l'llv,k,olh<1lo,i - ~Nf< ■ v,.,, .,"'"'"'M•u t.:l ... ,.. .,,,,,i., - ~•;JI•--.. , - ~~ ...... "'" \,. in ..,,...,.,...,u, __
~·-D, ....,. hn,, Traditional Locations of Indigenous Peoples, Contact Era AR CTI C OCEAN ,:t:''?,t KEY OF,eoch ,.t71F 0 Bri!ii:h •v{' -, ,~1/,\~v' ~._,,--. 0Ru<;~;in \ ,r-, □ Dutch ~{-,')_i:>& 0Spani5h f",~l f ,::?;, ,.-,•~--J D TerrilOfYur.:laimed byEurop~am --- Colooialor ~~- territorial border 0 SOD km A.l .... rhal- !qu~lk~~ Proj«l"I) "'), '-}.• - ,· ; - r : ,- { >...\ , ___ :, ,.-~--" ( PACIFIC \ OCEAN f._ NEW SPA IN ATLANTIC OCEAN North America: European Territories and Colonies, 1608-1763 ATLANTIC OCEAN KEY Colonial or territorial border 1000 km Azimuthal Equal Area Projection Division of North America After the Seven Years War and the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ©P ~~" ) ;~ ': \ ,. ,,,.. I l \ /'_,/ ~ ,/ , / / ~ ;() '\ / .....,o ~ \., ,,.. ... 7 - ..... __ ,.. 1 uebec City ~ 0 ontreal ,,;. ATLANTIC -~ -· I """ OCEAN A fL AN f/C O 500km OCEAN Azimuthal EqualArea ProJection LOUISIANA Upper and Lower Canada, 1791 Gulf of Me -.:ir:o KEY 0Britishcolony --- Colonial bordf! r -Provinclalbordef North America After the Quebec Act, 1774 .. -lntematlonalborde r 0 1000km AtlrnuthalEqualAruf'rojKtion KEY I O BritiY!colonies 0 Rupert'sland(B1itish Tenifl1ry) Olndian Ttrritory --- Co1onlalorterritorfalborder The 1erm "lndianTerrltory"lshis1orlca l. "- Today,weuse"FirstNations.· ~ O 1000km Azhn.WIEqw!AmProjffllo,, UNITED STATES i ,I Canada,1880 ' j PACIFIC ATLAN TIC OC EAN OCEAN North America: British Territories and Colonies, 1791-1866 PACIFIC OCEAN UNITED STATES Present-Day Canada 63 ©P ©P I I The American Revolution I : I ' ,n'hJ•il Causes of t he American Revolut ion Acts of British Parliament, 1763-1775 1763 Proclamation of 1763 American colonists not permitted to settle west of Appalachian Mountains. 1764 Sugar Act Imports of sugar and other goods taxed and offenders tried by British officers, not colonial judges and juries. 1765 Stamp Act Colonists required to use stamped paper for all printed goods and pay tax on that. 1765 Quartering Act Colonists forced to house and supply British troops. (expired in 1770 and renewed as part of the Intolerable Acts/ Coercive Acts) 'I i 1766 Declaratory Act Parliament declared sole right to make laws for the colonies. 1767 Townshend Acts Import of tea and other goods taxed; British courts established to enforce acts. 1773 Tea Act British East India Company allowed to ship surplus tea to colonies and undercut local merchants. 1774 Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts Boston's port closed to all trade except goods for British troops; British appointed governor, Council of Massachusetts, and trial officials. · · " 1774 Quebec Act Redrew the boundaries of Quebec and the Thirteen Colonies and restricted settlers west. @ Use Source A to answer questions 1 to 3. 1. Using Source A as a starting point, research the rea sons the American colonists rejected British rule. 2. To what extent were the acts "intolerable" to colonists in America? 3. As a wealthy American tea merchant in Boston, write a petition protesting the "intolerable acts" to the Colonial Office in Britain. 64 Chapter 4 Nationalism and Nation-Building ©P Changes on British Territory by the Quebec Act, 1774 / / / ,, " •fil;,~ / '!,;)~ ,," 0: >" ------ c ATLANTIC OCEAN Gulf of Mexico 0 250 500 km ,inihJ••I Stamp Act Protest Resolution s 3, 4, and 5 of the Stamp Act, the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, issued in New York, October 19, 1765, and delivered to the British government in protest of taxation without representation . That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted right of Englishmen, that no taxes should be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives. That the people of these colonies are not, and from their local circumstances cannot be, represented in the House of Commons in Great-Britain. That the only representatives of the people of these colonies, are persons chosen therein by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been or can be constitutionally imposed on them but by their respective legislatures. @ Use Sources B and C to answer questions 4 to 6. 4. Many consider the Qu ebec Act to be the event that triggered the American Revolution. What evidence do you see on the map in Source B that w ould support this statement? How does Source B help us understand British attempts to appease First Nations peoples on the American frontier and avoid conflict with the American newcomers? 5. Summarize the argument expressed in Source C. 6. Discuss how useful and reliable Source C is to historians trying to understand the causes of the American Revolution. The Ameri can Revolution 65 ©P ©P J:inlhJjj,■ American Declaration of Independence Excerpt from the Declaration ofindependence, adopted by Congress in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , July 4, 1776. When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. -That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,-That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . .. ,j,)i)ij•jj The Signing of the American Declaration of Independence Painting by John Trumbull, 1820, located at Yale University. It took Trumbull 33 years to complete. 66 Chapter 4 National ism and Nation-Building ©P @ Use Sources D and E to answer questions 7 to 9. 7. The language used in Source Dis very powerful. What is the overall message that the author is trying to get across? Do you think he does a good job of this? Explain why or why not. 8. The Declaration of Independence is considered one of the most import documents ever written. What aspects of it make it so important? Use quotes from Source D to support your answer. 9. Is the image shown in Source E of the signing of the Declaration of Independence a primary or secondary source? Explain. Do you think it is realistic or idealized? Explain. 10. What are some specific reasons revolutions start in today's world? 11. Many respected historians believe that the American Revolution created two modern nation states, Canada and the United States of America. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Would Canada have come into being if the American Revolution had not occurred? Do some research and develop a new map of North America, along with its boundaries, that might have developed in such a circumstance. 12. What does the idea of "taxation without representation" mean? Do Canadians have taxation with or without representation? Explain. 13. Why did the idea of no taxation without representation become so popular with the people of the Thirteen Colonies? 14. Can the idea of taxation without representation exist in a functional democracy? Explain why or why not. 15. Identify sections of the Declaration of Independence (Source D) that use language which is specific and exclusively intended for certain groups. (For example, the statement, "all men are created equal" is specific to which group within the population?) Identify the various groups of people that would have been excluded from the rights mentioned in the Declaration of Independence. Why would they have been excluded? 16. If you were to take an actual photograph of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, what would be some specific differences that you would expect from the painting in Source E? ©P ©P The American Revolution 67 Klondike Gold Rush ,j,)ijijjjj Timeline of t he Klondike Gold Rush DATE EVENT 1825 Russia and Britain signed a treaty to define the borders of their respective colonial possessions. 1839 RAC-HBC Agreement created an understanding between the Russian-American Company and the Hudson's Bay Company (commerce/trade and territory). 1847 Fort Yukon established. 1861 Gold discovered in Stikine River. 1867 Russia sold (present-day) Alaska to United States, but the boundary terms were not clearly defined. 1870 Canadian government acquired Yukon from the Hudson's Bay Company, which became part of the Northwest Territories. 1871 British Columbia joined Canadian Confederation. The Canadian government requested a survey of the boundary, but the United States rejected it as too costly (the border area was very remote and sparsely settled, and without economic or strategic interest). 1872 Gold discovered near Sitka. 1874 George Holt first white man to cross Chilkoot Pass in search of gold. 1876 Gold discovered south of Juneau. 1888 More than 60 000 people arrived in Alaska in search of gold. 1895 New boundaries established, and Yukon became a district of the Northwest Territories; NWMP sent 20 men to establish a pol ice presence. 1896 Gold discovery made near Dawson Creek. 1897- Klondike Gold Rush brought thousands of people, greatly increasing the importance of the region and the 1898 desirability of fixing an exact boundary. Canada wanted an all-Canadian route from the gold fields to a seaport. I I 1898 The NWMP contingent increased to 285 members, up to 300 at the Gold Rush's height, and augmented by 200 I soldiers from the Canadian army (Yukon Field Force). 1898 Yukon Territory officially established; Dawson City named capital. USA and Canadian governments agreed on a boundary compromise, but the government of British Columbia rejected it. 1899 Gold Rush over, thousands left the Yukon . 1900 White Pass and Yukon Railway completed from Whitehorse, Yukon, to Skagway, Alaska . 1903 Dispute regarding Canada-Alaska border resolved by a tribunal of si x members (three from the USA, two from Canada, and one from Britain-Lord Alverstone). Lord Alverstone sided with the USA's position on these basic issues, although the final agreed demarcation line fell significantly short of the maximal US claim (it was a compromise f,ajling roughly between the maximal US and maximal British/Canadian claim). The panhandle was given to Alaska, and Yukon was cut off from the Pacific Ocean. @ Use Source A to answer questions 1 to 5. 1. Use Source A and your geographical knowledge to explain why there was limited interest and attention given to the Alaska/Yukon region prior to the mid-1 S00s. 2. Th e Klondike Gold Rush brought thousands of people to the remote region . What problems might have been created by the arrival of so many people into the Alaska/Yukon region? How did the Canadian government attempt to deal with these issues? 3. The Klondike Gold Rush was one of a series of gold rushes in the 1800s. Many of the prospectors had tried but were unsuccessful in their efforts to strike it rich in other locations. Why do you think people believed they would be more successful in the Klondike? 4. What is the historical importance/significance of Canada's establishing a police presence in this region? 5. What was the main long-term cause of the Canada-Alaska border dispute? What w ere some of the consequences of the dispute? Chapter 4 Nationalism and Nati on-Building 68 ©P .I ,1111j«3j:■ Klondike Gold Rush Routes The main routes to the Klondike are: Chilkoot and White Passes from Skagway and Dyea in Alaska , the All Canadian Route from Edmonton vi a the Peace and Pelly Rivers, and the water route from the west coast to Alaska down the Yukon River. 8 Use Source B to answer questions 6 to 8. 6. Look at the main routes to access the Klondike region in Yukon in Source B. Describe the specific challenges that would have faced prospectors using each route. Rank the routes from easiest to most difficult based on the p ,q C ~c1011a ~couv 1 /:- / • Se.ittle information available in Sou rce B. Justify 0 WASHING, ON 0 your thinking. C' ~ Portklnd "11,- OREGOI, 7. Which route in Source B would you UNITED recommend? Expl ain why. You may wish to STATES do Internet research to support your thinking. CALIFORNIA 8. Discuss the geographical and political S.l n Fr.:tnc1sco• significance of the Skagway/Dyea Route in Source B. ,:inW•II Rush to Yukon The Sun (New York Sun), March 1, 1896, page 4. Inexhaustible Riches The San Francisco Call, July 20, 1897, from C.H. Macintosh, Governor of the NorthwestTerritory. Ifyou are contemplatingmakingthe trip into the Yukon you want to give careful consideration to these things: ... When asked for an expression of his views regarding The length oftime you will have to stay the great Klondyke district Governor MacIntosh replied: in the country, the amount of money We are only on the threshold ofthe greatest discovery it will take, and the results which may ever made. Gold has been piling up in all these innumerable be attained. Briefly, these things are: streams for hundreds ofyears. Much ofthe territory the foot Time, three years; fn-0ney, $500; results, of man has never trod. It would hardly be possible for one unlimited. Little can be accomplished in to exaggerate the richness, not only of the Klondyke, but less than three years' stay in the Yukon other districts in the Canadian Yukon. At the same time the unless the prospector has marvellously folly of thousands rushing in there without proper means good luck. A good part ofthe first season of subsistence and in utter ignorance of the geographical will be consumed in reaching the mines. conditions of the country should be kept ever in mind. Then ifa claim is discovered and located There are fully 9000 miles of these golden waterways in only preliminary work can be done. The this section of the Yukon. Rivers, creeks and streams of second year the claim can be opened every size and description are all possessed of more or up well, and probably some money can less gold. I derived this knowledge from many old Hudson be made. The third year is when the Bay explorers, who assured me that they considered the prospector may reasonably expect to gold-bearing district next to inexhaustible. get his profits. ©P ©P Klondike Gold Rush 69 rM«-11 Richer Streams Are Possible The San Francisco Call, July 20, 1897. Many of what will no doubt prove to be as rich or richer streams than the Klondyke have not been explored or prospected. Among these I might mention Dominion Creek, Hootalinqua River, Stewart River, Liard River and a score of other streams comparatively unknown. It is my judgment and opinion that the 1897 yield of the Canadian Yukon will exceed $10,000,000 in gold. Of course as is the case of the Cariboo and Cassiar districts years ago, it will be impossible to accurately estimate the full amount taken out. There is now far in excess of $1,000,000 remaining already mined on the Klondyke. It is in valises and tin cans and some of it is lying loose in saloons and just as sacredly guarded there and apparently as safe as though it was in vaults. @ Use Sources C to E to answer questions 9 to 12. 9. Sources C and Dare from American newspapers in very different locations: San Francisco and New York. Compare and contrast their claims about the Gold Ru sh. 10. Consider the claims made in Sources C, D, and E. Would those articles discourage or encourage some prospectors to join the Gold Rush? 11 . How do Sources D and E support/corroborate each other? 12. Which article do you think prospectors would most likely believe to be true: Source C, D, or E? Expl ain your choice. I I ,imhJ•II I Yukon Becomes a District of the NWT r•1'ht•II The San Francisco Call, July 20, 1897, A New Territory Begins-Yukon, 1898 excerpt by C.H. Macintosh, Governor of Northwest Territories. GREENLAND A RCTI C • (Denmark) ~ CELAND OCEAN cf:u..'rf ~~"'• , (Denmark) In 1894 I made .a.. report 1 to Sir John Thompson, then ~. D Provinces Prime Minister of Canada ... strongly urging that the name Yukon should be given to that country by order in council ~ and that a body of Canadian Newfoundland nited Kingdom) police be established on the . ·l river to maintain order. This was done in 1895 and the PRINCE EDWARD British outpost ofFort Cudahy ISLAND was founded. OVA SCOTIA UNITED STATES NEW BRUNSWICK · A TLANTI C 0 400 800 km OCEAN i I I I Chapter 4 Nationalism and Nation-Building 70 ©P @ Use Sources B, F, and G to J:inW•III Alaska Panhandle Boundary answer questions 13 to 15. Dispute, 1873-1903 13. From Governor Macintosh's perspective in Source F, w hy D United States territory not n might he have suggested that in disp ute Yukon become a distinct district -t D British territory not in disp ute within the Northwest Territories? n D Territory awarded to th e e 14. In 1895, Yukon became an United States official district, then in 1898, D Territory awarded to Britain 'l a territory separate from - Previously estab lished s the Northwest Territories. In - British extreme claim your opinion, what were the 'I - United States extreme claim main causes of this political Interim proposals evolution? · - · Fi nal-compromise boundary 15. Using Sources B and G, discuss the strategic importance of Yukon territory as it relates to the Klondike Gold Rush. PACIFIC OCEAN 0 85 170 km @ Use Source B and H to answer questions 16 to 20. 16. What were the main problems for Canada regarding the Alaska Boundary Dispute? What were the consequences of those problems? 17. Using Source H as evidence to support your position, determine who were the losers and who were the winners of the Alaska Boundary Dispute. 18. Use Sources Band H to explain American interest in the Panhandle during the Gold Rush . 19. Given the result of the Alaska Boundary Dispute, explain how you think Canadians would feel toward the United States and toward Britain. 20. As a result of the decision on the final boundary location, Canada did not have any usable coastline to get to the Klondike gold fields. Why was tbis not as much of an issue in 1903 as compared to 1896? . ,. 21. What was the historical significance of making Yukon a full territory? 22. Imagine that Lord Alverstone sided with the Canadian claim in the Alaska Boundary Dispute. Write a brief commentary from the point of view of the USA. 23. The Alaska Boundary Dispute created a greater sense of Canadian nationalism that continued into the twentieth century. To what extent do you agree with this statement? ©P ©P Klondike Gold Rush 7 1 Confederation I 1 ., II ,111ijijifj A M ap of British North America, 1866 D Br itish Territory/ Co lony D Danish D Ru ss ian D Union States D Border States D Confederate States D America n Territories D Indian Terri tory DAKOTA TERRITORY NEBRASKA TERRITORY PACIFIC I I OCEAN COLORADO I TERRITORY ATLANTIC OCEAN o 375 750 km IL - -=='1'===----11 ,,uijijj:j Divided Colonies Halifax Acadian Recorder, 1866. We don't know each other. We have no trade with each other. We have no facilities, or resources, or incentives, to mingle with each other. We are shut offfrom each other by a wilderness, geographically, commercially, politically and socially. We always cross the United States to shake hands. Our interests are not identical, but the very opposite - they are antagonistic and clashing. 72 Chapter 4 Nati onali sm and Nation-Building ©P @ Use Sources A and 8 to answer questions 1 to 8. 1. What inferences can you make from the map in Source A about the differences in population and scale of development in Canada compared to the United States in 1866? 2. Which of the British territories or colonies would be the most isolated? Back up your reasoning using references to the map in Source A. 3. In Source B, who do you think the author refers to when he says, "We don't know each other"? 4. According to Sources A and B, what factors presented cha llenges for the colonies of British North America to join together as a new nation state? 5. What factors would a region need to consider if it were to join, trade, or interact with another region? 6. Why might the author of Source B feel particularly isolated as a colony? 7. What counter arguments might someone who was pro-Confederation use to respond to the author of Source B? 8. Based on the factors you identified in question 5, what regions would be the most logical trading and political partners for the following British Colonies? Explain your rationale. a) British Columbia b) Canada East c) Canada West d) Nova Scotia ,i•mfiM John A. Macdonald George-Etienne Cartier Excerpt from a letter by John A. Macdonald, Excerpt from a speech by George-Etienne Cartier at the Father of Confederation, Canada West, to Quebec Conference, 1865. Sir Edward W. Watkin, 1865. I would be quite willing, personally, to The question is reduced to this: leave that whole [Rupert's Land] country we must either have a British a wilderness for the next half century, North American federation or else but I fear if Englishmen do not go there, be absorbed into the American Yankees will. federation. Ji•ffi@jj Thomas D'Arey McGee Speech by Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Father of Confederation, Canada West, February 9, 1865, in Two Speeches on the Union of the Provinces, by Thomas D'Arcy McGee. They [ the United States] coveted Florida, and seized it; they coveted Louisiana, and purchased it; they coveted Texas and stole it; and then they picked a quarrel with Mexico, which ended with their getting California ... had we not the strong arm of England over us, we would not now have had a separate existence. ©P Confederation 73 ,imhJill Senator William Seward Excerpt from speech by Senator William Seward, delivered in St. Paul, Minnesota, on September 18, 1860, and reported in the Sacramento Daily Union , October 13, 1860. So I look upon Rupert's Land and Canada, and see how an ingenious people, and a capable, enlightened government, are occupied 'llJith bridging rivers and making railroads and telegraphs to develop, organize and create and preserve the great British provinces of the north by the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence and around the shores of Hudson's Bay, and I am able to say, 'It is very well you are building excellent states to be hereafter admitted to the American Union.' @ Use Sources A to F to answer questions 9 to 13. 9. What threat did the United States pose to British North America according to the Fathers of Confederation? 10. According to Source E, what did the United States think about the British North American colonies? 11. Using your prior knowledge, textbooks, and the Internet, explain the idea of "Manifest Destiny." 12. Explain how the idea of Manifest Destiny can be seen in all of the Sources A through F. Use specific examples from each source. 13. Based on Source A, what area of British North America would be at the greatest risk from the United States? Explain your answer. Charlottetown Conference, 1864 Photo by George P. Roberts, of the Charlottetown Conference, September 1864, in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, one of the conferences that led to Confederation . Quebec Conference, 1864 Painting of the Fathers of Confederation at the Quebec Conference in October 1864 by Robert Harris, completed in 1884. It was destroyed in the fire that burned the Parliament building on February 3, 1916. 74 Chapter 4 Nationalism and Nation-Building ©P ,iumJ•il 72 Resolutions, 1864 The 72 Re solutions of the Quebec Conference, 50 of whi ch were written by Sir John A. Macdonald, whose doodles appear in the ma rgin s of t he document. @ Use Sources G to I to answer questions 14 to 18. •> H l111i11 ,,pt~ tr,111!11 Pr,,1 l II ula, . 1, 1,J 1• l '11lu1,1 14. How would you describe the people '\ ,11;,in,II 111,I 111, 1h• 1 t_, ,.r 1:•i ·I,, .. 111, Ii r,111, n iii, in the images in Sources G and H? 15. Using Source H, how would you best describe what w ent on at the Of Resolutions adopted at Qu ebec Conference? Ba ck up your thinking. a Conference of Delegates from 16. Source I is a copy of the 72 the Provinces of Canada, Nova resolutions that outline the union Scotia, and New Brunswick, and of the BNA colonies . What is the Colonies of Newfoundland interesting or unusual about this and Prince Edward Island, held document? Be specific. at the City of Quebec, 10th 17. Source H was created from images of the participants pictured in Source October, 1864, as the Basis of G. What does it tell you about the a proposed Confederation of meeting? Back up your thoughts. those Provinces and Colonies. 18. If Sources G and H are ca lled the " Confederation Conferences" and Source I is called the "blueprint" for Canada, then after examining these three sources, how would you describe the process of Confederation? Use the sources ,'f.J.<- \C to defend your thinking. j ~ 11, ,, ) I I, II. f 1" ..-r"!, I l 1'1, ,, I ~ /" •/fi, . -'f.'..,r'..., ..._ lj..t'"' .. '- 19. Using information from the sources, your textbook, and additional research if necessary, create a chart outlining the pros and cons of Confederation. 20. Imagine you are a resident of one the colonies. Write a fictional letter to your local newspaper outlining the reasons your colony should or should not join Confederation. 21. Research one of the Fathers of Confederation and create a brief biography on him, the colony he represented, and his position on Confederation. Make a ranked list of the factors that would benefit his colony in joining Confederation. 22. Consider the fears about American annexation expressed by Macdonald, Cartier, and McGee. Were their concerns legitimate? Explain . 23. Imagine you are a citizen of one of the British North American colonies and you have travelled to Quebec to either support or protest against Confederation. Create a poster that you will carry outside the Quebec Conference to try to have your position heard by the politicians inside. ©P ©P Confederation 75 Canadian Pacific Railway ,1,ujij•f;• Railways in Canada, 1903 Map showing railways in Canada, 1903: Canadian Pacific Railway, Grand Trunk Pacific, Great Northern Railway, and Northern Pacific Railway. -,- v. ,- 0 ,~~ ~ r 1) ~ ...... 'l--- .,1-;.,. ---~~·.::;_~ Ji,[l '-----1; .:;;;,.~------· .. ::.,···+ E DiI -•\·'' • I " 0 ! .v "-[--L.____ ! .: :1.1 1 ~ u ! \''f..~- \ ..- .... : Until that road is built to British Columbia and the Pacific, this Dominion The Steel Ribbon is a mere geographical expression ... Until That Binds bound by the iron link ... We are not a Sir John A. Macdonald, dinner Dominion in fact. address in Montreal, 1875. - ~ G\. Of all the conditions usually attached to a union ofthis colony with Canada, that ofearly establishment ofrailroad communication from sea to sea is the most important. If Building a Dream the railroad scheme is utopian, so is Confederation. The Excerpt from British Columbian, two must stand or fall together. New Westminster newspaper, February 2, 1870. Chapter 4 76 Nationalism and Nation-Building ©P @ Use Sources A to C to answer questions 1 to 5. 1. Looking at Source A, identify three reasons the railway would have been important to Canada as a nation. 2. Based on what you know of the geography of Canada, what would have been two major obstacles the railway builders would have had to overcome? 3. What do Sources Band C indicate is the key to Canada's becoming a nation? 4. Based on his comments in Source Band the information in Source A, would Sir John A. Macdonald have considered Canada a "Dominion" in 1900? Why or why not? 5. The Macdonald government granted the CPR group millions of dollars and millions of acres of land in western Canada. Using information from Sources Band C, explain why the Canadian Pacific Railway could get so much from the federal government. CPR Railway Schedule and Distances, 1883 CPR brochure of schedule and distances in Manitoba and the North West Territories of Canada, 1883. CITIES, TOWNS and VILLACES ..,_ TII I: 1..l-._t1 (W 1'1H: CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY, TABLE OF TimOUGH DISTANCES V i" Chic o o (A.11 Ilall}. ll,W l'-lX , , Wl::'-Sl1'1}:) ...... ~• 1 ~It«,.. Sl:'\"f l f:.X to \\l'\'Slt l'X'I ...... •. . •.. ,.,, ...... J_,; ·• ll')PJ.):'lro"'T'i) 1-0 Wl\'"l'J'II , •.•• , ...... ,. •• , ,,. • ll:O •• l.10~111£.\L I t \l'"l S'S ll'J:.1 ...... , . , .. 1:0, Qt'J:000 ,.., 't\"f.'!1,[1' •••••• •• •• , ...... ·•··· ' ' ••••• •• i.,•~ tO:-."'JnY..AL ,,, \'t'J,._,,.,,.r..o , , 1~1;;-r.,-LA-3 lf', .. ht~ 0rr,,:;UB~&:·:.:::::~·.:::::::::·::::::::::: .. ····::·::·:::::::: :~; l.: 0 :0,.'"Jl!J!A.r. I \\'IX. rN;o. •'-"· lb• CHllklU. 11 l "adU r..11 .... 7 ~ 1 f•.\ • [l.1)-.1~ ...... ~ • ..•••••••. , •. ••• .• . UI I •• (Or Yblt.t. l.0 by •.dO'.) ClltC.., 00 ,., m~Nlf'F/l, ...... , , ...... &!.-C " -er. 1'.L UL 1-> "~:'\U't..._i...... ,1r - ©P ©P Canadian Pacific Railway 77 I 11 I I II ,i11'i«ill Settling the West Canadian Pacific Railway poster, c. 1910-1930. ,i11Will CPR Poster CPR poster, the Bureau of Canadian Information, "'~ouRROME IN CANA Ill Dept. of Colonization & Deve lopment, 1920s. G~}. FROM THE ~ C~ADIA~ PACIFIC SPECIAL FARMS oNVIR.GIN SOIL NEAR THE RAILWAY -- -AND CLOSE TO SCHOOLS.MARKETS.CHURCHES& . ill PR.EP.i\RED EACHYEOOOR. 'I I BRITISfi FARMERS oFMODERKfE CAPITAL -PAYMENTS IN EASY INSTALMENTS FOR FURTHE R P.ARTICULARS APPLY: - @ Use Sources D to F to answer questions 6 to 10. .. .. 6. Who do you think made these posters in Sources D to F, and for what purpose? 7. Make a list of the kinds of things you see in the images from Sources D to F. 8. What is not shown in any of the sources? 9. What is being "sold" in all of these advertisements? 10. Why would these posters benefit the Canadian Pacific Railway? 78 Chapter 4 Nationalism and Nation-Building ©P ,m)«••I Construction of National Transcontinental Railway Photo of construction of Nationa l Transcontinental Railway in Northern Ontario, 1909. The success of the CPR in spired rivals such as the National Transcontinental Railway. 1, CPR Construction, Lake Superior in Ontario Photo of the construction of the CPR, cutting through rock near Winston's, Ontario, 1882-1885. Canadian Pacific Railway 79 ©P ©P , 1111j;Jif• Railway Trestles Photo of a CPR trestle in British Columbia, 1881-1885. ,in@•il Chinese Labour Camp on CPR, c. 1885 Photo of the construction ofa Chinese labour camp, at Kamloops, BC, c. 1885 . e Use Sources G to J to answer questions 11 to 13. 11 . Identify three physical obstacles the railway had to overcome as shown in Sources G to I. 12. What are four resources the railway needed to have in abundance to complete railway construction? 13. Examine Source J and discuss the reasons Chinese labour was used on the western portions of the CPR . ,i•JP«iil The Last Spike Photo of Donald A. Smith completing the CPR by driving the last spike on November 7, 1885. Also pictured are William Van Horne, Sandford Fleming, and Major A.B. Rogers, all important figures in the construction of the CPR. 80 Chapter 4 Nationalism and Nation-Building ©P <. .r ,il'O l,.I (1••· '· ,~t,,,.\ltJ.S...... ,.i...... OTTAWA To oprn, tear off th,. colo red l.:a bol at 1ha perforaled mark, THE GREAT NORTH WESTERN TELECrRAPH COMPANY OF CANADA. IJ o:·11, .. t1,,, 1,11 ID' ,'ll fl11. ' !11'T~lAI ! • 1;1.,-.; 1,0,11:-.1~,•n,\ ,,-,1.,>J.,\llll "Thanks to your far seeing policy and unwavering support the Canadian Pacific Railway is completed. The last rail was laid this (Saturday) morning at 9:22." @ Use Sources Kand l ta answer questions 14 to 18. 14. Evaluate the reliability and usefulness of Source K as evidence of the "last spike" ceremony. Do photographs accurately capture the past, or can they be misleading? Explain . 15. Look at the men surrounding the "last spike" in Source K. How would you describe their expressions, and what might that tell you about this picture? Do you think the men knew the importance of this last spike? Explain your response. 16. In what ways did completion of the CPR change Canada? 17. Why do you think Sir John A. Macdonald was not at the "last spike" ceremony? 18. In the telegram in Source L, what is Van Horne thanking Macdonald for? 19. Research the role Sir John A. Macdonald played in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Write a fictional letter to the CEO of the CPR explaining why they should dedicate a statue to Sir John A. Macdonald at their head office. 20. Building the CPR involved many choices and engineering challenges. Pick another modern or historical megaproject, and outline the key choices to be made (for example, designing and planning) and engineering challenges to be solved (for example, construction). 21. Research the working conditions of railway workers and, using that information: a) Create a fictional journal depicting life in the work camps. b) Create a photo album depicting the dangers and challenges faced by workers. c) Create a recruiting poster used to hire more workers. 22. Many people have stated that Canada was a nation created by a railway. Do you agree or disagree, and why? ©P ©P Canad ian Pacific Railway 8 1