l'llv,k,olh<1lo,i - ~Nf< ■ v,.,, .,"'"'"'M•u t.:l ... ,.. .,,,,,i., - ~•;JI•--.. , - ~~ .............. "'" \,. in ..,,...,.,...,u, __ ~·-D, ....,. hn,,<K,'I~ (M·3'• """-;-"' ~ .. ~·_;;,·?·.,-.... ':$! r:,t .:f~ Traditional Locations of Indigenous Peoples, Contact Era AR CTI C OCEAN ,:t:''?,t KEY OF,eoch ,.t71F 0 Bri!ii:h •v{' -, ,~1/,\~v' ~._,,--. 0Ru<;~;in \ ,r-, □ Dutch ~{-,')_i:>& 0Spani5h f",~l f ,::?;, ,.-,•~--J D TerrilOfYur.:laimed byEurop~am --- Colooialor ~~- territorial border 0 SOD km A.l .... rhal- !qu~lk~~ Proj«l"I) "'), '-}.• - ,· ; - r : ,- { >...\ , ___ :, ,.-~--" ( PACIFIC \ OCEAN f._ NEW SPA IN ATLANTIC OCEAN North America: European Territories and Colonies, 1608-1763 ATLANTIC OCEAN KEY Colonial or territorial border 1000 km Azimuthal Equal Area Projection Division of North America After the Seven Years War and the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ©P ~~" ) ;~ ': \ ,. ,,,.. I l \ /'_,/ ~ ,/ , / / ~ ;() '\ / .....,o ~ \., ,,.. ... 7 - ..... __ ,.. 1 uebec City ~ 0 ontreal ,,;. ATLANTIC -~ -· I """ OCEAN A fL AN f/C O 500km OCEAN Azimuthal EqualArea ProJection LOUISIANA Upper and Lower Canada, 1791 Gulf of Me -.:ir:o KEY 0Britishcolony --- Colonial bordf! r -Provinclalbordef North America After the Quebec Act, 1774 .. -lntematlonalborde r 0 1000km AtlrnuthalEqualAruf'rojKtion KEY I O BritiY!colonies 0 Rupert'sland(B1itish Tenifl1ry) Olndian Ttrritory --- Co1onlalorterritorfalborder The 1erm "lndianTerrltory"lshis1orlca l. "- Today,weuse"FirstNations.· ~ O 1000km Azhn.WIEqw!AmProjffllo,, UNITED STATES i ,I Canada,1880 ' j PACIFIC ATLAN TIC OC EAN OCEAN North America: British Territories and Colonies, 1791-1866 PACIFIC OCEAN UNITED STATES Present-Day Canada 63 ©P ©P I I The American Revolution I : I ' ,n'hJ•il Causes of t he American Revolut ion Acts of British Parliament, 1763-1775 1763 Proclamation of 1763 American colonists not permitted to settle west of Appalachian Mountains. 1764 Sugar Act Imports of sugar and other goods taxed and offenders tried by British officers, not colonial judges and juries. 1765 Stamp Act Colonists required to use stamped paper for all printed goods and pay tax on that. 1765 Quartering Act Colonists forced to house and supply British troops. (expired in 1770 and renewed as part of the Intolerable Acts/ Coercive Acts) 'I i 1766 Declaratory Act Parliament declared sole right to make laws for the colonies. 1767 Townshend Acts Import of tea and other goods taxed; British courts established to enforce acts. 1773 Tea Act British East India Company allowed to ship surplus tea to colonies and undercut local merchants. 1774 Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts Boston's port closed to all trade except goods for British troops; British appointed governor, Council of Massachusetts, and trial officials. · · " 1774 Quebec Act Redrew the boundaries of Quebec and the Thirteen Colonies and restricted settlers west. @ Use Source A to answer questions 1 to 3. 1. Using Source A as a starting point, research the rea sons the American colonists rejected British rule. 2. To what extent were the acts "intolerable" to colonists in America? 3. As a wealthy American tea merchant in Boston, write a petition protesting the "intolerable acts" to the Colonial Office in Britain. 64 Chapter 4 Nationalism and Nation-Building ©P Changes on British Territory by the Quebec Act, 1774 / / / ,, " •fil;,~ / '!,;)~ ,," 0: >" ------ c ATLANTIC OCEAN Gulf of Mexico 0 250 500 km ,inihJ••I Stamp Act Protest Resolution s 3, 4, and 5 of the Stamp Act, the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, issued in New York, October 19, 1765, and delivered to the British government in protest of taxation without representation . That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted right of Englishmen, that no taxes should be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives. That the people of these colonies are not, and from their local circumstances cannot be, represented in the House of Commons in Great-Britain. That the only representatives of the people of these colonies, are persons chosen therein by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been or can be constitutionally imposed on them but by their respective legislatures. @ Use Sources B and C to answer questions 4 to 6. 4. Many consider the Qu ebec Act to be the event that triggered the American Revolution. What evidence do you see on the map in Source B that w ould support this statement? How does Source B help us understand British attempts to appease First Nations peoples on the American frontier and avoid conflict with the American newcomers? 5. Summarize the argument expressed in Source C. 6. Discuss how useful and reliable Source C is to historians trying to understand the causes of the American Revolution. The Ameri can Revolution 65 ©P ©P J:inlhJjj,■ American Declaration of Independence Excerpt from the Declaration ofindependence, adopted by Congress in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , July 4, 1776. When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. -That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,-That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . .. ,j,)i)ij•jj The Signing of the American Declaration of Independence Painting by John Trumbull, 1820, located at Yale University. It took Trumbull 33 years to complete. 66 Chapter 4 National ism and Nation-Building ©P @ Use Sources D and E to answer questions 7 to 9. 7. The language used in Source Dis very powerful. What is the overall message that the author is trying to get across? Do you think he does a good job of this? Explain why or why not. 8. The Declaration of Independence is considered one of the most import documents ever written. What aspects of it make it so important? Use quotes from Source D to support your answer. 9. Is the image shown in Source E of the signing of the Declaration of Independence a primary or secondary source? Explain. Do you think it is realistic or idealized? Explain. 10. What are some specific reasons revolutions start in today's world? 11. Many respected historians believe that the American Revolution created two modern nation states, Canada and the United States of America. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Would Canada have come into being if the American Revolution had not occurred? Do some research and develop a new map of North America, along with its boundaries, that might have developed in such a circumstance. 12. What does the idea of "taxation without representation" mean? Do Canadians have taxation with or without representation? Explain. 13. Why did the idea of no taxation without representation become so popular with the people of the Thirteen Colonies? 14. Can the idea of taxation without representation exist in a functional democracy? Explain why or why not. 15. Identify sections of the Declaration of Independence (Source D) that use language which is specific and exclusively intended for certain groups. (For example, the statement, "all men are created equal" is specific to which group within the population?) Identify the various groups of people that would have been excluded from the rights mentioned in the Declaration of Independence. Why would they have been excluded? 16. If you were to take an actual photograph of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, what would be some specific differences that you would expect from the painting in Source E? ©P ©P The American Revolution 67 Klondike Gold Rush ,j,)ijijjjj Timeline of t he Klondike Gold Rush DATE EVENT 1825 Russia and Britain signed a treaty to define the borders of their respective colonial possessions. 1839 RAC-HBC Agreement created an understanding between the Russian-American Company and the Hudson's Bay Company (commerce/trade and territory). 1847 Fort Yukon established. 1861 Gold discovered in Stikine River. 1867 Russia sold (present-day) Alaska to United States, but the boundary terms were not clearly defined. 1870 Canadian government acquired Yukon from the Hudson's Bay Company, which became part of the Northwest Territories. 1871 British Columbia joined Canadian Confederation. The Canadian government requested a survey of the boundary, but the United States rejected it as too costly (the border area was very remote and sparsely settled, and without economic or strategic interest). 1872 Gold discovered near Sitka. 1874 George Holt first white man to cross Chilkoot Pass in search of gold. 1876 Gold discovered south of Juneau. 1888 More than 60 000 people arrived in Alaska in search of gold. 1895 New boundaries established, and Yukon became a district of the Northwest Territories; NWMP sent 20 men to establish a pol ice presence. 1896 Gold discovery made near Dawson Creek. 1897- Klondike Gold Rush brought thousands of people, greatly increasing the importance of the region and the 1898 desirability of fixing an exact boundary. Canada wanted an all-Canadian route from the gold fields to a seaport. I I 1898 The NWMP contingent increased to 285 members, up to 300 at the Gold Rush's height, and augmented by 200 I soldiers from the Canadian army (Yukon Field Force).