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Adventure Tourism Accidents and the New Zealand Media: an Analysis and Discussion on Implications for Future Research and the Tourism Sector

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Adventure Tourism Accidents and the New Zealand Media: an Analysis and Discussion on Implications for Future Research and the Tourism Sector Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Adventure tourism accidents and the New Zealand media: An analysis and discussion on implications for future research and the tourism sector A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University by Ember Song Lincoln University 2019 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science. Abstract Adventure tourism accidents and the New Zealand media: An analysis and discussion on implications for future research and the tourism sector by Ember Song Adventure tourism is a vital part of the New Zealand tourism industry, and has great importance internationally. Due to the risks inherent in adventure activities, accidents will always occur in some quantity during these activities. Such accidents have the potential to cause significant financial losses, injuries, and/or deaths. The media presentation of such accidents can cause further losses to an operator, destination or sector through providing information to prospective tourists. The risks involved in adventure tourism and how tourists and operators react to them have been examined by both academic and government research in the past, and the effects of sensationalised media coverage of specific events have been well-recorded. However, little work has been done on the overall manner in which the media report on adventure tourism accidents. This study identifies key themes and patterns in the reporting of adventure tourism accidents and incidents in the New Zealand print media. This was accomplished through the use of a mixed- methods approach examining a sample of newspaper articles extracted from six years of news coverage. Both the articles within the sample and the accidents that were described were analysed to provide new insight into how these accidents are reported in the New Zealand media. Better knowledge of how adventure tourism accidents are reported in the media enables more effective use of news reports as data for future academic research on risk and accidents. It also informs effective responses to accidents by industry, and greater understanding of policy-making decisions made in reaction to accidents in the adventure tourism sector. Through providing an exploratory examination of the New Zealand print media it is hoped that this study will contribute to a greater understanding of how adventure tourism accidents are reported, and what significance this may have to academic study and the sector’s response to crises. Keywords: Tourism, adventure tourism, media, newspapers, safety, risk, accidents, New Zealand ii Acknowledgements Every journey has its end, and for this journey it has been a long and difficult road to reach this ending. Through two major periods of poor health, family troubles, and the realisation that I had chosen a far more difficult topic than I had thought, it has been a roller-coaster ride with many ups and downs as this research project has developed into something I can call finished and be proud of. From the beginning I have been helped immeasurably by the people around me. I must first acknowledge the invaluable work of my supervisors Stephen Espiner and David Fisher, who aided me enormously throughout this project. Without them, this thesis would never have reached completion. The staff at the Lincoln University library, as well as the various branches of the Christchurch City Libraries I visited when researching the literature for this project and collecting data for the magazine pilot study provided great help navigating unfamiliar systems and finding elusive texts, greatly aiding these phases of the project. I must also thank the staff at Lincoln Hospitality and the Lincoln University halls of residence, who assisted me when all seemed lost and I was desperately in need of a place to live and continue my work. My father and sibling, likewise, have kept me going through my darkest days and through happier times to the completion of my degree. I must also acknowledge the work of Madeleine Moss, who provided a blind reading and comments on my first full draft to help me refine my work and make it more understandable, as well as providing considerable moral support throughout the last year of the project. Finally, I must give tribute to the boundless enthusiasm of Ptraci the cat; the most enthusiastic research assistant one could ever hope for, if perhaps not always the most helpful. May you spend many more hours trying to sit on my keyboard, small one. iii Table of Contents Abstract.............................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................iv List of Tables.....................................................................................................................................vi List of Figures....................................................................................................................................vi Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 Overview................................................................................................................................................1 Research objectives................................................................................................................................4 Research contribution............................................................................................................................4 Thesis structure......................................................................................................................................6 Literature Review.............................................................................................................................7 Introduction............................................................................................................................................7 Risk and Society......................................................................................................................................8 Role of safety and risk in tourist decision-making................................................................................10 Accidents and Incidents........................................................................................................................12 Adventure tourism in New Zealand......................................................................................................14 Tourism accidents in New Zealand.......................................................................................................22 The 2010 Adventure Tourism Review.........................................................................................25 Tourism and the Media........................................................................................................................26 The role of media in policy-making after accidents and disasters........................................................28 Portrayal of accidents in the media......................................................................................................30 Media values and newsworthiness.......................................................................................................33 Portrayal of adventure tourism accidents in the New Zealand media..................................................37 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................39 Methods.........................................................................................................................................40 Data collection......................................................................................................................................41 Quantitative analysis of newspaper articles.........................................................................................44 Article classifications..................................................................................................................45 Statistical analyses......................................................................................................................47 Qualitative analysis of newspaper articles............................................................................................47 Magazine pilot study............................................................................................................................49 Limitations............................................................................................................................................50
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