Safeguarding Personal Information Collected from Signals Intelligence Activities
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Intel Management Model for Europe
INTELLIGENCE MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR EUROPE PHASE ONE Guidelines for standards and best practice within the analysis function Contents Foreword 5 Acknowledgements 6 1. Executive Summary 7 Recruitment 8 Trainee Analyst - The Benefits 9 Training Programme for Police Analysts 10 Intelligence Training for Law Enforcement Personnel 10 Career Structure for Analyst Personnel 11 2. Recruitment 12 Person Specification 12 Pre-Selection 15 The Interview 15 3. Trainee Analyst - The Benefits 17 The Police Service of Northern Ireland 17 Belgian Federal Police 19 4. Training Programme for Police Analysts 20 Approach 1: The Police Service of Northern Ireland 20 Approach 2: The Belgian Federal Police 21 Approach 3: National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) UK 22 5. Intelligence Training for Law Enforcement Personnel 23 Probationary Officers 23 Intelligence Officers 24 Analyst Managers 26 6. Career Structure for Analyst Personnel 28 7. Recommended References 30 3 List of Figures Figure 1: The Intelligence Cycle 7 Figure 2: Person Specification for Intelligence Analyst 14 Figure 3: PSNI Analyst Development Programme 18 Figure 4: Organisational Structure for Analysts - Strathclyde Police 28 Figure 5: Organisational Structure for Analysts - PSNI 29 4 Foreword The first tentative steps towards the development of an Intelligence Management Model for Europe were taken during early 2001. It was then that consideration was given to a proposed agenda for the forthcoming European Heads of Training Conference to be held in Scotland in June that same year. Many such conferences, in all disciplines, provide useful guidance and information to those in attendance. Often however there is little or no resultant legacy in terms of actual and tangible continuous development. -
Swire. “The Declining Half-Life of Secrets”
CYBERSECURITY INITIATIVE New America Cybersecurity Fellows Paper Series - Number 1 THE DECLINING HALF -LIFE OF SECRETS And the Future of Signals Intelligence By Peter Swire July 2015 © 2015 NEW AMERICA This report carries a Creative Commons license, which permits non-commercial re-use of New America content when proper attribution is provided. This means you are free to copy, display and distribute New America’s work, or in- clude our content in derivative works, under the following conditions: ATTRIBUTION. NONCOMMERCIAL. SHARE ALIKE. You must clearly attribute the work You may not use this work for If you alter, transform, or build to New America, and provide a link commercial purposes without upon this work, you may distribute back to www.newamerica.org. explicit prior permission from the resulting work only under a New America. license identical to this one. For the full legal code of this Creative Commons license, please visit creativecommons.org. If you have any questions about citing or reusing New America content, please contact us. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Peter Swire, Nancy J. and Lawrence P. Huang Professor of Law and Ethics, Scheller College of Business, Georgia Institute of Technology; Senior Counsel, Alston & Bird LLP; and New America Cybersecurity Fellow ABOUT THE CYBERSECURITY INITIATIVE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Internet has connected us. Yet the policies and debates that sur- Many thanks to Ross Anderson, Ashkan round the security of our networks are too often disconnected, disjoint- Soltani and Lee Tien for assistance with ed, and stuck in an unsuccessful status quo. This is what New Ameri- this draft, and to the fellow members ca’s Cybersecurity Initiative is designed to address. -
Offensive Capabilities
GCHQ and UK Mass Surveillance Chapter 5 5 Beyond signals intelligence: Offensive capabilities 5.1 Introduction Documents released by German magazine Der Spiegel provide a much richer picture of the offensive activities of the NSA and its allies, including the UK’s GCHQ.i The global surveillance infrastructure and hacking tools described in the previous chapters are not only used for obtaining information to be fed into intelligence reports and tracking terrorists. The agencies are also developing cyber-warfare capabilities, with the NSA taking the lead within the US armed forces. This militarisation of the internet saw U.S. intelligence services carried out 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011ii. The UK's National Strategic Defence and Security Review from 2010 made hostile attacks upon UK cyberspace a major priorityiii. It is fair to assume that many countries are following suit and building cyber-warfare capabilities. Der Spiegel terms the development of these aggressive hacking tools as Digital Weapons. In their view D weapons which should join the ABC (Atomic, Biological and Chemical) weapons of the 20th century because of their indiscriminate nature. Here lies a fundamental problem. The modern world with connected global communications networks means that non-state actors such as civilians and businesses are now affected by the agencies’ activities much more frequently than before. The internet is used by everyone – cyberspace is mainly a civilian space – and the opportunity for collateral damage is huge. The papers leaked to Der Spiegel appear to show that signal agencies have little regard for the security and wellbeing of anyone who gets caught in the path of their operations. -
Unclassified Summary Special Study of NSA Controls to Comply With
NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY/CENTRAL SECURITY SERVICE INSPECTOR GENERAL REPORT Unclassified Summary Special Study of NSA Controls to Comply with Signals Intelligence Retention Requirements 12 December 2019 OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL Pursuant to the Inspector General Act of 1978, as amended, and in accordance with NSA/CSS Policy 1-60, the NSA/CSS Office of the Inspector General (OIG) conducts independent oversight that promotes Agency respect for Constitutional rights, adherence to laws, rules, and regulations, and the wise use of public resources. Through investigations and reviews, we detect and deter waste, fraud, abuse, and misconduct and promote the economy, the efficiency, and the effectiveness of Agency operations. AUDIT The Audit Division comprises three sections: Cybersecurity and Technology, Financial Audits, and Mission and Mission Support. The Division’s audits and evaluations examine the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of NSA programs and operations; assess Agency compliance with laws, policies, and regulations; review the operation of internal information technology and controls; and determine whether the Agency’s financial statements and other fiscal reporting are fairly and accurately presented. Audits are conducted in accordance with auditing standards established by the Comptroller General of the United States. INSPECTIONS The Inspections Division performs organizational inspections and functional evaluations to assess adherence to regulations and policies and to promote the effective, efficient, and economical management of an organization, site, or function. OIG inspection reports recommend improvements and identify best practices across a broad range of topics, to include mission operations, security, facilities, and information technology systems. The Inspections Division also partners with Inspectors General of the Service Cryptologic Elements and other Intelligence Community (IC) entities to jointly inspect consolidated cryptologic facilities. -
Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)
ATP 2-22.9 Open-Source Intelligence July 2012 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Unlimited Distribution Headquarters, Department of the Army *ATP 2-22.9 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 2-22.9 (FMI 2-22.9) Department of the Army Washington, DC, 10 July 2012 Open-Source Intelligence Contents Page PREFACE.............................................................................................................. iv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE (OSINT) FUNDAMENTALS ........................ 1-1 Definition and Terms .......................................................................................... 1-1 Characteristics .................................................................................................... 1-1 The Intelligence Warfighting Function ................................................................ 1-2 The Intelligence Process .................................................................................... 1-3 The Planning Requirements and Assessing Collection Process ........................ 1-4 The Military Decisionmaking Process ................................................................ 1-4 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield ........................................................... 1-5 Chapter 2 PLANNING AND PREPARATION OF THE OSINT MISSION ............................. 2-1 Section I – Planning OSINT Activities ........................................................... -
Outsourcing Intelligence Analysis: Legal and Policy Risks
STUDENT NOTE Outsourcing Intelligence Analysis: Legal and Policy Risks Joshua R. Storm* INTRODUCTION Intelligence reduces uncertainty in con¯ict, whether in trade negotiations between allies with similar, but individual interests, or in combat operations against a foreign state or terrorist group.1 Providing this intelligence involves col- lecting, processing, analyzing, and disseminating information to decision mak- ers.2 Key among these is analysis, de®ned by the R AND Corp. as ªthe process by which the information collected about an enemy is used to answer tactical ques- tions about current operations or to predict future behavior.º3 Beyond the tactical level, analysis is also necessary to provide the strategic and operational intelli- gence required to establish overarching policies and to develop operational plans to execute those policies. 4 In this manner, analysis is one of the most critical func- tions provided by the civilian and military entities that make up the intelligence community (IC). At the same time, analysis often is not performed by govern- ment personnel. For example, of core contract personnel within the intelligence community, 19 percent directly supported analysis and production as of 2007.5 This note explores the rise of outsourcing in the intelligence community and examines the legal and policy implications of outsourcing intelligence analysis in particular. First, it discusses the organizational and operational pressures that led to the increased use of contractors in the intelligence community after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Next, it identi®es the origins of the inherently gov- ernmental function test, used to determine when a government activity be out- sourced. -
Report on the Democratic Oversight of Signals Intelligence Agencies
Strasbourg, 15 December 2015 CDL-AD(2015)011 Study No. 719/2013 Or. Engl. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) REPORT ON THE DEMOCRATIC OVERSIGHT OF SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 102nd Plenary Session (Venice, 20-21 March 2015) on the basis of comments by Mr Iain Cameron (Member, Sweden) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-AD(2015)011 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary .................................................................................................................... 3 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 7 II. The scope of the present study – definitions ................................................................ 7 III. Is there a need for (improved) democratic control? ...................................................... 8 A. What is strategic surveillance? .................................................................................. 8 B. Weaker controls over strategic surveillance? ........................................................... 10 C. Mass surveillance? .................................................................................................. 12 IV. Jurisdiction ................................................................................................................. 15 V. Accountability – constitutional and organisational contexts ....................................... -
Perspectives and Opportunities in Intelligence for U.S. Leaders
Perspective EXPERT INSIGHTS ON A TIMELY POLICY ISSUE September 2018 CORTNEY WEINBAUM, JOHN V. PARACHINI, RICHARD S. GIRVEN, MICHAEL H. DECKER, RICHARD C. BAFFA Perspectives and Opportunities in Intelligence for U.S. Leaders C O R P O R A T I O N Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 2. Reconstituting Strategic Warning for the Digital Age .................................5 3. Unifying Tasking, Collection, Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination (TCPED) Across the U.S. Intelligence Community ...............16 4. Managing Security as an Enterprise .........................................................25 5. Better Utilizing Publicly Available Information ..........................................31 6. Surging Intelligence in an Unpredictable World .......................................44 7. Conclusion .................................................................................................56 Abbreviations ................................................................................................57 References ....................................................................................................58 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................64 About the Authors .........................................................................................64 The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make -
ATP 2-33.4 Intelligence Analysis
ATP 2-33.4 Intelligence Analysis JANUARY 2020 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication supersedes ATP 2-33.4, dated 18 August 2014. Headquarters, Department of the Army This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (https://armypubs.army.mil), and the Central Army Registry site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard). *ATP 2-33.4 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 2-33.4 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 10 January 2020 Intelligence Analysis Contents Page PREFACE............................................................................................................. vii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... xi PART ONE FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 1 UNDERSTANDING INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS ............................................. 1-1 Intelligence Analysis Overview ........................................................................... 1-1 Conducting Intelligence Analysis ........................................................................ 1-5 Intelligence Analysis and Collection Management ............................................. 1-8 The All-Source Intelligence Architecture and Analysis Across the Echelons ..... 1-9 Intelligence Analysis During Large-Scale Ground Combat Operations ........... 1-11 Intelligence Analysis During the Army’s Other Strategic Roles ........................ 1-13 Chapter 2 THE INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS PROCESS .................................................. -
Going Dark: Impact to Intelligence and Law Enforcement and Threat Mitigation
GOING DARK: IMPACT TO INTELLIGENCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THREAT MITIGATION Bonnie Mitchell Krystle Kaul G. S. McNamara Michelle Tucker Jacqueline Hicks Colin Bliss Rhonda Ober Danell Castro Amber Wells Catalina Reguerin Cindy Green-Ortiz Ken Stavinoha ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to first thank the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) for its generous funding and support for our study and learning journey to the DEFCON hacking conference. We are also very grateful to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for its support during the duration of the program. We could not have completed this study without the unwavering support and dedication of Ms. Bonnie Mitchell, ODNI Deputy National Intelligence Manager for the Western Hemisphere and the Homeland, our devoted Team Champion who steered us throughout this study and helped turn an idea into a product. We would like to acknowledge and thank each member of our public-private sector working group for their tireless efforts from around the U.S., which includes Krystle Kaul, G. S. McNamara, Michelle Tucker, Jacqueline Hicks, Colin Bliss, Rhonda Ober, Danell Castro, Amber Wells, Catalina Reguerin, Cindy Green- Ortiz and Ken Stavinoha. We are very thankful for all the unique insight we received from interviewees who contributed to this report by educating our group on the many aspects of ‘going dark,’ and we take full responsibility for any and all errors of fact or interpretation implied or explicit in this paper. Our interviewees include the Village sponsors at DEF CON, private sector industry experts and government officials. We are thankful for the interesting and diverse perspectives particularly from senior government officials and private sector experts. -
Signals Intelligence in the Public Domain
Perspective C O R P O R A T I O N Expert insights on a timely policy issue SIGINT for Anyone The Growing Availability of Signals Intelligence in the Public Domain Cortney Weinbaum, Steven Berner, and Bruce McClintock IGINT, or signals intelligence, is intelligence gathered government-only paradigm. We identified ways these capabilities from communications, electronics, or foreign instrumen- and trends may impact the U.S. government in terms of emerging Station1 and has traditionally been considered an inher- threats, policy implications, technology repercussions, human capi- ently governmental function. Historically, only govern- tal considerations, and financial effects. Finally, we identified areas ment had the financial means and the legal authority to conduct for future study for U.S. and allied government leaders to respond SIGINT activities, and, in our experience, many members of to these changes. the U.S. government still hold this opinion today. We tested this During our market scan, we found examples of SIGINT viewpoint by conducting a market scan to seek examples of how capabilities outside of government that are available to anyone. The new technologies, innovations, and behaviors are challenging the capabilities we found have applications in maritime domain aware- existing government-only paradigm. We examined the breadth of ness; radio frequency (RF) spectrum mapping; eavesdropping, jam- technologies available now and reported to be released in the near ming, and hijacking of satellite communications; and cyber surveil- future to understand the capabilities each provides, which audience lance. Most of these capabilities are commercially available, many or market each serves, and what implications each may have for are free, and some are illegal. -
Espionage and Intelligence Gathering Other Books in the Current Controversies Series
Espionage and Intelligence Gathering Other books in the Current Controversies series: The Abortion Controversy Issues in Adoption Alcoholism Marriage and Divorce Assisted Suicide Medical Ethics Biodiversity Mental Health Capital Punishment The Middle East Censorship Minorities Child Abuse Nationalism and Ethnic Civil Liberties Conflict Computers and Society Native American Rights Conserving the Environment Police Brutality Crime Politicians and Ethics Developing Nations Pollution The Disabled Prisons Drug Abuse Racism Drug Legalization The Rights of Animals Drug Trafficking Sexual Harassment Ethics Sexually Transmitted Diseases Family Violence Smoking Free Speech Suicide Garbage and Waste Teen Addiction Gay Rights Teen Pregnancy and Parenting Genetic Engineering Teens and Alcohol Guns and Violence The Terrorist Attack on Hate Crimes America Homosexuality Urban Terrorism Illegal Drugs Violence Against Women Illegal Immigration Violence in the Media The Information Age Women in the Military Interventionism Youth Violence Espionage and Intelligence Gathering Louise I. Gerdes, Book Editor Daniel Leone,President Bonnie Szumski, Publisher Scott Barbour, Managing Editor Helen Cothran, Senior Editor CURRENT CONTROVERSIES San Diego • Detroit • New York • San Francisco • Cleveland New Haven, Conn. • Waterville, Maine • London • Munich © 2004 by Greenhaven Press. Greenhaven Press is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Greenhaven® and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact Greenhaven Press 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.