Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42497-4 — Gods and Humans in Medieval Scandinavia Jonas Wellendorf Index More Information

200

Index

Adam of Bremen, 1 – 5 , 10 Bel, 103 , 112 , 114 Annar formáli nýgjörður , 113 – 14 b ǫ nd (bonds) apologetic writings in the cultic sphere, 21 – 22 Apology of Aristides , 27 – 28 etymology, 18 – 19 doctrinal sections in sagas of the saints, 28 – 29 metaphor for, pre- Christian, 18 – 19 Lactantius, 18 , 106 Óðinn and binding metaphors, 19 – 20 in the mythical sphere, 13 in Prose Edda , 19 Apology of Aristides , 27 – 28 religion as, 18 Ari Þorgilsson, 10 term, 17 Aristides of Athens, 27 – 28 Borst, Arno, 102 Ashman Rowe, Elizabeth, 53 Bragi Boddason, 3 – 4 , 14 Assmann, Jan, 15 – 16 Breta sǫ gur , 62 Atlantica (Rudbeck), 117 Augustine Caesar, 64 criticism of mythical theology, 13 Christian scriptures on M. Terentius Varro, 8 – 9 analogies with Norse paganism, 84 – 87 , 91 on Wisdom of Solomon, 25 declarations of identity, 92 – 93 autoeuhemerization, 74 , 80 Gylfaginning / Gospel of John analogy, 91 – 92 treatments of Norse mythology, 110 – 11 Baal/ Bel, 103 , 112 , 114 Christianization Baldr demonization of pagan gods, 3 – 6 as Baal, 112 , 114 kingship during the conversion era, 109 – 10 death of, in Annar formáli nýgjörður , 114 monotheism, 3 depiction in Gesta danorum , 71 Cicero, 65 – 66 and Hotherus, 90 – 91 classical tradition Bandadrápa (Eyjólfr Dáðaskáld), 21 – 22 and the Gesta danorum , 74 , 82 Barlaams saga Guðmundur Andrésson and, 112 – 13 cosmolatry of the Chaldeans, 32 – 34 and interpretatio , 62 – 63 , 65 – 66 hierarchical model of disbelief, 31 – 32 , Norse mythology within, 33 – 34 , 111 35 , 40 – 42 physical theology, 7 , 13 , 17 idolatry of polytheism, 35 Saxo Grammaticus and, 74 , 82 idolatry of the Greeks, 33 – 34 , 49 Clunies Ross, Margaret, 8 interpretatio in, 33 – 34 Codex Wormianus (Prologus ) Nachor’s speech against disbelief, 24 , additional Prologus sections, 100 – 1 29 – 32 , 110 allonyms, 105 origins of, 28 contents of, 100 stories about polytheistic gods, 36 critical stance of, 107 – 8 zoolatry of the Egyptians, 34 – 35 linguistic confusion, 103 Battista, Simonetta, 66 linguistic loss in, 103 , 105 Beck, Heinrich, 84 – 87 , 91 – 93 migration myths, 104 – 5

200

201

Index 201

Óðinn, 101 , 104 – 5 hierarchical model in the Wisdom of rise of idolatry, 103 , 106 – 7 Solomon, 25 , 27 scholarship on, 100 and the migration myth, 84 story of Saturn, 101 , 103 – 4 , 106 – 7 Nachor’s speech against disbelief (Barlaams Tower of Babel, 96 , 102 – 4 saga ), 29 – 32 , 110 Zoroaster, 101 , 103 , 106 in the Prologus ( Prose Edda ), 36 cosmolatry tripartite division of in the Wisdom of of the ancient Germani, 37 Solomon, 25 , 27 within Caesar’s hierarchy, 64 worship of inanimate of the Chaldeans (Barlaams saga ) , 3 2 – 3 4 objects, 41 giants as personii cations of the elements, 37 – 38 dísir , 41 in Norse literature, 37 – 38 , 41 Divine Antiquities (Antiquitates rerum overview of, 25 – 26 divinarum ) (Varro), 8 – 9 sun and moon in the days of the week, 67 – 69 divinity Um þat hvaðan ótrú hófsk , 49 of the Norse gods, 2 – 3 cultic sphere tripartite theology and, 8 – 9 b ǫ nd and h ǫ pt terms, 19 – 22 Dronke, Peter, 23 , 84 bottom- up human/ divine interactions, 22 Dronke, Ursula, 20 , 23 , 84 complementarity with the mythic sphere, Dumézil, Georges, 71 11 – 13 , 16 cult of Æsir, 23 , 74 Egils saga einhenda , 5 pre- Christian, 1 – 2 , 10 – 11 Egils saga Skallagrímssonar , 22 solar cults, 37 Egyptians top- down divine– human interactions, 21 – 22 in the Wisdom of Solomon, 25 zoolatry of (Barlaams saga ), 34 – 35 Daniel of Winchester, 2 Eiríkur Jónsson, 107 – 8 De falsis diis (Ælfric of Eynsham), 43 – 48 , 61 Erlendr Óláfsson, 52 De Vries, Jan, 14 Euhemerism, see also idolatry demonology autoeuhemerization, 74 , 80 accommodation within Christian worldview, 7 benefaction, 97 – 98 demonization of Freyja, 4 dei ned, 17 demonization of Óðinn, 3 – 5 doctrine of, 97 demonization of Þórr, 4 in Gesta danorum , 72 – 73 demonological explanation for disbelief (Um of the Greeks, 34 þat hvaðan ótrú hófsk ), 45 – 46 , 48 , 51 , 110 in Isidore of Seville’s writings, 98 in Gylfaginning , 8 6 – 8 7 , 9 0 and the migration myth, 84 of idolatry, 35 – 36 , 39 in Norse literature, 36 – 39 , 84 – 85 in the Latin historiographical tradition, 4 – 5 physical theology and, 17 in Norse literature, 5 role of poetry, 98 – 99 in the Prose Edda , 87 – 91 in Snorronic writings, 84 – 85 role of the devil (Um þat hvaðan ótrú hófsk ) , 5 0 – 5 1 in Stjórn I, 97 – 98 in translations of the lives of saints, 4 in Um þat hvaðan ótrú hófsk , 49 – 50 in Zoroastrian texts, 5 in the Wisdom of Solomon, 26 – 27 disbelief, see also cosmolatry ; idolatry ; zoolatry in Ynglinga saga , 38 Aristides of Athens, 27 – 28 Eyjólfr Dáðaskáld, 21 – 22 condemnation of in medieval Eyvindr Finnsson, 3 writings, 23 – 24 demonological explanation for Faulkes, Anthony, 23 , 84 disbelief (Um þat hvaðan ótrú hófsk ), Ferrari, Fulvio, 44 45 – 46 , 48 , 51 , 110 Finnur Jónsson, 107 – 8 etiologies of in Norse vernacular, 27 Flateyjarbók hierarchical model in Barlaams saga , 3 1 – 3 2 , mention of Lýtir, 12 35 , 40 – 42 Óðinn as the devil, 5 hierarchical model in Norse literature, Þorsteins þáttr uxafóts , 40 3 6 – 3 7 , 4 0 – 4 1 V ǫ lsa þáttr , 1 1 – 1 2

202

202 Index

Fourth Lateran Council, 85 – 86 , 93 goð , term, 19 Freyja goðmálgar , 14 in the days of the week, 67 – 68 G ǫ ngu- Hrólfs saga , 95 – 96 demonization of, 4 Gormo, king, 72 – 73 , 81 family ties, 2 , 38 Great Saga of Óláfr Tryggvason , 38 – 39 Freyr Greeks in Egils curse, 22 euhemerism and, 34 Fricco as, 3 , 39 – 40 idolatry of (Barlaams saga ), 33 – 34 , 49 in the Great Saga of Óláfr Tryggvason , 38 – 39 Guðmundur Andrésson as theonym for Frø, 80 – 81 and the classical tradition, 112 – 13 worship of in Vatnsdœla saga , 39 – 40 Lexicon Islandicum , 112 in the Ynglinga saga , 38 life and works of, 112 – 13 Fricco (Freyr), 3 , 39 – 40 V ǫ luspá text, 15 , 112 – 13 Frigg Gunnar Harðarson, 53 – 54 in the days of the week, 67 – 68 Gylfaginning as Venus, 61 analogic thinking in, 86 – 87 Frigga, 78 analogy with the Gospel of John, 91 – 92 demonology in, 86 – 87 , 90 Germani, ancient earthly Æsir, 87 , 89 – 90 , 92 contrasted with the Galli, 64 j ǫ lkunnigr (term), 89 religious rites of the Nahanarvali, 63 – 64 linguistic change and earthly sacrii cial rites of the Semnones, 20 – 21 understanding, 96 seven- day week, 67 – 69 and the migration myth, 84 universalization by Roman Odinic triad/ Holy Trinity analogies, 86 legionnaires, 64 – 65 sjónhveri ngar in, 89 – 90 worship of nature, 37 title of, 89 Gesta danorum (Saxo Grammaticus), see also Saxo Grammaticus Hadingus king, 71 , 76 , 78 , 80 – 82 Æsir- cult, 74 Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri, 10 Byzantium home of the gods, 73 Hákon the Good, 109 and the classical tradition, 74 , 82 Haukr Erlendsson depiction of Baldr, 71 career of, 51 – 53 e i cacy of the Norse gods, 71 – 72 , 80 – 82 compilation of Hauksbók , 5 2 – 5 4 euhemerism in, 72 – 73 Hauksbók, see also Landnámabók ; Um þat hvaðan false faith in idols, 78 – 79 ótrú hófsk the Fates, 80 Breta s ǫ gur , 62 Frøblod ’Frø sacrii ce’ at Uppsala, 80 – 81 Brunnr er einn í Paradísu , 56 giants/ wizards/ diviners, 75 – 76 compilation by Haukr Erlendsoon, 52 – 54 Hotherus, 90 – 91 Elucidarius excerpts, 58 – 59 , 107 idolatry of the Danes, 72 – 73 encyclopedic sections, 54 – 60 , 69 integration of pre- Christian mythology, 73 – 74 Frá því hvar hverr Nóa sona byggði heiminn , 58 King Gormo’s paganism, 72 – 73 genesis of, 52 – 53 Othinus’s two exiles, 78 – 80 Hér segir frá margháttuðum þjóðum , 58 rejection of universalization, 76 Hér segir frá því hversu lǫ nd liggja í replaceability of the gods, 79 – 80 ver ǫ ldinni , 57 the superi (those above), 80 Icelandic sections, 53 – 54 theomancy, 73 – 74 Kristni saga , 41 , 53 , 61 two- storied model of divinities, 74 , 80 , 82 – 83 Norwegian sections, 54 – 60 , 69 giants orthography, 54 and cosmolatry, 41 Prologus , 56 Nimrod, 102 – 3 sermon on Ember days, 59 as personii cation of the elements, 37 – 38 sermon on superstition, 58 primordial settings of, 38 Trójumanna saga , 6 1 – 6 2 risar , 103 Um borgaskipan ok legstaði heilagra manna , 59 the m ǫ rnir as giantesses, 11 – 12 Um regnboga , 59

203

Index 203

Um sólstǫ ðúr , 59 Khosroe (Khosrow II), 92 Um uppstigning sólar ok ni ðrsetning , 59 Kristni saga , 41 , 53 , 61 Heimskringla compilation, 10 , 84 Kvasir, 15 Hercules, 63 – 64 Hesiod, 106 Lactantius, 18 , 106 H ƭ ðr, 3 Landnámabók , 23 , 41 , 52 – 53 , 61 Holtsmark, Anne, 84 – 91 language, see also Tower of Babel Honorius Augustodunensis (Elucidarius ), linguistic change and earthly understanding, 58 – 59 , 107 96 , 101 – 2 , 105 h ǫ pt (chains, fetters) linguistic confusion, 103 etymology, 18 – 19 linguistic loss, 103 , 105 in the Prose Edda , 19 Latin historiographical tradition in the ritual sphere, 20 demonization of pagan gods, 4 – 5 Hotherus, 90 – 91 in Gesta danorum (Saxo Grammaticus), Hrabanus Maurus, 25 7 4 , 8 2 – 8 3 Húsdrápa (Ulfr Uggason), 14 substitution of Roman gods with Norse gods, Hversu Nóregr byggðisk , 38 4 , 7 7 – 7 8 learned sphere, 8 – 9 idolatry, see also euhemerism Lindow, John, 19 in Codex Wormianus (Prologus ), 106 – 7 Lombardi, Maria Christina, 44 of the Danes (Gesta danorum ), 72 – 73 Lucretius, 18 demonology of, 35 – 36 , 39 Lýtir, 12 false faith in idols, 78 – 79 of the Greek (Barlaams saga ), 33 – 34 , 49 Males, Mikael, 100 in Norse literature, 36 – 41 Marbod of Rennes, 52 overcoming of, post- Biblical stories, 47 Marold, Edith, 21 and polytheism, 35 Mars rise of (Um þat hvaðan ótrú hófsk ), in the days of the week, 67 4 7 – 4 8 , 5 0 – 5 1 Óðinn as, 77 – 78 in Wisdom of Solomon, 25 – 27 , 107 worship of by the Germani, 63 – 64 and Zoroaster, 103 , 106 – 7 Martin of Braga, 46 – 48 interpretatio Mercury and alignment of the pagan gods, 61 in the days of the week, 67 in Barlaams saga , 33 – 34 Óðinn as, 61 , 76 Caesar on the gods of the Germani/ Galli, 64 Týr as, 70 in classical literature, 62 – 63 , 65 – 66 worship of by the Germani, 63 – 64 Roman legionnaires in Germania, 64 – 65 migration myths Tactitus on the Germani’s worship, 63 – 64 Codex Wormianus (Prologus ), 104 – 5 term, 62 – 63 and disbelief, 84 interpretatio indigena , 62 euhemerism and, 84 interpretatio norrœna , 62 Guðmundur Andrésson’s treatment of, 112 – 13 interpretatio romana , 62 in Gylfaginning , 84 Isidore of Seville, 98 – 99 , 103 , 107 and physical theology, 84 Íslendingabók (Ari Þorgilsson), 10 in Prologus (Prose Edda ), 84 , 98 – 99 , 110 ithyphallic worship, 11 , 40 m ǫ rnir , 1 1 – 1 2 Moses, 56 , 60 Jerome, 24 – 25 mythical sphere Jews, 31 apologist literature, 13 Johansson, Karl G., 100 complementarity with the cultic, 13 , 16 Jón Hnei ll Aðalsteinsson, 37 in the Icelandic cultural memory, 23 Juno, 62 narrative materials, 16 , 36 Jupiter and poetic invention, 12 – 13 Óðinn as, 77 and the ritual sphere, 8 – 9 , 12 , 16 Þórr as, 61 – 62 , 76 separation of human/ divine worlds, 15 – 16 in Um þat hvaðan ótrú hófsk , 4 9 – 5 0 variance in, 14 – 15

204

204 Index

Nachor, 24 , 29 – 32 , 110 Óláfr Haraldsson king, 10 – 11 , 110 Njƭ rðr, 2 , 38 ótrú , term, 3 Noah, 49 , 57 – 58 , 60 , 102 Norse gods, see also interpretatio ; individual gods Petrs saga postula , 92 alignment with Roman gods, 4 , 61 – 66 , 77 – 78 Petrus Comestor, 107 within the classical tradition, 33 – 34 , 111 physical theology dif erences from Abrahamic God, 2 – 3 in the classical tradition, 7 , 13 , 17 divinity of, 2 – 3 euhemerism and, 17 in Gesta danorum , 71 – 72 , 80 – 82 and the migration myth, 84 goodness and justice of, 3 philosophy of the origins of the gods, 16 – 17 kinship ties, 2 Pluto, 77 mortality of, 2 poetry seven- day week, 67 – 69 and euhemerism, 98 – 99 Norse literature mythical theology as realm of, 12 – 13 Christian treatments of, 110 – 11 role of in the Prose Edda , 99 cosmolatry in, 37 – 38 , 41 ruler ideologies in skaldic poetry, 22 euhemerism in, 36 – 39 , 84 – 85 polytheism hierarchical model of disbelief in, idolatry of, 35 3 6 – 3 7 , 4 0 – 4 1 Nachor’s speech against disbelief (Barlaams historicization of disbelief in, 23 saga ), 31 – 32 idolatry in, 36 – 41 stories about the gods, 36 ritual sphere in, 8 , 11 – 12 Poole, Russell, 21 sermons, 45 pre- Christian worldviews, see also Norse mythology worship of inanimate objects, 41 cultic sphere, 1 – 2 , 10 – 11 zoolatry in, 39 – 41 divinity of the Norse gods, 2 – 3 Norse mythology l exibility of, 1 – 2 allegorizing interpretations, 114 mythology of in Gesta danorum , 7 3 – 7 4 analogies with Christian doctrine, 84 – 87 , 91 religio metaphor in, 18 – 19 within classical tradition, 33 – 34 , 111 ritual sphere in, 8 , 11 – 12 in Saxo Grammaticus’s work, 71 – 74 , 110 – 11 Saxo Grammaticus’s critique of, 72– 73 Saxo Grammaticus’s integration of, Odense, Funen, 4 71 – 74 , 110 – 11 Óðinn in Ynglinga saga , 74 binding metaphors and, 19 – 20 Prologus ( Prose Edda ), see also Codex Wormianus centrality of i gure of, 3 – 4 Æsir in, 23 , 101 in the Codex Wormianus Prologus , 101 , 104 – 5 analogic thinking in, 96 – 97 in the days of the week, 67 argument from design analogies, 94 – 95 demonization of, 3 – 5 Babylonian Confusion, 96 as god of poetry, 99 earth/ fauna analogic thinking, 93 – 94 identity as Odysseus, 115 – 21 earthly understanding, 95 – 96 importance of in the Prose Edda , 4 hierarchical model of human disbelief, 36 as Jupiter, 77 linguistic change and earthly understanding, as Mars, 77 – 78 96 , 101 – 2 , 105 as Mercury, 61 , 76 migration myth in, 84 , 98 – 99 , 110 names for in the Codex Wormianus , 105 narrative of, 101 names for in the Prose Edda , 16 Tower of Babel in, 96 Odinic triad/ Holy Trinity analogies in Prometheus, 99 Gylfaginning , 86 Prose Edda, see also Gylfaginning ; Prologus o f spring, 2 ( Prose Edda ) as Pluto, 77 Æsir-cult, 74 as Saturn, 62 analogies between paganism and Christian universalization of with Roman gods, 66 doctrine, 84 – 85 Odysseus b ǫ nd (bonds) in, 19 foundation myths of, 115 demonology in, 87 – 91 identity as Óðinn, 115 – 21 j ǫ lkunnigr (term), 89

205

Index 205

Hávamál , 19 – 20 in the Codex Wormianus Prologus , 101 , h ǫ pt (chains, fetters) in, 19 103 – 4 , 106 – 7 integration of pre- Christian mythology, 74 in the days of the week, 67 Kvasir, 15 as Óðinn, 62 myth of Þórr and the World Serpent, 14 – 15 Saturn/ Kronos myth, 106 and mythical theology, 13 – 14 , 19 Saxo Grammaticus, see also Gesta danorum names for Óðinn, 16 authorial persona, 71 – 72 , 82 Óðinn and binding metaphors, 19 – 20 and the classical tradition, 74 , 82 Óðinn’s importance in, 4 critique of pre- Christian mythology, 72 – 73 poetry and invention in, 99 Exhortationum series , 77 – 78 preservation of, 99 – 100 forest maidens in the Baldr narrative, 90 – 91 integration of pre- Christian mythology, Ragnars saga , 40 71 – 74 , 110 – 11 Ramus, Jonas Roman names for Norse gods, 77 – 78 critical reception of, 116 – 17 two- storied model of divinities, 74 , 80 , 82 – 83 Óðinn and Odysseus, 115 – 21 Semnones, 20 – 21 on Odysseus foundation myths, 115 siðr , 12 , 18 regin , 19 S i f , 6 2 religion (religio ) Sigurður Nordal, 100 as bonds, 18 Simon Magus, 92 etymology, 18 Skáldskaparmál , 37 metaphor for, pre- Christian, 18 – 19 skurðgoðavilla , 3 term, 17 – 18 Snorri Sturluson, 71 , 84 ritual sphere, see also cultic sphere Snorronic writings as civic branch of theology, 9 – 10 analogic thinking in, 84 – 87 , 91 description by non- native outsiders, 10 – 11 analogy and the Fourth Lateran Council, h ǫ pt (chains, fetters) in, 20 85 – 86 , 91 , 93 lack of textual material on, 8 , 10 euhemerism, 84 – 85 and the mythical sphere, 8 – 9 , 12 , 16 solar cults, 37 in Norse literature, 8 , 11 – 12 songs/ chants, 2 , 11 – 12 o i cially sanctioned replacement practices, 12 Stefán Karlsson, 52 – 53 Rives, James B., 18 Stjórn I Roman gods, see also individual gods on Asia, 103 alignment with Norse gods, 4 , 61 – 66 , 77 – 78 etiologies of disbelief in, 27 and euhemerism, 49 – 50 euhemerism in, 97 – 98 in the Latin historiographical tradition, rise of idolatry, 107 4 , 77 – 78 Strerath- Bolz, Ulrike, 43 – 44 , 100 , 106 in Saxo Grammaticus’s work, 77 – 78 and the seven- day week, 67 – 69 Tacitus universalization of Óðinn, 66 on Mother Earth, 94 Rudbeck, Olof, 117 on Odysseus foundation myths, 115 on the religious rites of the sacrii cial rites Nahanarvali, 63 – 64 banning of, 10 sacrii cial rites of the Semnones, 20 – 21 within civic theology, 9 – 10 use of term interpretatio , 6 2 – 6 3 legal ban on, 10 h eodoricus Monachus (h eodoric the of the Semnones, 20 – 21 Monk), 5 Þorrablót, 38 h or, 3 at Uppsala, 2 Tower of Babel use of songs/ chants, 2 in the Codex Wormianus Prologus , 96 , 102 – 4 St. Clemens saga, 4 in the Prologus ( Prose Edda ), 96 St. Martin of Tours saga, 4 Zoroaster and the building of, 102 – 4 saints, lives of, 4 tripartite theology Saturn civic branch of, 9 – 12 as Bel (Zoroaster), 103 in Divine Antiquities (Varro), 8 – 9

206

206 Index

tripartite theology (cont.) Vincent of Beauvais, 107 mythical sphere, 12 – 16 V ǫ luspá , 15 , 112 – 13 overview of, 8 physical theology, 16 – 17 Weber, Gerd Wolfgang, 87 in Wisdom of Solomon, 25 , 27 Winston, David, 26 Trójumanna saga , 62 Wisdom of Solomon trú/ trúa , 3 , 18 cosmolatry, 25 – 26 Týr euhemerism in, 26 – 27 in the days of the week, 67 origins of, 24 – 25 as Mercury, 70 rise and spread of idolatry, 25 – 27 , 107 similarities to in Um þat hvaðan ótrú Ulfr Uggason (Húsdrápa ), 14 hófsk , 4 9 – 5 0 Um þat hvaðan ótrú hófsk ’On the Origin of in Stjórn I, 27 Disbelief’, see also Hauksbók tripartite division of disbelief, 25 , 27 ages of the world doctrine, 46 , 48 , 51 zoolatry, 25 – 26 Biblical God/ false gods juxtaposition, 47 – 48 cosmolatry, 49 Ynglinga saga De falsis diis (Ælfric of Eynsham) as source Æsir- cult, 74 for, 43 – 47 , 61 euhemerism in, 38 demonization of pagan gods, 45 – 46 , 48 , integration of pre- Christian 51 , 110 mythology, 74 euhemerism in, 49 – 50 as exhortative sermon, 45 zoolatry the fall of Adam and Eve, 48 – 49 cow worship, 40 as historicizational text, 45 – 46 , 69 of the Egyptians (Barlaams saga ), 34 – 35 within Hauksbók , 43 , 51 ithyphallic worship, 11 , 40 length of, 45 in Norse literature, 39 – 41 origin of disbelief, 48 – 49 Zoroaster overview of, 57 – 58 as Bel, 103 Pro castigatione rusticorum (Martin of Braga) and the building of the Tower of Babel, as source for, 46– 48 102 – 4 and the rise of idolatry, 47 – 48 , 50 – 51 in the Codex Wormianus Prologus , 101 role of the devil, 50 – 51 demonization of pagan gods, 5 scholarship on function of, 43 – 44 and the rise of idolatry, 103 , 106 – 7 seven- day week, 67 – 69 Þorgerðr Hƭ rgabruðr, 12 similarities with Wisdom of Solomon , 4 9 – 5 0 Þórr structure of, 46 in the Codex Wormianus Prologus , 104 – 5 universalization of pagan gods, 61 , 69 – 70 demonization of, 4 universalization Jupiter as, 61 – 62 , 76 of Óðinn, 66 as the son of Earth, 94 of pagan gods (Um þat hvaðan ótrú hófsk ), as the son of Óðdin, 2 6 1 , 6 9 – 7 0 at the Útgarðaloki’s court, 89 – 90 rejection of by Saxo Grammaticus, 76 and the World Serpent, 14 – 15 by Roman legionnaires in Germani, 64 – 65 Þorrablót, 38 Uppsala Þorsteinn rauðnefr, 41 e i gy of Wotan, 3 Þorsteins þáttr uxafóts , 40 priest’s loss of sight, 4 – 5 Ægir, 38 sacrii cial rites at, 2 , 10 Ælfric of Eynsham, 43 – 48 , 61 Útgarða- Loki (Utgarthilocus), 73 Æsir in the Codex Wormianus Prologus , 101 vættir , 41 cult of, 23 , 74 van Nahl, Jan Alexander, 85 – 86 earthly Æsir, 87 , 89 – 90 , 92 – 93 Varro, M. Terentius, 8 – 9 , 12 – 13 , 16 j ǫ lkunnigr (term) applied to, 89 Vatnsdœla saga , 39 – 40 as magical beings (sjónhveri ngar ), 89 – 90 Venus, 61 , 67 rise of, Prologus (Prose Edda ), 23 , 101 Viðarr, 3 term, 19