New Runway Project PRELIMINARY DRAFT MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN VOLUME C: AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT PLAN SECTIONS 19-26 MAY 2018 19 Airspace Management Plan Introduction New Runway Project | Volume C: Airspace Management Plan 15 20 Background and Existing Airspace Management 16 New Runway Project | Preliminary Draft Major Development Plan May 2018 20 Background and Existing Airspace Management 20Background and Existing Airspace Management This section provides background information to assist in understanding why aircraft fly where they do. Detail is also provided on the following areas: • How does weather affect airport operations? • What are air traffic control operating procedures? • How are flight paths designed? New Runway Project | Volume C: Airspace Management Plan 17 20 Background and Existing Airspace Management London Dubai Hong Kong Singapore access opportunity choice more cheaper more airlines airfares destinations more seats due to more compe- more options for available tition all travellers PERTH 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Airport International services are the lifeblood of the State’s international The New Runway Project (NRP) Operating Hours tourism industry and the comprises the construction of a new Perth Airport operates 24 hours, employment it supports. A reduced runway up to 3,000 metres long seven days a week, providing an level of international air services parallel to the existing main runway essential link for business and leisure that would arise from restrictions on (03L/21R). travel, and meeting the needs of: Perth Airport would therefore have • regional communities and the This section provides background profound impacts on tourism and all resource sector, information on considerations those who depend on that industry. • interstate domestic travel, and airspace operations to help • international access to multiple The operational conditions at Perth understand the impacts of the global destinations, and Airport are also critical to maintaining NRP, including the various modes • freight, including express and time and supporting an effective freight of operation, the considerations critical supplies. and logistics industry. A multitude for determining which runway of industries from minerals such to use, and limitations that Maintaining operational flexibility as gold and diamonds, primary contribute to the design of at Perth Airport are critical to produce such as seafood and meat where flight paths are located. supporting Western Australia’s and a variety of specialist imports economy. Perth Airport is part Additional information on the rely on the extensive dedicated of a national and global aviation construction of the new runway and freight and passenger plane network and, as such, flight times associated infrastructure can be ‘belly freight’ to support industry. and schedules are not determined found in Section 6. Any operational restriction in locally. The viability of many of Perth’s these times would adversely and international air services depend on materially impact the industries linking with connecting networks which rely on overnight and well through hub airports, such as Dubai connected international routes. and Singapore. Any restrictions on the operations of Perth Airport A new growing market is that would lead to a significant loss of related to internet purchasing. Online air services, which may result in retail is driven by its time critical a reduction of service levels and a responsiveness, and similar to other likely increase in the cost of flying sectors, operational restrictions for community members and will directly and adversely impact businesses. providers and consumers. 18 New Runway Project | Preliminary Draft Major Development Plan May 2018 20 Background and Existing Airspace Management 20.3 Existing Airspace movements can vary for a variety direction and tailwind if taking of reasons. Section 2 discusses the off in the opposite direction. London Considerations hourly, daily and weekly aircraft The principal consideration in Aircraft are designed to take-off movement profiles of Perth Airport. deciding where and how aircraft and land into the wind. Therefore, arrive and depart from an airport is As detailed in Section 2, the total the weather, and in particular wind safety. This takes precedence over all annual aircraft movements at speed and direction, is generally the other matters. Following safety there Perth Airport are forecast to grow main factor in determining which are a wide range of other factors from 135,220 in 2016 to more than runway direction is used. Aircraft Dubai 241,000 movements in 2045. can operate safely on a runway that Hong Kong that influence the use of current and future runways, and the location and has a small tailwind component, design of where aircraft fly, including: 20.3.2 Weather Variation typically less than five knots if the • demand and volume of aircraft There are a number of ways in which runway surface is dry. traffic, weather affects aircraft operations, Excessive crosswind components Singapore • weather variations, such as: can impact an aircraft’s ability • departure and arrival procedures, • wind direction and speed, to take-off or land safely. The • modes of runway operations and which dictate the direction of strength of a crosswind component access opportunity choice capacity (the maximum number the operating runways (i.e. the is a function of both the wind’s more cheaper more of aircraft which can be processed airlines airfares destinations direction from which aircraft can strength and its direction. The closer more seats due to more compe- more options for over a period of time), land or take-off), available tition all travellers the wind’s direction is to being • aircraft sequencing, • different operating rules required perpendicular to the runway, the • efficiency including fuel burn and when the runway is wet, and greater its crosswind component. PERTH carbon emissions, • visibility due to fog or height of • managing the impact to the cloud base determines which Meteorological information for Perth surrounding communities through departure and arrival procedures Airport has been collected for many noise abatement procedures, and operating rules are used. years by the Bureau of Meteorology • local airspace coordination, and and Airservices Australia. Wind Weather conditions influence airport • flight path design. speed and direction observations operations and have an impact on have been made by the Bureau 20.3.1 Demand and Volume the capacity of the airport. of Meteorology at 9.00 am and of Aircraft Traffic 3.00 pm every day since 1 May 1944. 20.3.2.1 Wind The number of aircraft wanting to For flight operations, wind is most Wind patterns at Perth Airport can fly, and the timing of when aircraft commonly described in terms of be characterised by a distinct daily want, to fly influence the runway its crosswind and headwind or pattern. As shown in Figure 20-1. infrastructure required and the way tailwind components. Crosswind is In the mornings, winds are in which aircraft use the airspace. the wind that blows at right angles predominantly easterly or north- 9.00While am schedules Observations for airlines at Perth to the runway. The3.00 component pm Observations of easterly while the afternoons are Airport remain consistent across the wind that blows parallel with characterised by predominantly No wind 13% the year, showing limited seasonal the runway,No wind is called4% the headwind westerly or south-westerly winds. of the time change, the daily and hourly aircraft componentof the timeif taking off in one 30% 9.00 am Observations 3.00 pm Observations 30% >= 40 No wind 13% No wind 4% 20% of the time of the time 20% >= 30 and < 40 30% 10% 30% >= 40 10% 20% >= 20 and < 30 20% >= 30 and < 40 10% 10% >= 20 and < 30>= 10 and < 20 >= 10 and < 20 >= 0 and < 10 km/h >= 0 and < 10 km/h CALM CALM N NW NE N NW NE W CALM E W CALM E SW SE SW SE S S Figure 20‑1 Breakdown by percentage of wind speed and direction Source: Bureau of Metrology New Runway Project | Volume C: Airspace Management Plan 19 20 Background and Existing Airspace Management The main runway (03L/21R) is 20.3.2.2 Rain level and the visibility is eight used in runway 03 direction for a The presence of water on the kilometres or less – an instrument north-easterly wind and runway 21 runway affects the performance of approach will be nominated. direction for a south-westerly wind. an aircraft by reducing the friction These conditions are known The new runway (03R/21L) will force between the tyres and the as Instrument Meteorological be located parallel to the existing runway surface. Therefore, an aircraft Conditions (IMC), or main runway (03L/21R) and will needs a longer distance for take-off • where the majority of cloud cover therefore have the same runway and landing during wet conditions. is above 3,000 feet above ground direction usage as the main runway. Safety considerations also generally level and the visibility is more than eight kilometres – a visual approach Winds from the east or west will dictate that no tailwind is allowed may be nominated. These have crosswind components on for operations on a wet runway. As a conditions are known as Visual the existing and new runways. result, the operating rules for runway Meteorological Conditions (VMC). Current air traffic control operating selection will change if it has been raining (even very lightly). procedures dictate that if the 20.3.3 Departure and crosswind exceeds 20 knots on a 20.3.2.3 Visibility Arrival Procedures runway it should not be nominated for use if there is an available runway Visibility is important in all phases There are procedures to follow when that is more into wind. of flight but particularly when the an aircraft departs or arrives at an aircraft is close to the ground such airport. These procedures would be There are two descriptions of light as during take-off and initial climb similar to directions from your house winds in aviation: ‘calm’ is used to out, and approach and landing.