which involves physical contact between female performer and a sitting male, in which the female performer grinds her buttocks into a sitting male customer‟s lap.

The next form used by female rappers is Affixation with “swingin‟” as the example of the slang expression. This expression in found in F. R. 2. a. line

“Swingin' my weave drink in my glass”. This expression is categorized into

Affixation because it consists of two constituents, which are “swing” as the root and {–ing} which is formed into {–in‟} as the suffix.

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Swingin‟  swing + {–in‟}

Root Suffix

This expression undergoes only one morphological process, which is affixation. In its word formation, the root “swing” gets an addition of suffix {–ing} which is formed into {–in‟} which does not change the word category of the root because the word category still remains the same, which is verb.

The next form is Fucntional Shift with “cum” as the slang expression example. This expression is found in F. R. 2. a. line “She told me money make her cum so I am give her some”. This expression belongs to Functional Shift because in slang dictionary, this expression belongs to noun category. However, in its use in song lyric, the category changes into adjective since the position of the expression is following animate object, “her”. In most cases, the word category following animate object is adjective. Therefore, this expression undergoes functional shift from noun into adjective.

The next one is Shortening. The slang expression example of this form is

“hood” which is found in F. R. 1. a. “I‟m with some hood girls lookin‟ back at it”.

This expression is categorized into Shortening since it comes from the word

“neighborhood” (The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and

Unconventional English, 2006, & The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American

Slang and Unconventional English, 2009) which undergoes clipping process. In the clipping process, the first two syllables are cut and there leaves the shortening form, “hood”.

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The fifth form is Slang Loans with “kahuna” as the slang expression example. This expression is found in F. R. 1. a. line “I‟m the big kahuna, go let them whores know”. “Kahuna” is categorized into Slang Loans since it is adopted from Hawaiian term which means “priest, wise man”.

The next form is Change in Meaning with “bird” as the slang expression example. “Bird” is found in F. R. 2. b. line “This nigga got nerve, tryna play me for a bird”. This expression belongs to Change in Meaning since it comes from

Standard English term which undergoes meaning changing in slang term. In

Standard English term, “bird” has meaning which is related to animal, while in slang term, this expression has meaning s which are related to human gender, parts of human body, money, an occupation, a horse racing, drug, and transportation.

The next one is Change in Spelling. The slang expression example for this form is “thang”. “Thang” is found in F. R. 3. b. line “I pull up and skrrt in that foreign thang”. This expression is categorized into Change in Spelling since this expression comes from the word “thing” which undergoes vowel changing:

Thing /θɪŋ/  Thang /θæŋ/

Based on the transcription, it can be seen that the vowel changes from /ɪ/ into /æ/.

The vowel changing causes spelling changing to the word. Therefore, the expression “thang” is categorized into Change in Spelling.

The last form used by female rappers is Coinage with “yo” as slang expression example. “Yo” is found in F. R. 3. a. line “While niggas popping yo top and popping the bottle”. This expression is categorized into Coinage since the

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expression “yo” comes from a greeting used in military since 15C. “Yo” became more popular since World War II when it was used as common response at roll calls.

Based on the explanation of slang forms with one slang expression in each form, it can be seen that there is only one slang form which differentiates male and female rappers in using slang expressions. The form is Slang Loans. It is explained that male rappers do not use Slang Loans form in their song lyrics, while female rappers do. There are two slang expressions in the form of Slang

Loans which are used by female rappers. They are “kahuna” and “pronto”.

However, it cannot be concluded that female rappers are different from male rappers in using slang forms since both male and female rappers have many similarities in using slang forms. Therefore, the first style of female rappers is similar to male rappers, which is various. b. Oppression

As mentioned before, female rappers also show three dominant semantic features in their songs. The dominant semantic features shown by female rappers are [+Rudeness], [+Crime], and [+Body Part]. From these three semantic features, there are two semantic features which differentiate between male and female rappers. Those semantic features are [+Crime] and [+Body Part]. Different from male rappers who intend to emphasize their power, female rappers intend to emphasize their real condition of life in which since long time ago, women still experience oppression from their opposite gender. In other words, their position is always under the man‟s position. It is mentioned in Mills (1995) that in case of

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terms which are used to address women, the terms have received “a sexual and non-prestigious meaning” (p. 84).

Some slang expressions which show that women still experience oppression are “base”, “ballers”, “ass”, and “booty”. The first expression “base” is categorized as expression which shows style of oppression because this expression has semantic feature of [+Crime]. It happens because this expression is related to another slang expression in the line, “Cookin' up that base, lookin' like a kilo”. The italicized phrase is another slang expression which explains the process of manufacturing the “base”. Therefore, these two slang expressions are related one another and have same semantic feature, which is [+Crime].

The second expression is “ballers”. This expression is also categorized into expression which shows style of oppression because it also has semantic feature of [+Crime]. This expression is related to another slang expression in the previous line:

Cause we dope girls we flawless, we the poster girls for all this We run around with them ballers, only real niggas in my call list

The italicized word is the other slang expression which describes the girls‟ habit which has semantic feature of [+Crime]. The rapper explains that she and her girl friends have bad habit, which is as drug users. She also explains that she cheats with the “ballers”, dealers of drug. Therefore, the expression “ballers” also has semantic feature of [+Crime].

The next expression which shows style of oppression is “ass”. It happens because this expression has semantic feature of [+Body Part]. This semantic feature also belongs to two words in the previous lines:

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My lips is poppin' makeup light My body bangin' My ass is pokin'

The italicized words, “lips” and “body”, also have semantic feature of [+Body

Part] since these two words mention parts of body. Therefore, the expression

“ass” also belongs to semantic feature of [+Body Part] because this expression is related to the two words.

The last expression which also shows style of oppression is “booty”. It happens because this expression has semantic feature of [+Body Part] which also belongs to some words in the previous and the next lines:

My wrist game right Female? Booty do the magic I make it happen When it comes to ass you know I still got the fattest

The italicized words, which are “wrist” and “ass”, are the words which have sematic feature of [+Body Part] since they also mention some parts of body.

Therefore, the expression “booty” also belongs to expression which shows semantic feature of [+Body Part] since this expression is related to the two words.

Based on the explanation of the women‟s position in Mills‟ (1995) and the explanation of each semantic feature, it can be concluded that women, especially female rappers, still think that they do not have the ability such as what is owned by men. They still feel that they are treated oppressively by people, especially their opposite gender. Therefore, they show their oppression feeling through slang expressions‟ semantic features of [+Crime] and [+Body Part] that they use in song lyrics.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Slang, as mentioned before, is one of the language varieties which are used in many language uses. This kind of language variety is not restricted by gender.

It means that both man and woman can use slang. One of the uses of slang is in creating rap song lyrics. In rap song, both male and female rappers use slang expressions. However, they still have their own styles in using slang expressions.

The styles of male and female rappers are obtained by looking at the slang forms which are used in the song lyrics and the semantic features which are shown through the slang expressions used.

Male and female rappers use various forms in creating their song lyrics.

Both of them use Multiple Processes, Compounding, Affixation, Functional Shift,

Shortening, Change in Meaning, Change in Spelling, and Coinage forms. There is only one form which differentiates them. The form is Slang Loans. Male rappers do not use this form in their song lyrics. On the other hand, female rappers do use it. However, this form cannot be used as a base which indicates a difference between male and female rappers in using slang forms. It happens because the similarities between male and female rappers in using slang forms are much greater than the difference. Thus, it can be concluded that in using language form male and female rappers have the same style, which is various.

Besides slang forms, male and female rappers also show certain meanings in their song lyrics. The meanings of the slang expressions are obtained by using

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semantic features. Semantic features of slang expressions by male rappers are

[+Finance] and [+Profession]. These semantic features show that men, in general, still intend to emphasize their power. On the other hand, semantic features of slang expressions by female rappers are [+Crime] and [+Body Part]. By looking at these semantic features, it can be concluded that women, in general, intend to say that they experience oppression which cause them have low position than men.

Based on the explanation and analysis of slang forms and meanings by male and female rappers, it can be concluded that male and female rappers have both similar and different style. The similar style is obtained by looking at the slang forms used, in which both male and female rappers use many slang forms.

Therefore, the similar style of male and female rappers is various. The different style is obtained by looking at the semantic features shown, in which male rappers tend to show [+Finance] and [+Profession] which indicate power, while female rappers tend to show [+Crime] and [+Body Part] which indicate oppression.

Therefore, the second style of male rappers after various is power, while the second style of female rappers after various is oppression.

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REFERENCES

Adams, Michael. (2009). Slang: The People’s Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.

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Creswell, John W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. London: SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Dalzell, Tom & Terry Victor (Eds.). (2006). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (8th ed). New York: Routledge.

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Endrawati, Yohana. (2002). The Use of Slang among the Youth in Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, & Nina Hyams, (2014). An Introduction to Language (10th ed). New York: Calder Foundation.

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Hummon, David M. (1994). College Slang Revisited: Language, Culture, and Undergraduate Life. The Journal of Higher Education, 65 (1), 75-98.

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Leech, Geoffrey & Mick Short. (2007). Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose (2nd ed). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

Lieber, Rochelle. (2009). Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Mattiello, Elisa. (2008). An Introduction to English Slang. Milan: Polimetrica Publisher.

Mills, Sara. (1995). Feminist Stylistics. London: Routledge.

Ochonogor W. C., N. O. Alakpodia, & I. E Achugbue. (2012). The Impact of Text Message Slang (Tms) or Chartroom Slang on Students Academic Performance. International Journal of Internet of Things, 1(2), 1-4. http://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijit.20120102.01.

Pate, Alexs. (2010). In the Heart of the Beat: The Poetry of Rap. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Inc.

Simpson, Paul. (2004). Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students. New York: Routledge.

Trudgill, Peter. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society (4th ed). London: Penguin Group.

Verdonk, Peter. (2002). Stylistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wijana, I Dewa Putu. (2012). The Use of English in Indonesian Adolescent‟s Slang. Journal of Language and Literature, 24 (3 October 2012), 315-323.

Yule, George. (2006). The Study of Language (3rd ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Genius Lyrics. (2017). (https://genius.com/Bob-finesse-lyrics). November 27, 2017.

Genius Lyrics. (2013). (https://genius.com/Bob-ready-lyrics). November 27, 2017.

Genius Lyrics. (2013). (https://genius.com/Eminem-rap-god-lyrics). November 27, 2017.

Genius Lyrics. (2015). (https://genius.com/Eminem-phenomenal-lyrics). November 27, 2017.

Genius Lyrics. (2015). (https://genius.com/Jay-z-dead-presidents-lyrics). November 27, 2017.

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Genius Lyrics. (2017). (https://genius.com/Jay-z-the-story-of-oj-lyrics). November 27, 2017.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Song Lyrics Undergoing Multiple Processes by Male Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics You don't really wanna get into a pissin' match I'll still be able to break a motherfuckin' table M. R. 1. a. How could I not blow? All I do is drop F-bombs But I got your mom deep-throatin'

You're pointless as Rapunzel with fuckin' cornrows I ain't been this fucked up in a while M. R. 3. a. At the same time, fuckin' up the couch

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Appendix 2: Song Lyrics Containing Compounding Form by Male Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics

My pen'll go off when I half-cock it With Monica Lewinsky feelin' on his nutsack

This flippity dippity-hippity hip-hop You don't really wanna get into a pissin' match Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack M. R. 1. a. Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack I'll still be able to break a motherfuckin' table How could I not blow? All I do is drop F-bombs But I got your mom deep-throatin'

You're pointless as Rapunzel with fuckin' cornrows M. R. 2. a. Fuck y'all mean? Handlin' since a teen, I dish out I ain't been this fucked up in a while M. R. 3. a. At the same time, fuckin' up the couch If I give it to her, she gon' run her mouth

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Appendix 3: Song Lyrics Containing Affixation Form by Male Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics Over the back of a couple of faggots, and crack it in half

You fags think it's all a game, 'til I walk a flock of flames M. R. 1. a. Immediately with these bombs I'm totin'

Morphin' into an immortal, comin' through the portal

You're pointless as Rapunzel with fuckin' cornrows

M. R. 2. a. I blow a digit on a diamond in a minute but no bitches M. R. 2. b. I'ma play the corners where the hustlers be M. R. 3. a. Woke up with two bitches in my house That's right I'm too faded, you're two shaded M. R. 3. b. Top 5 on any list, but I've moved up by five slots So miss me with that fuckery

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Appendix 4: Song Lyrics Containing Functional Shift Form by Male Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics

My pen'll go off when I half-cock it Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack M. R. 1. a. It‟s actually disastrously bad for the wack “It‟s not hip-hop, it‟s pop,” because I found a hella way to fuse it

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Appendix 5: Song Lyrics Containing Shortening Form by Male Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics Rappers are havin‟ a rough time period, here‟s a maxi pad “You are just what the doc ordered.”

How could I not blow? All I do is drop F-bombs You fags think it‟s all a game, „till I walk a flock of flames M. R. 1. b. Cause I worked my butt off now M. R. 3. b. I only pick it up for that grip

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Appendix 6: Song Lyrics Containing Change in Meaning Form by Male Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics what I think it means, we're in trouble, big trouble; and if he is as bananas as you say, I'm not

Got a fat knot from that rap profit

Got a fat knot from that rap profit M. R. 1. a. How could I not blow? All I do is drop F-bombs Let me show you maintaining this shit ain't that hard, that hard I'ma work for everything I have, never ask nobody for shit But if I can't batter the women Stomp you in a verse, obstacles I'm drawn to 'em Yeah, I don't try like hell, then I might as well M. R. 1. b. Cause you can keep throwin' shit at the wall And put in twice what you get back from this shit Cause you can bet your ass you'll be left handed While others spit that Wonderama shit, me and my conglomerate Shall remain anonymous, caught up in the finest shit Involved with cream, you know exactly what this shit's 'bout M. R. 2. a. And now it's kosher, shit is so Hasidic

Involved with cream, you know exactly what this shit's 'bout My mind was fine 'til the dough hit it I blow a digit on a diamond in a minute but no bitches House nigga, don't fuck with me M. R. 2. b. Two years later, that shit worth two million Few years later, that shit worth eight million I can't wait to give this shit to my children Woke up with two bitches in my house M. R. 3. a. Ghetto bitch, I think she wet the towels Ghetto bitch, I think she wet the towels Money on my mind, can‟t take it off that shit We ain't gonna let up on you pussy niggas I'm passed one, high as fuck So miss me with that fuckery That's my swag, you should pay me M. R. 3. b. This is my whip, ain't that the coupe? Bitch, act like you've got a clue They thought that the boy was stool, now my shit, they're checkin' for it All I heard was "that boy's pop" I've just turned my crib in to the hookah spot

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Appendix 7: Song Lyrics Containing Change in Spelling Form by Male Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics Light nigga, dark nigga, faux nigga, real nigga Rich nigga, poor nigga, house nigga, field nigga Still nigga, still nigga M. R. 2. b. House nigga, don't fuck with me I'm a field nigga, go shine cutlery Me and my niggas takin' real chances, uh Y‟all think it‟s bougie, I‟m like it‟s fine Apply major pressure my nigga A nigga's got five different iPhones M. R. 3. b. We ain't gonna let up on you pussy niggas I don't see niggas until I look down And your girl, she‟s addicted to it, I think that ho needs Betty Ford

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Appendix 8: Song Lyrics Containing Coinage Form by Male Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics Backpack rap crap, yap-yap, yackety-yack M. R. 1. a. Ungh, school flunky, pill junkie M. R. 1. b. Rap is my shiv M. R. 3. b. You are now welcomed to the kush lounge

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Appendix 9: Song Lyrics Undergoing Multiple Processes by Female Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics He be thinking about me when he whacks off National anthem, hats off F. R. 1. a. Cookin' up that base, lookin' like a kilo He just wanna taste, biggin' up my ego That motherfucking head hancho, hancho Let‟s get it jumping, like a motherfucking tip off F. R. 3. a. Plant a few seeds, that‟s how I catch you birdbrains They like oh, I think she pissed off Now you know not to fuck with the Kimmy Blanco motherfucker

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Appendix 10: Song Lyrics Containing Compounding Form by Female Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics

And I'm feelin' myself, jack rabbit F. R. 1. a. 'Cause I'm feelin' myself, jack off F. R. 1. b. Drop down, turn around, baby show you like this

F. R. 2. a. Pumpin' like a jack rabbit F. R. 2. b. You'll never find another 10-caramel skin with the right tan F. R. 3. a. One head now you getting dust off F. R. 3. b. Pussy nigga give a lap dance

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Appendix 11: Song Lyrics Containing Affixation Form by Female Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics Drippin' on that work, trippin' off that perc Stingin' with the Queen Bey and we be whippin' all of that D F. R. 1. a. Stingin' with the Queen Bey and we be whippin' all of that D We run around with them ballers, only real niggas in my call list F. R. 1. b. I count up the racks like Serena 100 racks in ones well can I have some fun You with a hundred niggas show me who the money man

Swingin' my weave drink in my glass F. R. 2. a.

Pumpin' like a jack rabbit My body bangin' My ass is pokin' Yea, y'all bitches kinda hot, meet hell I swear I got them bitches running like a treadmill Fictitious little bitches but I make you dead real F. R. 3. a. Nah, it ain't nothing to a fucking boss While niggas popping yo top and popping the bottle While niggas popping yo top and popping the bottle And the bitter bitches, got 'em mad now You broke bitches outta order These bitches is class clowns Sour niggas stay hatin' on us F. R. 3. b. Sour niggas stay hatin' on me Yeah, I'm ballin' but I want some mo' money They callin' me the young gunner My old flows, like hand-me-downs

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Appendix 12: Song Lyrics Containing Functional Shift Form by Female Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics F. R. 2. a. She told me money make her cum so I am give her some F. R. 3. a. One head now you getting dust off F. R. 3. b. Yeah, I‟m ballin’ but I want some mo‟ money

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Appendix 13: Song Lyrics Containing Shortening Form by Female Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics I‟m with some hood girls lookin‟ back at it F. R. 1. a. Let that ho ho, let that ho know – he in love with that coco Stingin‟ with the Queen Bey and we be whippin‟ all of that D F. R. 2. b. I was in the benz, so drop drop F. R. 3. b. Tryna see what else you could jack

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Appendix 14: Song Lyrics Containing Slang Loans Form by Female Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics F. R. 1. a. I‟m the big kahuna, go let them whores know F. R. 3. a. I‟m bout to rain on you pronto, pronto

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Appendix 15: Song Lyrics Containing Change in Meaning Form by Female Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics Bitch, never left but I'm back at it Bitches ain't got punchlines or flow Just on this song alone, bitch is on her fourth flow Panky full of that bounce baby Come get you some of that bounce baby F. R. 1. a. Cookin‟ up that base, lookin‟ like a kilo Drippin' on that work, trippin' off that perc Stingin' with the Queen Bey and we be whippin' all of that D Stingin' with the Queen Bey and we be whippin' all of that D Stingin' with the Queen Bey and we be whippin' all of that D Just on this song alone, bitch is on her fourth flow Not nice, boy you know you do your dirt I'm a bad bitch, you ain't used to that And you know nah-nah-nah-nah-nah, not a bitch Money bag long, that bitch bad F. R. 1. b. You gon‟ fuck around and make me do you bad I count up the cash and bring you the bag I count up the racks like Serena Plus I got that ass like Selena Thick hips skinny waist little bit of weave and a pretty face Swingin' my weave drink in my glass Swingin' my weave drink in my glass Red bottoms get it straight she said you want this dick Shawty ass fat fat fat fat fat fat And she gone make the ass clap clap clap clap clap clap My ass been fat watch me toot it out He throwin' it up spankin' my ass When it comes to ass you know I still got the fattest F. R. 2. a. My ass is pokin' 100 racks in ones well can I have some fun She told me money make her cum so I am give her some My ass been fat watch me toot it out

Pumpin' like a jack rabbit

Let the bread pile up mathematics My body bangin' My ass is pokin' Thick like a horse

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Thick like a horse Bitch I'm a star Booty do the magic I make it happen

Just like some of that shit rozay is smokin' This nigga got nerve, tryna play me for a bird This nigga got nerve, tryna play me for a bird You can keep that whip, you can have that bitch You can keep that whip, you can have that bitch You'll never find another 10-caramel skin with the right tan Fuck love, what's that? You fuckin' round, then coming back I don't fuck with the hype man F. R. 2. b. Then you gon' have me saying "fuck love, fuck love" Fuck love, fuck love, fuck love Girl you have me saying "fuck love" And I fucked around and tried to lose it all Fuck around and get it right back here Cause when you fuck with me I don't want this shit, you can keep that purse So stop hyping shit like it's still the first night, damn Late night for the night cap here That bitch know how I get down, they already prompt us Yea, y'all bitches kinda hot, meet hell I swear I got them bitches running like a treadmill Fictitious little bitches but I make you dead real F. R. 3. a. Made bitch, I got the keys from the syndicate Bitch your time is up, word to Mavado So fuck it if it ain't old, I like my money vintage Now you know not to fuck with the Kimmy Blanco motherfucker While niggas popping yo top and popping the bottle Back in this bitch with a bag now And the bitter bitches, got 'em mad now You broke bitches outta order I'm a bad bitch with some ol' money One, zero, zero, zero, bitch, then a comma Zero, zero, zero, zero, bitch F. R. 3. b. These bitches is class clowns Yeah, I'm ballin' but I want some mo' money Pop the Lamborghini in the living room Bomb pussy, that's a boombox Bomb pussy, that's a boombox Pussy nigga give a lap dance Spent a rack on some Gucci tube socks

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'Cause I'm hangin' clothes from these racks now They callin' me the young gunner The way I body these jeans is such a crime My old flows, like hand-me-downs Tryna see what else you could jack Killin' shit like the Reaper Buyin' shit for no reason

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Appendix 16: Song Lyrics Containing Change in Spelling Form by Female Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics F. R. 1. a. Let that ho ho, let that ho know – he in love with that coco This nigga got nerve, tryna play me for a bird F. R. 2. b. You're tryna give a nigga tough love All these rich niggas know me F. R. 3. a. While niggas popping yo top and popping the bottle Sour niggas stay hatin' on us Quarter mill when I'm layin', nigga F. R. 3. b. Pussy nigga give a lap dance I pull up and skrrt in that foreign thang They got a love-hate type-a thang for me

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Appendix 17: Song Lyrics Containing Coinage Form by Female Rappers

Code Slang Expressions with the Lyrics

Pretty gang always keep them niggas on geek F. R. 1. a. Cause we dope girls we flawless, we the poster girls for all this We run around with them ballers, only real niggas in my call list F. R. 3. a. While niggas popping yo top and popping the bottle

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Appendix 18: Summary of Semantic Features with Their Slang Expressions by Male Rappers

Semantic Features of Slang Expressions by Code Slang Expressions Male Rappers [+Emotion] M. R. 1. a. Bananas, Blow, F-bombs [+Power] M. R. 1. a. Doc, Pissin' match, Morphin' [+Quality] M. R. 1. a. Half-cock M. R. 1. a. Fat, Knot M. R. 2. a. Cream, Dish out, Dough [+Finance] M. R. 2. b. Shit, Bougie M. R. 3. b. Shit, Grip, Swag, Crib, Kush, Fuckery Nutsack, Motherfuckin', Shit, Deep- M. R. 1. a. throatin', Fuckin', Hella M. R. 1. b. Hell, Shit, Butt, Ass M. R. 2. a. Shit, Bitches [+Rudeness] M. R. 2. b. Nigga, Fuck, Hustlers, Shit Fucked up, Bitches, Ghetto, Fuckin' M. R. 3. a. up, Run her mouth Nigga, Shit, Pussy, Faded, Bitch, Pop, M. R. 3. b. Fuckery Backpack, Crap, Yap-yap, Yackety- M. R. 1. a. yack M. R. 1. b. Stomp, Butt [+Profession] M. R. 2. a. Dish out M. R. 2. b. Hustlers M. R. 3. b. Stool, Slots [+Relationship] M. R. 1. a. Faggots, Fags M. R. 1. a. Maxi, Cornrows [+Life Style] M. R. 3. b. Whip [+Position] M. R. 1. a. Wack [+Crime] M. R. 1. a. Totin', Junkie [+Struggle] M. R. 1. a. Batter [+Body Part] M. R. 1. b. Butt [+Protection] M. R. 1. b. Shiv [+Sexism] M. R. 3. b. Ho

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Appendix 19: Summary of Semantic Features with Their Slang Expressions by Female Rappers

Semantic Features of Slang Code Slang Expressions Expressions by Female Rappers [+Emotion] F. R. 1. a. Hats off, Biggin' up [+Power] F. R. 1. a. Kahuna F. R. 2. a. Bread [+Finance] F. R. 3. b. Ballin', Pop Bitch, Jack rabbit, Jack off, Whacks off, F. R. 1. a. Geek, Bounce, Ho, Dope, Ballers Dirt, Bitch, Fuck, Bag, Racks, Ass, Drop F. R. 1. b. down Niggas, Dick, Ass, Racks, Cum, Toot, F. R. 2. a. Swingin', Pumpin', Jack rabbit, Bangin', Pokin', Shit, Horse, Thick, Bitch, Booty [+Rudeness] Fuck, Nigga, Nerve, Bird, Shit, Bitch, Benz, F. R. 2. b. Cap Bitch, Fuck, Motherfucking, Pronto, F. R. 3. a. Birdbrains, Pissed off, Fucking, Dust off, Niggas, Popping, Yo, Motherfucker Bitch, Niggas, Ballin', Rack, Jack, Lap F. R. 3. b. dance, Shit [+Profession] F. R. 1. a. Drippin', Flow F. R. 1. a. Hood [+Relationship] F. R. 3. b. Thang [+Life Style] F. R. 3. b. Bomb, Pussy, Gunner, Body Cookin' up, Base, Coco, Stingin', Whippin', F. R. 1. a. D, Dope, Ballers F. R. 1. b. Bag [+Crime] F. R. 2. a. Racks, Toot F. R. 2. b. Benz, Cap F. R. 3. b. Rack F. R. 1. b. Ass [+Body Part] F. R. 2. a. Weave, Dick, Ass, Bangin', Pokin', Booty F. R. 2. b. Bird, 10-caramel [+Business] F. R. 2. b. Ring [+Value] F. R. 2. b. Whip, Flows