Espionage and Intelligence Gathering Other books in the Current Controversies series: The Abortion Controversy Issues in Adoption Alcoholism Marriage and Divorce Assisted Suicide Medical Ethics Biodiversity Mental Health Capital Punishment The Middle East Censorship Minorities Child Abuse Nationalism and Ethnic Civil Liberties Conflict Computers and Society Native American Rights Conserving the Environment Police Brutality Crime Politicians and Ethics Developing Nations Pollution The Disabled Prisons Drug Abuse Racism Drug Legalization The Rights of Animals Drug Trafficking Sexual Harassment Ethics Sexually Transmitted Diseases Family Violence Smoking Free Speech Suicide Garbage and Waste Teen Addiction Gay Rights Teen Pregnancy and Parenting Genetic Engineering Teens and Alcohol Guns and Violence The Terrorist Attack on Hate Crimes America Homosexuality Urban Terrorism Illegal Drugs Violence Against Women Illegal Immigration Violence in the Media The Information Age Women in the Military Interventionism Youth Violence Espionage and Intelligence Gathering Louise I. Gerdes, Book Editor Daniel Leone,President Bonnie Szumski, Publisher Scott Barbour, Managing Editor Helen Cothran, Senior Editor CURRENT CONTROVERSIES San Diego • Detroit • New York • San Francisco • Cleveland New Haven, Conn. • Waterville, Maine • London • Munich © 2004 by Greenhaven Press. Greenhaven Press is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Greenhaven® and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact Greenhaven Press 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyrighted material. Cover credit: © Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Espionage and intelligence gathering / Louise I. Gerdes, book editor. p. cm. — (Current controversies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7377-1582-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7377-1581-2 (lib. : alk. paper) 1. Intelligence service—United States. 2. Espionage—United States. 3. Espionage, American. I. Gerdes, Louise I. II. Series. JK468.I6E73 2004 327.1273—dc21 2003049017 Printed in the United States of America Contents Foreword 11 Introduction 13 Chapter 1: Are Espionage and Intelligence-Gathering Activities Justified? Chapter Preface 18 Yes: Espionage and Intelligence-Gathering Activities Are Justified CIA Espionage and Intelligence-Gathering Activities Are Justified by Ernest W. Lefever 20 When conducted for the greater good, CIA activities such as backing coups that depose brutal tyrants are justified. Although these activities sometimes raise ethical questions, they are necessary to protect national security and guarantee freedom worldwide. Brutal Interrogation Techniques May Be Necessary to Gather Valuable Intelligence by Bruce Hoffman 25 History has proven that obtaining vital information from terrorists often requires brutal interrogation techniques. Although some consider torture morally reprehensible, its use can help save the lives of innocent people. No: Espionage and Intelligence-Gathering Activities Are Not Justified Covert Operations Are Corrupt and Immoral by Ramsey Clark 33 A history of corrupt, government-supported massacres and assassinations reveals that covert operations are immoral and unnecessary. Americans should demand that leaders state openly how they plan to act against the nation’s enemies. Using Drug Money to Finance CIA Activities Is Wrong by Alain Labrousse 38 Although the United States claims to be the world’s leader in the war on drugs, the CIA uses drug money to finance its operations abroad. In con- sequence, drug addiction worldwide is, in part, a result of CIA drug trafficking. Polygraph Testing to Prevent Espionage at Nuclear Weapons Labs Undermines Security by Alan P. Zelicoff 43 Polygraph machines cannot detect lies and will not catch spies at Amer- ica’s nuclear weapons labs. In fact, polygraph testing undermines national security by demoralizing loyal scientists and creating a false sense of security. Espionage Tactics That Misinform the American Public Are Corrosive by Ted Gup 47 Espionage tactics that conceal or withhold information in the name of national security are unnecessary and show disrespect for the American people. Moreover, government secrets can too easily lead to lies and are contrary to American principles. Chapter 2: Should the United States Reform Its Espionage and Intelligence-Gathering Methods? Intelligence Reforms: An Overview by Brian Hansen 51 U.S. intelligence agencies failed to predict the terrorist attacks of Septem- ber 11, 2001, stimulating debate over their effectiveness. While some claim that reorganization, internal reforms, and new policies will improve intelligence gathering, others argue that traditional strategies remain effective. Yes: The United States Should Reform Its Espionage and Intelligence-Gathering Methods The United States Should Reform Its Intelligence-Gathering Methods by John M. Deutch and Jeffrey H. Smith 62 Cooperation among domestic and foreign intelligence-gathering agencies must be improved. A more centralized intelligence community would be more successful in gathering and analyzing information pertaining to ter- rorist activity. The FBI Must Improve Its Counterespionage Strategies by Patrick Leahy 69 The unmasking of a spy within the FBI exposed severe internal security problems. To protect sensitive information, the FBI must train its employ- ees in document security practices, implement new safeguards, and enforce “need to know” rules. Improved Surveillance and Information Sharing Is Necessary to Protect America Against Terrorists by Michael Scardaville 74 Preventing terrorist attacks will require better information sharing between the FBI and other federal agencies. Moreover, the development of a health surveillance network will be necessary to quickly identify individuals who have grown sick as a result of a biological attack. U.S. Intelligence Agencies Must Curb Their Reliance on Surveillance Technology by Kevin Hogan 80 U.S. intelligence agencies have the technology to amass mountains of information, but turning that data into useful intelligence can be difficult. Despite spending billions on sophisticated spyware, U.S. intelligence agencies still cannot predict terrorist attacks. The U.S. Intelligence Community Must Develop More Human Intelligence to Combat Terrorism by Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton 87 Air assaults and sophisticated ground raids are unsuitable for the war on terrorism. Useful intelligence comes not from sophisticated technology but from human beings familiar with the cultural and physical terrain ter- rorists inhabit. No: The United States Should Not Reform Its Espionage and Intelligence-Gathering Methods CIA Intelligence-Gathering Methods Have Been Successful in Fighting Terrorism by James L. Pavitt 90 Although the CIA cannot prevent all acts of terrorism, it has successfully foiled many terrorist plots. Reforms are unnecessary because the CIA effectively uses all of the intelligence-gathering methods allowed by law to protect the nation. Counterespionage Reforms at U.S. Intelligence Agencies Are Unnecessary by Jay Taylor 98 Counterespionage reforms based on exaggerated fears of moles infiltrat- ing U.S. intelligence agencies will undermine important intelligence work. Existing security measures developed during the Cold War are suf- ficient to protect against internal spies. The CIA Should Not Become Involved in Direct Combat Operations by Bruce Berkowitz 100 The CIA should leave fighting to America’s soldiers and stick to what it does best—spying. Helping conduct direct military actions as it did in Afghanistan after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks will only jeop- ardize the agency’s ability to conduct covert operations. Tighter Controls to Prevent Espionage at U.S. Research Laboratories Are Harmful by Neal Lane 106 Controls designed to increase security at U.S. research laboratories dis- courage international cooperation and impede scientific and technological progress in the United States. These measures discourage foreign scien- tists from working at U.S. labs, isolating American scientists from the international scientific community. Creating a Defense Department Intelligence Czar Could Bias Intelligence Gathering by Jason Vest 109 Creating an under secretariat for intelligence at the Pentagon could bias intelligence analysis in favor of those who advocate war. Moreover, the Pentagon might conduct unpopular covert operations if the intelligence czar’s decisions are not subject to congressional oversight. Chapter 3: Do Espionage and Intelligence-Gathering Activities Violate Civil Liberties? Chapter Preface 114 Yes: Espionage and Intelligence-Gathering Activities Violate Civil Liberties Granting Intelligence Agencies Increased Powers to Fight Terrorism Threatens Civil Liberties by Philip B. Heymann 116 Laws granting U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies new pow- ers to prevent and punish acts of terrorism threaten civil liberties. Moni- toring communications violates privacy, detaining members of particular ethnic groups is discriminatory,