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Community-Based Sustainable Tourism Within Conservation Areas: a Paradigm for Environmental and Socio-Economic Alleviation of Mexicans?

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Community-Based Sustainable Tourism Within Conservation Areas: a Paradigm for Environmental and Socio-Economic Alleviation of Mexicans? Community-Based Sustainable Tourism within Conservation Areas: A paradigm for environmental and socio-economic alleviation of Mexicans? Michelle Arroyo July 30, 2008 Report of a Major Project submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Environmental Studies York University Toronto, Ontario, Canada In saying ―no‖ to a waste dump, a dam, a logging scheme or a new road, they are saying ―yes‖ to a different way of life: ―yes‖ to the community‘s being able to decide its own fate; ―yes‖ to the community‘s being able to define itself. The Ecologist (1993:174) 1 Aknowledgements I would like to thank my Mom, Dad, Paola, Janine, Rubén, mi abuelosa Licha, Dagoberto and especially to my beautiful little ones: Constanza and Camila. Each one of you inhabits endlessly in my heart and soul, and all of you deserve a piece of this achievement. Thank you so much Gaby, Rosy, Chris, Rodrigo, Nuria and Rita (and your families) for share with me this incredible time of my life, for your selfless friendship, I will love you forever. Thanks to Abigail, Mayra, Verónica, Cristina, Laila, Andrea and Mayte for your love and unconditional friendship disregarding borders. Thank you all my MES colleagues and professors for your advice, ideas, friendship and the unforgettable time we spent together. Many thanks to Anna Zalik for her unconditional help during my fieldwork providing me guidance throughout all the process, and for the countless hours that you have listened, reading, editing and providing advice. Thanks to the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) who co-financed this research, the Faculty of Environmental Studies and significantly to the Rodríguez Cano and Rodríguez Merales families, as well as Ixhuatlán del Sureste inhabitants for allowing me to enter into their lives. 2 Foreword This Major Paper Project and the work on which it is based were undertaken in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Environmental Studies. The area of concentration of this degree is titled ―Sustainable Tourism in Coastal Communities‖ and reflects an interest in developing an alternative to conventional tourism, which aims for provide Mexican communities with a healthy and profitable economy, promoting the conservation and protection of their environment in a sustainable manner. If asked to summarize my past two years of educational experience, I would answer that it was an emotional, enlightening and many times a painful process towards knowledge and awareness. This past two years I learned more about Mexican environment than all my life, and I think this paper reflects my learning process. My fieldwork in Mexico was essential to fulfill the learning objectives of my Plan of Study to: a) learn about ecotourism and conservation projects which seek to achieve sustainable livelihoods and how they are embedded in Mexico‘s cultural, political and economic system, b) acquire practical skills needed to carry out a research (theoretical basis, interview skills self-confidence and an endless thirst for learning). Views expressed in this paper are the author‘s alone and may not reflect those of the community where this study was conducted, as well as the institutions which made this dream come true (York University and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología — CONACyT). 3 Abstract This research examines the role of community participation in the implementation of a project of sustainable tourism within a conservation area in México. It aims to illustrate the value and challenges involved in promoting community-based participation, and seeks to propose a method that can be easily used by diverse Mexican communities eager to conserve their environment without compromising their wellbeing. The field research and project took place in a Mexican oil worker community. Community members, agencies and the President of the municipality were engaged in defining the issues and my research agenda. Closing the open-air garbage dump was the major concern that the community wants to address. The analysis included: a literature review; policy analysis; formal and informal interviews with an open-ended questionnaire, analysis of an Ixhuatlán de Sureste community-based project initiative; stakeholder identification; a sustainable tourism project proposal; concluding with an evaluation of the possible conflicts that the rural community could develop if following this alternative state government initiative. This project proposal contributes to the understanding of the Mexican environment policy as a new tool of land regulation and suggests the minimum aspects which need to be achieved when implementing a community-based sustainable tourism project. 4 List of Figures and Tables Figure Name Source 1 Registered UMA‘s (2007) Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT, 2008). 2 Status and Tendency of Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos UMA‘s Extensive Farms Naturales (SEMARNAT, 2008). 3 Location Map of Ixhuatlán Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales del Sureste Protegidas (CONANP, 2007) 4 Location Map of Ixhuatlán Gobierno de Ixhuatlán del Sureste (2008) del Sureste within Veracruz State 5 Ecological Areas and Toledo et al. (1989) and National Indigenous Indigenous Regions of Institute (INI) et. Al. (1999). 6 Representation of the Vázquez-Dávila (2001). Chontals Land-use Units and the Local Names Table Name Source 1 Registered UMA‘s Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT, 2008). 2 Extensive UMA‘s Registered Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos in Veracruz Naturales (SEMARNAT, 2008). 3 Marginalization Consejo Nacional de la Poblacion (CONAPO) 4 Employment (2000) Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica (INEGI, 2000). 5 Mexico‘s Tropical Humid Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Area (1993) Naturales y Pesca - Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática, Informe de la Situación General en Materia de Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente 1995-1996 / Estadísticas del Medio Ambiente 1997, 1st. edition, INEGI, México, 1998. 6 Surrounding Tourism Projects Adapted by the author from the project‘s websites. 7 Management Plan Adapted from Secretaria de Turismo Development Stages (SECTUR, 2005). 8 Mitigation Techniques Adapted from Long (1993: 204-207). 9 Suggested Activities within Michelle Arroyo. the UMA 10 Failure Factors and Adapted from Zorrilla (2003). Recommendations 5 Acronyms APETAC Ecological Producers Association of Tatexco CBSTP Community-Based Sustainable Tourism Project CDI Mexican Commission for Indigenous People Development (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas) CEMDA Mexican Center of Environmental Law (Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental) CONABIO National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of the Biodiversity (Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad) CONAGUA National Water Commission (Comisión Nacional del Agua) CONANP Mexican Commission of Natural Protected Areas (Comisión Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas) CONEVAL Mexican Council of Evaluation of Development Policies (Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social) COPLAMAR General Coordination of the National Plan for Marginalized Areas (Coordinación General de Plan Nacional de Zonas Deprimidas y Grupos Marginadas) FONATUR National Trust for the Promotion of Tourism (Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo) ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management INEGI National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía) LGEEPA General Law on Ecological Equilibrium and Environmental Protection (Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente) NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NOM Mexican Official Regulation (Normas Oficiales Mexicanas) PAN National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) 6 PANDSOC Mexican Environmental Law for the Sustainable Development of Seas and Coasts (Política Ambiental Nacional para el Desarrollo Sustentable de los Oceanos y Costas) PEMEX Petroleum of Mexico (Petróleos de México) PRD Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) PRI Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) PROFEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Medio Ambiente) SAM Mexican Food System (Sistema Alimentario Mexicano) SAGARPA Mexican Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishing and Food (Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación) SECTUR Mexican Ministry of Tourism (Secretaría de Turismo) SEDESOL Mexican Ministry of Social Development (Secretaría de Desarrollo Social) SEMARNAT Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales) SUMA Wildlife Conservation Management System (Sistema de Unidades de Manejo para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre) SNIB National System of Biodiversity Information (Sistema Nacional de Informacion de la Biodiversidad) SSA Ministry of Health (Secretaría de Salud) UMA Unit of Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use of Wildlife (Unidad de Manejo para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre) UNAM National Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico) 7 I. Introduction Community-based tourism has been adopted in the last 20 years by a number of federal governments as a means of poverty alleviation. Due to international agreement requirements (e.g. Rio Earth Summit and
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