DOCSLIB.ORG

The History of the Investigation of the Karakalpak Ethnos

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 THE HISTORY OF THE INVESTIGATION OF THE KARAKALPAK ETHNOS Ballieva Ruza1, Matkarimova Sadokat Maksudovna2, Matkarimova Nazokat Maksudovna3 1Doctor of historical sciences, professorof Karakalpak State University 2PhD, Associate Professor of the History DepartmentUrgench State University, 3Post-graduate Doctorate of UrgenchStateUniversity Nukus and Urgench sity,Uzbekistan E-mail address: [email protected] Received: 05 May 2020 Revised: and Accepted: 15 July 2020 ABSTRACT: Historical sources show the settlement of Karakalpaks the choice of places was associated with his conduct of traditional farming. A well-known role in this process was played by the geographical environment, which had an impact on the nature of settlement and, accordingly, on the economy and life of the Karakalpaks. The article deals with the issues of determining the reasons for the resettlement and choice of places of residence of the Karakalpak ethnic group. In order to do this, the authors had to study the history of the Karakalpak ethnic group in connection with the geographical area of its settlement. Analyzing historical sources, the author came to the conclusion that the formation of the most important nodal stage of the ethnogenesis of the Karakalpaks were I-X and the main ethnic core of its formation was the unification of the pechenezh tribes associated with their origin with the South-Eastern Aral Sea. The article analyzes in detail the sources of further fate of Pechenegs with Oguz their migration. Migration causes and results are described. For example, the migration of the Pechenegs from the South Russian steppes to the Volga and Ural rivers, where they lived from the XIII to the XVI century. United with the Nogai ulus gave the opportunity to form a new form of ethnic community. These ethnic community was further called Karakalpaks. In the XVI century in connection with the collapse of the Nogai ulus and the constant raids of Kalmyks forced Karakalpaks to move between the Volga and the Urals to the lower Syr Darya.In connection with the attack of the troops of the Jungar Khan in 1723-25, Karakalpaks were divided into two groups. The southern group ("upper Karakalpaks") gravitated to the Bukhara khanate, and further advanced deep into the Uzbek agricultural oases to Tashkent, Fergana and Zeravshan valley. But in 1743 the Syrdarya Karakalpaks were attacked by the Kazakh Khan, which led to the desolation of a large area of Karakalpak agricultural culture in the lower Syrdarya and Kuvandarya. This caused a mass migration of Karakalpaks on the Zhanadarya and the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. Here the Karakalpaks finally formed as a nation, uniting disparate tribal groups. KEY WORDS: Ethnography, ethnic community, ethnogenesis, ethnic territory, geographical environment, settlement, ethnosocial-natural systems, tribal system, traditional nature management, integrated economy, economic-cultural type, ethnic nature management, delta landscape, river valley. I. INTRODUCTION The participants of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition gathered extensive unique material, which was a valuable contribution to solving a number of problems of the history and ethnography of the population of the Aral Sea region. Historical and ethnographic materials witness that the Karakalpaks were mainly settled around the territory of the Aral Sea region, and that the most ancient stage of the formation of the Karakalpak ethnic group was linked to ancient Sak-massaget, Pecheneg, and Oghuz tribes. Herodot wrote about Massaget tribe living in the 5th centuries BC on the banks of the Uzboy and in the eastern part of Ustyurt Plato in his work “The History in Nine Books‟. The Herodotus‟ works confirm our assumptions about the geographical and ethnographic data of the Aral Sea region. Referring to the Massagets living over 2700 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 Araks, (he was referring to Amu DaryaRiver), he described in detail their costumes, lifestyle, comparing with the Scythian, and then he wrote “They fight both on foot and on horse; their weapons are bows, spears and axes. They are engaged in cattle breeding and fishing” [1]. Further, Strabo writes in his “Geography in Seventeen Books” describes the life of the tribes living in the east of the Caspian Sea, naming them Massagets and Saks. “Some of them live on the mountains, some on the plains; others occupy swamps formed by rivers, fourth islands on these swamps. The inhabitants of the plains do not engage in farming, but live in the manner of nomads and Scythians, feeding on lamb and fish.” [2] A valuable contribution to the solution of a number of problems of the history and ethnography of the population of the Aral Sea region was made by the Khorezm archeological and ethnographic expedition led by S.P. Tolstov. Based on the extensive unique material, a new concept of the main stages was created, and a new concept was created for the main stages of the ethno genesis of the peoples of the Aral Sea region, in particular the Karakalpaks. According to the concept of S.P. Tolstov, the Sako-Massaget tribes of the Apasiacs are the most ancient ethnic element that participated in the formation of the Karakalpaks in the era of antiquity. The tribes of Chianti -Epaulets and Turks also participated in the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks. In the 18th-20th - centuries when the center of the Oguz state was, the territory of the lower reaches of the Syrdarya influenced Karakalpak ethno genesis. And yet, according to Tolstov, the most important nodal stage of the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks was in the 1st- 9th century, and the main ethnic core of its formation was the unification of the Pecheneg tribes connected by their origin from the southeastern Aral region. [3] Tolstov maintains and develops the convincing conclusions of P.P. Ivanov, to which this scholar came back in the 30s of the 20th century as a result of an analysis of Eastern and Russian written sources. P.P. Ivanov linked the formation of the Karakalpaks with the formation of the territory of the Aral Sea region. In connection with this problem, he first drew attention not only to the western branch of the Pecheneg tribes, which had gone under the onslaught of the Oguzes to the southern Russian steppes at the end of the 9th and 10th centuries or to the borders with Byzantium, but to the eastern branch of the Pecheneg tribal association, which remained between the Volga and the Urals, surrounded by Oguzes as part of their state. Ivanov connects the fate of the eastern Oguz-Pecheneg tribes with the Kipchaks who came from the Irtysh basin in the 11th century. [4] In the 11th century, the Kipchaks conquered the Oguzes and occupied their territory, then they advanced west to the Dnieper, and in the 12th I century to the Danube. Under the onslaught of the Kipchaks, part of the Oguz advanced beyond the Volga in different directions. However, part of the Oguz and the Türks and the Eastern Pechenegs who had united with them during this period reached only the Dnieper and settled within KievanRussia, on the banks of the RosaRiver (a tributary of the Dnieper). Along with the lower reaches of the Syrdarya, all the historical legends of the Karakalpaks in the past mention areas that were part of the Nogai Khanate: Edil (Volga), Zhaik (Yaik, Ural River), and sometimes Crimea. Thus, the lower reaches of the Syrdarya, obviously, were not the only habitat of the Karakalpaks. The overwhelming mass of the Karakalpaks at the turn of the 17th -18th centuries, continued to occupy the middle and lower reaches of the Syrdarya. Along with semi-settled irrigated agriculture, they were engaged in cattle breeding, fishing, and hunting. This was for almost densely populated area during entire Middle Ages, busy with irrigated agriculture to become an agricultural oasis. In addition, the Karakalpaks, as already been mentioned, lived along the middle course of the Syrdarya, where their economic and cultural center was the city of Turkestan, as well as in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and on the shores of the Aral Sea. In 1723-25, after the defeat of the Kazakh Khanates by the troops of the Dzungarian Khan, part of the Karakalpaks was forced to descend to the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and settle in areas of its old riverbed. As a result, the Karakalpaks were divided into two groups. The southern group (upper Karakalpaks) was subordinate to the Bukhara Khanate, the northern (lower Karakalpaks) was subservient to the Kazakh Khan Tauka (1680-1718). The “upper” Karakalpaks advanced into the depths of the Uzbek agricultural oases to Tashkent, Fergana and the Zeravshan valley. “Lower” Karakalpaks, having left the agricultural Turkestan oasis with an established irrigation network, migrated to undeveloped lands between the Syrdarya and Amudarya rivers, where they had to arrange an irrigation network near the Aral Sea and restore it along the Kuvandarya River. But in 1743, the SyrdaryaKarakalpaks were attacked by the Kazakh Khan, which led to the desolation of a vast area of the Karakalpak agricultural culture on the lower Syrdarya and Kuvandarya. This caused a massive resettlement of Karakalpaks to Zhanadarya and the lower reaches of the Amudarya River. In these places, the Karakalpaks had to fight for their independence from the Khiva and Kazakh khans. Nevertheless, in 1811, the ZhanadaryaKarakalpaks were subordinated to Khiva. The Khiva Khan forcibly relocated the bulk of the Karakalpaks deep into the Khanate in the lower reaches of the Amudarya from the places inhabited by them. Karakalpaks and here become skilled at large areas, built a number of large irrigation canals, and began to engage in agriculture and animal farming.
Recommended publications
  • Administrative Management of Territories Inhabited by Kyrgyz and Kipchaks in the Kokand Khanate

    Administrative Management of Territories Inhabited by Kyrgyz and Kipchaks in the Kokand Khanate

    EPRA International Journal of Environmental Economics, Commerce and Educational Management Journal DOI : 10.36713/epra0414 |ISI I.F Value: 0.815|SJIF Impact Factor(2020): 7.572 ISSN:2348 – 814X Volume: 7| Issue: 1| August 2020 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT OF TERRITORIES INHABITED BY KYRGYZ AND KIPCHAKS IN THE KOKAND KHANATE Boboev Mirodillo Kosimjon ugli Student of Fergana State University, Uzbekistan. -----------------------------------ANNOTATION-------------------------------- This article provides information about territories inhabited by Kyrgyz and Kipchaks in the Kokand Khanate, their forms of social, economic and administrative management, as well as their senior management positions. KEYWORDS: Kyrgyz, Kipchak, tribe, khan, governor, mirshab, Kokand, channel, feudal, valley. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DISCUSSION In the first half of the XIX century, the Kokand khanate was the largest region in Central Asia. The Kokand khanate was bordered by East Turkestan in the east, the Bukhara Emirate and the Khiva Khanate in the west. The territory of the khanate in the north was completely subjugated by three Kazakh juzes and bordered by Russia. The southern borders of the khanate included mountainous areas such as Karategin, Kulob, Darvaz, Shogunan. For these regions, there will be bloody wars with the Emirate of Bukhara, which passed from hand to hand. The territory of the Kokand khanate, in contrast to the Bukhara emirate and the Khiva khanate had many wetlands, valleys and fertile lands. The center of the khanate was the Fergana Valley, where such large cities as Kokand, Margilan, Uzgen, Andizhan, and Namangan were located. Large cities such as Tashkent, Shymkent, Turkestan, Avliyota, Pishtak, Oqmasjid were also under the rule of Kokand khanate. The population of the Kokand khanate is relatively dense, about 3 million.
  • Diversity and Ecology of Periphytonic Algae in the Arys River Basin, Kazakhstan

    Diversity and Ecology of Periphytonic Algae in the Arys River Basin, Kazakhstan

    Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources ISSN: 2578-4994 Diversity and Ecology of Periphytonic Algae in the Arys River Basin, Kazakhstan 1 2 Barinova SS *, Krupa EG Research Article 1Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel Volume 1 Issue 1 2 Republican State Enterprise on the Right of Economic Use "Institute of Zoology", Received Date: June 27, 2017 Ministry of Education and Science, Science Committee, Republic of Kazakhstan Published Date: July 15, 2017 DOI: 10.23880/jenr-16000106 *Corresponding author: Barinova SS, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 199 Abba Khoushi Ave., Haifa 3498838, Israel, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract No one information about algal community diversity from the Arys River basin was before this study. The first data about algal and cyanobacteria species diversity was represented for the Arys River basin and compared it to freshwater algae patterns of the related mountain regions. Altogether 82 species were found in 28 samples of phytoperiphyton on 13 sampling stations of the Arys River and its tributaries. Diatoms prevail in studied algal flora. Bioindication characterize the Arys River waters as temperate, moderately oxygenated, fresh, neutral water affected by a low to moderate level of organic pollution, Class II-III of water quality. The pattern of algae and cyanobacteria diversity distribution depends on altitude and local climatic and environmental conditions. Bacillariophyta species was richest in high mountain habitats, green algae, cyanobacteria and charophytes avoid high mountain habitats and have negative correlation with altitude. These results can be used as indicator of environmental changes in the mountainous areas. Three floristic groups were recognized in the studied river communities corresponding to the upper, middle and lower parts of the watershed.
  • Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region

    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region

    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region 68 Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources ater has long been the fundamental helped the region flourish; on the other, water, concern of Central Asia’s air, land, and biodiversity have been degraded. peoples. Few parts of the region are naturally water endowed, In this chapter, major river basins, inland seas, Wand it is unevenly distributed geographically. lakes, and reservoirs of Central Asia are presented. This scarcity has caused people to adapt in both The substantial economic and ecological benefits positive and negative ways. Vast power projects they provide are described, along with the threats and irrigation schemes have diverted most of facing them—and consequently the threats the water flow, transforming terrain, ecology, facing the economies and ecology of the country and even climate. On the one hand, powerful themselves—as a result of human activities. electrical grids and rich agricultural areas have The Amu Darya River in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, with a canal (left) taking water to irrigate cotton fields.Upper right: Irrigation lifeline, Dostyk main canal in Makktaaral Rayon in South Kasakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan. Lower right: The Charyn River in the Balkhash Lake basin, Kazakhstan. Water Resources 69 55°0'E 75°0'E 70 1:10 000 000 Central AsiaAtlas ofNaturalResources Major River Basins in Central Asia 200100 0 200 N Kilometers RUSSIAN FEDERATION 50°0'N Irty sh im 50°0'N Ish ASTANA N ura a b m Lake Zaisan E U r a KAZAKHSTAN l u s y r a S Lake Balkhash PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC Ili OF CHINA Chui Aral Sea National capital 1 International boundary S y r D a r Rivers and canals y a River basins Lake Caspian Sea BISHKEK Issyk-Kul Amu Darya UZBEKISTAN Balkhash-Alakol 40°0'N ryn KYRGYZ Na Ob-Irtysh TASHKENT REPUBLIC Syr Darya 40°0'N Ural 1 Chui-Talas AZERBAIJAN 2 Zarafshan TURKMENISTAN 2 Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
  • THE WESTFIELD LEADER the LEADING and Motf WIDELY CIRCULATED WEEKLY NEWSPAPER in UNION COUNTY YEAR—No

    THE WESTFIELD LEADER the LEADING and Motf WIDELY CIRCULATED WEEKLY NEWSPAPER in UNION COUNTY YEAR—No

    THE WESTFIELD LEADER THE LEADING AND MOtf WIDELY CIRCULATED WEEKLY NEWSPAPER IN UNION COUNTY YEAR—No. 1 Entered as Second C1&B8 Matter Published Post Office, Weatfleld. N, J. WESTFIELD, NEW JERSE Y, SEPTEMBER 13, 1951 , Every Thursday 34 Page •—8 CwU Idult School Catalogs Council Asked United Campaign 1952 Budget Summary Lincoln PTA U. C. Campaign Goal To Halt North Expense Income Support Opens Season District Nursing Association ........$20,153 $11,378 $ 8,775 tailed to Residents Community Center 8,383 1,000 7,385 Ave. Speeding YWCA 21,341 7,815 13,526 Tuesday Night Police Warn Of YMCA 80,976 51,715 29,261 Set At $86,692 legislation For Fanwood Resident Girl Scouts 8,991 8,991 Drive on Speeders Boy Scouts 9,g38 9,838 "Back to School" Claims Section Observance Begins Community Players all Term Now ' Agency Totals $149,684 171,908 Acting Chief George Morton Is "Death Trap" Campaign and Office Expense 0,315 Year's Activities Announce Try-Outs New Figure told the "Leader" today that, act- Provision for Uncollectible ing on numerous complaints, the Bus drivers have made North Pledges The Lincoln School PTA has an cing Accepted department will shortly open a avenue a "death trap" for motor- 2,601 Try-outs for the Community Up $11,800 Over nounced its program for the 1851- Players* fall production Rebecca drive to curtail speeding in the ists and residents of the area, $86,692 52 year with the general theme of Sezistrations are now being ac- town. Slated for particular atten- Howard W.
  • The Aral Sea Basin Is Located in the Centre of Eurasian Continent And

    The Aral Sea Basin Is Located in the Centre of Eurasian Continent And

    The Aral Sea Basin is located in the centre of Eurasian continent and covers the territory of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, major part of Turkmenistan, part of Kyrgyzstan, southern part of Kazakhstan and northern part of Afghanistan. Water resources of the Aral Sea basin are formed in surface and underground sources and glaciers. Surface waters are mainly concentrated in the basins of the two main rivers of the region –Amudarya and Syrdarya. Independent hydrographic basins (gravitating towards the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers) create Kashkadarya, Zaravshan, Murgab, Tedjen, Chu, Talas rivers that lost connection with the main rivers many centuries ago. The territory can be divided to three main zones on the conditions of formation and transformation of the surface flow in the region: • zone, where the flow is formed (area of feeding in mountainous regions); • zone of transit and dispersion of flow; • delta zones. Numerous glaciers are concentrated in the mountain systems of the Central Asia, which give rise to practically all large rivers of the region, the water of which is intensively used in the national economy. The major part of glaciers is located in the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. On the whole, water resources in the Aral Sea basin are not equally distributed. 55,4% of the flow in the basin are formed within the territory of Tajikistan, in Kyrgyzstan – 25,3%, in Uzbekistan – 7,6%, in Kazakhstan – 3,9%, in Turkmenistan – 2,4%, on the territory of Afghanistan and other countries, share of which is not significant (China, Pakistan) – around 5,4% of the flow is formed.
  • Kazakhstan), As Influenced by Climate Variation and Human Activity

    Kazakhstan), As Influenced by Climate Variation and Human Activity

    sustainability Article Variation in Runoff of the Arys River and Keles River Watersheds (Kazakhstan), as Influenced by Climate Variation and Human Activity Sanim Bissenbayeva 1,2,3,4, Jilili Abuduwaili 1,2,3,*, Dana Shokparova 4 and Asel Saparova 5 1 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China 2 Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China 3 Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4 Department of Geography, Land Management and Cadastre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan 5 Institute of Geography, Satbayev University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 July 2019; Accepted: 29 August 2019; Published: 2 September 2019 Abstract: Runoff formation is a complex meteorological-hydrological process impacted by many factors, especially in the inland river basin. In this study, long-term (1960–2015) river runoff and climate data in the Arys and Keles River watersheds (Kazakhstan) were gathered to analyze the impacts of climate variation and human activity on runoff. The non-parametric Kendall test and the Pettitt test were used to identify trends and change points in the time data series. It was found that both watersheds had significant upward trends in temperature and potential evapotranspiration data, and insignificant upward trends in the runoff. Change points in annual runoff were identified around the year 1973. The hydrological sensitivity method was employed to evaluate the impacts of climate variation and human activity on mean annual runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.
  • State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2012

    State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2012

    UNHCR | Refworld | State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 201... Page 1 of 3 Title State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2012 - Case study: A sea that fled its shores Publisher Minority Rights Group International Country Uzbekistan Publication Date 28 June 2012 Cite as Minority Rights Group International, State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2012 - Case study: A sea that fled its shores, 28 June 2012, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4fedb3e7c.html [accessed 23 October 2012] Disclaimer This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States. State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2012 - Case study: A sea that fled its shores With the retreat of the Aral Sea, thousands of Karakalpaks have lost their livelihoods and are being forced off their land. The shrinking of the Aral Sea by 90 per cent and desertification of most of its territory is one of the most visible environmental disasters in the world over the last fifty years. While improved water management has led to modest growth in the volume of Kazakhstan's northern portion of the sea in recent years, there is little prospect of similar changes in the southern section, which is surrounded by the Autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan, a part of Uzbekistan. This environmental disaster has had serious economic, social and health consequences for the ethnic Karakalpak population, which is native to the region immediately around the sea.
  • Music of Central Asia and of the Volga-Ural Peoples. Teaching Aids for the Study of Inner Asia No

    Music of Central Asia and of the Volga-Ural Peoples. Teaching Aids for the Study of Inner Asia No

    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 295 874 SO 019 077 AUTHOR Slobin, Mark TITLE Music of Central Asia and of the Volga-Ural Peoples. Teaching Aids for the Study of Inner Asia No. 5. INSTITUTION Indiana Univ., Bloomington. Asian Studies Research Inst. SPONS AGENCY Association for Asian Studies, .an Arbor, Mich. PUB DATE 77 NOTE 68p. AVAILABLE FROMAsian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 ($3.00). PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052) -- Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Asian History; *Asian Studies; Cultural Education; Culture; Foreign Countries; Foreign Culture; Higher Education; Instructional Materials; *Music; Musical Instruments; Music Education; *Non Western Civilization; Resource Materials; Resource Units; Secondary Education; Social Studies IDENTIFIERS *Asia (Central).; *Asia (Volga Ural Region); Folk Music; USSR ABSTRACT The music of the peoples who inhabit either Central Asia or the Volga-Ural region of Asia is explored in this document, which provides information that can be incorporated into secondary or higher education courses. The Central Asian music cultures of the Kirghiz, Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks, Uighurs, Tajiks, and Uzbeks are described and compared through examinations of: (1) physical environmental factors; (2) cultural patterns; (3) history; (4) music development; and (5) musical instruments. The music of the Volga-Ural peoples, who comprise the USSR nationalities of the Mari (Cheremis), Chuvash, Udmurts (Votyaks), Mordvins, Bashkirs, Tatars, and Kalmucks, is examined, with an emphasis on differences in musical instruments. A 13-item bibliography of Central Asian music and a 17-item Volga-Ural music bibliography are included. An appendix contains examples of musical scores from these regions.
  • Uzbekistan – Crossroads of Central Asia

    Uzbekistan – Crossroads of Central Asia

    Uzbekistan Crossroads of Central Asia t could easily be said that all roads in Central The elevated Fergana Valley, containing Asia lead to Uzbekistan. In walking the streets Uzbekistan’s most fertile land, lies in the northeast. of its capital city Tashkent, one is as likely to encounter Uzbeks as one is to see Russians, With desert occupying so much land, and few IKazakhs, Koreans, Kyrgyz, or Tatars. The most lakes, water is scarce and unevenly distributed. historically rich country in the region, Uzbekistan’s Main sources of water are the Amu Darya, with ancient villages and marvelous architecture take headwaters in Tajikistan, and Syr Darya, which visitors back in time to the glory days of the Silk originates in the Kyrgyz Republic. Both are used Road, when legendary cities, such as Bukhara, extensively for irrigation, with some of their Khiva, and Samarkand, were prime stops for outflow diverted to artificial canals to expand the princes and merchants alike. Uzbekistan can truly area of land in agricultural production. Irrigated be called the heart of Central Asia. agriculture along the valleys of these rivers has been practiced for millennia. Water diversion Stretching more than 1,400 kilometers west to east, over the last half century, however, has meant the and 900 kilometers north to south, Uzbekistan decline of what was once Uzbekistan’s largest is the third largest country in the region, with an water body—the Aral Sea. area of 447,000 square kilometers. It is Central Upper: The hilltop fortress of Ayaz- Qala in Karakalpakstan, built in the 6th Asia’s only country that shares boundaries Uzbekistan’s 27 million people make the country and 7th centuries.
  • Ethnic Violence in the Former Soviet Union Richard H

    Ethnic Violence in the Former Soviet Union Richard H

    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 Ethnic Violence in the Former Soviet Union Richard H. Hawley Jr. (Richard Howard) Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION By RICHARD H. HAWLEY, JR. A Dissertation submitted to the Political Science Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2011 Richard H. Hawley, Jr. defended this dissertation on August 26, 2011. The members of the supervisory committee were: Heemin Kim Professor Directing Dissertation Jonathan Grant University Representative Dale Smith Committee Member Charles Barrilleaux Committee Member Lee Metcalf Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To my father, Richard H. Hawley, Sr. and To my mother, Catherine S. Hawley (in loving memory) iii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who made this dissertation possible, and I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all of them. Above all, I thank my committee chair, Dr. Heemin Kim, for his understanding, patience, guidance, and comments. Next, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Dale Smith, a committee member and department chair, for his encouragement to me throughout all of my years as a doctoral student at the Florida State University. I am grateful for the support and feedback of my other committee members, namely Dr.
  • Turkey in the Caspian Sea Region

    Turkey in the Caspian Sea Region

    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2008 Turkey In The Caspian Sea Region Seyma Akkoyunlu University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Akkoyunlu, Seyma, "Turkey In The Caspian Sea Region" (2008). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 3734. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3734 TURKEY IN THE CASPIAN SEA REGION by SEYMA AKKOYUNLU B.S. Istanbul University, 2005 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the Masters of Arts in the Department of Political Science in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, FL Spring Term 2008 Major Professor: Houman Sadri ©2008 Seyma Akkoyunlu ii ABSTRACT This thesis will determine the influence of Turkey’s domestic resources on Turkey’s foreign relations with the five Turkic states in the Caspian Sea Region. The spheres analyzed in this study are the common ties, which are history, culture, religion and language, with the regional countries, pan-Turkism, Turkey’s initial interactions as well as ongoing constructive policies in the region. Findings showed that both Turkey and the five Turkic republics were enthusiastic to carry their relations in every field to future cooperation following the break up of the Soviet Union.
  • Jilili Abuduwaili · Gulnura Issanova Galymzhan Saparov Hydrology and Limnology of Central Asia Water Resources Development and Management

    Jilili Abuduwaili · Gulnura Issanova Galymzhan Saparov Hydrology and Limnology of Central Asia Water Resources Development and Management

    Water Resources Development and Management Jilili Abuduwaili · Gulnura Issanova Galymzhan Saparov Hydrology and Limnology of Central Asia Water Resources Development and Management Series editors Asit K. Biswas, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Cecilia Tortajada, Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Editorial Board Dogan Altinbilek, Ankara, Turkey Francisco González-Gómez, Granada, Spain Chennat Gopalakrishnan, Honolulu, USA James Horne, Canberra, Australia David J. Molden, Kathmandu, Nepal Olli Varis, Helsinki, Finland Hao Wang, Beijing, China [email protected] More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7009 [email protected] Jilili Abuduwaili • Gulnura Issanova Galymzhan Saparov Hydrology and Limnology of Central Asia 123 [email protected] Jilili Abuduwaili and State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology Faculty of Geography and Environmental and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sciences Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Urumqi Almaty China Kazakhstan and and Research Centre of Ecology and Research Centre of Ecology and Environment of Central Asia (Almaty) Environment of Central Asia (Almaty) Almaty Almaty Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Gulnura Issanova Galymzhan Saparov State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Research Centre of Ecology and Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology Environment of Central Asia (Almaty) and Geography, Chinese Academy of U.U. Uspanov Kazakh Research Institute of Sciences Soil Science and Agrochemistry Urumqi Almaty China Kazakhstan ISSN 1614-810X ISSN 2198-316X (electronic) Water Resources Development and Management ISBN 978-981-13-0928-1 ISBN 978-981-13-0929-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0929-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018943710 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.