Index

A Albedo, 270 Abacetus candidus, 100 Albino rats, 28, 45, 69, 112, 137, 147, 161, 166 Abietane, 98 Albizzine, 217 Abortifacient, 15, 16, 113, 115, 187–205, 220, Aleosin, 5 225, 226, 241, 243 Alexipharmic, 123 Acarbose, 38 Alkaloids, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 23, 30, 34, 36, Acetic acid writhing, 160, 168, 171, 174 38, 42–45, 59, 60, 62, 64, 69, 70, 73, 79, Acetophenone, 75 80, 85, 88, 89, 100, 102, 109, 114–116, Acetovanillone, 178, 179 119, 120, 124, 127, 135, 148, 168, 169, Acetylation, 6 178, 181, 189, 204, 214, 216, 221, 222, Achrassaponin, 23 227, 229, 235, 238, 243, 247, 271 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Allamandin, 73, 75 (AIDS), 9, 109, 119, 123 Allamcin, 73, 75 Acuminate, 43, 122, 166, 175, 195, 200 Allelopathic, 3, 32, 258, 259 Acute, 64, 70, 100 Alliin, 133 Adaptogenic, 43 Allohimachol, 91 Adenocarcinoma, 6 Alloxan, 35 Adenophyllone, 120 α-amyrin acetate, 94, 152, 153 Adenovirus type 2, 9 α-spinasterol, 94, 122 Adipocytes, 21, 102 Alpinumi soflavone, 223 Adrenaline, 16 Alterante arrangement, 23, 44, 123, 180, Aegeline, 5, 114 243, 280 A549 cells, 62, 217 Alternaria alternate, 97 Aflatoxin, 100, 139 Alzheimer’s disease, 3, 261, 272 Afzelechin, 249, 250 Amentoflavone, 143 Afzelin, 123, 124, 221, 222 Amnesia, 42 Agar well diffusion method, 9 Amoebicide, 89 Aglycone oleandrigenin, 13, 148, 149 Amygdallin, 5, 7 Aglycones, 13, 32, 116, 148149, 239, 240 Amyrin, 75 AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency Anacardiaceae, 9, 256, 259, 279, 280 syndrome (AIDS) Analgesic, 4, 13, 14, 28, 36, 44, 67, 70, 71, 92, Ailanthinol B, 88 93, 97, 113, 115–119, 135, 144, 147, Ailanthinone, 88 159–181, 191, 193, 200, 220, 229, 230, Ailanthone, 88 268, 284 Albafuran, 43 Andrographolide, 133 Albanol, 43 Angina, 13, 149, 152

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 297 A.S. Khan, Medicinally Important Trees, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56777-8 298 Index

Annonaceae, 99 Antioxidants, 3, 6, 12, 17, 34, 38, 43, 44, 56, Anolignan, 110 60, 62, 64, 66, 69–71, 74–76, 78, 80, Anthelmintic, 28, 36, 62, 89, 97, 118, 123, 89, 98, 114, 115, 117, 124–127, 133, 177, 178, 193, 202 135, 138, 140, 144, 149, 168, 178, 181, Anthocyanins, 3, 12, 67, 124, 133, 135, 200, 195, 199, 200, 202, 217, 221, 225, 241, 202, 221, 239, 261, 267, 280, 283, 290 256, 259–261, 267, 273, 275, 276, 283, Anthraquinone(s), 22, 23, 38, 58, 93, 94, 127, 218 284, 286, 290, 291 Antiaging, 34, 42, 257, 262 Antiplasmodial, 7, 14, 85, 181, 223 Antiallergic, 17, 116, 119, 127, 280 Antiproliferative, 89, 112, 113, 199, 284 Antiasthmatic, 89, 113 Antipyretic, 4, 13–15, 95, 102, 115, 117, 118, Antiatherosclerosis, 3, 275 139, 140, 149, 159–182, 199, 214, 215, Antibacterial, 10, 11, 17, 28, 31, 34, 36, 38, 220, 225, 229, 238–240, 257, 275 60, 75, 80, 86, 88, 89–91, 93, 95, Antiseptic, 6, 64, 91, 97, 144, 167, 168, 177, 97–102, 104, 113–117, 127, 140, 191, 200, 201, 275 193, 195, 205, 214–216, 220, 221, 224, Antispasmodic, 91, 144, 283 225, 227, 237, 239, 241, 243–245, Antispermatogenic, 152, 191 247–250, 260, 268, 271, 274, 289 Antistaphylococcal, 62 Antibiotic, 2, 3, 9, 12, 24, 85, 94, 97, 237 Antithrombotic, 62 Anticarcinogenesis, 55 Antitumor, 6, 17, 34, 47, 57, 60, 71, 72, 98, Anticarcinogenic, 3, 28, 36, 55, 70, 73, 126, 116, 117, 144, 205, 229, 275, 283 248, 267, 271, 276, 283 Antiviral, 3, 4, 9–12, 28, 85, 86, 89, 91, 110, Anticirrhosis, 12 113, 114, 117, 120, 124, 127, 202, 238, Anti-dengue, 63, 64 249, 261, 276, 280, 281, 289–291 Anti-depressing, 36, 70284 Anvirzel, 149 Antidiabetic, 4–7, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21–48, Anxiolytic, 7, 44, 181, 223, 257, 269 60, 67, 80, 89, 90, 95, 97, 102, 113, Apetalous, 204 126, 127, 140, 143, 149, 168, 174, 175, Aphrodisiac, 2, 4, 14–16, 42, 115, 123, 178, 179, 181, 182, 191, 195, 200, 202, 187–205, 228, 239–241, 243, 248, 249, 219, 225, 226, 235, 236, 239, 240, 247, 257, 259 256, 258, 260, 263, 267–269, 274–276, Apigenin(s), 9, 43, 59, 67, 116, 120, 133, 140, 280, 281, 284 141, 177, 202, 290 Antieczema, 34 Apocynaceae, 72, 85, 134, 139, 147, 152 Antifertile, 14–16, 89, 91, 191, 200–202 Apoptosis, 8, 64, 67, 70, 71, 80, 149, 289 Antifungal, 3, 4, 9, 10, 17, 22, 31, 36, 64, 69, Apotirucallane, 102 78, 85, 86, 88, 91, 93, 94, 96, 99, 102, Appetizer, 38, 143 103, 110, 116, 139, 143, 152, 167, 168, Aqueous extracts, 23, 24, 27, 28, 35, 36, 42, 181, 191, 193, 200, 225–227, 243, 244, 43, 45, 64, 69, 88, 89, 97, 100, 102, 249, 256, 280, 281, 290, 291 119, 140, 238, 241, 245, 247, 256 Antihepatitis, 12 Arboran, 5 Anti-HIV, 2–4, 9–12, 56, 67, 109–127 Arcurcumene, 196 Antihyperlipidemic, 22, 28, 38, 116 Areoles, 47 Anti-inflammatory, 3, 13, 14, 17, 34, 58, 60, 62, Aril, 62, 218, 286 67, 70, 73, 75, 76, 91, 97, 98, 112, 113, Arjunolic acid, 12, 149, 151 115–117, 119, 139, 140, 144, 147, 152, Aromatherapy, 36, 69, 272, 275 160, 166–168, 173, 174, 176–178, 200, Arterial macrophage, 12 202, 214, 219–221, 227, 228, 239, 241, Arthritis, 72, 92, 98, 139, 202, 223, 279 242, 247, 248, 256, 259, 260, 271, 275 Artocarpanone, 113 Anti-influenza, 93 Artocarpetin, 112 Anti-malarial, 2, 10, 28, 38, 63, 64, 67, 86, 89, Artocarpins, 112 97, 110, 120, 221, 225, 226, 284 Asclerodanediterpenes, 100 Antimellin, 124 Aspergillus sp. Antimicrobial, 2, 24, 58, 85, 112, 135, 166, A. fumigatus, 88, 93 188, 214, 235, 256, 267 A. niger, 28, 88, 93, 97, 140, 226 Antinociceptive, 62, 139, 168, 238, 259, 260 A. parasiticus, 100 Index 299

Aspirin, 13, 159, 176, 177 Bisabolene, 196 Asteraceae, 21 Bis-indole alkaloid, 5 Asthma, 29, 34, 38, 89, 98, 115, 123, 143, Blennorrhea, 75 191, 199, 218, 249, 276, 284 Bombacaceae, 24, 162 Astragalin, 221, 222 Bombamalones, 25 Astringent, 3, 24, 27, 29, 67, 89, 91, 93, 97, Bombaxquinone B, 25 102, 123, 144, 177, 178, 205, 214, 223, Borneol, 171 241, 280, 284, 286 Botrytis cinerea, 97 Atherogenic, 152 Bracts, 34, 35, 89, 90, 193, 195, 258 Atherosclerosis, 3, 12, 55, 152, 275 Brassicaceae, 9 Axillary, 122, 180, 195, 218, 220, 221, 236, 270 Brassinosteroids, 6, 8 Ayurvedic, 1, 4, 69, 92, 97, 152, 241 Breast cancer, 6–8, 64, 80, 271, 286, 289 Azadirachitin, 95, 97 Brewer’s yeast, 160, 166, 182 Azafluorenealkaloids, 100 Bromelain, 8 Bronchitis, 90, 115, 168, 172, 178, 216, 282, 284 Brosimone, 112 B Broth dilution assays, 9 Bacillus sp. Broussoflavonols, 192 B. anthracis, 75 B16f10 melanoma, 71, 70 B. cereus, 69, 92, 97, 144, 191, 249, 250 Buchapine, 12 B. subtilis, 28, 64, 66, 85, 88, 89, 93, 95, Busseins, 92, 93 98, 102, 140, 178, 195, 237, 241, 243, Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), 113, 114 247, 249, 250 Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), 113, 114 Balaphonin, 179 Balsam, 9 Barringtogenol, 28 C B-cells, 71, 70 Cactaceae, 45 Bee glue, 9 Cadabicine, 138 Bengalinoside, 5 Cadinane sesquiterpenoids, 25 Benzyl isothiocyanate, 64 Cadinene, 171 Berberine, 9, 10 Caducous, 122 Bergapten, 239, 247 Caesalpinoideae, 211, 218, 221, 225 Berry, 23, 62, 138, 140, 152, 200, 261, 286 Caffeic acid, 36, 110, 143, 200, 237, 238, β-lactam, 98 261, 286 β-setosterol, 25, 245 Caffeoylquinic acid, 32 β-sitosteryl glycoside, 6 Cajanins, 193 Betacyanins, 173, 172 Calanolide, 12 Betalain, 133 Calycosins, 193 Betulin, 67, 144, 147 Calystegin, 43 Betulinic acid, 2, 12, 56, 67, 94, 122, 123, Campestrol, 102, 239, 247 144, 179, 190 Camphene, 32, 167, 168 BHA. See Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) Camphor, 32, 75, 86, 87 BHT. See Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) Camptothecin, 5, 56 Bicyclogermacrene, 168, 169 Candida albicans, 64, 98, 178, 202, 226, 249 Bicyclomahanimbicine, 44 Candidiasis, 119, 200 Biflavonoids, 110, 143, 174 Capillary zone electrophoresis, 4 Bignoniaceae, 36, 67, 102, 120 Capitulum, 213 Bilobed, 58, 286 Capparaceae, 138 Biochanin, 3, 6 Capsaicin, 9 Biodegradable, 85, 202, 211 Capsule, 25, 67, 92, 100, 119, 127, 147, 166, Biofuel, 17, 78, 120 172, 177, 195, 202 Bioindicator, 62 Carbazole, 44

Biopesticides, 85 Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), 137, 140, 144, Bipinnately compound, 44, 116, 213, 214, 216 147, 149 300 Index

Carcinogens, 55, 57, 267, 289 CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS) Cardenolides, 149, 152 Cold, 24, 34, 90, 97, 117, 167, 168, 174, 175, Cardioactive glycosides, 3, 13, 135, 136, 148, 178, 182, 191, 199, 216, 260, 275 152, 153, 195, 196 Collagen, 65, 193, 194 Cardioprotective, 3, 4, 12–13, 25, 133–154, Colon carcinoma, 66, 271 255, 257–259, 262, 268 Combretaceae, 29, 104, 137, 149 Caricaceae, 62 Combretastatin, 56, 64 Caricin, 64 Complete, 41, 247 Carminative, 91, 126, 200, 241, 275 Compositae, 9 Carnphor, 79, 80 Compound, 1–10, 12–14, 21–25, 28, 32, 34, Carotene, 43, 44, 62, 64, , 270 36, 39, 43, 44, 55–57, 59, 60, 62, 64, Carotenoids, 5, 23, 47, 133, 144, 221, 280, 66, 67–69, 71–73, 75, 78–80, 85, 86, 282, 283, 290 88–91, 93–95, 97, 98, 100, 102, 109, Carpaine, 62–64 110, 112, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122, Carposide, 62, 63 124, 133, 135, 137, 138, 140, 143, 144, Carrageenan, 112, 174 147, 149, 160, 161, 168, 172, 176–179, Casuarinaceae, 28 182, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 211, 213, Casuarine, 28 214, 216–218, 220–225, 227, 235, Catechins, 9, 12, 28, 102, 205, 249, 250, 261, 237–239, 245, 247, 249, 255, 256, 276, 280, 282 258–261, 267, 268, 273–277, 280, 281, Catechols, 9, 177, 205 283, 286, 289, 290 Cathartic, 118, 120, 202, 218 Condensed tannins, 3 Catkins, 28, 43, 175–177, 192, 228, 258 Cones, 70, 71, 79, 98, 99, 143, 144, 169, 170

CCl4. See Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) Conjunctivitis, 36 Cedrelons, 92, 93 Contraceptives, 16, 28, 42, 67, 139, 154, 197, Centdarol, 91 198, 202, 203 Central nervous system (CNS), 38, 66, 217, Cordate, 43, 195, 239, 247, 248 225, 245, 249, 284 Coriaceous, 200 Cerebrosides, 152 Cornusins, 12 Cervical carcinoma, 6, 8 Coronary heart disease, 12, 18, 255, 256 CGA. See Chlorogenic acid (CGA) Corosolic acid, 32 Chalcones, 3, 222–224 Corrugated, 66 Chaparrine, 88 Corymb, 138, 140 Chemopapain, 64 Cough, 24, 29, 34, 80, 90, 92, 98, 117, 138, Chemotherapy, 5, 80, 275 144, 147, 167, 168, 178, 191, 201, 249, Chickenpox, 27, 97, 117, 199 375, 282–284 Chloroform extracts, 4, 44, 94, 247 Coumaric acid, 36, 123, 124 Chlorogenic acid (CGA), 102, 241, 242, 276, 282 Coumarin, 3, 5, 9, 43, 44, 86, 101, 133, 135, 140, Chlorpyrifos, 12 168, 169, 200, 202, 218, 241, 242, 247 Choline, 62, 63 Coumarylplumieride, 75 Chronic dysmenorrhea, 7, 223 Cruciferae, 9 Chrysin, 9, 12, 110 Cryptococcus neoformans, 100 Chrysoeriol, 12 Cryptoxanthin, 64, 282 Chukrasins, 92, 93 Cucurbitaceae, 21 Chymopapain, 64, 65 Cupressaceae, 78, 143 1,8-cineole, 62, 168, 200 Cupressuflavone, 143 Cinnamyl cinnamate, 75 Curcain, 119 Ciprofloxacin, 94 Curcumin, 6, 9, 12, 133 Citronellal, 168 Cyanidin, 42, 133, 205, 239, 240, 286 Citronellol, 166–168 Cyanogenic glycosides, 3 Cladode, 12 Cyathia, 34, 35, 118 Clerodanediterpenes, 100 Cycadaceae, 65 Clotrimazole, 94 Cycloartanes, 102 CMW. See Cytomegalovirus (CMW) Cycloartocarpin, 112 Index 301

Cyclomorusin, 112 Diuretic, 27, 44, 74, 103, 123, 126, 139, 149, Cyclooxygenases, 13 178, 239, 245, 280, 282 Cyclooxygenases-2, 13 Diverin, 12 Cyclopeptides, 14, 181, 182 Docetexel, 5 Cyme, 44, 180 Docosane, 75 Cymene, 32 Doxorubicin, 12, 152 Cynomacurins, 112 Droplet counter-current chromatography Cytokines, 17, 60, 159 (DCCC), 4, 93 Cytomegalovirus (CMW), 113 Drupe, 180, 259, 261, 280 Cytotoxic, 7, 12, 28, 31, 34, 56, 62, 64, 69, 98, Dysentery, 67, 88, 138, 241, 257, 284 117, 118, 137, 217, 222, 223, 229, 271 Dyslipidemia, 42, 152 Dyspepsia, 92, 117, 195, 230

D DAL. See Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma (DAL) E Dalbergenone, 220 Ebenaceae, 144, 147 Dalbergichromene, 220 Echinocystic acid, 189, 190, 217 Dalbergin, 220 Echitamine, 135 Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma (DAL), 60 EGCG. See Epigallocatechin-3-gallate DCCC. See Droplet counter-current (EGCG) chromatography (DCCC) Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, 230 Deciduous, 25, 38, 42, 44, 58, 69, 72, 75, 77, 11β-HSD1, 32 87, 92, 95, 100, 116, 123, 134, 138, 11β-HSD2, 32 144, 147, 162, 175, 178, 189, 193, 214, Ellagic acid, 28, 57, 117, 124, 137, 200, 286, 218, 224, 227, 239, 241, 258, 259, 261, 287, 289 276, 280, 286 Ellagitannins, 12, 38, 40, 200, 286, 287 Decoction, 4, 15, 34, 36, 69, 74, 98, 113, Ellipsoid, 79, 112, 119, 166, 204 138–140, 144, 152, 177, 182, 191, 201, Elliptic, 23, 35, 74, 112, 162, 174, 189, 241, 205, 223, 243, 249, 283, 284 245, 273, 283 Dehiscent, 135 Emblicanin, 160 Dehydrocarpain I, II, 62 Emmenagogues, 16, 36, 42, 115 Delphinidin, 133, 286 Emollient, 261 Dementia, 36 Endocarp, 259, 270 Dentate, 34 Endothelial dysfunction, 13, 149 Deoxyjasminigenin, 36 Entamoeba histolytica, 88 Depo Provera, 16 Enterobacter cloacae, 64 Depression, 34, 217 Epicalyx, 195 Dermatitis, 36 Epicorosolic acid, 32 Diabetes mellitus, 5, 21, 276 Epidermoid cancer, 66 Diarrhea, 28, 34, 66, 72, 75, 89, 90, 113, 117, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), 3, 12 140, 177, 182, 195, 200, 241, 284 Epilepsy, 38, 72, 89, 140, 149, 178, 202 Digitate, 24, 25 Epiphyte, 236, 243 Diglucoside, 42 Epipodophyllotoxins, 5, 56 Dihydrojasminine, 36 Epitaraxerol, 117 Dihydromorins, 112 Epoxide, 64 Dilactones, 98 Erectile dysfunction, 187, 193–195 Dilapachone, 120 Erthrodiol, 94 Dilleniaceae, 66 Erysodienone, 222 Dioecious, 62, 119, 174, 175, 177, 259 Erythatine, 222 Diosgenin, 12, 138 Erythrodiol monocaprylate, 94 Diosindigo, 144 Escherichia coli, 34, 64, 69, 85, 89, 92, 93, 95, Diospyrin, 144 98, 102, 140, 144, 178, 191, 202, 221, Disk diffusion method, 78 222, 226, 237, 238, 241, 243, 247, 249, Distillation, 171, 172 250, 258, 271, 284 302 Index

ESI mass spectrometry, 67 FTIR. See Fourier transform infrared Estradiol, 15, 289 spectroscopy (FTIR) Ethanolic extracts, 15, 23, 24, 28, 30, 32, 33, Fucosterol, 239 35, 36, 41, 42, 60, 69, 80, 88, 92, 95, Fulvic acid, 289 102, 137, 147, 168, 171, 174, 177, 191, Fulvoplumierin, 75 195, 202, 239, 245, 247, 249, 259, 263, Fungicidal, 9, 177 271, 280 Furanocoumarins, 17, 113, 211, 247 Ethnopharmacopeia, 34 Fusarium sp. Ethylacetate fraction, 89 F. oxysporum, 93, 97 Etoposides, 5, 56 F. solani, 97, 100, 140 Eugenols, 2, 9, 12, 91, 239, 283 Euphol, 117 Euphorbiaceae, 21, 34, 75, 117, 119, 201 G Evergreen, 23, 27, 28, 32, 41, 62, 65, 66, 69, Galactagogue, 34 70, 72, 79, 91, 93, 98, 99, 111, 114, Galactotannins, 38 122, 143, 147, 149, 161, 166, 168, 174, Galangin, 9 180, 195, 200, 202, 204, 225, 236, 245, Gallacatechins, 6 249, 270, 273, 279, 283 Gallate, 3, 12, 25, 123 Evofolin, 179 Gallic acid, 3, 12, 113, 114, 122, 137, 160, Exocarp, 259, 270 193, 205, 221 Expectorant, 28, 44, 66, 102, 239 Gallicin, 28 Extraction, 4, 283 Galucarubinone, 88 Gamatay, 134 γ-selinene, 168, 169, 283 F Gastroenteritis, 104, 263 Fabaceae, 5, 58, 114, 115, 189, 193, 204, 211 Gastroprotective, 102, 223, 284 Faboideae, 211, 218, 221, 224 Gemacrene-D, 196 Farnesene, 283 Genetically engineered, 62 Farnesol, 32, 73, 270 Genistein, 6 Fast atom bombardment mass Genotoxic, 69 spectroscopy, 4 Geraniol, 32, 70, 75 Febrifuge, 24, 74, 100, 154, 223 Germacrene, 70 Federal Drug Administration (FDA), 109 Gingerol, 12 Fenchor, 80 Girinimbin, 44 Ferulates, 57 Glabrin, 134 Ferulic acid, 32, 36, 139, 171, 261 Glabrosaponin, 134 Feruloylquinic acid, 32 Glabrous, 70, 99, 138, 189, 229, 286 Fever, 13, 42, 72, 74, 89, 92, 97–100, 113, Glibenclamide, 27, 28 140, 147, 159, 160, 175, 174, 199, 202, Globose, 30, 45, 62, 112, 180, 189, 195, 241 205, 218, 223, 226 Glossy, 23, 30, 41, 135, 152, 168, 200, 202, Fibrosarcoma, 75 243, 280 Figs, 4, 6, 18–20, 235–250 Glucoputranjivan, 174 Five flower herbal tea, 75 Glucosides, 8, 25, 42, 59, 64, 69, 75, 94, 124, Flavanoids, 44, 204, 261 139, 174–177, 200, 212, 221, 222, 226, Flavedo, 270 229, 247, 276, 280 Flavellagic acids, 137 Glucosinolates, 55 Flavopiridol, 56 Glutathione, 80 Folinic acid, 43 Glycogenesis, 45 Follicles, 70, 147 Glycosides, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 25, 32, 36, 38, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 42, 44, 59, 73, 85, 89, 94, 93, 97, 100, (FTIR), 4 102, 115, 116, 120, 124, 127, 135–137, Fragilin, 13 148, 149, 152, 153, 179, 190, 195, 196, Frederine, 12 204, 212, 217, 218, 221, 225, 226, 243, Friedelin, 173, 177, 236, 237 245, 247–249, 270, 271, 276, 290 Index 303

Gold nano particles, 8, 152 Hypanthium, 280 Gossypetin, 28 Hyperaccumulators, 100 Gylcyrrhizin, 110 Hyperglycemic, 27, 28, 42, 200, 243, 244 Gynecological cancer, 38, 188, 205 Hypericin, 9 Hyperlipidemia, 21, 48, 152 Hypertension, 100, 104, 152, 255, 257, 284 H Hypoglycemic, 23–25, 27, 28, 32, 38, 41, 42, Harmane, 9 138, 237, 248, 249 Harmine, 12 Hypolipidemic, 25, 37, 38, 42, 64, 138 HDL. See High density lipid (HDL) Hypophyllanthin, 133 Headspace-solid phase micro extraction, 70 Hypothalamus, 159 Hemicranias, 191 Hemorrhoids, 144, 195, 260 Hentriacontane, 25 I Hentriacontanol, 27, 144, 147 Icarisides, 241, 242 Hepatic fibrosis, 12 Immunomodulating, 44, 60, 112, 280 Hepatitis, 69,90, 139, 143 Immunosuppressive, 9, 117 Hepatitis B virus, 69 Imparipinnate, 102, 220, 224 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 56 Imperatorin, 113 Hepatocytes, 12, 21 Impressed, 66 Hepatoma, 6 Indomethacin, 171, 174 Hepatoprotective, 4, 12–13, 17, 28, 34, 58, 60, Inflorescence, 27, 180, 192, 195, 202, 219, 62, 80, 133–154, 174, 188, 191, 195, 224, 239, 276, 290 202, 214, 215, 217, 223, 225, 226, 239, Influenza, 67, 93, 289 280, 282, 284, 290, 291 Infrared, 1D/2D (dimensional) nuclear Hep2 cells, 66 magnetic resonance (NMR), 4, 67, 177 Heptacosanoate, 161 Infusion, 29, 69, 97, 117, 138, 169, 177, 182, Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), 9, 117, 238 241, 283 Hesperidin, 12, 270 Ingenol, 117 Hespiridium, 273 Ingol derivative, 117 Hexenol, 32, 36 Insecticidal, 3, 9, 10, 89, 117, 177, 202, 225, High density lipid (HDL), 12 227, 228, 260 High performance liquid chromatography Insecticides, 12, 171, 172 (HPLC), 4, 93, 140 Insomnia, 92, 217 Himachalol, 91 Insulin, 5, 21, 22, 34, 41, 42, 45, 102, 137, Himadarol, 91 256, 274, 275 Histone deacytylases, 5 Inumakiols, 98 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus Iridoids, 36–38, 73, 75, 102, 135 (HIV) Irinotecan, 5, 56 Honokiol, 71, 72 Ischemic mitral regurgitation, 13, 149 HPLC. See High performance liquid Isodalbergin, 220 chromatography (HPLC) Isodiospyrin, 144 HSV-1. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) Isoflavones, 3, 5, 6, 9, 17, 211, 222, 223 Hull, 259–260 E-isofuraldehyde, 178 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 3, 9, Iso-mahanimbin, 44 11, 12 Isomurrayafoline, 168 Human leukemic cell (HL-60), 7, 64, 223, 271 Isoorientin, 116 Humulene, 196, 283 Isophytol, 36 Husk, 258 Isopinnatal, 36 Hydrodistillation, 238 Isoplumericin, 75 Hydrolyzed tannins, 3 Isoproterenol, 137, 149 Hydroxybenzoic acid, 32 Isorhamnetin, 124, 261 Hydroxymaprounic acid, 12 Isostrictinin, 5 Hydroxytyrosol, 12 Isothiocyanates, 8, 64 304 Index

Isotocarpin, 112 Lapachone, 120 Isovitexin, 67, 116, 120, 139, 225, 226 Laphachol, 38 Lariciresinol, 178, 179 Larvicidal, 98, 220 J Latex, 23, 24, 64, 74, 117–119, 137, 140, Jacalin, 11, 112, 113 237–239, 241, 243, 245 Jacaranone, 68, 69 Lauric acid, 75 Jacraninoside, 67, 68 Laxative, 42, 67, 178, 182, 193, 200, 202, 239, Jambolin, 124 269, 280 Jambosine, 124 LDL. See Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Jasminine, 36 Leaflets, 24, 44, 45, 87, 92, 95, 102, 115, 162, Jasmone, 36 189, 216, 218, 220, 227, 258 Jatropham, 119 Lebbecacidin, 190 Jatrophine, 119 Lectins, 11, 12, 112, 113, 284 Jaundice, 60, 67, 69, 120, 139, 177, 239, 260 Lecythidaceae, 27 Juglandaceae, 258 Legumes, 4, 5, 17, 116, 134, 211–213, 218, 228 Juglone, 258, 259 Leguminosae, 21, 58, 114, 189, 193, 204, Jujubosides, 14, 181, 182 211, 218 Julifloravizole, 227 Lenticels, 135 Julifloricine, 227 Lentils, 17, 211, 213 Juliflorine, 227 Leprosy, 36, 60, 75, 97, 147, 174, 179, 230, Juliprosopine, 227 238, 249, 257 Juvabional, 91 Leucoanthocyanidins, 18, 137, 237 Leucocyanidin, 205 Leucoderma, 44, 179, 191 K Leucopelargonidin, 205 Kaempferol, 3, 12, 17, 25, 28, 36, 59, 60, Leucopelargonins, 22, 237 123, 124, 133, 134, 161, 173, 200, 261, Leukemia, 6–8, 57, 64, 69, 70, 71, 75, 88, 268, 286 120, 223 Kankone, 134 Lewis lung carcinoma, 229 Kanugin, 134 Liliaceae, 5, 9 Karangin, 134 Limonene, 2, 91, 167, 168, 171, 200, 270, 273, Keampferide, 173 275, 283 Kernel, 32, 255, 258, 259, 261 Limonoids, 92, 93, 97, 101, 102, 273, 274 Kigelinone, 10, 36 Linalool, 2, 32, 36, 64, 73, 75, 91, 135, Klebsiellapneumoniae,89, 92, 93, 98, 239, 270 101–103, 140, 144, 195, 237, 238 Lipolysis, 21 Koenidine, 44 Lipoproteins, 12, 28 Koenigin, 44 Liriodenine, 100 Koenigine, 44, 45 Lithospermic acid, 12 Koenimbine, 44 Lonchocarpol, 9 Koenine, 44 Longaniaceae, 85 Kolavenic acid, 100 Longifolene, 171 Kutkoside, 133 Low density lipoprotein (LDL), 12, 28, 152, 286 Kuwanol, 43 Lucenin-I, 116 Lumbago, 237 Lung cancer, 6, 137, 212, 271 L Lupane acid, 116 Labiatae, 9 Lupenone, 28 Lacinilene, 25 Lupeol, 28, 43, 59, 67, 75, 115, 122, 133, 138, Lactones, 25, 70 139, 144, 147, 152, 153, 193, 195, 196, Lamiaceae, 5, 9, 21, 85, 178 218, 221, 247 Lanceolate, 25, 99, 100, 102, 140, 147, 200, Lupeolacetate, 94 204, 243, 273, 280 Lupeonone, 193 Index 305

Luteolin, 36, 67, 102, 103, 116, 149, 173, 229, Microsporumcanis, 226 241, 242, 249, 250, 286 Microtubules, 6 Lycopene, 12, 64, 283 Mimosoideae, 189, 213, 214, 216, 227 Lymphoblastoid, 112, 113 Mimusopfarnanol, 122 Lymphocytic leukemia, 69, 70, 71, 75, 88 Mimusopic acids, 11, 56, 123 Lymphoma, 6, 60 Mimusopins, 11, 122, 123 Lythraceae, 38, 286 Mimusopsides, 11, 122, 123 MLF. See 4’-methoxy licoflavanone (MLF) Molluscicidal, 60, 117, 225 M Monoecious, 23, 28, 62, 67, 75, 79, 112, 123, Maceration, 4, 283 169, 195, 202, 245, 258, 280, 283, 286 Macrophominaphaseolina,226 Moraceae, 5, 21, 42, 111, 192, 235 Magnoliaceae, 70 Moran A, 5, 43 Magnolol, 71, 72 Moranoline, 43 Mahanimbicine, 44 Moretenol, 75 Malaria, 8, 28, 34, 38, 89, 97, 120, 177, Moretenone, 75, 249, 250 226, 238 Morin, 112 Mallatojaponin, 12 Morusin, 43 Malondialdehyde, 286 MRC-5 cancer cell line, 31 Malvaceae, 41, 161, 195 Mucilage, 47, 70, 94 Malvidin, 133 Mulberroside F, 43 Mangiferin, 12, 280, 281 Murrayaline, 44 Margins, 32, 41, 87, 99, 117, 120, 147, 162, Murrayastine, 44 175, 200, 202, 258, 261 Myeloblastosis virus, 120 Maxoderm™, 16 Myeloid leukemia, 7 MCF-7, 7, 64 Myocardial, 12, 133, 137, 149 Measles, 117 Myocytes, 21 Medicarpin, 193 Myrcene, 2, 32, 36, 270 Medioresinol, 178 Myricetin, 9, 28, 94, 115, 124, 139–141, 200 Melanin, 70, 71, 113, 289 Myricetol, 59 Melanoma, 6, 70, 71, 75, 113 Myrtaceae, 60, 124, 166, 200, 283 Meliacarpin, 97 Meliaceae, 92, 95, 100 Meliacin, 97 N Melianol, 97 Nanoparticles, 8, 152 Meliartenin vanillin, 97 Naphthoquinones, 36–38, 120–121, 144, 166 Menorrhagia, 29 Naringenin, 12, 59, 237, 238 Menoxenia, 115 Nectarines, 280 Menthol, 2, 9, 283 Neoandrographolide, 133 Mesocarp, 259, 270 Neoglabrin, 134 Mesquitol, 227 Neohesperidoside, 221, 222 Methanolic extracts, 3, 10, 15, 30, 32, 34, 37, Neoplasia, 259 38, 45, 62, 67, 69, 86, 93, 95, 97, 101, Nephroprotective, 17, 58, 60, 139, 284, 290, 291 102, 112, 113, 119, 137, 144, 149, 170, Nephropathy), 22 171, 174, 177, 190, 191, 193, 221, 237, Nerifolin, 152 239, 247, 249, 257, 289 Neriin, 13, 148 4’-methoxy licoflavanone (MLF), 7, 223 Nerol, 32 Methylation, 6 Nerolidol, 2, 32, 36, 73, 75, 270 Methyl dalbergin, 220 Neuroprotective, 3, 261, 262, 275, 289 Methyltransfereases, 5 Neurotoxic, 66, 168, 217 Michellamines, 2, 110 NF-kappaB transcription, 72 Micrococcus luteus, 89, 140, 237 Nicotinic acid, 44 Microphyllon, 144 Nictoflorin, 28 Microsatellite markers, 38 Nimbidin, 5, 10, 95, 97 306 Index

Nimbin, 10, 95, 97 Pelargonidin, 25, 133, 205, 239, 240, 286 Nitidine, 12 Pelvic nerve ganglia, 16 Nobiletin, 7, 270, 271 Pendulous, 36, 135 Nonadecane, 75 Penicillium chrysogenum, 88 Norartocarpetin, 112 Pentamerous, 30, 214 Nordalbergin, 220 Peonidin, 133 Norlimonoids, 101 Peptides, 66 Noroliveroline, 100 Peptidyl-propyl isomerase pin1, 258 Norplant©, 16 Pericarp, 100, 270, 283, 289 N-nitrosodiethylamine, 60 Periplogenin, 12 Nutraceutical, 3, 23 Peruvosides, 152 Nyctaginaceae, 89 Petiolate, 24, 27, 43, 58, 70, 112, 119, 122, Nyctanthin, 102 135, 162, 229, 239, 241, 261 Petroleum ether extracts, 16, 28, 64, 97, 134, 217, 229 O Phebalosin, 44 Obovate, 75, 135, 286 Phellandrene, 171 Obtuse, 70, 72 Phenolates, 57 Oleaceae, 34, 69 Phenyl chromene, 220 Oleandrin, 13, 148, 149 Phenylethanoid, 69, 102 Oleanolic acid, 110, 140, 241, 242 Pheromones, 189 Oleanolic acid caprylates, 94 Phlobatannin, 70, 73 Oliveroline-β-N-oxide, 100 Phloridzin, 268, 276 Opposite arrangement, 67 Phosphorylation, 6, 271 Opthalmopathy, 36 Photoaging, 72 Organic extraction, 4 Photoperiodism, 34 Organophosphorus, 12 Phyllanthin, 133 Orientin, 116, 140, 141, 225, 226 Phyllotaxy, 119 Osteoporosis, 17, 275 Physcion, 218 Osteosarcoma, 8 Phytoestrogens, 17, 55, 211 Ovate, 23, 35, 36, 43, 67, 69, 74, 87, 89, Phytol, 36, 223 112, 115, 135, 138, 192, 195, 196, 200, Phytoremediation, 100 241, 256 Phytosterolin, 249 Ovicidal, 202 Phytosterols, 28, 55, 137, 168, 169, 243, 249, Oxalic acid, 44 255, 261 Oxidative stress, 45 Picroside, 133 Oxyresveratrol, 112 Pinaceae, 91, 169 Ozone depleting industrial Pinene, 91, 169 solvents, 62 Pinitol, 5, 89, 90 Pinnatal, 36 Pinnate, 77, 87, 92, 193, 225, 245, 289 P Pinnately compound, 36, 44, 214, 227, 259 Paclitaxel, 5 Pinnatin, 134 Palmately compound, 172 Pinoresinol, 97, 171 Pancreatic cancer, 64 Piperamides, 161 Papain, 64, 65 Piperidine, 12, 161 Papaverine, 12, 91 Piperine, 9, 161 Paracetamol, 13, 144, 161 Plants functional products, 2 Parkinsonin, 225, 226 Plants secondary metabolites, 2, 42, 78, Parkinson’s disease, 3 172, 173 Parkintin, 225, 226 Platanaceae, 123 Patulitrin, 161, 229 Plumericin, 75 Pedicel, 70, 193, 218 Plumieride, 75 Pedunculagin, 160 PMFs. See Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) Index 307

Pneumoniae, 10, 89, 92, 93, 98, 101–103, 140, Pyrexia, 115, 160, 166, 178, 182 144, 195, 237, 238 Pyrocatecollic acids, 229 Podocarpaceae, 98 Pyrogallol, 9 Podolactones, 98 Pyrogallotanins, 229 Poliovirus, 9 Pyrogens, 13, 159 Polyacetylenes, 8 Polyalthialdoic acid, 100 Polyamines, 8 Q Polygamous, 204 Quassinoid alkaloids, 88 Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), 270, 275 Quercetin, 3, 8, 12, 25, 27, 28, 36, 42, 43, 59, Polyphenols, 3, 5, 6, 12, 42, 68, 69, 127, 137, 94, 102, 115, 123, 124, 133, 137, 143, 138, 214, 215, 276, 277, 287, 289 160, 161, 202, 205, 221, 222, 236–238, Pomiferins, 5 247, 261, 268, 274, 275, 276, 283, Pongamol, 134 286, 290 Pongapin, 134 Quercitrocides, 59 Porphyromonas gingivalis, 239, 257 Quinones, 9, 17, 28, 67, 113, 114 Poultices, 4, 95, 139, 226 Prevotella intermedia, 239, 257 Proanthocyanidins, 3, 12, 139, 149, 152, R 239, 240 Raceme, 27, 36, 45, 127, 193, 218, 221 ProEnhance™, 16 Rachis, 44, 45, 193, 214 Progesterone, 187 Radical-scavenging, 23, 43 Prosogerin, 161, 229 Raman microspectroscopic techniques, 4 Prosogerine, 161 Ranikhet disease virus, 249 Prostaglandin, 171, 220 Ranunculaceae, 9 Prostaglandin synthase, 13, 159 Rauscher murine leukemia virus, 120 Prostanoids, 13 Receptacles, 236 Prostate, 6, 8, 64, 271, 279, 286 Replication, 5, 12, 109, 113, 261, 289 Protease inhibitors, 55 Resin, 44, 149, 167, 171, 200, 204, 260 Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), 137 Resveratrol, 6, 12 Proteolytic, 64 Retusaphenol, 249, 250 Proteus vulgaris, 85, 89, 93, 144, 237, 241, Reverse phase HPLC, 93 243, 245, 249 Reverse transcriptase, 3, 12, 109, 119, Protocatechuic acid, 32, 247 123, 225 Protolimonoids, 101 Rhamnosides, 59 Protoplumericine, 75 Rhazmanine, 135 Pseudocarpain, 62, 63 Rheumatism, 38, 66, 78, 80, 95, 99, 120, 139, Pseudomonas sp. 154, 177, 178, 182, 223, 226, 237 P.aeruginosa, 64, 75, 85, 88, 89, 93, 94, 97, Rhizopus stolonifer, 97 104, 140, 144, 191, 202, 215, 226, 237, Rho-kinase, 193, 194 238, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 250, 258 Ricinoleic acid, 15, 202, 206 P. pseudomallei, 75 Rind, 64, 110, 112, 138, 273, 289 Psoralen, 239, 247 Robinetin, 9 Psychedelic, 163 166 Rosaceae, 5, 9, 21, 32, 260, 261, 276, 280 Pterocarpens, 222, 223 Rotenone, 10, 225 P-388 lymphocytic leukemia system, 69 Rubiaceae, 85 PTP. See Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Rubifacient, 139 Pubescence, 70 Rubrinol, 75 Punicalagin, 12, 286 Rutaceae, 44, 113, 168, 270, 273 Punigluconin, 160 Rutin, 9, 28, 36, 43, 59, 102, 123, 124, 137, Purgative, 38, 74, 118, 120, 202, 218, 257 143, 202, 229, 236, 237, 241, 242 Putranjivaceae, 174 Rutinoside, 200, 221, 222 Putranjivoside, 174, 175 Rutoside, 59 Pypayafolinecarbazole alkaloids, 44 Ruvosides, 152 308 Index

S Spermatogenesis, 154 Salicaceae, 175, 177 Spermicidal, 15, 202, 203 Salicin, 13,14, 176–177 Spicigerine, 161 Salicortin, 13 Spines, 47, 117, 180, 202, 221, 225, 289 Salicylates, 73, 75, 159, 176, 177 Squalene, 161, 178, 179, 223 Salmonella sp. Staphylococcus sp. S. enterica ser typhi, 97 S. aureus, 10, 34, 64, 69, 85, 88, 89, 92, S. typhi, 10, 34, 64, 89, 101, 102, 140, 202, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101–103, 140, 144, 221, 222, 226, 238, 249 191, 195, 215, 221, 222, 226, 237, 238, Sambacin, 36 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 250, 258, 289 Sambacolingoside, 36 S. epidermidis, 10, 95, 101, 102, 289 Sambacoside, 36 Steam bath, 80 Sapindaceae, 77 Stem bark, 2, 7, 27, 28, 38, 67, 75, 86, 88, 94, Saponin, 3, 11, 12, 15, 22, 23, 27, 32, 34, 36, 97, 98, 100, 119, 134, 135, 139, 147, 38, 42–44, 58–60, 69, 70, 73, 89, 93, 149, 152, 174, 177, 218, 220, 221, 222, 94, 102, 116, 119, 120, 123, 127, 134, 230, 241, 247, 249, 257, 280, 281 135, 149, 173, 172, 174, 175, 178, 179, Sterculiaceae, 172 181, 182, 189–191, 195, 196, 204, 216, Sterols, 22, 24, 28, 43, 44, 116, 135, 202, 222, 227, 247, 256, 284 225, 226, 268, 290 Sapotaceae, 23, 93, 122 Stimulants, 16, 38, 115, 249 Sapotin, 23 Stipulate, 119, 229 Sapotinin, 23 Streptococcus sp. Saraca indica, 17, 144, 204–205, 211 S. anginosus, 239 Scabies, 140, 178, 220 S. faecalis, 89, 92 Scopolamine-induced amnesia, 42 S. gordonii, 239 Scutellarin, 12 S. mitis, 97 Secoiridoids, 36 Streptozotocin, 21, 23–25, 27, 28, 30, 35–38, Selinene, 283 41–43, 45, 257 Semimyrtucmmulone, 200 Strictinin, 5 Seojulirprsopinol, 227 Succulents, 47, 117 Serrate, 32, 41, 162, 175, 196, 202, 239, 261 Sulforaphanes, 5 Serratia marcescens, 89, 144, 249, 250 Swertifrancheside, 12, 110 Sesamin, 12 Swiss rats, 21 Sessile, 236 Syringaresinol, 178, 179 Shallomin, 133 Syringic acid, 27, 28 Shamimin, 6, 25 Shigella flexneri, 97 Silica gel column chromatography, 4 T Silvestrol, 56 Tabularin, 92, 93 Silymarin, 133, 139 Tail immersion test, 160, 171 Simaroubaceae, 87 Tangeretin, 7 Simmering, 282 Tannins, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 23, 32, 38, 43, 44, 55, Sitosterol, 28, 57, 59, 92, 93, 94, 94, 117, 161, 59, 70, 73, 77, 78, 89, 93, 94, 99, 100, 173, 205 102, 104, 115, 119, 120, 127, 134–137, Sitz bath, 144 140, 144, 149, 160, 181, 189, 200, 202, Small pox, 174 204, 214, 215, 217, 218, 229, 243, 247, Soaking, 4 256, 259, 268, 271, 283, 284, 289 Sohumbertiol, 32 Taraxerol, 28, 75, 117, 122, 144, 147, 173 Solanaceae, 9 Taxanes, 5 Solitary, 35, 41, 62, 70, 98, 122, 140, 169, Taxol(s), 6, 56, 98 192, 245 Techomine, 5 Spathulenol, 168, 169 Tecomanine, 102 Index 309

Tecostanine, 102 Umbles, 100 Tectonoelin, 179 Ursolic acids, 12, 32, 122, 140, 144, 147, 149, Teratology, 197, 198 241, 242, 247, 268, 283 Termilignan, 110 Terpenoids, 2, 5, 8, 9, 17, 25, 30, 34, 36, 57, 59, 60, 66, 70, 85, 89, 93, 98, 109, 116, 117, V 127, 135, 144, 181, 221, 247, 271, 283 Vanillic acid, 27, 28, 97, 218, 261 Terpineol, 91 Vapor therapy, 36 Testosterone, 14, 187 Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 113, 238 Thannilignan, 110 Verbenaceae, 196 Thevetin, 152 Vermifuge, 103, 177, 282 Thevetoxin, 152 Verminosis, 179 Thiosulfinates, 8 Vesicular stomatitis virus, 9 Thujone, 7, 80 Vicenin-II, 116, 189 Thyroid, 60, 150, 152, 159 VigRX Oil™, 16 Tirucallanes, 102 Vinblastine, 5, 56 Tocopherol, 25, 149, 161, 255, 256, 258 Vincristine, 5, 56, 284 Tomentose, 70, 195, 200 Vindesin, 5 Topotecan, 56 Vindoline, 5 Totarol, 98 Vinylpyridine, 36 Trans-linalool oxide, 32 Virility patch and rxtm, 16 Tremulacin, 13, 177 Virility pills, 16 Triacanthosides, 120 Vitexin, 116, 120, 225, 226, 249, 250 Trichocarpin, 177, 176 VLDL cholestrol, 28 Trichomes, 30 Vleurosine, 5 Trichomonas vaginalis, 64 VZV. See Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Trichophyton simii, 226 Trichosporon beigelii, 100 Tricosane, 75 W Trifoliate, 113, 138 Warfarin, 9 Trifolin, 28 Wheezing, 115 Trigonelline bases, 43 Wistar rats, 21, 37, 38, 42, 43, 147, 168, 178 Triterpenoids, 2, 3, 11, 12, 24, 25, 60, 89, 122, 123, 137, 149–151, 173, 190, 216, 235 Trypanosomiasis, 283 X Tubercles, 112 Xanthones, 17, 170, 171, 212 Tuberculosis, 97, 239 Xanthotoxol, 113, 245 Tubotaiwine, 135 Xanthoxylin, 75 Turkey red oil, 202 Type 1 diabetes, 5 Type 2 diabetes, 5, 21, 48 Y Tyrosine kinase, 6 Yohimbe, 16

U Z Ulcers, 2, 38, 42, 69, 77, 100, 137, 140, 147, Zeaxanthin, 64, 283 152, 177, 179, 191, 195, 199, 202, 220, Zeta-carotene, 64 237, 243, 249, 257, 284 Zhebeiresinol, 178 Umbelliferone, 239 Zingiberene, 196