The Time of Utopia in Search of the Lost Future Miasto Przyszłości / Laboratorium Wrocław City of the Future / Laboratory Wroclaw

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The Time of Utopia in Search of the Lost Future Miasto Przyszłości / Laboratorium Wrocław City of the Future / Laboratory Wroclaw 1 The Time of Utopia In Search of the Lost Future Miasto Przyszłości / Laboratorium Wrocław City of the Future / Laboratory Wroclaw Wrocław, 2016 © Biuro Festiwalowe IMPART 2016 ul. Komuny Paryskiej 39-41 50-451 Wrocław www.wroclaw2016.pl ISBN: 978-83-946602-9-1 Redaktor prowadzący / Commissioning editor: Tomasz Targański Korekta / Proofreading: Natalia Biegańska Tłumaczenie / Translation: Karol Waniek, www.arttranslator.pl Oprawa graficzna / Graphic desin: Paulina Rosińska, www.heissenstudio.com Fotografie / Photographs: Wojciech Nekanda Trepka, Krzysztof Ćwik Publikację dofinansowano ze środków Ministerstwa Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego. This publication is subsidized by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. 2 Wersja polska s.4-152 English version p. 154-300 Spis treści Wstęp 7-8 Edwin Bendyk Dzień pierwszy Debata: Europa Środkowa – przestrzeń utopii 11–18 czy kraina króla Ubu? Edwin Bendyk, Leonidas Donskis, Radka Denemarková, Katarzyna Uczkiewicz, Mykoła Riabczuk Dzień drugi Ewolucja utopii: między zasadą nadziei 22–31 a zasadą odpowiedzialności Arno Münster Śmierć utopii 32–38 Leonidas Donkis Od awarii do utopii albo dlaczego świat dzisiejszy trzeba 39–47 popsuć Przemysław Czapliński Transhumanizm, Kukania i „kraina szczęśliwości” 48–55 Stefan Sorgner Transhumanizm i religie. Od antropologii do ekologii 56–65 Dominika Kozłowska Technoutopie: zagrożenia i konsekwencje 66–69 Katarzyna Szymielewicz 4 Liberalna krytyka utopii 70–76 James Hughes Debata 77–86 Alek Tarkowski, James Hughes, Dominika Kozłowska, Katarzyna Szymielewicz, Mirosław Filiciak, Stefan Sorgner Dzień trzeci Futurability 90–94 Franco „Bifo” Berardi Świat trzeba zmieniać bez pytania o zgodę 95–100 Inna Szewczenko Dyskusja 101–106 Edwin Bendyk, Inna Szewczenko Wieczny Futurostan: mity, fantazje i powstanie Astany 107–115 w postsowieckim Kazachstanie Michaił Akulow Lokalne formy rozwoju. Samoorganizacja, przemiana, utopia 116–122 Tomasz Rakowski Debata 123–124 Tomasz Rakowski, Michaił Akulow Dwie utopie 125–132 Jadwiga Staniszkis Debata 133–152 Jacek Kołtan, Jadwiga Staniszkis, Jan Sowa, Ewa Majewska, Leszek Jażdżewski, Krzysztof Mazur 5 Edwin Bendyk Wstęp Upadek realnego socjalizmu w latach 1989–1991 oznaczał zmierzch komunistycznej utopii organizującej życie ludzi w kilkudziesięciu krajach świata. Nawet Chiny, nominalnie rządzone przez Partię Komunistyczną, realizują program przyspieszonej budowy kapitalizmu. Wydawało się, że przy- szłość jako wyzwanie skończyła się, podobnie jak historia. Pozostać miał wolnorynkowy kapitalizm i liberalna demo- kracja jako „normalna” forma zarządzania społeczeństwami w XXI wieku. XXI wiek rozpoczął się jednak 11 września 2001 r. – ataki terrorystyczne na Nowy Jork i Waszyngton obudziły historię. Kryzys, w jakim ugrzęzła ludzkość w 2008 roku, szybko wykroczył poza granice świata zachodniego. Rośnie świadomość, że nie ma powrotu do sytuacji sprzed kryzysu, że nadchodzi wielowymiarowy przełom, a wraz z tą świadomo- ścią rodzi się głód utopii. Myślenie i marzenie o przyszłości rozpościera się między dwiema skrajnościami: utopią raju na ziemi i dystopią apo- kalipsy. Na każdą optymistyczną wizję przyszłości, pokazującą świat bez wojen, biedy, głodu, chorób, przypada przynajmniej jedna zapowiedź katastrofy. Niezależnie, czy doprowadzi do niej konflikt nuklearny, załamanie ekosystemu lub nieznana i niewyobrażalna dziś epidemia, zwolennicy apokalipsy nie mają wątpliwości, że dobrze już było i może być tylko gorzej. Wizjami raju i apokalipsy żywi się kultura popularna; mają one też wybitnych patronów, którzy siłą swych umysłów nadawali myśleniu o przyszłości intelektualną dyscyplinę – Ernst Bloch, Hans Jonas, Stanisław Lem, papież Franciszek to tylko kilka wybitnych współczesnych postaci, które odcisnęły i odciskają 7 swe piętno na współczesnej kulturze. Rok 2016 to 500. rocznica ogłoszenia Utopii przez Tomasza Morusa, 10. rocznica śmierci Stanisława Lema i 150. rocznica urodzin Herberta George’a Wellsa. Zatem to doskonały moment, by przyjrzeć się odradzaniu utopijnego myślenia w kulturze i myśli społeczno-politycznej. Edwin Bendyk dziennikarz, redaktor działu naukowego tygodnika „Polityka” i zastępca redaktora naczelnego magazynu naukowego „Kultura i rozwój”, publicysta i autor książek: „Zatruta studnia. Rzecz o władzy i wolności” (2002), „Antymatrix. Człowiek w labiryncie sieci” (2004), „Miłość, wojna, rewolucja” (2009), „Bunt Sieci” (2012). Autor bloga „Antymatrix”. Wykładowca w Collegium Civitas, gdzie kieruje Ośrodkiem Badań nad Przyszłością, kurator programu „Miasto Przyszłości/Laboratorium Wrocław”. Członek Polskiego PEN Clubu. 8 Dzień pierwszy / 1 Wrocław, 18.08.2016 r. | Stary Ratusz Debata: Europa Środkowa – przestrzeń utopii czy kraina króla Ubu? Paneliści: Radka Denemarková Katarzyna Uczkiewicz Leonidas Donskis Mykoła Riabczuk Moderacja: Edwin Bendyk 9 Radka Denemarková czeska pisarka, autorka dramatów i scenariuszy, eseistka, tłumaczka. Studiowała germanistykę i bohemi- stykę na Uniwersytecie Karola w Pradze, gdzie uzyskała tytuł doktora w 1997 roku. Jedyna czeska autorka, która trzykrotnie zdobyła nagrodę Magnesia Litera (odpowiednik polskiej Nike) w różnych kategoriach: za powieść Pieniądze od Hitlera (2007), za biograficzną powieść o dyrektorze teatru Na zábradlí, Petrze Léblu (2008) oraz za przekład książki Herty Müller Huśtawka oddechu. Jej utwory zostały przetłumaczone na 17 języków. Katarzyna Uczkiewicz dr nauk humanistycznych, slawistka, tłumaczka języka i literatury czeskiej. Redaktor naczelna kwartal- nika „Pamięć i Przyszłość”. Kierownik Ośrodka Współpracy Polsko-Czesko-Słowackiej na Uniwersytecie Wrocławskim. Współautorka (z Łukaszem Medekszą) książki Ziemie Zachodnie – zrób to sam. Interesuje się dyskursami postzależnościowymi w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej, myślą Václava Havla, relacjami między ideologią a kulturą i sztuką. Leonidas Donskis litewski filozof, historyk idei i pisarz, były poseł do Parlamentu Europejskiego. Autor i redaktor ponad pięć- dziesięciu książek opublikowanych w osiemnastu językach. W swoich pracach łączył teorie polityczne, historię idei, filozofię kultury i filozofię literatury ze stylem eseistycznym. Był profesorem polityki i filozofii na Uniwersytecie Witolda Wielkiego w Kownie (Litwa). Donskis otrzymał m.in. honorowy tytuł doktora litera- tury Uniwersytetu w Bradford (Wielka Brytania) oraz doktora honoris causa Uniwersytetu Valahia w Târgovişte (Rumunia). Mykoła Riabczuk ukraiński pisarz i publicysta, prezes ukraińskiego PEN Clubu. W latach siedemdziesiątych został usunięty z uni- wersytetu i ukarany zakazem publikacji za swoją działalność dysydencką i wydawanie podziemnych publi- kacji. W swojej twórczości podejmuje problemy społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, tożsamości narodowej oraz przemian w krajach postsowieckich. Laureat Nagrody Antonowicza za wybitne osiągnięcia w dziedzinie nauk 10 humanistycznych (2003). W 2009 roku otrzymał Odznakę Honorową Bene Merito za wkład w pojednanie polsko-ukraińskie. Debata: Europa Środkowa – przestrzeń utopii czy kraina króla Ubu? Europa Środkowa nie od dziś jest przestrzenią, gdzie realizo- wały się projekty utopijne. Debata intelektualistów środkowo- europejskich była okazją, by zastanowić się, na ile ten obszar rozciągający się od Estonii po Bałkany i od Dziś nasza przy- Ukrainy po Polskę może być źródłem alterna- tywy, pomysłów na inne projekty organizacji należność do życia społecznego i politycznego niż obecnie Zachodu wcale znane. Goście pierwszego dnia konferencji „Czas nie jest taka utopii” starali się również zlokalizować Europę pewna. Nagle Środkową na mapie mentalnej kontynentu. W Polsce idea Europy Środkowej funkcjo- zaczęliśmy mieć nuje w zawieszeniu między dwoma wektorami. wątpliwość, Pierwszy, sformułowany przez Milana Kunderę, czy rzeczywi- mówił o Europie Środkowej jako o swego rodzaju czyśćcu, gdzie Polska, Czechosłowacja ście jesteśmy na i Węgry trafiły na skutek zdrady Zachodu po II Zachodzie? wojnie światowej, choć same uważały się za peł- noprawnych członków rodziny państw zachod- nich. Drugi wektor – reprezentowany przez paryską „Kulturę” Jerzego Giedroycia – mówi o rekonstrukcji „przestrzeni jagiel- lońskiej” w obszarze Międzymorza. W tym wypadku sojusz Litwy, Polski, Ukrainy i Białorusi miałby być źródłem pewnego rodzaju podmiotowości kulturowej i politycznej. Po przełomie roku 1989 wydawało się, że syndrom „zdrady Zachodu” się skończył i kraje naszego regionu wracają do Europy, a tym 11 samym, że zwyciężyła wizja Kundery. Edwin Bendyk: Dziś nasza przynależność do Zachodu wcale nie jest taka pewna. Nagle zaczęliśmy mieć wątpliwość, czy rzeczywiście jesteśmy na Zachodzie? Kryzys projektu europejskiego, napływ uchodźców, agresywne zakusy Rosji – wszystko to skłania, by jeszcze raz zadać sobie pytanie, gdzie w przestrzeni mentalnej leży Polska, gdzie leżą Węgry, Czechy, Ukraina, Litwa? Splot wydarzeń politycznych w ciągu ostatnich kilku lat spo- wodował również powrót do idei Międzymorza. Jej rewitali- zacja niesie jednak za sobą pewne niebezpieczeństwo. Warto rozważyć, czy nie nawiązujemy w ten sposób do wizji Alfreda Jarry’ego, autora Króla Ubu, która to jest zachodnią projekcją na temat całego naszego regionu jako przestrzeni niezrozu- miałej i zasadniczo innej od Zachodu. Centrum i peryferie Jeśli miałbym wskazać na jedną rzecz, która spaja Europę Środkową, to są nią stulecia krzywd, dramatycznych historii, jakie stały się naszym udziałem – uważa Leonidas Donskis. Przy okazji istnieje wrażenie, że tutejsza Przez kolejne 250 historia nie porusza się do przodu, a zatacza lat byliśmy więź- koła. Wciąż
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