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The History of the Investigation of the Karakalpak Ethnos

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The History of the Investigation of the Karakalpak Ethnos JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 THE HISTORY OF THE INVESTIGATION OF THE KARAKALPAK ETHNOS Ballieva Ruza1, Matkarimova Sadokat Maksudovna2, Matkarimova Nazokat Maksudovna3 1Doctor of historical sciences, professorof Karakalpak State University 2PhD, Associate Professor of the History DepartmentUrgench State University, 3Post-graduate Doctorate of UrgenchStateUniversity Nukus and Urgench sity,Uzbekistan E-mail address: [email protected] Received: 05 May 2020 Revised: and Accepted: 15 July 2020 ABSTRACT: Historical sources show the settlement of Karakalpaks the choice of places was associated with his conduct of traditional farming. A well-known role in this process was played by the geographical environment, which had an impact on the nature of settlement and, accordingly, on the economy and life of the Karakalpaks. The article deals with the issues of determining the reasons for the resettlement and choice of places of residence of the Karakalpak ethnic group. In order to do this, the authors had to study the history of the Karakalpak ethnic group in connection with the geographical area of its settlement. Analyzing historical sources, the author came to the conclusion that the formation of the most important nodal stage of the ethnogenesis of the Karakalpaks were I-X and the main ethnic core of its formation was the unification of the pechenezh tribes associated with their origin with the South-Eastern Aral Sea. The article analyzes in detail the sources of further fate of Pechenegs with Oguz their migration. Migration causes and results are described. For example, the migration of the Pechenegs from the South Russian steppes to the Volga and Ural rivers, where they lived from the XIII to the XVI century. United with the Nogai ulus gave the opportunity to form a new form of ethnic community. These ethnic community was further called Karakalpaks. In the XVI century in connection with the collapse of the Nogai ulus and the constant raids of Kalmyks forced Karakalpaks to move between the Volga and the Urals to the lower Syr Darya.In connection with the attack of the troops of the Jungar Khan in 1723-25, Karakalpaks were divided into two groups. The southern group ("upper Karakalpaks") gravitated to the Bukhara khanate, and further advanced deep into the Uzbek agricultural oases to Tashkent, Fergana and Zeravshan valley. But in 1743 the Syrdarya Karakalpaks were attacked by the Kazakh Khan, which led to the desolation of a large area of Karakalpak agricultural culture in the lower Syrdarya and Kuvandarya. This caused a mass migration of Karakalpaks on the Zhanadarya and the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. Here the Karakalpaks finally formed as a nation, uniting disparate tribal groups. KEY WORDS: Ethnography, ethnic community, ethnogenesis, ethnic territory, geographical environment, settlement, ethnosocial-natural systems, tribal system, traditional nature management, integrated economy, economic-cultural type, ethnic nature management, delta landscape, river valley. I. INTRODUCTION The participants of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition gathered extensive unique material, which was a valuable contribution to solving a number of problems of the history and ethnography of the population of the Aral Sea region. Historical and ethnographic materials witness that the Karakalpaks were mainly settled around the territory of the Aral Sea region, and that the most ancient stage of the formation of the Karakalpak ethnic group was linked to ancient Sak-massaget, Pecheneg, and Oghuz tribes. Herodot wrote about Massaget tribe living in the 5th centuries BC on the banks of the Uzboy and in the eastern part of Ustyurt Plato in his work “The History in Nine Books‟. The Herodotus‟ works confirm our assumptions about the geographical and ethnographic data of the Aral Sea region. Referring to the Massagets living over 2700 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 2020 Araks, (he was referring to Amu DaryaRiver), he described in detail their costumes, lifestyle, comparing with the Scythian, and then he wrote “They fight both on foot and on horse; their weapons are bows, spears and axes. They are engaged in cattle breeding and fishing” [1]. Further, Strabo writes in his “Geography in Seventeen Books” describes the life of the tribes living in the east of the Caspian Sea, naming them Massagets and Saks. “Some of them live on the mountains, some on the plains; others occupy swamps formed by rivers, fourth islands on these swamps. The inhabitants of the plains do not engage in farming, but live in the manner of nomads and Scythians, feeding on lamb and fish.” [2] A valuable contribution to the solution of a number of problems of the history and ethnography of the population of the Aral Sea region was made by the Khorezm archeological and ethnographic expedition led by S.P. Tolstov. Based on the extensive unique material, a new concept of the main stages was created, and a new concept was created for the main stages of the ethno genesis of the peoples of the Aral Sea region, in particular the Karakalpaks. According to the concept of S.P. Tolstov, the Sako-Massaget tribes of the Apasiacs are the most ancient ethnic element that participated in the formation of the Karakalpaks in the era of antiquity. The tribes of Chianti -Epaulets and Turks also participated in the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks. In the 18th-20th - centuries when the center of the Oguz state was, the territory of the lower reaches of the Syrdarya influenced Karakalpak ethno genesis. And yet, according to Tolstov, the most important nodal stage of the ethno genesis of the Karakalpaks was in the 1st- 9th century, and the main ethnic core of its formation was the unification of the Pecheneg tribes connected by their origin from the southeastern Aral region. [3] Tolstov maintains and develops the convincing conclusions of P.P. Ivanov, to which this scholar came back in the 30s of the 20th century as a result of an analysis of Eastern and Russian written sources. P.P. Ivanov linked the formation of the Karakalpaks with the formation of the territory of the Aral Sea region. In connection with this problem, he first drew attention not only to the western branch of the Pecheneg tribes, which had gone under the onslaught of the Oguzes to the southern Russian steppes at the end of the 9th and 10th centuries or to the borders with Byzantium, but to the eastern branch of the Pecheneg tribal association, which remained between the Volga and the Urals, surrounded by Oguzes as part of their state. Ivanov connects the fate of the eastern Oguz-Pecheneg tribes with the Kipchaks who came from the Irtysh basin in the 11th century. [4] In the 11th century, the Kipchaks conquered the Oguzes and occupied their territory, then they advanced west to the Dnieper, and in the 12th I century to the Danube. Under the onslaught of the Kipchaks, part of the Oguz advanced beyond the Volga in different directions. However, part of the Oguz and the Türks and the Eastern Pechenegs who had united with them during this period reached only the Dnieper and settled within KievanRussia, on the banks of the RosaRiver (a tributary of the Dnieper). Along with the lower reaches of the Syrdarya, all the historical legends of the Karakalpaks in the past mention areas that were part of the Nogai Khanate: Edil (Volga), Zhaik (Yaik, Ural River), and sometimes Crimea. Thus, the lower reaches of the Syrdarya, obviously, were not the only habitat of the Karakalpaks. The overwhelming mass of the Karakalpaks at the turn of the 17th -18th centuries, continued to occupy the middle and lower reaches of the Syrdarya. Along with semi-settled irrigated agriculture, they were engaged in cattle breeding, fishing, and hunting. This was for almost densely populated area during entire Middle Ages, busy with irrigated agriculture to become an agricultural oasis. In addition, the Karakalpaks, as already been mentioned, lived along the middle course of the Syrdarya, where their economic and cultural center was the city of Turkestan, as well as in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and on the shores of the Aral Sea. In 1723-25, after the defeat of the Kazakh Khanates by the troops of the Dzungarian Khan, part of the Karakalpaks was forced to descend to the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and settle in areas of its old riverbed. As a result, the Karakalpaks were divided into two groups. The southern group (upper Karakalpaks) was subordinate to the Bukhara Khanate, the northern (lower Karakalpaks) was subservient to the Kazakh Khan Tauka (1680-1718). The “upper” Karakalpaks advanced into the depths of the Uzbek agricultural oases to Tashkent, Fergana and the Zeravshan valley. “Lower” Karakalpaks, having left the agricultural Turkestan oasis with an established irrigation network, migrated to undeveloped lands between the Syrdarya and Amudarya rivers, where they had to arrange an irrigation network near the Aral Sea and restore it along the Kuvandarya River. But in 1743, the SyrdaryaKarakalpaks were attacked by the Kazakh Khan, which led to the desolation of a vast area of the Karakalpak agricultural culture on the lower Syrdarya and Kuvandarya. This caused a massive resettlement of Karakalpaks to Zhanadarya and the lower reaches of the Amudarya River. In these places, the Karakalpaks had to fight for their independence from the Khiva and Kazakh khans. Nevertheless, in 1811, the ZhanadaryaKarakalpaks were subordinated to Khiva. The Khiva Khan forcibly relocated the bulk of the Karakalpaks deep into the Khanate in the lower reaches of the Amudarya from the places inhabited by them. Karakalpaks and here become skilled at large areas, built a number of large irrigation canals, and began to engage in agriculture and animal farming.
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