Antonio CARDILLO 1 MASSIMILIANO FAZZINI 2 SANDRA SCARLATELLI 1

1Region Molise – Department of Civil Protection (ARPC) – Campobasso – Italy – email: [email protected] 2 University of Ferrara - Department of physics and earth sciences - Ferrara – Italy - email: [email protected] Abstract The work presented suggests a methodology of intervention to manage the risk of avalanches on the stretch of road link between the town of San Massimo and the ski resort of Campitello Matese, by morphometric analysis of supply channels and the use of wireless technologies with mesh type network, for the reporting of events and the safety of the site. The aim is to manage the risk of avalanches, low coast with systems and ensure access to the ski resort, famous from the point of view of tourism, with a few million visitors per year, waiting to carry out works passive and active commissioning safe slope and stabilization of the snowpack. The idea is to use technology wireless sensors (WSN) with accelerometers and ropes to pull that, in case of an incident, fire both signal lights, the Authority is concerned, is a special plan of civil protection for the safety and the reclamation of the area subject to avalanches.

Introduction The mountain massif of Matese is one of the most important "water castles" of the Italian peninsula, thanks to its geographical location and characterization physiographic San Massimo, loc. Campitello Matese 41° 27’ N 14° 23’ E average. On the border between the regions of Molise and Campania region. The main axis is about 35 km long and is oriented NW - SE, with maximum odds over 2000 meters. The mountain range is equidistant between the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Adriatic Sea, favoring the forced lifting of air masses from both West that from the East, and SP 106 thus generating abundant annual rainfall, exceeding 1800 mm. The intense precipitation events and morphology extremely complex, favor mudslides snow in many areas of SP 106 the massif, in fact, the analysis of time series nivometric, spanning more than 20 years, shows a system nivometrico type "balanced or Etale" with abundant snow total in relation to the share albeit with marked variations intraseasonal (Cardillo et al. 2013). Monitoring and Avalanche avalanche is assured by Meteomont Service of the State Forestry Corps which operates the field manual snow in Campitello Matese at an altitude of about 1400 m above sea level In recent years this type of survey has been joined to an automatic type operated by the Regional Civil Protection. Stazione sciistica Campitello Matese (1400 m)) CM1 Synoptic and climatic analysis CM2 The analysis of time series with time extension twenty years, shows a unimodal regime nivometrico type, with a maximum in January and February. It should be stressed that CM3 the discovery site is situated on a saddle very windy and that the totals can be considered slightly undersized. Nevertheless, the snow is plentiful in relation to the total share, albeit with marked variations intraseasonal. The recent trend - as indeed evident in almost all the stations of the central Apennines (Cardillo et al. 2012) - show a moderate CM4 increase - about 4 cm per season; Monthly signal is complex, with increases in December and March and declines in January. Also the number of snowy days is rising - of about 0.7 to season; Monthly trends are similar to those related to artificial. The gaps in the study can not depend on intense wind, because the wind, at least in the detection area never exceeds 10 m / s, they crest, describes accumulations or formations of frames (Cardillo et al. 2012 ). Campo neve METEOMONT An analysis of the data collected would seem possible that, in 24 to 48 hours after the rise in temperature, you have a higher frequency of avalanches, mainly of small size and Stazione automatica ARPC Area d’analisi loose, This evidence can still be considered as an indicator added in the evaluation the effects of climatic change taking place in the media environment of the Apennine Monte Miletto (2050 m) mountains (Fazzini, Romeo 2011).

Canale Pendenza Pendenza Esposizione Testa canale Fondo canale Fondo Opere di protezione presenti (ponte, galleria, barriere) Codice Media (%) Max (%) m slm m slm tipo Stazione MASTER (sensori + webcam) Figure 1 – Study area, San Massimo, loc. Campitello Matese (Cb) - Italy CM1 27 62 NE 1540 1330 Arborato

CM2 34 69 NE 1550 1100 Arborato Pendoli a corda wifi

CM3 22 63 NE 1635 1230 Arborato Ripetitori wifi CM4 21 53 NE 1630 1250 Arborato Semaforo wifi Campitello Matese - NIVOMETRIC REGIME - CM

Mesh network 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 D J F M A

Campitello Matese - SEASON FRESH SNOW - CM 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Campitello Matese - SNOWY DAYS - D 40 CM1 35 30 25 CM2 20 15 10 5 CM3 CM4 0

Figure 3 – Analysis time series, site Campitello Matese - Meteomont Figure 2 – Pattern network with positioning sensors on the channels exposed to avalanche

Planning Assumptions The design hypothesis involves the installation of a series of sensors connected to one another with wireless system and inserted into a network of mesh type, ie able to realize connections knitted with multiple paths redundant. In this way if one or more points of connection were to stop working, the connection of the other nodes with the master station of data collection would still be guaranteed. All sensors, mechanical and electronic, will be connected to a master station that will communicate directly with the central data acquisition of Functional Centre Decentralized of Molise, where takes place the monitoring weather precipitation in real time the entire regional network. On the channels under study they will be placed sensors to rope in a cross flow channeled avalanche; sensors will pendulum string connected in wifi mode with the master station. In addition to the system of pendulums to rope, they will be placed repeaters wifi along the routes of the channels in order to transfer the signal to the master station. The master station will be placed also of the sensors for the evaluation of environmental and weather parameters, such as an anemometer, a thermometer and a rain gauge. Also of particular importance will positioning webcam, for assessing the quality of the snow road. Outside the avalanche danger will be placed two traffic lights, connected in wifi with the master station, they will be placed always with blinking yellow light. With avalanche activity in place, even small movements of the snow cover in the canals, the light of the system will position the red traffic light.

Conclusion The suggested system, greatly reduces the risk of avalanches for a stretch of road very frequented in the winter, the only access route to the ski resort of Campitello Matese. Furthermore, given that at present, in the absence of active and passive protection systems, and with greatly reduced resources, the technological hypothesis presented could allow a more "scientific" the avalanche risk in the Apennine area.

Bibliography M.Fazzini, V. Romeo (2011): « L’enneigement dans les Apennins durant les derniers 30 ans ». Actes XXIV Colloque AIC « Climat montagnard et risques » ; M.Fazzini et G.Beltrando editeurs scientifiques ; Stamperia Romana ed ; 249-254 Cardillo A., Di Pilla S. et Fazzini M., 2009: « Analyse statistique des champs de précipitations pendant 30 ans sur le versant adriatique de la Région Molise (Italie centrale): premiers résultats » – Actes XXVI Colloque Internationale de Climatologie – Cluj (ROM)–230 - 236. Fazzini M. et Giuffrida A., 2005: « Une nouvelle proposition quantitative des régimes pluviométriques dans le territoire de l’Italie : premiers résultats » in « Climat Urbain, Ville et Architecture » Actes XVIII Colloque Internationale de Climatologie – Gênes (SUI) – 361-364. Bisci C., Fazzini M., Beltrando G., Cardillo A., Romeo V. - 2012: «The February 2012 exceptional snowfall along the Adriatic side of Central Italy ». Meteorologische Zeischrift,21, 5, 503-508.(IF2012 MZ - 1.084). Cardillo A., Fazzini M., Beltrando M., Romeo V. - 2012: «L’enneigement exceptionnel de février 2012 dans la Région de Molise (Italie centrale) ». Actes XXV Colloque de l’Association International de Climatologie. Grenoble (FRA). Cardillo A., Fazzini M., Patrone R., 2013: «Recent avalanche activity of the mountain massif of Matese (Central-Southern Italy Adriatic) ». International Snow Science Workshop (ISSW) – Grenoble (FRA). CardilloA., Di PillaS., Fazzini M., 2013: «Exceptional snowfalls in the region Molise (Central Italy) in a contest of extremes of climate». 32nd International Conference on Alpine Meteorology (2013) - Kranjska Gora (SLO). Fazzini M., Cardillo A., Di Pilla S., Beltrando G., 2013: «Tendences des precipitations depuis le milieu du XXeme siècle sur le versant adriatique de la Region Molise (Italie Centrale) ». Actes XXVI Colloque de l’Association International de Climatologie – Cotonou (BEG).