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Epibenthic Fauna in Balsfjord

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Epibenthic Fauna in Balsfjord Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Epibenthic Fauna in Balsfjord Potential food for the invasive red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) with special attention to the deposit-feeding sea star Ctenodiscus crispatus. — Caroline Aas Tranang BIO-3950 Master thesis in Biology, May 2017 Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Epibenthic Fauna in Balsfjord Potential food for the invasive red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) with special attention to the deposit-feeding sea star Ctenodiscus crispatus. Caroline Aas Tranang BIO-3950 Master thesis in Biology May 2017 Supervisor Einar Magnus Nilssen Front page photo of Balsfjord By Caroline Aas Tranang 2016 i Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Einar Magnus Nilssen for all his support throughout this project, and especially for his patience and guidance through the statistics. The learning curve has been steep, but your enthusiasm and encouragement has been motivating and inspiring! A big thanks goes to Emma Källgren for great advice and tremendous help both in the field and in the lab, and to Paul Dubourg for invaluable help with weighing the mud stars. Thanks goes out to the crew of Johan Ruud for help with sampling and for making my time on board delightful. To my high school science teacher, Brigitte, for introducing me to the fascinating world of biology. To my friends and family for all their support and encouraging words, I am sincerely grateful! I would like to thank my office mates for moral support, sharing frustrations, and for ensuring a never-ending supply of coffee in our second home. Finally, I want to thank Matteo for believing in me and listening to me in times of frustration. Tromsø, May 2017 Caroline Aas Tranang ii iii Abstract After its introduction to the Barents Sea in the 1960’s, the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus has become an invasive species in northern Norwegian fjords and it is continuing to spread southward along the coast. Due to its negative effects on native benthic fauna through predation, establishing baseline studies in undisturbed fjords is important. In this study, the soft- bottom epibenthic macrofauna (> 5 mm) was investigated at four localities in Balsfjord, south of Tromsø, aiming at discussing potential prey for the red king crab. Samples were collected from the inner, outer and middle part of the fjord. The differences in species composition and biomass were linked to environmental conditions, biotic factors and general patchiness of benthic fauna. The similarities to invaded fjords, and observations of the red king crab in Balsfjord suggests that an invasion most likely will occur and the crab might reach high population densities in the next few years. An important prey item for the king crab is the mud star Ctenodiscus crispatus, which is a dominating species in northern Norwegian fjords, including Balsfjord, but whose abundance is strongly reduced in invaded areas. Little is known about its population dynamics, but this study attempts to provide some answers. Size-frequency distributions of mud stars collected during the year revealed no major recruitment events and were consistently dominated by a large mode of adult individuals, probably of many age classes. Low numbers of newly settled juveniles were observed between March and June, which could confirm spawning during mid-winter, suggested by previous studies. Patterns varied between investigated areas which indicates that depth, environmental conditions and biological interactions influence spawning, recruitment, growth and size-structures. Key words: Epibenthos • Macrofauna • Ctenodiscus crispatus • Introduced species • Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) • Population structure • Reproduction • Northern Norway iv v Table of contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................1 2. Materials and methods ................................................................................................................7 2.1 Study area ............................................................................................................................7 2.2 Hydrography ........................................................................................................................8 2.3 Field work .............................................................................................................................9 2.4 Data treatment ..................................................................................................................11 2.4.1 Data transformations .................................................................................................11 2.4.2 Linear regression ........................................................................................................11 2.4.3 Segmented regression ................................................................................................12 2.4.4 K-means clustering ....................................................................................................12 2.4.5 Size-frequency analysis: mixed distributions .............................................................12 2.5 Laboratory work ...............................................................................................................13 2.5.1 Macrobenthos 5 mm fraction .....................................................................................13 2.5.2 Ctenodiscus crispatus .................................................................................................14 2.5.2.1 Length measurements: morphology ..............................................................15 2.5.2.2 Weight measurements and weight-length relationship ..................................18 2.5.2.3 Wet weight-dry weight relationship .............................................................18 2.6 Software ............................................................................................................................22 3. Results ..............................................................................................................................................23 3.1 Macrobenthos 5 mm fraction ..........................................................................................23 3.2 Ctenodiscus crispatus ........................................................................................................26 3.2.1 Biomass distribution in Balsfjord ............................................................................26 3.2.2 Relationship between length measurements: morphology ......................................27 3.2.3 Size-frequency distribution at Svartnes in April ......................................................32 3.2.4 Weight-length relationship ......................................................................................33 3.2.5 Size-frequency distributions in Balsfjord .................................................................36 3.2.6 Mixed distributions ...................................................................................................40 4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................45 4.1 Hydrography ......................................................................................................................45 4.2 Benthic sampling ..............................................................................................................45 4.3 Beam trawl efficiency .......................................................................................................46 4.4 Sample processing .............................................................................................................48 4.5 Epibenthic fauna in Balsfjord: Macrobenthos 5 mm fraction ......................................48 vi 4.6 Ctenodiscus crispatus ........................................................................................................51 4.6.1 Best size measurement ...............................................................................................51 4.6.2 Biomass distribution in Balsfjord ...............................................................................52 4.6.3 Morphology and maturation .......................................................................................52 4.6.4 Reproduction and size-frequency distributions ..........................................................54 4.6.5 Spatial variation ..........................................................................................................59 4.6.6 Future studies .............................................................................................................61 4.7 Potential food for the red king crab in Balsfjord ............................................................62 4.8 Invasion potential of the red king crab in Balsfjord ......................................................63 4.9 Future monitoring ..............................................................................................................65 5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................66 6. References .......................................................................................................................................67
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