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AUSTRALIA—JUNE 194 2 ISCUSSING The CHAPTER 4 AUSTRALIA—JUNE 194 2 ISCUSSING the establishment of the South-West Pacific Area on 3r d D April 1942, the American naval historian remarked : Since Admiral King has been accused of attempting to hamper and restrict Genera l MacArthur's command, it is worth recording that the addition of the Bismarcks and Solomons to it was his idea, as he felt it was essential to engage the attentio n of Australia to the defence of the approaches to their country, and shake them ou t of their isolationist attitude .1 Against the record of Australia 's conduct with regard to the defence of her northern and north-eastern approaches, both before and during th e war, it is difficult to see in what way her attention thereto needed engaging ; and equally difficult to find reasons for Admiral King's seeing a necessity to shake the Australians "out of their isolationist attitude" . As was pointed out earlier in this work2 the importance of these island approaches in the defence of Australia was emphasised at the First World War peace con- ference by W. M. Hughes, who had a hard fight to secure the mandat e over the Bismarck Archipelago and the northern Solomons, and who found it "difficult to make the Council of Ten realise how utterly the safety of Australia depended upon the possession of these islands . and that those who hold it [New Guinea] hold us". In the between-the-wars perio d the terms of the mandate precluded the fortifying of the islands. But within her powers Australia did what was possible to prepare defences . Most important was the establishment of the coastwatching organisation (now , in 1942, about to come into its own) in the islands as early as 1928 , by which time there were thirteen coastwatchers positioned in New Guinea , thirteen in Papua, and ten in the Solomon Islands . In 1939 the islan d territories were included as areas in which members of the Australia n Military Forces who had not volunteered for overseas service might b e compelled to serve . The extent to which the Australian Navy, Army and Air Force operate d actively in these north-eastern areas during the war years since 1939 wa s in inverse proportion to the "isolationist attitude" to which, in Admira l King's view, she had resorted, and which resulted in her having most o f her combat naval ships in action against the European Axis powers on the other side of the world, nearly all her battle-trained troops in the Middl e East, and a large proportion of her air force also overseas fighting in th e European and Middle Eastern theatres. Not until the Japanese actually struck in December 1941 were Australia's naval units recalled to the defence of Australia, and not for months thereafter were some of her experienced and battle-toughened soldiers brought back to take part in th e Morison, Vol IV, p. 249n . 2 Royal Australian Navy, 1939-1942, p . 7. Iun-Oct 1942 CONDITIONS OF SERVICE 10 1 defence of their homeland. Since the entry of the Japanese into the war the marked absence of an "isolationist attitude" had been demonstrated by all three of her Services fighting and suffering heavy casualties in Malaya , Singapore, and the Netherlands East Indies, and by her agreement t o the British request that two of her three divisions in the Middle Eas t should be transferred to Java and Sumatra . And, until the United States was able to reinforce—though first of all sparsely—the Allied naval an d air forces operating in the north-eastern approaches, the R .A.N. Squadron , the R.A.A.F., and Australian soldiers filled the gap . In June 1942 all ships of the R.A.N.—with the exception of the four "N" Class destroyers, and the three corvettes Bathurst, Lismore, and Geraldton,3 which were with the Eastern Fleet—were serving on the Aus- tralia Station. Most of them were in the north-eastern area, where the mai n units formed the major part of the original Anzac Squadron and no w comprised Task Force 44. In both Anzac Squadron and Task Force 44 they had been in action against the Japanese in defence of the north - eastern approaches to Australia. In June 1942 the cruisers Australia, Canberra, Hobart, Adelaide ; A.M.C's Westralia and Manoora ; destroyer s Arunta and Vendetta; sloops Warrego and Swan ; and minelayer Bungaree, were in eastern Australian waters . The destroyers Stuart and Voyager were based on Fremantle. Of the 24 corvettes on the Station, 16 were escorting and patrolling in the east and north-east areas ; four were based on Darwin ; and four on Fremantle. At this time the total number of officers and men borne by the R .A.N. was nearly five times that of the permanent service when war broke ou t in 1939 . There were, at 26th June 1942, 23,487 officers and men, of which number 14,646 were afloat, 6,477 were in shore services, and 2,364 were under training . Recruits at the rate of approximately 400 a mont h were at this time being obtained through R.A.N.R. recruiting in all States . Recruits signed for the duration of hostilities, and when entered wer e drafted to Flinders Naval Depot for a 20 weeks ' intensive training course. Rates of pay had increased on those ruling at the outbreak of war . Shortly—in October 1942—an ordinary seaman, 2nd class, was to receiv e double the is 9d a day which was his little lot in September 1939 (plus 6d a day deferred pay) . The higher ratings were not fortunate enough to have their pay doubled, but on minimum rates an able seaman's 7s a day was increased to 8s 6d (plus is 9d a day deferred pay), and a chief petty officer 's lls a day became 12s 6d (plus 2s 7d a day deferred) . The active rates of pay for executive officers ranged (at minimum rates) from 7s 6d a day for midshipmen ; 12s 6d for sub-lieutenants ; 20s for lieu- tenants; 31s 6d for lieut-commanders ; 41s 6d for commanders; 61s 6d for captains; to 101s 6d for rear-admirals. Deferred pay stepped up at approxi- mately 6d a rank from 3s a day for midshipmen to 6s a day for captains. A marriage allowance of 4s 6d a day was made to both officers an d a HMAS Geraldton, corvette (1942), 650 tons, one 4-ln gun, 1571 kts. 102 AUSTRALIA—JUNE 1942 Jun 1942 ratings, all of whom (except lieut-commanders and above) received dail y allowances for children . The daily active pay of Women's Royal Australian Naval Service rating s ranged (minimum) from 4s 4d for a W .R.A.N.-adult; 5s 8d leadin g W.R.A.N. ; 6s 4d petty officer W.R.A.N. ; to 7s chief petty officer W.R.A.N. Officers of the W .R.A.N.S. received : third officer, lls active daily pay ; second officer 16s ; first officer 18s 6d and chief officer 21s . These ranks were equivalent to sub-lieutenant (third officer) through to commande r (chief officer) . In April 1942, the Royal Australian Naval Nursing Servic e was established . Rates of pay therein were : sister, l is daily; superintendin g sister, 16s daily; matron, 18s 6d daily. The relative naval ranks were sub- lieutenant, lieutenant, and lieut-commander . In addition to his pay, the sailor at sea or in shore establishments, ha d his keep—he was "victualled". As in the Royal Navy there were, in the R.A.N., three systems of victualling in use when the war broke out . The general mess system was in operation in most large ships and establish- ments. Under this, the Accountant or Stores Officer was responsible fo r the complete messing of the whole ship's company, except officers, i n accordance with an approved standard providing for four meals a day — breakfast, dinner, tea, and supper . The daily victualling expenditure pe r man authorised for the R.A.N. was is 9d a day, except in small ships operating in northern waters, where an extra 5d was allowed . In smaller ships, up until early 1943 (when they were put under the general messin g system) the standard ration system was in use . An allowance of provision s was made to messes together with a monetary allowance. Under the standard ration allowance each man was entitled to receive daily 12 o z bread, 9 to 12 oz fresh meat, 12 oz potatoes, 8 oz fresh vegetables, 2 o z butter, 3 oz sugar, 2 oz chocolate, 2 oz condensed milk or half-pint fres h milk, and Z oz tea . Tea and chocolate were favourite drinks . The cry "The tea is wet" was welcome at any time on the mess decks, and the thick hot chocolate, or "kai ", was an almost indispensable accompaniment of the night watch. The R.A.N. was better off in victualling than the R.N.,4 but showed to disadvantage against the U.S. Navy, with whose conditions Australians were now to be able to draw comparisons through close association . Such complaints as were voiced by members of Australian ships' com- panies (noted in a study of letters intercepted by the censor) with regar d 4 1n a comparison between R.N . and R.A .N. victualling, a study of the Supply Organisation of the R .A.N . was prepared by a former Supply Chief Petty Officer, R .A.N., the late Mr C.
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