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THE HISTORY OF THE INVESTIGATION OF THE KARAKALPAK ETHNOS

Ballieva Ruza1, Matkarimova Sadokat Maksudovna2, Matkarimova Nazokat Maksudovna3

1Doctor of historical sciences, professorof Karakalpak State University 2PhD, Associate Professor of the History DepartmentUrgench State University, 3Post-graduate Doctorate of UrgenchStateUniversity and Urgench sity, E-mail address: [email protected]

Received: 05 May 2020 Revised: and Accepted: 15 July 2020

ABSTRACT: Historical sources show the settlement of Karakalpaks the choice of places was associated with his conduct of traditional farming. A well-known role in this process was played by the geographical environment, which had an impact on the nature of settlement and, accordingly, on the economy and life of the Karakalpaks. The article deals with the issues of determining the reasons for the resettlement and choice of places of residence of the Karakalpak ethnic group. In order to do this, the authors had to study the history of the Karakalpak ethnic group in connection with the geographical area of its settlement. Analyzing historical sources, the author came to the conclusion that the formation of the most important nodal stage of the ethnogenesis of the Karakalpaks were I-X and the main ethnic core of its formation was the unification of the pechenezh tribes associated with their origin with the South-Eastern . The article analyzes in detail the sources of further fate of with Oguz their migration. Migration causes and results are described. For example, the migration of the Pechenegs from the South Russian steppes to the Volga and rivers, where they lived from the XIII to the XVI century. United with the Nogai ulus gave the opportunity to form a new form of ethnic community. These ethnic community was further called Karakalpaks. In the XVI century in connection with the collapse of the Nogai ulus and the constant raids of forced Karakalpaks to move between the Volga and the Urals to the lower .In connection with the attack of the troops of the Jungar Khan in 1723-25, Karakalpaks were divided into two groups. The southern group ("upper Karakalpaks") gravitated to the Bukhara khanate, and further advanced deep into the Uzbek agricultural oases to Tashkent, Fergana and Zeravshan valley. But in 1743 the Syrdarya Karakalpaks were attacked by the Kazakh Khan, which led to the desolation of a large area of Karakalpak agricultural culture in the lower Syrdarya and Kuvandarya. This caused a mass migration of Karakalpaks on the Zhanadarya and the lower reaches of the . Here the Karakalpaks finally formed as a nation, uniting disparate tribal groups. KEY WORDS: Ethnography, ethnic community, ethnogenesis, ethnic territory, geographical environment, settlement, ethnosocial-natural systems, tribal system, traditional nature management, integrated economy, economic-cultural type, ethnic nature management, delta landscape, river valley.

I. INTRODUCTION The participants of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition gathered extensive unique material, which was a valuable contribution to solving a number of problems of the history and ethnography of the population of the Aral Sea region. Historical and ethnographic materials witness that the Karakalpaks were mainly settled around the territory of the Aral Sea region, and that the most ancient stage of the formation of the Karakalpak ethnic group was linked to ancient Sak-massaget, Pecheneg, and Oghuz tribes. Herodot wrote about Massaget tribe living in the 5th centuries BC on the banks of the Uzboy and in the eastern part of Ustyurt Plato in his work “The History in Nine Books‟. The Herodotus‟ works confirm our assumptions about the geographical and ethnographic data of the Aral Sea region. Referring to the Massagets living over

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Araks, (he was referring to Amu DaryaRiver), he described in detail their costumes, lifestyle, comparing with the Scythian, and then he wrote “They fight both on foot and on horse; their weapons are bows, spears and axes. They are engaged in cattle breeding and fishing” [1]. Further, Strabo writes in his “Geography in Seventeen Books” describes the life of the tribes living in the east of the Caspian Sea, naming them Massagets and Saks. “Some of them live on the mountains, some on the plains; others occupy swamps formed by rivers, fourth islands on these swamps. The inhabitants of the plains do not engage in farming, but live in the manner of nomads and Scythians, feeding on lamb and fish.” [2] A valuable contribution to the solution of a number of problems of the history and ethnography of the population of the Aral Sea region was made by the Khorezm archeological and ethnographic expedition led by S.P. Tolstov. Based on the extensive unique material, a new concept of the main stages was created, and a new concept was created for the main stages of the ethno genesis of the peoples of the Aral Sea region, in particular the Karakalpaks. According to the concept of S.P. Tolstov, the Sako-Massaget tribes of the Apasiacs are the most ancient ethnic element that participated in the formation of the Karakalpaks in the era of antiquity. The tribes of Chianti -Epaulets and Turks also participated in the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks. In the 18th-20th - centuries when the center of the Oguz state was, the territory of the lower reaches of the Syrdarya influenced Karakalpak ethno genesis. And yet, according to Tolstov, the most important nodal stage of the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks was in the 1st- 9th century, and the main ethnic core of its formation was the unification of the Pecheneg tribes connected by their origin from the southeastern Aral region. [3] Tolstov maintains and develops the convincing conclusions of P.P. Ivanov, to which this scholar came back in the 30s of the 20th century as a result of an analysis of Eastern and Russian written sources. P.P. Ivanov linked the formation of the Karakalpaks with the formation of the territory of the Aral Sea region. In connection with this problem, he first drew attention not only to the western branch of the Pecheneg tribes, which had gone under the onslaught of the Oguzes to the southern Russian steppes at the end of the 9th and 10th centuries or to the borders with Byzantium, but to the eastern branch of the Pecheneg tribal association, which remained between the Volga and the Urals, surrounded by Oguzes as part of their state. Ivanov connects the fate of the eastern Oguz-Pecheneg tribes with the who came from the basin in the 11th century. [4] In the 11th century, the Kipchaks conquered the Oguzes and occupied their territory, then they advanced west to the Dnieper, and in the 12th I century to the Danube. Under the onslaught of the Kipchaks, part of the Oguz advanced beyond the Volga in different directions. However, part of the Oguz and the Türks and the Eastern Pechenegs who had united with them during this period reached only the Dnieper and settled within KievanRussia, on the banks of the RosaRiver (a tributary of the Dnieper). Along with the lower reaches of the Syrdarya, all the historical legends of the Karakalpaks in the past mention areas that were part of the Nogai Khanate: Edil (Volga), Zhaik (Yaik, Ural River), and sometimes Crimea. Thus, the lower reaches of the Syrdarya, obviously, were not the only habitat of the Karakalpaks. The overwhelming mass of the Karakalpaks at the turn of the 17th -18th centuries, continued to occupy the middle and lower reaches of the Syrdarya. Along with semi-settled irrigated agriculture, they were engaged in cattle breeding, fishing, and hunting. This was for almost densely populated area during entire Middle Ages, busy with irrigated agriculture to become an agricultural oasis. In addition, the Karakalpaks, as already been mentioned, lived along the middle course of the Syrdarya, where their economic and cultural center was the city of , as well as in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and on the shores of the Aral Sea. In 1723-25, after the defeat of the Kazakh Khanates by the troops of the Dzungarian Khan, part of the Karakalpaks was forced to descend to the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and settle in areas of its old riverbed. As a result, the Karakalpaks were divided into two groups. The southern group (upper Karakalpaks) was subordinate to the Bukhara Khanate, the northern (lower Karakalpaks) was subservient to the Kazakh Khan Tauka (1680-1718). The “upper” Karakalpaks advanced into the depths of the Uzbek agricultural oases to Tashkent, Fergana and the Zeravshan valley. “Lower” Karakalpaks, having left the agricultural Turkestan oasis with an established irrigation network, migrated to undeveloped lands between the Syrdarya and Amudarya rivers, where they had to arrange an irrigation network near the Aral Sea and restore it along the Kuvandarya River. But in 1743, the SyrdaryaKarakalpaks were attacked by the Kazakh Khan, which led to the desolation of a vast area of the Karakalpak agricultural culture on the lower Syrdarya and Kuvandarya. This caused a massive resettlement of Karakalpaks to Zhanadarya and the lower reaches of the Amudarya River. In these places, the Karakalpaks had to fight for their independence from the Khiva and Kazakh khans. Nevertheless, in 1811, the ZhanadaryaKarakalpaks were subordinated to Khiva. The Khiva Khan forcibly relocated the bulk of the Karakalpaks deep into the Khanate in the lower reaches of the Amudarya from the places inhabited by them. Karakalpaks and here become skilled at large areas, built a number of large irrigation canals, and began to engage in agriculture and animal farming. [5] These resettlements in the 19th centuries from the Syrdarya basin to Khorezm and a number of regions occupying the Amudarya deltas are reflected in the works by B.V. Andrianov “Ethnic territory of Karakalpaks in Northern Khorezm” and „Karakalpak People's Struggle for Liberation against Khiva Khans in the 19th Century‟ by S.K.

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Kamalova . It determines the formation of the territory of modern Karakalpak residence. When studying the issue of the formation of the ethnic territory of the Karakalpaks, they used the extensive literature about the Northern Khorezm and extracted from archival materials. Based on the field archaeological - ethnographic works, B.V. Andrianov came to the conclusion that as a result of socio-economic development and many historical events of the internal and external order, new forms of ethnic community were formed on this territory, and the Karakalpak nationality was finally formed, uniting the isolated tribal groups. Thus, the Karakalpaks, who migrated to the lower reaches of the Amudarya, mastered the territory, built a number of large irrigation canals and continued the integrated agricultural - cattle - breeding economy. A significant role in this process was played by the geographic environment, which influenced the character of settlement and, accordingly, the economy and life of the Karakalpaks. The active economic activities of the Karakalpaks influenced the transformation of the natural landscape of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. [ 6] In 1873, the Khiva khanate became dependent on for its vassals. After the conclusion of an agreement with Khan Khiva, the Urundarya expedition was organized that headed by A.N. Glukhovsky and A.V. Kaulbars. The expedition carried out an eye and semi-instrumental survey of the entire khanate. After accomplishing the task, A.V. Kaulbars received a new task - to conduct a reconnaissance survey of the Amudarya delta and its ducts, while determining the navigability of some of them suitable for the passage of the Russian flotilla from the Aral Sea to the Amudarya. In addition, the resettlement of the peoples of North Khorezm — the Karakalpaks, , — was described, and ethnographic information about the Karakalpaks was also given.[7] The results obtained by this expedition were set forth in the works oby A.V. Kaulbars on the lower reaches of the Amudarya and in the book „The Oldest Channels of the Amudarya‟ (St. Petersburg, 1887). This book provides a detailed physiographic description of the Amudarya delta, in addition, you can find here a lot of historical and ethnographic information about the peoples of the Aral Sea region. A.V. Kaulbars paid special attention to the Karakalpaks. He gave a description of the tribal composition of the Karakalpaks and divided them into “settled” and “nomadic” groups. A.V. Kaulbars wrote: “In the way of life they are divided into two large parts, one consists of sedentary farmers, the other of nomads. The first owns fertile land in sufficient quantities not only for its subsistence, but for the marketing of surplus works, the second has very insufficient cultivated land at its disposal, and that, generally speaking, worse dignity, especially due to insufficient irrigation. But this part owns extensive and, generally speaking, abundant pastures, which is why its main wealth is livestock”. [8] Separating on sedentary Karakalpaks (“Arys of fourteen tribes”) and nomadic (“ArysKungrad”), he explains: “Not all, of course, auls of arysof fourteen tribes located in areas suitable for sedentary life, but on the other hand, there are auls of ArysKungrad , which have found such convenient plots for themselves that they no longer leave them, and in general one can find here a whole series of transitional degrees from sedentary to nomadic life ” [9]. A.V.Kaulbars also considered crops cultivated by Karakalpaks. Describing cattle breeding, villages, life of Karakalpaks, the author compares them with Kazakh ones, but he also notes big differences. A feature of the Karakalpak herding here is the composition of feed for livestock - mainly reed and other plants of the marshland. In the summer, many harmful insects - mosquitoes, gadflies, etc. - become a scourge for livestock. This limits the herd composition - many places are inaccessible for camels and horses typical of nomadic Kazakh cattle breeding. Therefore, cattle, goats, and a small number of sheep dominated the Karakalpak delta cattle farming. If the aul remains in one place during all summer season, the cattle is grazed in its vicinity or driven off to good nearby pastures, where it remains under the supervision of a family member or relatives. Comparing the life of the nomadic Karakalpaks and their economy with the economy of the Kazakhs, A.V. Kaulbars connects their differences with natural conditions. A feature of the work of A.V. Kaulbars was a comprehensive study of nature, the population, its economy and culture.

II. DISCUSSION In 1899, a detailed survey of the Khorezm oasis was undertaken by K. G. Girshfeld. In his study (1902-1903), he examined the geographical changes that have taken place in the delta since the days of Kaulbars, and gave a description of the natural conditions of Khorezm. K.G. Girshfeld paid much attention to the description of the population and administrative structure of the Amudarya region and the Khiva khanate. [10] We find complete information on the use of natural resources in the works of the Migration Board at the beginning of the 20th century. With the assistance of the local administration, they were engaged in a detailed and comprehensive study of all issues relating to the land, tax, public and local organizations of the Amudarya region. The department collected data on the population and area of cultivated land held by local residents. As a

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 result of the work of the commission, all lands were recognized as state-owned and given to the population who cultivated them as permanent use. According to the plan, the Migration Board re-designed the program for studying the productive forces. In addition to collecting statistical data, it suggested conducting topographic surveys. The territory was surveyed in the valley and the Amudarya delta and the deserted part of Kyzylkum. The boundaries of common areas, the location of economic areas, auls, and water sources were plotted on the tablets of the daily survey. There were marked the main tracts with thickets of trees, shrubs, reeds. Uncomfortable lands (bare sands, wetlands, etc.) were distinguished. As a result of tablet surveys, a general land use map was compiled. In terms of water availability, the Migration Board divided the department into three districts: Daukarinsky-dry, Chimbaysky - with normal irrigation conditions and Taldyk wet.[11] In 1939, the Khorezm archaeological expedition was organized under the leadership of prof. S.Tolstova and started a systematic comprehensive historical and ethnographic study of the peoples of the Aral Sea region. S.P. Tolstov was, the followers of D.N.Anuchin in his works he relied on a wide range of sources: archaeological, ethnographic, anthropological, linguistic. Such an integrated approach to solving scientific problems was reflected in the organization of the famous Khorezm expedition. The expedition worked in different directions: archaeological, ethnographic, geographical, geomorphological, soil science, linguistic, etc. The painstaking work of archaeologists, new data of historians, ethnographers and linguists allowed Tolstov to create the concept of the main stages of the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks. A detailed study of the tribal composition, historical folk traditions and legends for the first time allowed us to give a scientific substantiation of many problems of the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks. On the deep tradition of the type of economy, the Karakalpaks became even more established after a survey of the Khorezm expedition. In the article “Cities of Guises” S.P. Tolstov wrote that “Karakalpaks in the 18th-20th-centuries were the most characteristic representatives of an integrated, cattle-breeding-farming enterprise under the conditions of the delta climate, in the light of our materials, we think, they cannot be considered as “settling nomads”, as a result of the recent process but on the contrary, it appears as an ancient form that precedes and, in consequence, related to the development of the nomadic family union ” [12]. This conclusion turned out to be extremely important for the further study of the economic and cultural types of Central Asia and . The leading expert of the expedition, B.V. Andrianov, collected a lot of materials on ethnography, data on ancient irrigation systems on old-irrigated lands. The main results of his research were the monographs “Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea region (in connection with the history of the development and development of irrigated agriculture)” and “The Ethnic Territory of the Karakalpaks in Northern Khorezm. (18-19th cent.)” [13] He first introduced the concept of economic and cultural type that linked economic systems with certain traditional complexes of material and spiritual culture and identified some economic and cultural types that existed in the Aral Sea region. [14] This conclusion turned out to be extremely important for the further study of the Aral Sea economy. Karakalpak ethnographic department under the leadership of T.A.Zhdanko collected colossal material on the ethnography of the Karakalpaks by spending 15 field seasons. T.A. Zhdanko has developed a methodology of collecting field material on the ethnography of the Karakalpaks. The field materials were used in the famous work “Essays on the Historical Ethnography of the Karakalpaks. Tribal structure and Settlement in the 19th and Early 20th Century” [15] and in a number of articles on the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks. Her discoveries are not only an invaluable source on the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks, but also provide an opportunity to trace some patterns in the origin of ethnic nature-use. Generic tribal land use: use of pastures and watering places, water use; the surviving place names: the old canals, ducts retracted from the river or the delta, give us information about the general scheme of nature-use in the vast desert territory and the delta part of the Aral Sea region and the long-term development of ethno social and natural systems. The ethnographic subgroup of the expedition investigated the material culture of the Karakalpaks. The material culture of the Karakalpaks reflects the combination of steppe forms with sedentary and agricultural forms typical of semi-settled peoples. The study of the Karakalpak dwelling made it possible to identify several types in different natural and economic conditions that developed at the end of the 19th century. In the 1920s and 30s, A. S. Morozova investigated the ethnographic life of the Karakalpaks. The collected materials were the basis for her further research on "The Country Life culture of the Karakalpaks of the 19th and at the beginning of the XX centuries." Taking into account the natural conditions and economic differences, the author of this work identifies four types of economic and cultural-household complexes from Karakalpaks. Complex #1; Northern auls of fishing and cattle-breeding with agriculture Complex #2; North-eastern and north-western auls the areas of cattle breeding and agricultural economy

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Complex #3 is the central right-bank areas of irrigated agriculture Complex #4; Southern areas with difficult - intensive agricultural farming. [16] In the ethnographic group of the Khorezm expedition, N.P. Lobacheva was the main collector and researcher of Karakalpak clothing and family traditions in everyday life.

III. CONCLUSION Thus, the participants of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition gathered extensive unique material, which was a valuable contribution to solving a number of problems of the history and ethnography of the population of the Aral Sea region. First, the materials of the expedition allowed Tolstov to solve a number of problems concerning the history and ethnography of the Karakalpaks that interested him, to create as a result the concept of the main stages of the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks. Secondly, the material collected by the Karakalpak ethnographic detachment under the leadership of T.A. Zhdanko determined the ethnic structure of the Karakalpaks, on the basis of which a complex tribal system of Karakalpaks was identified. In addition, extensive materials were collected that make it possible to study further the history of the social order, material, spiritual culture and family life of the Karakalpaks. Thirdly, the tribal system of the Karakalpaks, compiled by TA Zhdanko, their seals and uranium confirmed the conclusions made by P.P. Ivanov and S.P.Tolstova, that the tribal unions of Sak-Massagets were the main components in the formations and Karakalpaks , Oguz-Pecheneg (including Black and Klobuk) and Polovetsian () tribes, and in the post-Mongol period also some groups of Turkic , especially the Noghoys, among whom apparently shaped the development of the Karakalpak nationality. Fourthly, the archaeological and ethnographic materials confirmed that the main territories of the Karakalpak settlement were the deltas of the Syrdarya and Amudarya Rivers. Where they led complex farms since ancient times. Fifth, materials collected by the Khorezm Expedition on communal-tribal land use and water use, watering places that retained the generic names, old canals diverted from the river or canals, and the irrigation facilities of Karakalpak witness on the general pattern of traditional nature management in the vast desert and delta part of the Aral region. In addition, hundreds of field records gathered by the members of the group formed an invaluable fund of historical stories. Among them are legends about past habitats of the Karakalpaks in the steppes of the Aral Sea region and in neighboring territories at different periods of history in the lower reaches of the Volga, Urals, Embas, Syrdarya, Kuvandarya, Zhanadarya and other channels of the Syrdarya delta and about their gradual concentration from ancient times on the current territory - in the Khorezm oasis, in the vast area of the Amudarya delta and on the coast of the Aral Sea. Field materials and collected legends gave an opportunity to ethnographer L. S. Tolstova to study the history of Karakalpaks living outside Khorezm. Gaining professional experience in the course of field work of the Karakalpak detachment, L. S. Tolstova organized several expeditions to the Fergana valley, Zeravshan valley and Bukhara, while collecting unique material on the Ethnography of the Karakalpaks. The results of her research were presented in the works "Karakalpaks of the Fergana valley” “" Karakalpaks outside the Khorezm oasis in the XIX-early XX century " [17], etc. L. S. Tolstova identified several areas of compact residence of Karakalpaks: 1) a large group of Karakalpaks settled in the basin of the Zerafshan and AK-Darya rivers, as well as in the Western regions and near the city of Kermene; 2) the second group - in the Northern part of the Bukhara khanate in the area of Kenemeh and Nur-ATA; 3) in the North-Eastern part of the Bukhara khanate near the cities of Jizzakh, Ur-tube and Khavasta; 4) a small group of Karakalpaks settled in the southern parts of the Bukhara khanate; 5) in the Ferghana valley, the Karakalpaks settled almost exclusively along the Syr Darya and Kara Darya rivers, from Andijan in the East to Kokand in the West; 6) in the district of Tashkent and to the North of it along the Syr Darya, in the southern part of kazalin County; 7) in the basin of the Ural river, as well as on the lower Volga, within the Astrakhan province[18].

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Having studied the Ethnography of the Karakalpaks outside Khorezm, L. S. Tolstova came to the conclusion that some groups of Karakalpaks were separated from each other sometimes by thousands of kilometers. Despite this, in their economy, up to the middle of the XIX century, there were many common features. They were engaged in a complex economy, which combined farming, cattle breeding (with a predominance of cattle breeding), fishing and home crafts. In the valleys of the rivers it was possible to find the most suitable conditions for conducting such a complex economy. The above-described historical sources, including the materials of different expeditions, gave us the opportunity to establish the main geographical factors and conditions that determined the main features of the Karakalpak nature management.

IV. REFERENCE [1] Herodot. History in nine books // Trans. with Greek G. Mishchenko. T.1. M., 1888. -P.107 [2] Strabo. Geography of Strabo in Seventeen books // Trans. with Greek [3] Tolstov S.P. UK cit. p.75. Cities of the Guz // Soviet Ethnography, 1947. No. 3. -P.101-102 [4] Ivanov P.P. Essays on the history of Karakalpaks // Materials on the history of Karakalpaks; Proceedings of the Institute of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. T. Volume VII. M-L, 1935.-P.15 [5] Kamalov S.K. Karakalpaks in the 18-19th centuries, Tashkent, 1968, -P.198 [6] Andrianov B.V. Ethnic territory of Karakalpaks in North Khorezm (XVIII-XIX centuries) // THAEE. T. 3. Moscow, 1958, Pp.7-132; Kamalov S.K. Karakalpak People's Struggle for Liberation against Khiva Khans in the 19th Century // THAEE. T. 3. Moscow, 1958, Pp.133-207 [7] Kaulbars A.V. The lower reaches of the Amu Darya, described by own research in 1873. St. Petersburg, 1881, p.421; The oldest Channel of the Amu Darya. St. Petersburg 1887.-P.172 [8] The same source, -P.532. [9] The same source, p. [10] Girshfeld K.G., Galkin A.S. Military Statistical description of the Khiva oasis. Part I-II, Tashkent, 1902-03, -P.56 [11] Materials on Survey of Nomadic and Settled Economy and Land Use in the Amudarya section of the Syrdarya region. Tashkent, 1915, v. I-II [12] 12.Tolstov S.P. Cities of Guz // Soviet Ethnography. 1947 №3. -P.101-102. [13] Andrianov B.V. Ancient Irrigation systems of the Aral Sea Area: Due to the History of the advance and development of Irrigated Agriculture. Moscow, 1969. p.253 //. Ethnic territory of Karakalpaks in Northern Khorezm(XVIII-XIX centuries) //ТХАЭ.Т.3.M., 1958. pp. 7-132 [14] Andrianov B.V. The Interaction of Nature and Society and The Concept Of Economic and Cultural Types // The interaction of nature and society (philosophical, geographical, environmental aspects, problems). Moscow, 1973, pp. 199-214 [15] Zhdanko T.A. Essays on the Historical Ethnography of the Karakalpaks. Tribal Structure and Settlement in the XIX -early XX century // Proceedings of the ethnography of the Karakalpaks in USSR. T. IX. Moscow, 1950.pp.112-114 [16] Morozova A.S. The Lifestyle of the Karakalpaks in the late XIX - early XX centuries: Author's abstract for the Candidacy of Historical Science, Tashkent, 1956. -P.24 [17] Tolstova L. S. Karakalpaks outside the Khorezm oasis in the XIX-early XX century. Nukus, 1963. P. 198. [18] There.

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