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Download The THE KAPPA LEGEND A Comparative Ethnological Study on the Japanese Water-Spirit Kappa and Its Habit of Trying to Lure Horses into the Water BY Ishida Eiichiro CONTENTS FOREWORD CHAPTER I Horses and Water-gods The Japanese Islands (1)—~K appa luring horses into the water (1)——Pastures by the water-side (1)— Fine horses sired by dragons (1)— Fine horses appear out of the water ( 2 ) China and its borders (3)—Dragon-horses (3)— Dragons turn into horses, and horses into dragons (4)— Dragons and celestial horses (7)— Pasturing mares by the waterside so that they may bear fine steeds (フ)一 Divine horses in the water (11)~Water-gods on horseback (13)— Horses and floods (14) ~W hite Horse Cave (15)— Underground water (15)~Water-horses of Central Asia (16)— T ing Pu-ling of A nnam (18)— River'-gods seek to draw horses into the water (19)— Sacrifice of horses to water-gods (20)— Importation of Chinese books (2 1 )Western and northwestern parts of China (22)— Sea-stallion (23)一 The Thousand Nights and One Night (23)~ W ild males and domesticated females (24)— T he Caucasus etc. (26)— Rashi, the winged horse (26)— Anahita (27)— A Permian idol (27)— Islamic culture and sea-stallions (27)— Prows in the form of horses’ heads (28)— The g o d Varuna (28)—The Finnic peoples (28)— Nakki, the water-spirit (29)— The Germanic peoples (29)— Hoofs pointing backward (30)— Odin and the Nakki (31)— Scotland (32)~ K e lp ie s (32)— The Boobrie etc. (32)— Iron as a charm (33)— Charms against water-spirits (34)—Ireland (35) ■~Manannan^ white horse (35)— Fine steeds of Cuchulainn (35)— St. Michael and others (35)— The goddess Epona (36)— France (36)— The magical properties of water (36)— Spain (37)— “ Horses of the flood ” (37)— Russia (37)~ The mare Rusalka (37)—Bohemia (38)— Misshapen forms and the nether world (38)— Barks of trees have magic powers (38)— L a u s itz (39)— Headless black horses (39) —Hungary (40)—Southern Slavs (40)—The chariot of the sun (40)—The Greeks and the Mediterranean (40)— Poseidon, the horse-god (40)~Areion and Pegasus (40)— Poseidon on horseback (41)— Sacrifice of horses (41)— The earth and Poseidon (42)— Poseidon the bull-man (42)— God of the blossoming bough (42)— Great sea-bull (43)— Miss Harrison’s theory (43)—The Minotaur, the Cretan bull (43)— Minos, the priest and king-god (44)— Egypt, Crete and Greece ii T H E KAPPA L E G E N D (44)— Atlantis (44)— Bull hunting and bull-fights (45)— Sacred pillars and sacri­ ficial bulls (45)— Mycenaean culture and the worship of Poseidon (45)— The sun and Poseidon (45)——Poseidon, the foreign god (46)— The coming of horses to Crete (46)— Libyan origin (46)— Southward movement of the horse (47)— The rearing and worship of oxen (49) CHAPTER I I Oxen and Water-gods Eduard Hahn (50)~ The mystery of the moon (51)—The moon and women (51) The cow and the horn (52)— Religious origin of domestic animals (52)~The wheel and the plough (52)~Nomadic sphere of culture (53)—The ox and the horse (54)~ T he female principle, the moon, the ox and agriculture (55)~Figurines of the primitive All-mother (56)— The spiral, the serpent and the moon (56)— The Mother Earth (57)— Lunar mythology (57)— Fertility and ox-worship (57) — The moon and water (59)—The rain-cow (60)—The moon and the water of life (61)— The horse and the moon (62)— Horses of the sun (62)~Worship of the sky (63)——The replacing of the ox with the horse (63)— Poseidon as earth-god and god of agriculture (64)— The corn-spirit and the horse (64)^W ater and the ox (66)— Courtship of a water-god (66)— Sacrifice of virgins (67)一 Oxen and horses offered to water-gods (68)_Horse-headed agricultural gods (68)~North and South (72)— The Slavs (73)— The water-man (73)— The Turks (73)— The Finno- Ugric peoples (74)~Water-festivals, oxen and horses (74)— Master of the water (75)— Oxen kept by water-spirits (75)— Oxen of the earth-spirit and the oxen of wells (76)—The Germ anic peoples (77)—The water-bull (77)—The Celts (77)— The Semites (78)— “ Oxen’s well ” (78)— The bull which bears the “ sea ’， (78)— Persians (79)—White horses and river-gods (79)— Sacrifice of cows (79) — Distribution of the water-horse legend and the Iranian peoples (80)— Sacred urine of oxen (80)— Ind ia (81)— Pre-Aryan culture (81)— Sacrifices to the flood demon (82)— Buffalo demon (82)~Varuna in the Asvamedha (83)—The horse and the mysteries of Mrtyu-Prajapati-Asvamedha (84)— Aditi (84)— The Earth-Mother and oxen (85)— Gods of thunder and rain, and oxen and horses (85)— Indra- Adad type of thunder-god (86)—Moon, thunder and rain (86)—The thunder- god mounted on the bull (87)— The thunder-god as the g o d of fertility (87)~ ■ Susa-no-o-no-mikoto (89)——Thunder-gods in the form of serpents (8 9 )_China and her border regions (90)— Thunder and the dragon (90)~Wicked dragons destroyed by thunder (90)—*The chtao-dragon in the form of oxen (91)— Origin of the domestication of oxen and horses (91)— The ox-headed Shen-nung (93)— Water-horses and water-oxen in the Shan-hai-ching (93)— “ Ox in the service of the river-prince ” (94)一 An iron ox quells a river in flood (95)— Tree-spirit in the form of a blue ox (96)— Single-homed oxen of the sacred tree (97)— Blue oxen in the water (98)— Mongolian water-oxen (98)^O x e n and wind and rain (99) — Golden ox and golden chain (100)— Golden ox in Annam (102)— Hsii Chen-chiin imprisons an evil chiao-dvagon (103)— Iron pillars and iron chains (103)— Chiao- dragons fear iron (104)— Fights with oxen in the water (104)— Li Ping and the river-god (104)— Bull-fight and fertility rites (106)— Clay oxen and ta-chyun (107) ~Oxen, the she and the tsu (107)— Oxen and the megalithic culture (108)~Carp turned into iron (108)——Stones in the earth (109)~ C arp, chiao-dragonsy and serpents CONTENTS iii (110)— Stone oxen in the water ( 1 1 0 )Water-spirits quelled by stone rhinoceroses (110)— Stone pillars and sacrificial oxen (111)— The earth, ancestors, sexual organs and serpents (112)— Cutting off the heads of oxen with iron swords (112)— Dragon- horses cum celestial horses versus river-oxen cum earth-oxen (112)— Heaven is represented by the horse, and the earth by the ox (113)~ W hite horse and blue ox (113)— The Abasy of the Yakut (114)— The Japanese Islands (114)~Agri­ culture and the ox (114)— Divine oxen in the water (115)— The ox and the ceremo­ ny of praying for rain (115)~ T he Nakoshi festival etc. (115)— The riddle of the k a p p a trying to lure horses into the water (116) CHAPTER I II Monkeys and Water-gods Tortoises and snapping turtles (117)— Otters (118)— Boy water-gods (118)— The w ang-liang ( 1 1 9 ) T he shui-hu (120)—The ho-shui~kuei (120)~The shui- y u n (120)— Bowl on the head (120)— Monkeys (121)— Monkeys by the water­ side (122)~Monkeys are considered as the enemies of the k a p p a (122)— The water-monster W u Chih-ch，i (123)— Sung Wu-k’ung (125)— Monkeys, horses and the k a p p a (1 2 6 )Visnu (126)一-Gandharvas (127)— Monkeys kept in stables (128) 一 Monkeys used to cure horses (128)——Monkeys are good for horses (129)—— Monkeys drive away disease (130)— Sun Wu-k’ung，the keeper of the celestial stables (131)—The monkey ancestor of the Tibetans (131)~ C hia-kuo or ma- h u a (131)— The Yang family and the Pai-ma Ti (132)—Yang Ch’ien-tu of Shu (1 3 3 )A piece of jade carved in the form of monkeys with arms entwined (133)— Monkeys on horseback (134)— Monkeys drawing horses (134)— Crocodiles and the liver of monkeys (135) CON CLUSION Sum m ary (135)— Fine steeds obtained by the waterside (136)—Water-gods in the form of horses (136)— Oxen and water (136)— Ox-worship (137)~ T he moon， the earth, the female principle, oxen, the power of fertility and water (137)~ The southward advance of the horse (137)~ Oxen replaced by horses (138)~Western Europe and Eastern Asia (138)~Oxen and agriculture (138)— Dragon-horses cum celestial horses versus river-oxen cum earth-oxen (139)~Continuity of the human culture (1 3 9 )God of thunder and rain (140)— Megalithic culture (141) Taboo of iron (141)— The need of vision from the standpoint of world-history BIBLIOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATIONS Varieties of the K a p p a . Facsimile of a colour-print of the late Tokugawa period. Fig. 1 Kappa caught on the beach near Mito, Hitachi province. Fig. 2 Horses and water combined in a Permian idol. Fig. 3 Assyrian boat used about 700 B.C. and depicted in the palace of Sargon. Fig. 4 Hippocampi depicted on the wall of Min-ui near Kizil, Chinese Turkestan. Fig. 5 Celtic horse-goddess Epona, may originally a deity of springs or rivers, conceived as a spirited steed. a) From a bas-relief found at Bregenz, Tyrol. T H E KAPPA L E G E N D b) From a bronze statuette found in Wiltshire. Fig. 6 Poseidon on horseback, on a fragment of 7th century B.C.
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