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Evaluation of Water Quality Index for Drinking Purposes in the Case of Damodar River, Jharkhand and West Bengal Region, India

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Evaluation of Water Quality Index for Drinking Purposes in the Case of Damodar River, Jharkhand and West Bengal Region, India ediation & m B re i o o i d B e f g o r a l Journal of Mukherjee et al., J Bioremed Biodeg 2012, 3:9 d a a n t r i o u DOI: 10.4172/2155-6199.1000161 n o J ISSN: 2155-6199 Bioremediation & Biodegradation Research Article OpenOpen Access Access Evaluation of Water Quality Index For Drinking Purposes In The Case of Damodar River, Jharkhand and West Bengal Region, India Diptangshu Mukherjee, S Lata Dora and RK Tiwary* CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Barwa Road, Dhanbad-826015, Jharkhand, India Abstract Damodar River is one of the most important fresh water source in Jharkhand and West Bengal. Its water is used for drinking by the growing population and also used in allied Industries situated down the stretch. The water quality is being reducing day by day due to heavy input of sewage and wastes from industrial effluents, cattle stock breeding, irrigation and human activities etc. Therefore, an attempt has been made to assess the quality of water in relation to know the pollution load in terms of biological and various physicochemical properties by evaluation of Quality Index (QI). This technique is very useful tool for quick assessment of any water system. The evaluation of five QI parameters has been taken: pH, TDS (total dissolved solid), BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand), DO (Dissolved Oxygen) and MPN (Most Probable Number). The study shows that the river water is not potable at maximum sampling stations and are highly fecal contaminated. According to the desirable limit, maximum locations are also not even suitable for taking bath. An attempt has also been made to show how QI is increasing (corresponding to low grade water) with the increasing population. BOD5, MPN are interrelated, shown in correlation matrix. Therefore routinely monitoring of the river water becomes essential. Keywords: Drinking water; Potable; Population; MPN; QI; Matrix as lowering the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels due to decomposition of fecal matter [4]. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the measurement of Abbreviations: BOD5: Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Estimated oxygen which is dissolved in water bodies. It is consumed by bacteria after 5 days of incubation; °c: Degree Celsius; DO: Dissolve Oxygen; when high amount of organic matter is present to the water bodies. D/s: Downstream; MPN: Most Probable Number; qi: Quality retting; Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is very important parameter for QI: Quality Index; SIi: Sub index; TSS: Total Suspended Solid; TDS: the measure of organic pollutants in waterbodies. A low BOD indicates Total Dissolve Solid; U/s: Upstream; Wi: Unit Weight good water quality and higher value indicates polluted water. Introduction Several reports on Damodar River water quality assessment by using physicochemical and biological parameters have been published Damodar river basin is a repository of various mineral resources elsewhere, but QI discussed in this article is the most important tool to and therefore comprises of industrial activities. Large population to the represent and getting an idea about the quality of water for drinking Damodar river basin has arrisen due to coal mining and coal based purpose for concerned citizens and is evaluated by taking quality industrial activities which aggravated the pollution load on the river, rating scale. The 300 point index can be divided into several ranges the lifeline of the region. Development of industries in this area have corresponding to the general descriptive terms shown in (Table 1). exerted a great impact on the environment of the basin. Population Higher value of QI corresponds to polluted water and lower index of towns situated at the river bank is shown in Figure 1 as a pie chart. indicates better water quality. The assessment shows that there is no Previously different physicochemical studies have been undertaken excellent water quality in the study area. According to WHO, about to assess the water quality of Damodar River [1], but detailed study 80% of disease in human beings are mainly caused by water [5]. on biological characteristics with reference to MPN has been very Therefore, regular monitoring of the quality of river water is essential negligible. Thus biological characteristics of Damodar river water has before use. taken as MPN analysis to get an idea about drinking water quality standard. This study focuses on QI by different physicochemical and Study Area biological parameters. It is a sub basin and a part of Ganges river system. The basin lies 0 0 0 0 Presence of coliform bacteria in river water shows bacterial between latitude 22 45’ N and 29 30’ N and 84 45’ E to 88 30’ E contamination, which is mainly due to the addition of untreated longitude. The Damodar is principal river of the Damodar river basin. sewage. Consumption of this water can cause many water borne diseases [2]. Coliforms, including Escherichia coli are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and they make upto 10% (approx) of *Corresponding author: R.K.Tiwary, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Barwa road, Dhanbad-826015, Jharkhand, the intestinal organisms of human and others animals. When such India, Tel: 09431122957; E-mail: [email protected] indicator microorganisms are not found in a specific volume such as Received June 04, 2012; Accepted July 12, 2012; Published July 16, 2012 100 ml of water, the water is considered to be fit to drink or potable. They are facultatively anaerobic, gram negative, rod shaped, non spore Citation: Mukherjee D, Lata Dora S, Tiwary RK (2012) Evaluation of Water Quality Index For Drinking Purposes In The Case of Damodar River, Jharkhand and West forming bacteria and they ferment lactose and produce gas within Bengal Region, India. J Bioremed Biodeg 3:161. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000161 48 hrs at 35oC [3]. The presence of coliform bacteria in water is the evidence of fecal pollution of human or animal origin. The presence Copyright: © 2012 Mukherjee D, et al. This is an open-a ccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits of indicator bacteria means that sewage or animal manure is present unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the that may cause problem for the river water bodies and ecosystem, such original author and source are credited. J Bioremed Biodeg ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal Volume 3 • Issue 9 • 1000161 Citation: Mukherjee D, Lata Dora S, Tiwary RK (2012) Evaluation of Water Quality Index For Drinking Purposes In The Case of Damodar River, Jharkhand and West Bengal Region, India. J Bioremed Biodeg 3:161. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000161 Page 2 of 5 ICMR and ISI standards. Parameters, unit and methods used for Population Gomia analysis are given in Table 2. Jarangdih Result and Discussion Bermo Physicochemical and biological parameters of water quality Bokaro 198518 of Damodar river have been carried out and overall observation is 88219 Nawadih 493405 25026 presented in (Table 3). The water was found colorless at maximum 168853 497000 Chas sampling stations but slightly blackish water was found in D11 station 61997 Bagmara-cum-Katras due to the discharges of coal washery effluent. High fly ash containing 158009 475439 Dhanbad –cum-Kenduadih-cum-Jagta sediment was also found in the river edge at D4 location. Jharia –cum-Jorapokhar-cum-Sindri Physicochemical & biological characteristics of damodar 698076 289903 Nirsa-cum- Chirkunda river Disergarh-cum-Barkar-cum-Kulti River is a dynamic systen. pH is the very vital parameter for river 376687 Asansol ecosystem or any waterbodies. pH greater than 8.5 causes bitter taste of 407430 474979 Raniganj water or soda like taste. Eye irritation and exacerbation of skin disorder 564012 is also caused when pH is greater than 11 [7]. Highest pH was found in Andal D4 location. A pH 6.4 and 6.2 was measured at D2 and D3 locations. Durgapur Highest temperature was found in D/s DTPS, due to the discharging of Figure 1: Population of towns situated at bank of Damodar river and its hot boiler water from Durgapur Thermal Power Station. But in respect tributaries in Jharkhand & West Bengal, (Census India, 2001). to other stations, Tenughat Dam water is cold, about 23°C. Highest DO value of Damodar River was observed at D1 sampling point because the water flows through the rocky surfaces and therefore high aeration QI value Water quality Category % of water sample was taking place. Others criteria like aquatic plants, decomposition are <50 Excellent A 00 also responsible for increase in dissolved oxygen concentration. On 50 -100 Good water B 6%(approx) the other hand D10 and D6 were observed to contain lower dissolved 100 - 200 Water Poor C 6%(approx) oxygen level in comparison to other stations. Water flow rate is low 200 - 300 Very Poor water D 6%(approx) at D10 (Downstream Mohalbani ghat) and at D6 (Damodar river >300 Water unsuitable for drinking E 84% downstream to Garga nalla) and is highly microbial contaminated which consumes the dissolved oxygen. Maximum sampling station of Table 1: Water quality classification. Damodar river showed DO value to be greater than 6 mg/l. Damodar river basin on behalf of it. Drainage pattern of the Damodar The BOD5 value varies from 0.7-6.2 mg/l of Damodar river. Garga river basin is shown in the Figure 2. The main tributaries of the nalla is one of the most polluted tributary of Damodar river, which Damodar are Garga, Konar, Bokaro, Jamunia, Katri, Barakar and small contains maximum sewage water coming from residential complexes. streamlets like Noonia and Tamla join the river. The stretch between Downstream to Garga nalla (D6) has high BOD5 value (5 mg/l).
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