Cyta Strengthens Its Telecommunications Hub in the Eastern Mediterranean

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cyta Strengthens Its Telecommunications Hub in the Eastern Mediterranean CARRIER SERVICES Cyta Strengthens its Telecommunications Hub in the Eastern Mediterranean By Mr Yiannis Koulias, Director, National & International Wholesale Market, Cyta Cyta (Cyprus Telecommunications and provides products and services Authority) is the primary to telecommunications operators telecommunications provider in the and business customers around the Republic of Cyprus. The company world. Cyta operates a state-of-the-art is a customer-driven enterprise telecommunications network and has operating in a competitive market and an impressive submarine cable and provides the full spectrum of advanced satellite teleport infrastructure. The telecommunications products and company couples a strategically situated services. Cyta is a major provider of telecommunications gateway in Cyprus fixed and mobile communications and with POPs in major telecommunications the major Internet Service Provider in centers in Europe. Cyprus. It also offers broadband access Taking advantage of the island’s via ADSL and was among the first privileged geographical location at providers to bundle this technology with the crossroads of three continents IPTV. The company has solid finances the company’s extensive submarine with long term profitability and expanding fibre optic cable network connects turnover. Cyprus with neighbouring countries and Cytaglobal, is the International thereafter with the rest of the world. Wholesale Division of Cyta and is a Cyta participates in various regional semi-autonomous strategic business and global cable systems such as the unit, specialising in providing global SEA-ME-WE 3, which links Western Yiannis Koulias, Director, National & electronic communication products Europe and South Eastern Asia, via the International Wholesale Market and services. Cyta, through Cytaglobal, Mediterranean and the Middle East, is active in the international market and the MED NAUTILUS System which t 18 InterComms www.intercomms.net CARRIER SERVICES t connects the Mediterranean with Western a high-capacity resilient ring connecting major satellite systems. The company Europe and beyond. Cyta’s international Cyprus with its two neighbouring shares multiyear experience in satellite telecommunications hub is further countries. communications as it has been running enhanced through the MINERVA cable In June 2009, Cyta and Telecom satellite services since 1980. Services subsystem, the first submersible ring Egypt announced their agreement to offered via Cyta’s satellite teleports connecting Cyprus and Europe directly. cooperate through extension of Telecom include a broad collection of products In December 2010, Cyta and Egypt’s TEN submarine cable system ranging from satellite television on MedNautilus, announced a new to Cyprus, thereby creating reciprocal permanent and occasional basis, to sub-network system connecting Eurasia and Eastern Mediterranean international telephony, monitoring Israel to France. MedNautilus is the business opportunities. As part of this services, data and internet connectivity. Mediterranean operations of the Telecom strategic cooperation, Cyta acquired The teleports also offer VSAT services, Italia Sparkle Group and is the only ALEXANDROS subsystem consisting of a hosting services to third parties and telecommunication submarine cable ring fiber-pair connecting Cyprus to Egypt and serve as a video head-end for Cyta’s IPTV in the Mediterranean since 2001. The a fiber-pair connecting Cyprus to France. offering in the Cyprus market. MedNautilus network provides end-to-end ALEXANDROS subsystem complements After Cyprus accession in the connectivity from the eastern part of the existing Cyta’s international facilities, European Union, Cyprus has now Mediterranean to major destinations in enhancing the robustness of international become Europe’s furthermost border in Europe. access through physical diversity and the Eastern Mediterranean. Cyta aims to The TELMAR subsystem leverages significant increase in bandwidth. become the Telecommunications Bridge the recently upgraded LEV cable, Cyta also operates an extensive between East and West and an excellent connecting Israel to Cyprus, provides satellite network consisting of centre of telecommunications services in new multiple wavelength links between two separate teleport sites with a the broader Easter Mediterranean region. Israel and France and represents a new complement of more than 25 satellite connectivity option created to serve the earth stations, providing connectivity For more information please visit: growing need for diversification of the with Intelsat, Eutelsat, SES World www.cyta.com.cy Israeli market. Cyta and MedNautilus Skies, AsiaSat, ABS, Arabsat and other www.cytaglobal.com intend to use existing Cyta’s MINERVA cable subsystem and MedNautilus cable facilities in addition to TI Sparkle’s Pan European Backbone to offer protection to TELMAR. To this perspective, the parties will upgrade the MINERVA subsystem with more 10Gbps wavelengths which will also be employed to increase Cyta’s current IP connectivity to TI Sparkle’s IP Backbone Seabone in Catania. Cyta and MedNautilus also intend to lit-up a new fiber of the MedNautilus system connecting Haifa to Pentaskhinos, in order to create the first fiber ring network between Israel and Cyprus. Earlier in 2010, Cyta finalised an agreement with the Syrian Telecommunications Operator, STE and the Lebanese Telecommunications Operator, OGERO, for the upgrade of the existing submarine cable systems UGARIT, BERYTAR and CADMOS, forming Landing of Alexandros subsystem at Pentaskhinos, Cyprus www.intercomms.net InterComms 19.
Recommended publications
  • Telecommunications/Icts for Rural and Remote Areas Output Report on ITU-D Question 5/1 Telecommunications/Icts for Rural and Remote Areas
    ITUPublications International Telecommunication Union Study period 2018-2021 Development Sector Study Group 1 Question 5 Telecommunications/ICTs for rural and remote areas Output Report on ITU-D Question 5/1 Telecommunications/ICTs for rural and remote areas Study period 2018-2021 Telecommunications/ICTs for rural and remote: Output Report on ITU-D Question 5/1 for the study period 2018-2021 ISBN 978-92-61-34591-4 (Electronic version) ISBN 978-92-61-34601-0 (EPUB version) ISBN 978-92-61-34611-9 (Mobi version) © International Telecommunication Union 2021 International Telecommunication Union, Place des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland Some rights reserved. This work is licensed to the public through a Creative Commons Attribution- Non- Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that ITU endorses any specific organization, product or service. The unauthorized use of the ITU name or logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a transla- tion of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). ITU is not respon- sible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyta's Telecommunications Hub in the Eastern Mediterranean
    CARRIER SERVICES Cyta’s Telecommunications Hub in the Eastern Mediterranean – a Telecommunications Corridor between Europe and the Middle East By Mr Christos Limnatitis, Manager, National and International Wholesale Market antennas, providing connectivity with major satellite systems such as Intelsat, Eutelsat, SES, Hylas, Thor, AsiaSat and Arabsat. Services offered range from satellite television on a permanent and occasional basis to international telephony, monitoring services, data and internet connectivity. The teleports also offer VSAT services, hosting services to third parties and serve as a video head-end for Cyta’s IPTV offering in the Cyprus market. Cytaglobal is particularly active in the area of international undersea fibre optic cables, providing wholesale products and services on a global basis. Taking advantage of the island’s strategic geographical position, Cytaglobal has developed an extensive undersea fibre optic cable network, which connects Cyprus with its neighbouring countries of Greece, Italy, Israel, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt and thereafter with the rest of the world. This cable network, uses state-of-the-art technology By Mr Christos Limnatitis, and full restoration and diversity and includes the following Manager, National and International Wholesale Market submarine fibre optic cable systems that land in Cyprus, at three separate Cytaglobal cable landing stations, namely yta, the leading telecommunications operator Ayia Napa, Pentaskhinos and Yeroskipos: in Cyprus, provides the full spectrum of ARIEL – a private cable subsystem consisting of a fibre Cadvanced telecommunication products and pair between Cyprus and Israel providing connectivity to services, covering fixed and mobile voice and data Israel and extending beyond to Western Europe through communications, Internet, IPTV, broadband and other existing networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyta's Undersea Cable Hub in the Eastern Mediterranean
    CARRIER SERVICES Cyta’s Undersea Cable Hub in the Eastern Mediterranean By Andreas Ioannou, Head of International Networks Promotion, Cytaglobal and Egypt and thereafter with the rest of the world. This cable network uses state-of-the-art technology and full restoration and diversity and currently includes the following undersea fibre optic systems that land in Cyprus at three separate cable Andreas Ioannou, stations, namely Ayia Napa, Pentaskhinos and Yeroskipos: Head of International Networks Promotion, Cytaglobal • CIOS: a repeaterless SDH cable system connecting Cyprus yprus Telecommunications Authority (Cyta) is directly with Israel. the primary telecommunications provider in • CADMOS: a repeaterless cable system of SDH technology CCyprus. Its product portfolio covers the whole connecting Cyprus directly with two separate landing spectrum of electronic communications ranging stations in Lebanon. from fixed and mobile telephony to internet service • UGARIT: a repeaterless SDH cable system directly provision and broadband applications. Cyta, through connecting Cyprus and Syria and via terrestrial its strategic business unit Cytaglobal, is particularly extensions, with Jordan. UGARIT and CADMOS systems active in the area of international undersea fibre optic together with the BERYTAR cable system (Beirut – cables, providing wholesale products and services on a Tartous) are fully integrated into a secure self-healing global basis, and has established Cyprus as a regional ring, interconnecting Cyprus with Lebanon and Syria. telecommunications hub in the Eastern Mediterranean. Taking advantage of the island’s strategic geographical ALASIA will link Cyprus and Syria and add an alternate position, Cytaglobal has developed an extensive undersea route to the Ugarit system which already connects the two fibre optic cable network, which connects Cyprus with the countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Identification of Pressures of the Coastal Seas in Socio-Economic Terms Gap Analysis on Data and Knowledge Deliverable Nr
    PERSEUS Deliverable Nr. D2.2 Preliminary identification of pressures of the coastal seas in socio-economic terms Gap Analysis on data and knowledge Deliverable Nr. 2.2 - 1 - PERSEUS Deliverable Nr. D2.2 Project Full title Policy-oriented marine Environmental Research in the Southern EUropean Seas Project Acronym PERSEUS Grant Agreement No. 287600 Coordinator Dr. E. Papathanassiou Project start date and duration 1st January 2012, 48 months Project website www.perseus-net.eu Deliverable Nr. 2.2 Deliverable Date T11 Work Package No 2 Work Package Title Pressures and impacts at coastal level Responsible Jean François CADIOU Didier Sauzade Plan Bleu Areti Kontogianni AEGEAN Michalis Skourtos AEGEAN Dimitris Damigos AEGEAN and NTUA Aleksandar Shivarov BSNN Marta Pascual BC3 Elena Ojea BC3 Authors & Anil Markandya BC3 Benjamin Boteler Ecologic Institute Institutes Acronyms Max Grünig Ecologic Institute Shirra Freeman HU José A Jiménez UPC-LIM Herminia I. Valdemoro UPC-LIM Eduard Ariza UPC-LIM Martí Puig UPC-CERTEC Rosa Mari Darbra UPC-CERTEC Joaquim Casal UPC-CERTEC Status: Final (F) June 2013, updated August 2013 (v18) Draft (D) Revised draft (RV) Dissemination level: Public (PU) • Restricted to other program participants (PP) Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (RE) Confidential, only for members of the consortium (CO) - 2 - PERSEUS Deliverable Nr. D2.2 CONTENTS Executive summary / Abstract ............................................................................................ 13 Scope ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 223 / Monday, November 18, 1996 / Notices 58689
    Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 223 / Monday, November 18, 1996 / Notices 58689 [DA 96±1752] procedures, the International Bureau facilities or to particular countries for was required to establish and maintain those carriers receiving a global Section Streamlining the International Section an exclusion list identifying restrictions 214 authorization, is hereby adopted. 214 Authorization Process and Tariff on providing service using particular 6. This Order is issued under 0.261 of Requirements facilities or to particular countries for the Commission's Rules and is effective AGENCY: Federal Communications those carriers receiving a global Section upon adoption. Petitions for Commission. 214 authorization. On July 6, 1996, the reconsideration under § 1.106 or Commission adopted the exclusion list. applications for review under § 1.115 of ACTION: Notice. (Exclusion List Order adopted on July the Commission's Rules may be filed SUMMARY: On October 22, 1996, the 26, 1996, 61 FR 50023 (September 24, within 30 days of the date of the public International Bureau of the Federal 1996)). notice of this Order (see 47 CFR Communications Commission adopted 2. On October 22, 1996, the State 1.4(b)(2)). an Order on Reconsideration modifying Department notified the Bureau that it Federal Communications Commission would support the removal of CANUS± the Order adopting the exclusion list in Diane J. Cornell, this proceeding (Exclusion List Order 1 from the exclusion list, provided that the conditions of the cable landing Chief, Telecommunications Division, adopted on July 26, 1996). The International Bureau. Commission modified the exclusion list license granted to OPTEL are not by removing CANUS±1 from the modified.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyta's Stabilising the Region's Telecommunication Needs, Khaleej
    CYPRUS Stabilising the region’s telecommunication needs Cytaglobal implements state- com Italia Sparkle announced a new KIMONAS subsea cable subsystem that of-the-art networks to link links Cyprus and Crete. KIMONAS is Cyta’s Cyprus and neighbouring first wholly-owned optical fibre cable subsystem that connects Cyprus and Greece. countries to the world The subsystem, which connects Cyta’s cable station in Pentaskhinos with MedNautilus Cyta, a leading telecommunications opera- Cable Station in Chania, complements tor in Cyprus, provides the full spectrum of alternative Cyta’s segments on the advanced telecommunication products and MedNautilus subsea cable network, and in services, covering fixed and mobile voice particular, the MINERVA and ATHENA and data communications, Internet, IPTV, rings that connect Cyprus with Sicily, and broadband and value added services. Athens with Crete, respectively. Cytaglobal, a strategic business unit under Extending to Athens through the ATHENA Cyta's National and International Wholesale ring and beyond to Bulgaria via Thessalon- Market Division, manages related activities iki, by utilising fibre infrastructure of whol- and specialises in providing global electron- network that connects Cyprus with neigh- ly-owned subsidiary Cyta Hellas in Greece, ic communication products and services. bouring countries including Greece, Italy, KIMONAS will facilitate the creation of a new The organisation operates an extensive Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and thereafter with telecommunications corridor, connecting satellite network with three teleport sites, the rest of the world. the Balkans and Central Europe with Egypt and more than 30 major satellite antennas, This cable network uses state-of-the-art and other Middle East destinations, via providing connectivity with major satellite technology, full restoration and diversity, Cyprus.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Notice Federal Communications Commission 1919 M Street N.W
    PUBLIC NOTICE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 1919 M STREET N.W. 64465 WASHINGTON. D.C. 20554____________________________ News media information 202/418-0500. Recorded listing of releases and texts 202/418-2222.** DA 96-1267 REPORT #1-8195 8 August 1996 OVERSEAS COMMON CARRIER SECTION 214 APPLICATION ACTIONS TAKEN The following applications for international section 214 certification have been granted pursuant to the Commission©s streamlined processing procedures set forth in Section 63.12 of the Commission©s Rules, 47C.F.R. §63.12. Unless otherwise noted, these authorizations grant the referenced applicants (1) global or limited global facilities-based authority; and/or (2) global or limited global resale authority. The general terms and conditions of such global authority are set forth in Section 63.18(e)(1) & (2) of the Commission©s rules, 47 C.F.R. § 63.18(e)(1) & (2). These authorizations also are subject to all other applicable Commission rules and policies. This Public Notice serves as each referenced carrier©s Section 214 authorization. It contains general and specific conditions which are set forth below. Effective August 2, 1996 ITC Rle No. Applicant and Service ITC-96-333 ESATEL Communications, Inc. (Global Resale) ITC-96-334 Frontier Communications Services Inc. (Limited Global Facilities-Based, excluding United Kingdom) ITC-96-336 Wats International Corporation (Global Resale) ITC-96-337 STA Telecommunications Corporation (Global Resale) ITC-96-338 Select Long Distance, Inc. (Global Resale) ITC-96-339 Airadigm Communications, Inc. (Global Resale) ITC-96-340 Dacotah Marketing, Inc. & Research, LLC (Global Resale) ITC-96-342 Virtual World Corporation (Global Resale) ITC-96-343 Access Point, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • In This Issue
    58 j u l y Voice 2011 of the ISSN 1948-3031 Industry Regional Systems Edition In This Issue: The State of Submarine Cables in Africa The Communications Blockade SubOptic 2013 – April in Paris ISSN 1948-3031 Submarine Telecoms Forum is published bimonthly by WFN Strategies. The publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, very year at this time I have a the placement of the maillot jaune on a without the permission of the publishers. problem of focus. Since the 2nd Frenchmen on Bastille Day in real time Submarine Telecoms Forum is an independent com mercial publication, of July my mind has found it while sitting at my desk in Virginia serving as a freely accessible forum for E difficult to stay concentrated on the job seems not only fitting, but also makes one professionals in industries connected with submarine optical fibre technologies and at hand. Emails have gone unanswered; mindful of the things we in our industry techniques. phone messages have not been promptly make possible every day. Liability: while every care is taken in preparation of this publication, the actioned; the staff has noticed a certain publishers cannot be held responsible for So, call or email after the 24th and I promise the accuracy of the information herein, or vacuous look in my eyes. Even a week at any errors which may occur in advertising to be more attentive and engaged. In the or editorial content, or any consequence the beach has not positively impacted. arising from any errors or omissions.
    [Show full text]
  • ITU-Dstudygroups
    ITU-D Study Groups Study period 2018-2021 Broadband development and connectivity solutions for rural and Question 5/1 Telecommunications/ remote areas ICTs for rural and remote areas Executive summary This annual deliverable reviews major backbone telecommunication Annual deliverable infrastructure installation efforts and approaches to last-mile connectivity, 2019-2020 describes current trends in last-mile connectivity and policy interventions and recommended last-mile technologies for use in rural and remote areas, as well as in small island developing States (SIDS). Discussions and contributions made during a workshop on broadband development in rural areas, held in September 2019, have been included in this document, which concludes with two sets of high-level recommendations for regulators and policy-makers, and for operators to use as guidelines for connecting rural and remote communities. 1 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Contents Executive summary 1 Introduction 3 Trends in telecommunication/ICT backbone infrastructure 4 Last mile-connectivity 5 Trends in last-mile connectivity 6 Business regulatory models and policies 7 Recommendations and guidelines for regulators and policy-makers 8 Recommendations and guidelines for operators 9 Annex 1: Map of the global submarine cable network 11 Annex 2: Listing of submarine cables (A-Y) 12 2 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Introduction The telecommunications/ICT sector and technologies have evolved over a long period of time, starting with ancient communication systems such as drum beating and smoke signals to the electric telegraph, the fixed telephone, radio and television, transistors, video telephony and satellite.
    [Show full text]
  • Advancing Connectivity for Connectivity Advancing
    2016 ANNUAL REPORT ANNUAL 2016 CORPORATE DATA REGISTERED & PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICE TE Connectivity Ltd. Rheinstrasse 20 CH-8200 Schaffhausen Switzerland +41.0.52.633.66.61 2016 ANNUAL REPORT INDEPENDENT AUDITORS Deloitte & Touche LLP 1700 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Deloitte AG General Guisan-Quai 38 CH-8022 Zurich Switzerland STOCK EXCHANGE The company’s common shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbol TEL. ADVANCING CONNECTIVITY FOR FORM 10-K Copies of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year that ended September 30, 2016 may be obtained by shareholders without charge upon written request to TE Connectivity Ltd., Rheinstrasse 20, CH-8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland. The Annual Report on Form 10-K is also available on the company’s website at www.te.com SHAREHOLDER SERVICES Registered shareholders (shares held in your own name with our transfer agent) with requests such as change of address or dividend checks should contact TE Connectivity’s transfer agent at: Wells Fargo Shareowner Services 1110 Centre Pointe Curve, Suite 101 Mendota Heights, MN 55120-4100 866.258.4745 www.shareowneronline.com Beneficial shareholders (shares held with a bank or broker) should contact the bank or brokerage holding their shares with their requests. Other shareholder inquiries may be directed to TE Connectivity Shareholder Services at the company’s registered and principal executive office above. www.te.com © 2017 TE Connectivity Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 001-AR-FY2016 TE Connectivity, TE, TE connectivity (logo) are trademarks of the TE Connectivity family of companies. Other logos, product, and/or company names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyta's Satellite Services
    Cyta’s Satellite Services page 1 Introduction to Cyta Cyta is a government corporate body and the dominant telecommunications operator in Cyprus A customer-driven enterprise operating in a competitive market Provides the full spectrum of advanced telecommunications products & services, at competitive prices Turnover: € 448m, Profit: € 67m before tax (2012, un-audited) Long term profitability & no debts Number of employees: approx. 2,900 page 2 Cyta’s Major Retail Products & Subsidiaries The major provider of fixed and mobile communications in the Cyprus market Number One Internet Service Provider IP/MPLS/Ethernet backbone network- convergence of networks and services ADSL access to Cyta's broadband network Digital television to the home over ADSL Hellas Major Subsidiary Companies in Cyprus & Abroad page 3 Cyta’s International Network International core network over SDH, Ethernet & IP/MPLS Two international switching centers A regional internet node (Cytanet) Two Teleport sites with more than 30 major antennas Three cable stations with 9 submarine cable systems Global international connectivity Direct circuits with major Operators Full redundancy & diversity Nicosia Paralimni Larnaca A modern network management Troodos Ermis Ayia Napa Ugarit (Syria) & operations center Athena Paphos Makarios (Italy & Greece) Yeroskipos Pentaskhinos Minerva Limassol (Italy & Europe) Athena Cios (Italy & Greece) Cadmos (Israel) Sea Me We 3 Alexandros (Lebanon) (Europe & Asia) Minerva (France & Egypt) (Italy & Europe) page 4 Major International Fiber Systems Major international fiber systems connect Cyprus to Europe & the rest of the World Alexandros, a new system to France and Egypt with 96λ capacity in each direction Minerva to Greece, Italy and thereafter to W. Europe SMW3 from Australia, Japan & South East Asia to W.
    [Show full text]
  • Submarine Telecoms INDUSTRY REPORT 2012
    submarine telecoms INDUSTRY REPORT 2012 1 Submarine Cable Industry Report Issue 1 July 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Submarine Telecoms Forum, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Submarine Telecoms Forum, Inc. 21495 Ridgetop Circle Suite 201 Sterling, Virginia 20166 USA www.subtelforum.com ISSN: applied for 2 Disclaimer: While every care is taken in preparation of this publication, the publishers cannot be held responsible for the accuracy of the information herein, or any errors which may occur in advertising or editorial content, or any consequence arising from any errors or omissions, and the editor reserves the right to edit any advertising or editorial material submitted for publication. If you have a suggestion, please let us know by emailing [email protected]. 3 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 13 2.0 Worldwide Market Analysis and Outlook 14 2.1 Connecting the Unconnected 14 2.2 Overview of Historical System Investment 15 2.3 2008 to 2012 Systems in Review 16 2.4 Systems Investment Beyond 2012 17 2.5 Decommissioning 18 3.0 Supplier Analysis 20 3.1 System Suppliers 20 3.2 Upgrade Suppliers 20 4.0 Ownership Analysis 23 4.1 Financing of Current Submarine Systems 23 4.2 Financing of Proposed Submarine Systems 23 5.0 Recent
    [Show full text]