PRB.302{N) 1,000
CENSUS OF INDIA 1961
VOLUME V-PART VI-NO. 13
GUJARAT
VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH
13. VELAVADAR
DISTRICT: BHAVNAGAR TALUKA: BHAVNAGAR
R. K. TRIVEDI Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat
PRICE Rs. 3.)0 or 7 Sh. 3 d. or 1; U.S. 1.12
With the wmplirnents of
The Snperintendellt of Census Operatiolls, Gujarat,
Ahmedabad VOLUME V-PART VI- NO. 13
"\ _._./",'_' \ '.1'''
VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH
..,. 13. VELAVADAR
DISTRICT : BHA VNAGAR TALUKA : BHAVNAGAR
R. K. TRIVEDI Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
C>;"TRAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
Census of India, 1961 Volume V-Gujarat is being published in the following parts: .. I-A(i) General Report '" I-A(ii)a '" I-A(ii)b " I-A(iii) General Report-Economic Trends and Projections .. I-B Report on Vital Statistics and Fertility Survey '" I-C Subsidiary Tables .. II-A General Population Tables ,. II-B(l) General Economic Tables (Tables B-1 to B-IV-C) '" II-B(2) General Economic Tables (Tables B-V to B-IX) ,. II-C Cultural and Migration Tables '" III Household Economic Tables (Tables B-X to B-XVII) "IV-A Report on Housing and Establishments " IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables ~ V-A Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes V-B Ethnographic Notes On Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (including reprints) ** VI Village Survey Monographs VII-A Selected Crafis of Gujarat .. VII-Jl Fairs and Festivals .. VIII-A Administration Report-Enumeration Not for Sale "VIII-B Administration Report-Tabulation .. IX Atlas Volume * IX(A) Atlas Volume (Abridged) '" X-A (i) Special Report on A1unedabad City " X-B Special Tables on Cities and Block Directory '" X-C Special Migrant Tables for Ahmedabad City STATE GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS .. I 7 District Census Handbooks in English '" I 7 District Census Handbooks in Gujarati • Published •• Village Survey Monographs fQr twelve "ill ages. Pachhatardi. MagdalIa, Bhirandiara. Bamanbore. Tavadia, Isanpur, Ghadvi, Chichod, Sutrapada, Jamhur, Ambav and Nana Sanj.a published + Monograp'h3 on Agate Industry of Cambay, Wood C~rving Qr Gujarat, patara Making at Bhavnagar, Ivory Work of Mahuva, Padlock Making at Sarva, Scale Makmg of Savarkundla. Perfumery at Palanpur, Crochet Work of Jarnnagar, Sujani Weaving of Broach, Soap Making at Kapadvanj, Mashru Weaving of Patan, Glass Work at Kapadvanj and Jan Industry of Surat published
plUNTEI) BY SHANTILAL H, SHAH AT NAVAJIVAN PRESS, Am.mDABAD~14. ftTliLlSnEJ;) llY Tn£. ld.ANAGEll OF I'1JBLtCA."t'10NS., P~'LHJ 1968. FIELD INVESTIGATION H. T. PATHAK Statistical Assistant, Block Development Office, TALA]A, lJISTRICT BHAVNAGAR
SUPERVISION OF SURVEY B. V. PATTANI District Statistical Officer, BIIAVNAGAR
PHOTOGRAPHS AND ART WORK K. D. V AISHNAV Photographer
MAPS AND CHARTS B. A. MODI Draftsman
LAY OUT AND PRINTING M. P. JACOB Head Proof-reader
TABULATION KUM. P. C. GANDHI Computor
FIRST DRAFT 1. R. M. VANKANI Tabulation Officer 2. C. P. VYAS Research Officer (SPECIAL STUDIES SECTION)
EDITOR R. K. TRIVEDI Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat, AHMEDABAD
CONTENTS
(Figures in bracluts d,nole pag' numb"J)
PAGES FOREWORD • ix-xi PUPACI. • xii
CHAPTER I-THE VILLAGE
1.1 Introductory (1); 1.2 Boundary (1); 1.3 Sonr~i Creek. (1); 1.4 Forests and GrassLands (1); 1.5 History (I); 1.6 Transport and Communications (2); 1.7 Source of Drinking Water (2); 1.8 Village Settlement and Residential Pattern (2); 1.9 Population (2); 1.10 Climate and Temperature (2); 1.11 Rainfall (3); 1.12 Public and Religious Places and Amenities (4) 1~
CHAPTER II-THE P£OPLE A-EthnolVaphic Particulara (5); tr.t Caltes (5); 11.2 History of Castes (5); (i) Koli(5);(ii) Kanbi(5); (iii) Bharvad (6); B-House Type (6); II.S General (6); JI.4 Building Material (7) j 11.5 Material of Roof (7); II.6 Households by Tenurial Status (7); II.7 Housoholru by Number of Rooms (7); 11.8 Other Amenities (8); 11.9 Fuel (8); 11.10 Storing (8); II.ll Homehold Article) and Furniture (8); C-Dress and Ornaments (S)j 11.12 Dress (8); II.I3 Ornaments (9); II.t4 Language (9); D-Social Customs (10); II.I5 Birth, Marriage and Death (10); 11.16 Marriage Expenses (10); II.17 Opinion on Different Aspects of Marriage (11); 11.18 Food Habits (II); JI.19 Other Habits (II) . 5-11
CHAPTER III-ECONOMY A-Economic Activity (2): IIl.1 Cenera1 (12); IH.2 Workers (12); In.'!! Worken by Age Groups (1)j rrI.4 Non-workers (12): IlL5 Activities of Non-workers (IS); B-Occupational Pattern (IS); III.6 Occupational Combination (13); nI.7 Occupational Mobility (13); IH.8 Indmtrial Categories (14); C-Agriculture (15); III.9 Land Utilisation (15); III.lO Crop Pattern (16); III.ll Land-holdings (17); III.12 Nature of Interest in Land (17); III.IS Crop Calendar (17): ITI.14 Fertilizers (18): III.I5 Draft Power (IS); 111.16 Agricultural Implements (18); 111.17 Agricultural Production (18): IILIS Agricultural Expenditure (19): III.19 Agricultural Labour (19): IIJ.20 Credit for Agriculture (19); III.21 Dhal Reclamation Scheme (19); E-Livestock (20): 111.22 Comparison with Past Cen5uses (20); TIL23 Livestock Products (22); III.24 Expenditure on Liv~stock (22); III.25 Animal Husbandry (22); F-Village Industries (22); III.26 Flour-miII (22); II1.27 Pott~ry (22); I1I.28 Tailoring (2S): G-Economic Condition (23); 111.29 Indebtedness (23): IIL30 Indebtedness by Income Group (23); III.SI A!sets (24); III.32 Income (26); IIL33 Income by Ranges (26); nr.S4 Expenditure (27); IIJ.35 Balancing of Budget (27) 2-27
CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE A-Demographic Particulars (28); IV.I Variation in Population (28); IV.2 Age Structure (28); IV.3 Sex. Ratio (28); IVA Marital Status (28); B-Health (30); IV.5 Vital Statistics'(30); IV.6 Health and Medical Treatment (SO); IV.7 Epidemics (30): C-Literacy and Education (32): IV.S Literacy (32); D-Settlement of Homehold" Family Structure and Inheritance of Property (32); IV.9 Settlement of Households (32). IV.IO Emigration (34); IV.11 Size of the Family (34); IV.12 Family Structure (34): IV.IS Inheritance (3.5); E-Religious Beliefs and Festivals (S5); IV.14 Religious Beliefs and Practices (35); IV.I5 Festivals (35); F-Leisure, Recreation and Cultural Activities (S5); IV.I6 Folk-dance and Songs (S5); IV.17 Youth Club (36): G-Village Organisation (36): IV.I8 Panchayat (S6); H-Cooperation (37); IV.19 The Multi purpose Cooperative Society (37); I-Other Aspects (37); IV.20 Jajrnani Relationship (37); IV.21 General Awareness (S7); IV.22 Family Planning (37): IV.23 Views on Untouchability (S8) 28-38
CHAPTER V -CONCLUSION V.l Summing Up (S9); V.2 Economic Pattern (39): V.S Social (39); VA Needs of People (39); V.5 General Remarks (40) 39-40 ApPENDIX-TABLES 41-35 GLOssARY 57-58 IHDEX • 5!HiO LIST OF STATEMENTS IN TEXT
&rATEMENT No. TITLE PAGES Temperature at Bhavnaga:r, 1959 and 1960 II Rainfall at Bhavnagar, 1952-60 III Population by caste, 1960 IV Households by material of wall V Material used in roof VI Household. by number of rooms 8 VII Ornaments of Koli, Kanbi and Bharvad 9 VIII Marriage expenditure by caste 10 IX Proportion of workers, 1961 12 X Workers by age groups, 1961 12 XI Non-workers by age groups, 1961 12 XII Activitie~ of non-workers, 1961 13 XIII Workers by industrial categories, 1961 H XIV Land utilisation 15 XV Crop pallern, 1960 16 XVI Pattern of land-holdings 17 XVII Crop calendar 17 XVIII Agriculural implements 18 XIX Agricultural produce 18 XX Wages of agricutlural workers 19 XXI Livestock, 1951, 1955-56 and 1960 20 XXII Annual production and sale of livestock products 22 XXIII Expenditure on livestock 22 XXIV Indebtedness by income group 24 XXV Financial assets 24 XXVI Income by different sources 26 XXVII Distribution of households according to income ranges 26 XXVIII Variation in population, 1951 and 1961 28 XXIX Age distribution of population, 1960 l8 XXX Age and marital slatus 30 XXXI Literacy by age groups 32 XXXII Settlement history of households 32 XXXIII Size and composition of households 34 XXXIV Nature of family 34 XXXV Income and expenditure of village panchayat, Velavadar, 1960-61 to 1962-63 36 LIST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX
TABLE No. TITLE I Furniture articles by caste 43 11 Domestic articles by caste 44 III Ornaments for women by caste 44-45 IV Occupational combination • 46 V Changes in occupational pattern.. . 46 VI Relationship of draught cattle according to si:z;e of land~holding 47 VII Cost of inputs 47 VIII Investment in agriculture. . . 46 IX Indebtedness by eame and source of borrowing • 46 X Gross and net income from various economic activities 49 XI Income from different sources . . 49 XII Annual expenditure according to occupation and income range 50-52 XnI Number of children according to mother's age at birth • 53 XIV Indebtedness by cause and ~ource of borrowing . . 53 XV Distribution of households by occupation, income and number of members 54 XVI Annual income of home holds by occupation . 54 XVII llouseholds showing preference for their .oni' occupation 55 ILLUSTRATIONS
TITLE
Village survey map Frontispiece Village site map Facing page 1 The village reservoir 4 The village chara 5 The house of a well-to-do cultivator A medium type house Betwun pages 6-1 The house of a Koli 6-7 (i) The front ·osari' or verandah serves as a multi-purpose room where male5 and feroales of the hOllsehold sit and work Facing page (ii) The 'vada' or cattle-shed of Bharvad, the traditional cattle breeder A group of villagers 10 Village women in traditional and modern attire Between pa.ges 8-9 11 A Kanbi youth wearing cap and 'kedia' decorated with 'shishdllar' embroidery 8-9 12 Village belles 8-9 13 Ornaments 8-9 14 Necklaces Fa.cing page 15 Workers by sex and industrial category (chart) Page 14- 16 Land utilisation (c1\art) IS 17 Crop pattern (chart) 16 18 Value and numbers of livestock (chart) 21 19 Indebtedness by source and cause (chart) 23 20 Households according to income ranges (chart) 25 21 Income, expenditure and assets (chart) 26 22 Population by age groups (chart) 29 23 The village dispensary Facing page 30 24 A~e and marital status (chart) Page 31 25 Literacy by ages (chart) 33 26 The panchayat in session Facing page 36 27 (i) During the slack season the FOREWORD Apart from laying the foundations of was happening and how fast to those villages demography in this subcontinent, a hundred years which had fewer reasons to choose change and of the Indian Census has also produced 'elaborate more to remain lodged in the past as to discover and scholarly accounts of the variegated how the more 'normal' types of villages were phenomena of Indian life-sometimes with no changing. They were to be primarily type statistics attached, but usually with just enough studies which, by virtue of their number and statistics to give empirical underpinning to their distribution, would also give the reader a 'feel' conclusions.' In a country, largely illiterate, where of what was going on and some kind of a map statistical or numerical comprehension of even of the country. such a simple thing as age was liable to be inaccurate, an Wlderstanding of the social A brief accoun t of the tests of selection will structure was essential. It was more necessary to help to explain. A minimum of thirty-five attain a broad understanding of what was villages was to be chosen with great care to happening around oneself than to wrap oneself represent adequately geographical, occupational up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathematical and even ethnic diversity. Of this minimum of manipulation'. This explains why the Indian thirty-five, the distribution was to be zs follows: Census came to be interested in 'many by·paths' (a) At least eight villages were to be so and 'nearly every branch of scholarship, from selected that each of them would anthropology and sociology to geography and contain one dominant commWlity religion'. with one predominating occupation, In the last few decades the Census has e.g., fishermen, forest workers, jhum increasingly turned its efforts to the presentation cultivators) potters, weavers, salt of village statistics. This suits the temper of the makers, quarry workers., etc. A village times as well as our political and economic should have a minimum population structure. For even as we have a great deal of of 400, the optimum being between centralization on the one hand and decentrali.. 500 and 700. zation on the other, my colleagues thought it (b) At least seven villages were to be of would be a welcome continuation of the Census numerically prominent Scheduled tradition to try to invest the dry bones of Tribes of the State. Each village could village statistics with flesh-and-blood accounts of represent a particular tribe. The social structure and social change. It was accord .. minimum population should be 400, the ingly decided to select a few villages in every optimum being between 500 and 700. State for special study, where personal observa (c) The third group of villages should tion would be brought to bear on the interpreta each be of fair size, of an old and tion of statistics to find 'out how much of a settled character and contain varie village was static and yet changing and how fast gated occupations and be, if possible, the winds of change were blowing and from multi~ethnic in composition. By fair where. size was meant a population of 500- Randomness of selection was, therefore, 700 persons or more. The village eschewed. There was no intention to build up a should mainly depend on agriculture picture for the whole State in quantitative terms and be sufficiently away from the on the basis of villages selected statistically at major sources of modern commnnica random. The selection was avowedly purposive: tion such as the district administrative the object being as much to find out what headquarters and business centres. It should be roughly a day's journey at seIlsing changes in attitude and behaviour from the above places. The villages in s~ch fields as marriage, inheritance, movable were to be selected with an eye to and uTI,movable property, industry, indebtedness, variation in terms of size, proximity ed~catl~n, ~~~munity life and collective activity, to city and other means of modern s~elal dlsalnhtles forums of appeal over disputes, communication, nearness to hills, vlllage leadership, and organisation of cultural jungles and major rivers. Thus there life. It was now plaillly the intention to was to be a regional distribution provide adequate statistical support to empirical throughout tlle State of this category 'fce~', .to approa~l~ qualitative change through of villages. If, hovvcvcr, a particular statIstIcal quantitIes, It had been difficult to district coutained sigllificaLt ecological giv~ t,hought to the importance of 'just enough variations within its area, more than statIstIcS to give empirical nnderpiuning to one village in the district might be con?h~sion', at a time when my colleagues were selected to study (he special adjust strammg themselves to the utmost for the success of the main Census operations, but once ments to them. It is a unique feature of these village the census count itsclfwas left behind in March surveys that they rapidly outgrew their original 19~1, a series of three regional seminars i; Tnv"lldrum (May 1961), Darjeelingaud Srinagar terms of reference, as my colleagues warmed up to their work. This proved for them an absorbing (June 1961) restored their attention to this voyage of discovery and their infectious field and the importance of tracing social change through a number of well-devised statistical enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge the inquiry's tables was once again recognised. This it.self scope again and again, It was just as well presupposed a fresh survey of villages already cautiously to feel one's way about at first and then done; but it was worth the trouble in view of the venture further afield, and although it accounts possibilities that a close analysis of statistics to some extent for a certain unevenness in the offered, and also because the 'consanguinity' quality and coverage of the monographs, it schedule relm,ined to be canvassed. By November served to compensate the purely honorary and 1961, however, more was expected of these surveys extra-mural rigours of the task. For, the Survey, than ever before. There was dissatisfaction on along with its many ancillaries like the survey the one hand with too many general statements of fairs and festivals, of small and rural industry and a growing desire on the other to draw and others, was an 'extra', over and above the conclusions from statistics, to regard social and crushing load of the 1961 Census. economic data as interrel·ated processes, and It might be of interest to recount briefly the finally to examine the social and economic pro .. stages by which the Survey enlarged its scope. cesses set in motion through land reforms and At the fint Census Conference in September other laws, legislative andadrninistrative measures 1959 the Survey set itself the task of what might technological and cultural changes. Finally,; be called a record in situ of material traits, like study camp was org4uised in the last week of settle men t patterns of the village; house types j December 1961 when the whole field was carefully diet; dress; ornaments and footwear; furniture gone through over again and a programme and storing vessels; common means of trans worked out closely knitting the v;:\rious aims of port of goods and passengers; domestication of the Survey together. The Social Studies Section animals and birds; markets attended; worship of of the Census Commission rendered asshtance to deities, festivals and fairs. There were to be State Superintendents by v,ray of scrutiny and recordings, of course, of cultural and social traits technical comment on the frame of Survey and and occupational mobility. This was followed up in March 1960 by two specimen schedules, presentation of results. This gradual unfolding of the aims of the one for each household, the other for the village Survey prevented my colleagues fronl adopting all a whole, which, apart from spelling out the as many villages as they had originally intended mode of inquiry suggested in the September 1959 to. But I believe that what may have been conference, introduced groups of questions aimed x lost in quantity has been more than made up Census its title to 'the most fruitful single source for in quality. This is, perhaps, for the first of information a bout the conntry'. Apart from time that such a Survey has been conducted in other features, it will perhaps be conceded that the any country, and that purely as a labour oflove. Survey has set up a new Census standard in pictorial It has succeeded in a twining what it set out to and graphic documen tation. The schedules finally achieve; to construct a map of village India's adopted for this monograph have been printed in social structure. One hopes that the volumes of Appendices I and II to the Monograph on village this Survey will help to retain for the Indian Pachhatardi, mahal Bhanvad, district Jamnagar. NEW DELHI, ASOK MITRA, July 30, 1964. Registrar General, India. xi PREFACE This monograph on village Vela va dar of Bhavnagar taluka in Bhavnagar district is the thirteenth in the series of Socio-economic Survey of selected villages. Ve1avadar has been selected for studying the typical ".gricultural economy and life of the people residing in the saline and marshy tract called the Bhal. The purpose of such a survey and the stages by which it progressed have been elucidated by the Registrar General, India, in his Foreword. The Village and Household Schedules which were canvassed respectively for the village as a '\\Ihole and for each individual household have been printed in the Village Survey Monograph on Pachhatardi, district Jamnagar, the first in this series. The services of those who have partidpated in the various stages of this survey have been duly acknowledged at the commencement of this monograph. Before I conclude, I must also express my thanks to Dr. Roy Burman, Officer on Special Duty, in charge of Special Studies Section in the Office of the Registrar General, India, for going through this monograph before sending it to the press. R. K. TRIVEDI, AHMEDABAD, Superintendent of Census Operations, September 5, 1968. Gujarat. j >' ..; '"~ ~ .. 0.' w :> a: w 3 ~ 'f '" I- '" ~ I- "oo ~ '" 0 "' nl'"J ~~!, w I- 4 u Ii 1S i'i >-' il <: ., '" l: -' :2 .;: 0 w'" 0 ~ ;I: ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ is -- ii: Li: ~I + THE VILLAGE Cambay, is 11 miles south.., ..t of Velavadar. 1.1 INTRODUCTORY It is said that before half a century this creek THE VILLAGE Velavadar is located on 22' 2.5' was only one and a half miles from the village North latitude and 72· I' East longitude in and that during high tide sea water was touch Bhavnagar taluka of Bhavnagar district. It ing some spots of the vilillge site. has been selected for studying the agricultural 1.4 FORESTS AND GRASS LANIlS economy and life of the people residing in this typically saline tract called the Bha!. The Though big (rees and dense vegetatioll are survey was undertaken in December, .1960. not fOlmd in this saline waste, nature has Bhal tract 6f Gujarat is spread over three elldowed it with grass lands spread over vast districts, viz., Bhavnagar, Ahmedabad and area serving villages Velavadar, Bhadbhid, Surendranagar. It is a saline land with slight Mithapar and Kanatalao. gradien t towards the seacoast. During mOn There are about 500 black bucks in the grass SoOn rivers in spate and tidal waters of Sea land of Velavadar. With a view to preserve black inundate this low-level area with water. In bucks found in great number near Velavadar, Bhavnagar district, the basin like configuration from wanton killing, the Government proposes of the Bhal land on account of its situation to establish a black buck sanctuary near the between Botad hills at the north and Sihor village in an area of about 2,200 acres of reserved hills at the south, does not allow monsoon land managed by the Forest Department. The waters to drain off to other areas, as a result scheme envisages provision of a mobile squad, of -which the area becomes water-logged during a network of jeepable roads, construction of 3 monsoon. Stagnant water causes washing water reservoirs, besides providing salt licks, away of upper soil and deposits salts detri planting of shade bearing trees and construction mental to fertility of the soil, which is the main of a watch tower. obstacle to cultivation in the Bhal tract. The area has, therefore, its peculiar agrarian pra I.5 HISTORY ctices, crop pattern, soil, etc., which distin The old village site is ahaut 2 miles away guishes it from other regions of the districts. from the present one where in ancient times the waters of the gulf of Cambay used to roll. 1.2 BOUNDARY Some time in the past nomadic Maldhari Velavadar is surrounded by Kanatalao Bharvads used to camp on this site and shifted (Ranchhodpura) at its north, Mevasa in the to Gujarat a~d other parts of Bhavnagar district south, Adhelai on east, and Rajgadh on west, in search of pasture in summer. The former each of them situated within a radius of Bhavnagar State established this viilage ahaut two to three miles. Theft is Mithapar at its 200 years ago by inviting Kanbi and other north-west and Bhadbhid at south-east with cultivators of the neighbouring region. Amongst which the village Velavadar is joined by a the first settlers waS Jamadar named Navab kwtcha road. khan whose descenden ts are still in this village. The first Police Patel was a Koli named Hari 1.3 SONRAI CREEK Uka, whose grandson Moti Ramsingh is the A creek called Sourai creek in the gulf of present Village Patel. 0-1 2 CIL\.PTER I-THE VILLAOJ!. clusters of Bharvad, 2 each of Koli and Sandhi 1.6 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS and one of Kanbi. A police line lies on the The nearest railway station Bhimnath is western extremity of the village. Iwlated 15 miles westwards on Ahrnedabad-Dhola houses of Chamars, Bhangis and Vaghris Bhavnagar metre gauge railway section. It is who form the lowest rung of the social a well~known centre for the historical Shiv ladders, are at the south~cast end of the temple of Bhimnath. Velavadar is connected village. The cllISt(fs of Bharvzd and Muslim by bus service plying between Bhavnagar and commwlitics are exclusively inhabited by Dholera port. The village is also approach them. able from village Patna situated on the State As usual, the houses are built in contiguous Bighway rlUlning between Ahmedabad groups to ensure protection against cyclonic Bhavnagar. Due to water-logging in monsoon winds blowing from the sea, as there are no the approach roads to the village become un trees or hillocks to serve as barriers agaivst the suitable for any vehicular traffic. The place onslaught of heavy gusts of wind ZEd torrenti2.! thus remains cut off from the outside world rains. During monsoon roofs are c(;ver(d with from July to December. Prior to the com grass for affording protection against winds and mencement of the bus traffic in 1958 people rains. used to go on foot or in carts to Bhavnagar There are seven wooden posts on which along seashore up to Kanatalao opposite lanterns are fixed for lightirg the streelS. Two Bhavnagar creek and used to ferry in boats thoroughfares run parallel to ezch other from across the creek. the entrance of the villPge. The village is well laid out with a linear construction in rect 1.7 SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER angular forms. On account of the proximity of a creek, the subsoil water of the village is saline and 1.9 POPULATION the people of the village used to fetch potable The village is inhabited by Hiadus, Muslims water from Malpara 8 miles away where there and J ains. Hiadus include Koli, N.n bi, are perennial water wells and potable water is Bharvad, Brahmin, Rajput, Babar, Vaghri, available in plenty. Nowadays water is served Sadhu, Kumbhar, Bhangi and Chamar. by a pipe_line from Malpara to VeJavadar and Sandhi and Khoja follow Islam and 1l2.nia distributed to the people of the village through follow Jaiaism. The village accordir,g to the stmd post erected in the village. It is said surYfY has a population of 522 perSOLS, 274 that a scheme of serving potable water to Bhal males and 248 females and total area of 14.1 villages within its territory through pipe-line sq. miles enclosed within its revenue limits. was originally formulated by the former Bhav The village has a density of only 37.2 persons nagar State to find a permanent solution to per sq. mile. The average size of a house the problem of drinking water in this area. hold comes to 5.86 persons. There is also a pond near the village site but 1.10 CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE its water being saline is used only for wash ing. The water of this pond is rendered use The climate of the area is temperate on less as after monsoon the ingress of sea .. water account of its proximity to the seashore. The contaminates it. The water of this pond is following statemt'Il t shoVlS thermometricaI read. not used for drinking nOw as the piped water ings for the years 1959 and 1960 recorded at is now supplied from Malpara. the taluka headquarters Bhavnagar. The cold weather starts from October and ends after 1.8 VILlAOE SETTLEMENT AND REStDENTlAL February during which the temperature reaches PATTERN its miaimum. April and May are the hottest The village habitation can be divided into months. Temperature reaches the maximum 8 distiact clusters of houses identified by majo ia May. The raiay season begias from July rity communities living there. There are 3 and ends by September. \ FACING PAGE 2 CLIMATE AND TEMPERATt1RE STATEMENT I Temperature at Bhavnagar, 1959 and 1960 (In Centigrade) 1959 1960 Mean Mean Mean Mean Month maximum Highest minimum Lowest maximum Highest minimum Lowest 4 JanWII"Y 25.72 27.78 17.38 14.44 24.33 26.67 19.27 13.33 February 25.78 28.89 17.66 14.44 27.60 30.00 17.66 14.44 March 35.33 37.78 18.49 15.56 30.89 33.33 16.33 14.44 April 39.11 41.67 33.00 18.89 34.11 38.89 26.55 23.33 May 38.49 41.11 30.89 27.78 37.55 40.00 30.78 16.67 June 38.61 41.11 29.66 26.67 37.16 38.89 30.33 25.56 July 36.55 38.89 27.49 24.44 30.72 33.33 28.38 25.56 August 27.44 30.00 28.55 25.56 30.94 32.22 26.33 23.33 September 27.55 28.89 26.21 23.33 33.00 35.56 28.66 25.56 October 28.61 31.11 23.11 20.00 32.66 35.56 28.32 25.56 November. 29.44 32.22 22.05 18.89 29.66 31.11 24.22 21.11 Decernber 22.66 34.44 17.22 14.44 29.77 32.22 26.50 17.78 In the year 1959 the temperature varied 1.11 RAINFALL from 14.44· C. in winter to 41.67· C. in summer, whereas in 1960, the lowest reading was 13.33' C. The following statement shows the rainfall in January and the highest 40' C. in recorded at the taluka headquarters ]J.havnagar May. 22 miles away, for the yeers 1952 to 1960. STATEMENT IT Rainfall at Bhavnagar, 1952-60 (in ems.) Month 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1958 1959 1960 4 6 8 January O.B February 0.1 March 0.3 April May 0.4 0.6 June 8.5 9.1 8.3 2.4 2.1 6.7 5.1 11.0 July 15.1 20.8 23.9 5.9 16.8 23.3 36.0 23.8 August 4.5 29.1 13.5 22.7 16.2 28.0 13.7 3.7 September 3.8 15.9 30.0 25.5 12.1 20.0 18.8 4.7 October 0.2 5.9 17.3 6.5 25.0 Novetnber 0.1 3.5 December 0.3 Total 31.9 76.1 76.2 62.4 65.l 84·9 tln-t 43.l Non! Rainfall fi~ures for 1957 are not available. 4 CHAPTI!R I-THE VILLAGE The above statement shows that rainfall 1.12 PUBLIC AND RELIGIOUS PLACES AND AMENITIES during the year 1959 was the highest and the lowest in 1952. Casual showers Dceured in There is a Rany; Mandir in the village January 1953, February 1956 and March 19<54. chOTa neaf the water tank where all Hindus go The years 1953 and 1956 witnessed early to worship, and assemble at the chora to listen showers while in 1958, there were occasional to the broadcasts over the rediD installed by showers even in December. The Fact Finding the Village Panehayat. A Hanumanji teruple, Committee appointed by the former Government a Jain upashrlfla and a dargah of a pir in of Bombay classified Bhal area of Bhavnagar Sandhiwad are other places of worship. The taluka as precarious having scarcity conditions Bharvad community has a tutelary goddess once every s.ix years. According to its report, Bhadiadra, the temple of which is locally such conditions prevailed in Bhavnagar taluka called Matajino madh. There is also a Govern in the yearo 1950·51, 1951·52, 1952-53 and ment rest house in the village, built by the former 1957-58. Bhavnagar State. The village chora FACING PAGE 4 CHAPTER II THE PEOPLE A-Ethnograpbic Particulars 21.35 per cent Kanbi, 9 per cmt Bharvad and 6.75 per cent Baloch. The households of rest II.! CASTES of the castes contribute less than 5 per cent THE VILLAGE is inhabited by fifteen com each. munities following diffennt religions, viz., II.2 HISTOICY OF CASTES Hindu, Muslim and Jain. The percentage distribution of households of dl these com Of the 15 castes residing in the village the histo munities by religion sbows that 89.89 per cent ry of Koli, Kanbi and Bharvad is given below. are Hindus. 8.99 pcr cent Muslims and ].12 (i) Koti per cent Jains. There are two households of Scheduled Castes one each of Bhangi and According to Kathiawar Gazetteer Kolis Chamar and none of Scheduled Tribe in the are spread all oVer Saurashtra and have many village. The number of persons, males and clans and sects. They are belIeved to be the females of each commnnity is shown in the descendents of King Yuvam:~hva, and inhabit following statement. ed the place near the river Indus. Owing to the on slaught of Aryans believing in Vedas they STATEMENTm came to grief and sought refuge in hills and Population by caste, 1960 ravines. In Gujarat, estates of Katosan, Ghodamr, No. of Total population Religionl house- Percentage ------ Sathamb?_, 1101, Satlasna, Tcjpuri, Ramas, caste holos to total Persons Males Females Pun.dara, etc., beloDged to Koli chiefs. There 6 are five septs among Kolis, viz., (I) Talapada HINDU Koli, (2) ChwlValiya Koli, (3) Ghediya Koli, Koli 39 43.62 219 116 101 (4) Valankiy. Koli and (5) Khant Koli in Kanbi 19 21.35 141 71 70 Bharvad 9.00 47 26 19 the State. Some Kolis are also known from Brahmin 4 4.50 14 6 B the names of their plaCES, such as Divecha from Rajput 3 3.37 15 8 7 Diu, Ravaliya from Raval, Mahiya or Mevas. Babar 2 2.25 13 8 5 from Mahikantha, .Baraiya from D(vgadh Baria, Sadhu 1 1.12 3 2 1 Patanvadiya from Patan, and Bhimporia from Kumbhar 1 1.12 7 4 Vaghri 1 1.12 7 1 Bhimpore in Surat district. In Kutch those Bhang; (S.C.) 1 1.12 0 4 of Vagad are still known as Vagadlya Ko!i. Chamar (S.C.) 1 1.12 6 2 The Kolis of Velavadar are Talapada and con Told! 80 89.89 480 252 228 sidered higher in social status than those of MUSLIM other septs. Baloch 6 6.75 24 11 13 Sandhi 1.12 1 1 (ii) Kanbi Khoja 1.12 11 6 5 Total 8.99 35 18 18 Kanbis, a ezste of cultivators are fOlmd all j.A1N over the State. Kanbi is a descriptive term for Bania 1.12 4 the big functional group of husbandmm. Graad Total 89 106.06 522 274 248 Gujarat Kanbis claim to be of Kshatriya stock. The abeve distribution shows that among There is now no doubt that they are Gujjars all the communities, Kolis with 43.82 per cent and came from the Punjab. About their origin of total households predominate as against it is said that when Shankar w I I~ J) 1. 00 ) ) GRAINSTORAG~ ~ 'I The house of a well-to-do cultivator DISTRICT BHAVNAGAR It' 0 @ TALUKA 8HAVNAGAR 0 I VILLAGE VELAVADAR I ~ Cl) LOCATION OF HOuSEHOLD GOD I§ ] ] ) ] WATER PLACE f'-.~ IoOl M , ) ] , KITCHEN FI RE ) J ) , GRAIN STORAGE , 00 10 A medium type house BETWEEN PAGES 6·7 DISTRICT BHAVNAGAA -0 - TALUKA BHAVNAGAR o VILLAGE VELAVADAR eQl LOCATION OF WATER PLACE I'l- M ' , "KITCHEN FI RE 00 "GRAIN STORAGE rf'-·)'- The house of a Koli II ETWEEN PAGES 6-7 The ji'ont 'osari' or vsralldah serves as a 1Il11lli-Plllj)OJe • room where males and females of the household sit and wo rk The 'vada' or catlle-shed of Bharvad, the tl'aditiQnat caule breeder FA<;iNG PAGE 7 BUlWINO MATEiUAL 1 married sons ill a joint family. The water II.4 BUILDING dATERIAL stand is usually in a corner of the verandah The following slalemen t distributes house in front. In some cases it is also near the holds by type of building meterial used in the cooking place. The water~stand is ornamentt:d construction of how.cs. with paintings of parrots, peacock, lion, ele phant or auspicious designs of a swastika and a triden.t (trishrd). On doors and walls aus STATEMENT IV picious letters like 'Ohm', 'Shri', 'Labh Shubh t, H H.ehlJlds by material of wall etc., are written with rcd lead or kumkum. The house is given a coating of lime or ochre Combination at the time of Divali or Holi. B"",· of more Total No. Stone hoo Stone Brick than two II.5 MATERIAL OF ROOF of house- and and and and boilding ho1ds mud mud lime Mud lime materials Roof is made of bamboo rafters sloping on 4 each side of the beam called a mobh in local 89 2 73 parlance and covered with deski tiles which find universal use in the village. The following As m~ny as 73 or 82.Q2 'per cent of the statement shows distribution of households by households live in houses made of mud. Other the material of roof. matcridls such as brick and lime by one, stone and mud, bamboo and mud, stone and lime STATEMENTV are used by two households each, while 9 have , a varied combination ohtone, lime, bricks, wood, Material used in roof mortar, etc. Mud is the conunon building material as stone, bamboo and bricks are ex.. Material wed in roof pensive as they h,we to be fetched from a Total Flat longer distance of 22 miles. Some building house- Deshi Mangalore Iron cODcrete holw tiles tiles Thatch sheet materIais are imported from distant places, roof while desk; tiles, cl'_y and wh.,.t husk called 6 turi are available locally. Bricks are purchased 89 81 from Mev2sa, lime from Keria, stone frolD the quarries at Malpara, ament from Bhavnagar 91.02 per cent of the households have their while structural timbers, wooden doors, pillars houses covered with deshi tib. Six households and other articl(s from BhavnagtJr or B There is 110t a single household with more Furniture and other domestic articl{s in .. than three rooms nor is there any household clude khatla or charpai, wooden shelf~ mirror, without a regular room. 76.41 per cent of the carpet, stool, chair, table, pat, palang, wall clock, households have only one room used for all and timepiece. purposes. Such hOuSeholds cover 70.69 per Such articles as carpet are possess CINe GE tl A Kanbi youth wearing cap and 'kedia' decorated with 'shishdhar' embroidery BETWEEN PAGES 8-9 Village be ltes BETWEEN PAGES 8-9 BETWEEN PAGES 8-9 ~ ~ "" '" ";;'"" "'" " "'"-;;; ,::;"" § ~ :;;," en OJ U -< ~ ~'"' ...: .... o;t CJ .,. OJ Z "<:i '""". § S .::1 ] -:to '8 ~ ~" ..", ~ .....; FACING PAGE 9 9 YOW1.g boys wear knickers and shirt, whr.reas boys Coarse cotton cloth is generally used for malt: agetl belween 10-16 wear ckomi, shirt and a and female garments. The skirt worn by women round cap embroidered with abhla. Females put and girls are beautifully C'mbroidered by on pachhedi as an upper garment, a skirts (elta the-mse Ives. niyo) and kapdu or bodice with opeu back and lace instead of buttons provided at the back. 11.]3 ORNAMENTS Girls put On a blouse and a skirt while old WOUlLll Koli, Kan.bi and Bharvad wear vd.rioru; types put on jimi an unstitehed red coloW'cd cloth wrap (If ornaments. There is no difference in the type ped from waist to foot. Men put on country of ornaments WQrn by other communities. In footwear and women use slipper like shoes or the following statement arc listed orne.rncnts worn chappals of ruhber tyre. Babies are clad in frocks. by Koli, Kan bi and Bharvad castes. STATEMENT vn OrDaments o£ Koli, Kanbi aDd Bharvad Name of tho Name of the ornament Where put on Material used ornament Where put on Material used. 2 (J) KOLl AND KANBI (2) BHARVAD Mall .• Males Gajara, kardan, kadi, Gajro, kokarvan, kokarvan Ear Gold kadio Ear Gold Kadun, sarlWl~ Vedh, ring Finger Gold or silver vagbmarun Wrist Silver Copper Chain Neck Gold Pavitri FiDger Vinti :Finger Silver Button Shin Silver Kanthi of black bead. and silver Neck Bead and silver Fma14, Femaus Gajro, tholiyan Ear Cold Toda Feet Silver Gold Ponkhani, vedhla Magmala, morpagan Neck kadiyun Ear Gold or lilver Dodi, locket, Tholiyan, gajara Ear Gold tanmanyun Neck Gold Nath, vali Nose Gold Hamdi Neck Silver or gold Paro of red beads Nose Gold and gold beads Neck Red beads and Nathdi. chuni gold Kadun, baju A'rm Gold . Gold Omiyun Neck Kambi, kadlan, toda. Foot Silver Pavitri, vinti, jotar Finger Gold or silvel MorIa, karda Foot finger Gold Kambi, kadlan Feet Silver Details of ornaments worn by difft'Tt:11t cum" II.14 LANGUAGE munities by households and type ofornam.cnts arc given in Table III in Appendi.x. The language spoken ill this village by Kanbi, 73.03 per cenl of the hou:;eholdB posress one Koli and Bharvad castes is Gujarati with a little or the other type of ornament::;. Of the 24 variation in their accents. For example, they huuseholds not possessing ornaments 13 belong pronounce shyala instead of shiyala (winter). 10 Koli, I Kanbi, 2 Bharvad, 5 Baloch and I They refer Mandodari a character in Rama each of Babar, Bhangi and Chamar. The house yana as M~'Illohari, Ayodhya as Yashodha" holds who possess very few ornaments are those bakra (goat) as bakr., gadar (sheep) as gad, of Baloch, Sadhu, Kumbhar, Vaghri, Sandhi gqy (cow) as ga., bhetlsa (buffalo) as bhtnha. and Khoja. etc. 0-2 10 Cl!APTER II-THE PEOPLE D-Social CustOm.S who was already married to another without getting divorce or separation from the former II.!S BlRTFl, MARRIAGE AND DEATH husband. The cases of desertion occur among The customs regarding birth, marriage and Kalis while among Bhmvads and Kanbis such death of Hindu cru;tes like Koli, Kanbi, Bharvad occurrences are rare. Whm a person dies acci and others are more or less similar with minor den tally a memorial stone is erectcd at the place variations. Among Baloch and Sandhi, Muslim where the person has died, though no such stone customs of the region prevail. Among Bharvads is seen in the village. there is a peculiar Custom of celebrating mass 11.16 MARRIAGE EXPENSES marriages on a particular auspicious day usually coming ~fter every 12 years when the Of 59 marriages last celebrated, 36 were of unmarried boys and girls of the community boys and 23 of girls involving a total expenditure whatever may be their age are uprried simultane of Rs. 46,717 and Rs. 14,750 respectively. This ously. Levirate is practised among Bharvad. gives an average ofRB. 1,298 fora boy andRs.641 Widow remarriages are permitted in all the for a girl. This brings out the fact tbat the boy's commulllties except Brahmin and Bania. marriage is mOre expensive than girl's, as a large Formerly polygamy was practised but after the amOlmt is to be spent for purchasing ornaments Hindu Marriage Act such marriages are avoid for a bride. The following statement shows the ed. Among Kalis and Bharvads remarriages total and average expenditure incurred on the were arranged by the parents of a married girl, marriage of a boy and a girl in each caste. STATEMENT Vnl Marriage expenditure by caste Average Expense. in boy" marriage (in R •. ) llicpenses in girl" marriage (in R •. ) expenditure (in R5.) No. of No. of boy', Mi,- girl" Mi.- In In mar- Cash cel- mar- Cash ce1- boy's girl's ria~ pay- Oma- Cla- lane- ria .. pay· Orna- Cla- lane- mar- mar- Caste ge. ment ments the. a""' Total ge, ment ments the. ous 'Total riage riage 2 4 Ii 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 Koli 22 10,407 3,080 3,575 4,400 21,462 725 1,025 1,900 3,650 975.55 521.43 Kanbi 6,000 2,200 2,500 2,200 12,900 8 1,500 1,300 2,000 4,800 4,300.00 600.00 Bharvad 200 200 100 200 700 150 150 200 500 700..00 500.00 Baloch 200 100 100 150 550 .. 550.00 Brahmin 50 100 100 250 .100 500 1,000 2,000 250.00 2,000.00 R~jput 200 150 200 250 800 1,0000 400.00 1,000.00 Babar 570 235 350 650 1,805 903.00 Sadhu 150 150 200 500 500.00 Kumbhar 100 200 200 500 500.00 Jain .. 3,500 1,200 1,300 6,000 .. 6,000..00 Vaghri 100 200 300 300.00 Bhangi 200 25 100 200 525 525.00 Chamar 350 75 100 525 525.00 Sandhi 300 300 900 1,500 .. 1,500.00 Kl!oj. 600 100 100 400 1,200 .. 1,200.00 Total 36 18,727 9,640 8,400 9,950 46,717 23 3,425 3,725 6,600 14,750 1,297.69 641.30 OBreak-up of marriage expen.e it not available. MARRIAGE EXPENSllS 11 Analysing the expenses incurred on the last and Sadhu castes do not favour payirg any marriage, it is noticed that 30.97 per cent was bride price for their sons. incurred for making payments in cash to the II.! 8 FOOD HABITS bride's father and more than one·fifth each on ornaments (21.6J pcr cent), clothes (20.05 per Staple food of the villagers consists mainly of cent) and othrr miscellaneous items (27.37 per cereals and vegetables. Ct-reals include bajTi, cent). The above figures show that highest ex jowar, wheat and pulses like mung, udid and gram. pense after a boy's marriage was incurred in a Green vegetables in the village are rare and seen Jain household (R.. 6,000) and the lowest by a in winter only. Onions and potatoes are, Brahmin (Rs. 250). Regarding the expenses on the therefore, the main vegetables available. Khichadi marriage of a girl the Brahmin household has requiring rice, mung aal or tuver dal is the popu .. incurred the highest expenditure (Rs. 2,000), lar rice preparation. Groundnut oil is the main. followed by Sandhi (R,. 1,500) and Rajput vegetable fat used as cooking medium while well.. (Rs.I,OOO) households. Other castes have incurred to-do people always take ghee applied on bread an ~xpf'nditure below Rs. 1,000. or rotli. Poor people use hydrogenated oils on auspicions and other occasions. Among spices) ILl7 OPINION ON DIFFERENT AsPECTS OF MARRIAGE chillies and garlic are extensively used. Other Opinion of households about preference for condiments like tmIDfric} mustard.. and fenugreek matriage in the Same caste or in upper or lower (methi) are used freely. Asafoetida or hing caste was recorded during COlU'se of the survey. and tamarind are used sparingly. The untoucha The households willing to have marriage rela ble castes of Chamar and BhaIJgi do take carrion. tions ill the upper or lower castes numbered five 23.60 per cent of the households take two each, while the remaining households favoured meals a day, while the rest take three meals. such relations within the caste itself. All the There are no hOllSeholds taking four meals or households preferred marriage in the neigh less than two. Majority of Koli, K:mhi, Bharvad bourhood, but opined for a distant village, if a and Baloch households take 3 meals a day, while suitable match was not available near-by. Consan Brahmin, Rajput, Sadhu, Jain, Vaghri, Bhangi guinity in marriage is noticed only in three and Sandhi households take two meals a day. hOUJleholds of Baloch, the relationships found KUlllbhar, Chamar and Khoja households take being-til Mother'S own brother's daughter, three meals, as against one of the Babar house .. (ii) Father's own shtel"'s daughter, and (iii) holds taking two meals and the other three. Father's own brother's daughter; such marriages Vegetarian households account for 84.27 per are allowed in Muslims~ cent of the total households. Ko}i, Kanbi and Marriage outside the caste was favoured by Bharvad households .are reportEd to be vege .. 8 households- A_Economic Activity STATEMENT X III.! GENERAL W.... kers by age groups, 1961 MOST OF THE households derive their livelihood Percentage of from agriculture. Another important industrial total workers Population Workers to the popu- activity at the village is livestock rearing. More Age lation in the and more people are migratin!\ to other areas as group p M F P M F age group return from land is insufficient and small hold 4 ings do not produce enough for the mainte 0-14 264 138 126 19 10 9 7.20 nance of the family. 15-34 179 91 88 146 89 57 81.56 35-59 102 57 45 77 75.49 III.2 WORKERS 55 22 60+ 21 14 7 4 4 21.05 Workers, according to the 1961 Census num Total 566 300 266 246 158 88 43.46 bered 246-158·males and 88 females-and form Distribution of workers by age groups shows ed 43.46 per cent of the total population. The that out of 281 persons in the working age group working population of the village is com 15-59,223 or 79.36 per cent are workers, -whereas pared with respective population of the taluka, only 19 or 7.20 per cent of the children in the district and the State in the following statement. age group 0-14 and 4 persons Or 2],05 per cent STATEMENT IX aged 60 and above are workers. Among workers males far exceed females whose employment in Proportion or workers, 1961 economic activity is also appreciable. Administrative unit Persons Males Females III.4 NON'WORKERS 4 The age distribution of non-workers is State (Rural) 44.96 55.29 34.15 brought out by the following statement. District (Rural) 43.70 55.39 31.29 STATEMENT XI Taluka (Rural) 43.05 53.34 32.00 Non-workers by age groups, 1961 Village 43.46 52.67 33.08 Population Non-workers Percentage Age to total The proportion of workers in the various group p M F P M F non-workers administrative wits, viz., State, district, taluka 3 and the village shows insignificant variations and 0-14 264 138 126 245 128 117 76.56 is favourably inclined towards females except in 15-34 179 91 88 33 2 31 10.31 case of the rural areas of the State as a whole. 35-59 102 57 45 25 2 23 7.81 60+ 21 14 7 17 10 7 5.32 III.3 WORKERS Ry Am, GROUPS ToW 566 300 266 320 142 178 100.00 Distribution of workers over different age All examination of non-workers given in the spans indicating certain stages of life like child above ,tatemen t shows that out of 320 non hood, youth, adulthood and old age is shown workers 245 or 76.56 per cent are in the age in the following statement. group 0-14, 18.12 per cent are in the working 12 NON-WORKERS 13 age group of 15-59 and 5.32 per cent are aged III.5 ACTIVITIES OF NON-WORKERS 60 and above. Among non-workers females pre dominate with 55.62 per cent against 44.38 per The 1961 Census for the first time classified cent of males. Female non-workers in the age non-workers into eight types of activities. The group 15-59 are 54 as against only 4 males in following statement gives the distribution of non this age group. workers into eight types of activities. STATEMENT :xII Activities of DOD-workers, 1961 Dependents~ infants and Persons engaged children not attending Full-time only in school and petl!ons Total non-workers students household duties permanently disabled Age group M F M F M F M F I 2 4 5 6 8 9 Total 14Z 178 33 15 68 107 95 0-14 128 117 32 15 16 96 86 15-34 2 31 1 31 1 35-59 2 23 19 2 4 60+ 10 7 2 8 5 Retired persoJlJ not employed again, rentiers, persons living on agricultural or non-agri- Penons employed cultural royalty. Inmates of before but rent, dividend penal, mental Person! seeking now out of or persons of Beggars, and charitable employment for employment and independent means vagrants, etc. institutions the first time seeking work Ai" group M l' M F M F M F M F 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Total 0-14 15-34 35-59 60 + Among non-workers, 63.13 per cent are de Among subsidiary occupations, agriculture, penden ts followed by household workers, all of livestock, tailoring and labour other than agri whom are females, accounting for 21.25 per cent. culture are carried on by 23 rouseholds, while Majority of non-working population in this agriculture, livestock and labour other than village comprise dependants, house-wives, and agriculture by the rest. Households following full-time students numbering 48. One male each single occupation constitute 25.84 per cent of the has been returned in other categories like retired, total, while 37.09 per cent of the households have rentiers, etc., and beggars, vagrants, etc. two occupations and others more than two. The B-Occupational Pattern details of the combination of occupations followed are shown in Table IV in the II1.6 OCCUPATIONAL COMBINATION Appendix. Agriculture is the mainstay of the people, III. 7 OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY while livestock, agricultural labour and other miscellaneous labour supplement the income There is not much occupational mobility in derived from this main occupation. Besides the village which is confined to 12.3 per cent of agriculture, there are certain traditional occupa~ the households. The shift from traditional occu~ tions such as pottery, tailoring and other pursuits pation, b.usiness, service, etc., is found in 3 Koli like running a flour-mill and a village shop. households, 2 each of Kanbi and Bharvad, and 14 CHAPTER m-IOONOMY ant each of Baloch, Brahmin, Rajput and Khoja. II favoured change, 3 had no son and 7 did not In majority of cases the reason for changing show any preference for their som. Of the II father's occupation of agriculttU'e was insuffi households wishing change in occupation for their ciency of land. Business, agricultural labour '.nd future generation, 4 voted for service, 5 for livestock rearing were in some cases resorted to agriculture, and one each for b]lsiness and service to supplement the income from agriculture. or both. With a view to know aspirations of people a 111.8 INDUSTRlAL CATEGORIES question was put to each householder for show \ ing preference for son's occupation. In reply to In the following statement the working popu 'this question, 68 househulds out of 89 prefer lation of the village is classified ~.ccordiT!g to the red their hereditary occupations for their sons, 1961 Census industrial categories. STATEMENT xm Workers by industrial categories, 1961 Number Percentage Categories Persons Males Female. Person. Males Females 1 2 3 4- 5 6 7 Total 246 158 88 100.00 100.00 100.00 I As Cu1tivator • • 161 84 77 65.45 53.16 87.50 n AJ Agricultural labourer • • 11 6 5 4.47 3.80 5.68 III to Mining, Quarrying, Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting and Plantations, Orchards and Allied activities . . . 9 9 3.66 5.70 IV At Household Industry . 15 12 ·3 6.10 7.59 3.41 V In Manufacturing other than Household Industry . 1.22 1.90 VI In Construction • VII In Trade and Commerce • • 1.22 1.90 VIII In Transport, Storage and Com- munications . . • • • XI In Other Services .jj 17.88 25.95 s. .jj Cultivation followed at a great distance by 17.88 per cent. The third important industrial other services is the main industrial activity in category in the village is that of l2iloring con the village, the proportion of workers engaged in ducted a. a household industry. the former being 65.45 and that in the latter WORKERS BY SEX AND INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY VEUWADAR TALUKA :_8HAVNAGAR DISTRICT: 8HAVNAGAA M.NUFACTURE PROPORTION OF WOR~ERS AIIO NON·WORKERS TRADE ANO COMMERCE AGAICUL'UAAL LABOUR - M'~!S fEMALES AGRICULTURE 15 village is 9,006.58 acres of which about 71 per cent C-Agriculture or 6,387.95 acres are permanent pasturel'l and grazing groVtS, the net cropp STATEMENT :xIV Land utilisation 1951 1960 Percentage 51. Area Percentage Area Percentage (+) inert... No. Items (in acres) to total (in acres) to total or (-) decrease 1 3 ~ 7 Total geographical area aecord.. mg to vUlage papers 9,006.38 100.00 9,006.58 100.00 1 Forest 2 Barren and uncultivable land 162.00 1.80 162.00 I.BO 3 Land put to uou.agricultural usc 70.13 0.78 70.13 0.78 4 Culturable walite 5 Land under !ree-crops and groves . 6 Permanent pasture, and grazing groves (Government grazing land) 6,387.95 70.92 6,387.95 70.92 7 Current fallow 145.45 1.62 288.18 3.20 (+) 97.26 B Other fallow land 601.30 '6.67 296.22 3.29 (-) ~0.7~ 9 Net area sown 1,639.75 18.21 1,802.10 20.01 (+J 9.88 10 Gross cropped area 1,639.7~ 18.21 1,802.10 20.01 (+J 9.88 VHAVADAR Ul,.uu: eH"YNAGAR DISTRICT: eHAVNA,GAR 1951 1960 LAND UTIl.ISATION The above statemen t shows very little change has increased from 145.45 acreS in 1951 to in the pattern of land utilisation over the decade. 288.18 acres in 1960. Similarly clopped area has The system of keeping land fallow for the year increased by 2 per cent. There is a significant 16 allAFTER W-ECONOIo{II decline of little less than 50 per cent in other pasture lands, 4,463 acres are reserved by Fores t fallow land during the decade. There is no forest Department. or land under tree crops and groves, but the III.IO CROP PATTERN vas.t area of 6,387.95 acres or 70.92 per cent of the total land is under pastures and grazing The following statement shows crop pattern groves, as the village has vast areas reserved as of the village. grasslands. Out of the area of 6,387.95 acres of STATEMENT XV Crop pat~rn. 1960 Average yield per acre Total yield (in B. md..) Name of the crop Area sown in acres (in B. m 1955-56 BAJRI 10·9t"/. JOWAR 39'077· 1951-52 1960-61 CROP PATTERN LAND-HOLDINGS 17 Important crops of the village are jowar, owing to the nature of soils and wan t of faci1ities cotton, wheat and mustard. Bajri, jowar, cotton for irrigation. and groundnut are khari] crops and wheat and lltH LAND-HOLDINGS mustard are rabi crops. These are grown as single crops, as mixed crops are not possible in the The following stattment shows the distri village. Rabi crops in the district are generally bution of cultivated area into various sizes of irrigated, but in Velavadar they are tmirrigated land-holdings in the year 1950-51 and 1960-61. STATEMENT XVI Pattern of land.holdings 1950-51 1960-61 Size of land-holding No. of Total area Percentage No. of Total area Percentage (in acres) Khatedars in acres to total Khatedara in acres to total 1 4 6 0- 4.99 4.25 0.13 5- 9.99 13.60 0.57 30.65 1.27 10-14.99 33.87 1.42 10 122.75 5.07 15-24.99 155.25 6.50 13 259.25 10.70 25-49.99 14 544.72 22.80 19 711.82 29.39 50 & over. 18 1,641.05 68.71 20 1,293.05 53.39 ToUI . 45 2,388.49 100.00 67 2,421.77 100.00 Total land held by Khatedars in 1951 was One of the landless households has takm land 2,388.49 acres which has increased to 2,421.77 on lease from others. Of 52 households owning acres or by 1.39 per cent in 1960. But the num land, 7 have inadequate holdings and there ber of Khatedars has increased appreciably fore, cultivate additional land taken on lease from 45 in 1951 to 67 in 1960. The average area from others. held per Khatedar which was 53.08 acres in The quality of the land is poor. Average sale 1951 has come down to 40.34 acres in 1960. price per acre as derived from transactions which Large holdings of Khatedars is the significant have taken place over a period of last ten years characteristic of the village. 58.21 per cmt of comes to Rs. 26.35. the total Khatedars have more than 25 acres of III.13 CROP CALENDAR land and cultivate 82.78 per cent of the total area cropped. 23 Khatedars have holdings bet The sowing and harvesting periods of differ ween 10 to 25 acres, and 5 below 10 acres. Com ent crops are shown in the following state parison with 1951 shows that the number of ment. Khatedars has increased in all the sizes. The total area under different sizes has also incfeas STATEMENT XVIl ed except in the holding group 50 and above where it has declined by 15 per cent. Among Crop calendar households possessing land 56.60 per cent be Season Crop Sowing time Harvesting time long to Kolis, 32.08 per cent to Kanbis and the 1 2 3 4 rest to 0 ther castes. Kharif Jowar June-July October-November Bajri June-July October-November III.12 NATURE OF INTEREST IN LAND Cotton June-July Picking in Febru- ary-April Out of 89 households in the village, 52 hold Rabi Wheat October-November March land; while 37 households are without any land. Mustard October-November March 0-3 18 CHAPTER Ill-£CONOMY Jtiwar, cotton and wheat are the main crops STATEMENT iXVDI in the village whereas hajri, mustard and ground nut are grown to lesser extent. Sowing of jowar, Agricultural implement.. bajr; and cotton takes place after the first Price (in R •. ) rainfall mostly in the first week of July. Bajri and jowar are harvested during October-November. Implements 1951 1960 I 2 3 Picking of cotton starts from the latter fortnight Rapto 3Q.-35 60 of February and ends in April. Rab; crops, wheat Dantal N.A. 50 and mustard, are sown in October-November Eeli N.A. 30 and harvested in March. ]lag.do N.A. 52 Khampali 2.5--3 5 Dhundhiyun 17-20 25 FERTn.tZERS III.! 4 Kaliyun 22-25 40 Cow-dung is the only manure used to a limited N.A ..... Not available exten t. The village being a surplus area for The wear and tear to agricultural implemen ts such a manure owing to abuni:Iance of cattle are less and therefore last longer. Most of the wealth sells it to near-by villages of Botad implements are generally purchased from the taluka. near-by urban centre Barvala. However, for III.l5 DRAFT POWEll purChasing iron and hardware needed from time to time for spare parts they go to Bhavnagar. Bullocks which supply the draft power re The price of rapto which was Rs. 30 to 35 in quired in agriculture are reared mainly by the 1951 has doubled and stood at Rs. 60 in 1960. agriculturists. Sometimes bullocks are purchased Similarly in the caSe of a forked shovel (kham from outside. The prices of different strains of pali) the prices have doubled over a decade, bullocks depend on quality and capacity as while in the case of tlhundhiyun the prices have draft animal. On an average, prices vary from gone up by one and a half times. &S. 1,400 to 1,600 per pair of superior type, &S. 700 to 900 for a pair of medium type III.l7 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION and &S. 400 to 600 for inferior type. There The following statement gives figures of are 178 draft cattle in this village. The average annual production and sale of agricultural pro area cultivated per pair of bullocks is 24 acres duce. and 10 gunthas. The utilisation of bullocks in different sizes of holdings works out to 1.33 pair STATEMENT iXIiX for the size 10-14.9 acres,I.2Nor 15-24.9 acres, Agricultural produce 1.61 for 25-49.9 acres and 2.27 for 50. Table VI in Appendix shows in detail the relationship Annual Percentage quantity Total annual of quantity of draft cattle according to size of the land Name of produced quantity sold sold to that holdings. product in B. mdt. in B. mds. produced 2 3 III.16 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS + Wheat 2,795-00 2,119-00 75.81 It is the peculiarity of the Bhal tract that the Jowar 1,052-00 485-00 46.10 cultivators do not use a plough for tilling their Bajri 135-00 50-00 37.04 land. For no ploughing is possible during mon Groundnut 10-00 10-00 100.00 soon as fields are submerged under water and Cotton 997-20 955-20 95.79 Mustard 499-20 501-20 100.40 stagnant waters make tilling impossible after monsoon. Wherever possible land is levelled Total 5,48!HlO 4,121-00 75.08 and furrowed by means of kaliyun, dtmtal, etc. It is observed that wheat, groundnut, Cotton The foJlO\,>~jng stateJl1t'nt compares the cost and mustard are the chief agricu1tural products of agricultural implements in 1951 and sold. 37 per cent of hajri and 46 per cent of jowar 1960. produced are left surplus for the market, while AGRICULTURAL LABOUR 19 more than three-fourth. of the total wheat pro to 6 per cent each. Of the total expenditure duced is sold. Mustard, cotton and groundnut incurred on agriculture, Rs. 1,962 is the value are the crops raised solely for sale. The excess in of inputs in kind-Rs. 1,562 on seeds and Rs. 400 the quantity of mustard sold over that produced on permanent labour. . denotes balance of the previous year. III.19 AGRlCULTURAL LABOUR III.IS AGRICULTURAL EXPENDITURE Cultivation is generally done with the help Agricultural expenditure to the tune of Rs. of the family members. Formerly a system of 30,655 was incurred for various agricultural ope piece wage for various agricultural operations ration, during the year under survey. Table VII like sowing, harvesting, etc., was in vogue. This in Appendix shows items of expenditure. system of wage payment has undergone a change Seeds, casual labour .and land revenue are since last four years and nOW daily wages are the three important items claiming as much as paid. The following statement brings out wages 84 per cent of the" total expenditure. Co,t of paid to labourers, males .and females, in the replacemen ts and repairs to agricultural imple years 1951 and 1960 for various agricultural ments and permanent labour charges amounted operations. STATEMENT XX Wage. of agriev.ltural workers (in R •. ) Daily wag.. , 1951 Daily wage., 1960 In cub In kind Total In cash In kind Total Typt of operation Males Females Males Females Males Female. Mal", Females Males Female! Males Female. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 10 II 12 13 Cotton picking 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.75 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.25 Harvesting 0.50 0.37 0.50 0.37 1.00 0.75 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.25 Sowing 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.88 2.00 1.75 2.00 1.75 Weeding 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.88 2.00 1.75 2.00 1.75 Daily wages paid to female workers are less frequent drought and scarcity conditions prevail than those earned by male workers for all the in this area. agricultural operations. The difference varied from 12 paise to 25 paise in 1951 while in 1960 II1.20 CREDIT FOR AGRlCULTURE female workers were paid 25 paise less than Table Vln in Appendix brings out the male workers for all agricultural operations. in vestment made during the year preceding this The wage rates for males as well as females in survey and that made during the last ten years. creased by 50 to 100 per cent for different In vestment in agriculture to the tune of agricultural operations during the decade. For Rs.17,310 was reported to have been made during cotton picking daily wages in 1951 were Re. I the last ten years. Of this amount Rs. 11,500 for males and 75 paise for females a, against were invested during the previous year, of which Rs. 1.50 and Rs. 1.25 respectively in 1960. For Rs. 4,000 were borrowed mainly from relatives, harvesting a male worker used to get Re. I and money-lenders whereas Rs. 7,500 utilised from a female 75 paise per day in 1951. During the own sources. decade the wage rate9 have nearly doubled. Similarly for weeding operations a labourer gets 111.21 BHAL RECLAM""I'IDN SCHEME double the amount he or she used to get in 1951. The Bha1 area is a delta region of many Agricultural operation which is the only oppor small rivers near the sea, with erratic rainfall. tunity presented to these workers for earning Su b-soil water is saline and the whole area has their livelihood is fraught with hazards as khar or saline land. With a view to reclaim this 20 land, Government had sanctioned the scheme STATEMENT lXXI called Pilot Polder Project which was originally undertaken by the Government of Saurashtra in LiVestoCk, 1951, 1955·56 and 1960 consultation with e"perts deputed by the Dutch 1951 1955·56 1960 Governmen t and continued till 1967. The Percentage Percetltage scheme envisaged the construction of an earthen increase( +) increase( + ) bund 25 miles long and a waste weir 10,000 feet or or decrease{-) decrease(-) long to prevent flooding by ! LIVESTOCl< VELAVADAR 'ALUK"; 8l1AVNAGAR DISTRICT: BlIAVNAGAR VALUE cows 19-661. BUFFALO~S 27'871 ...... BULLOCKS .4,Qat 1960 NUM13ERS 1I0A$ES AND PONIES YOUNGStOCK 29'81'/. eUFFALOES 19'77'/. 1960 1961 DON KEYS 0,491, GOATS 1-61'/. HORSES AND PONIES 2'3 COW$ AND BULLOCKS YOUNGSTOCK---+.... aI';~-==~~'J'" AND BULLOCKS 5~·18·1. 23'36'/. 54'761. 23·42 'f, 1951 1956 22 cHAPTER m-ECONOMY III.23 LIVESTOOK PRODUCTS STATEMENT :xxm Livestock rearing is an industry mainly pur Expenditure on livestock sued by the Bharvad community, consisting of 8 households. They together possess 247 heads of Expenditure (in RS.) cattle accounting for 42.30 per cent of the total. Type Cash Kind Total Bharvads have 84 or 57 per cent of cows, # 4 or 51 per cent yOlll1g ones of cows, 63 per cent of buffaloes and 44 or 69 per cent young ones Grass bundle 31,375 3,950 35,325 of buffaloes. Of the total households 71.91 per Other feed ~2,040 150 42,190 cent of households have livestock. The house 77,515 holds of Sandhi, Brahmin, Rajput, Klll1'bhar Total 73,415 4,100 and Bhangi do not possess any livestock; The annual production and sale of li;,estock products The total value of livestock products includ is given in the following statement. ing home consumption was Rs. 263,315 during 1959-60, as against Rs. 77,515 incurred for their STATEMENT iXXlI maintenance. It works out to 59.31 per cent of the income derived from livestock products. Annual production and sale of Hvestock Rearing of livestock is facilitated in this village products on account of vast grass lands in its vicinity. Value of Value of III.25 ANI'MAL HUSEANDRY Quantity quantity Quantity quantity Livestock produced produced sold (in sold A veterinary aid chest is maintained at the products (in B. mds.) (in RI.) B. mds.) (in RI.) village. There are two breeding bulls, one certi 4 fied and owned by the village panchayat and the Milk 7,247-05 132,llO 590--30 10,687 other a non-certified one owned by a local cattle man. It was observed from popular practice Ghee 604-22 131,205 550-04 120,015 that the services of non-certified bull were pre Total 7,851-27 263,315 1,1411-34 130,702 ferred by the villagers. A stockman specially trained in scientific methods of castration periodi Milk and gh.. are the main livestock pro cally visits the village. ducts. The annual production of milk was F-ViIlage Industries 7,247-05 B. mds. valued at Rs. 132,110, out of which 590-30 B. mds. or 8.15 per cent worth Besides agriculture and livestock rearing, Rs. 10,687 was sold in near-by villages. 604-22 flour milling, pottery and tailoring are the village B. mds. of gllet worth Rs. 131,205 was produced industries details of which are given below. during the preceding year out of which 550-04 III.26 FLOUR-MILL B. mds. or 91 per cent of the total was sold for Rs_ 120,015. It appears that income from live A flour-mill run by an oil-engine was in stock products is sizeable indeed. Though a stalled for the first time in the village in 1957- large quantity of milk is produced, a small por 58 by a Kanbi householder. The total investment tion is marketed as there is no near-by market on oiJ-engine aud a mill was about Rs. 4,000. or urban centre in its vicinity. Villagers, there The flour-mill caters to the needs of the people fore, make ghee mainly for sale. of the village"as well as of neighbouring villages. About 10 to 12 B. mds. of grains are turned into III.24 EXPENDITURE ON LIVESTOCK flour everyday. Maintenance of livestock costs Rs. 77,515 III.27 POTTElW being the value of grass bundles and other cattle feed. The following statement shoWl! ex Pottery is pursued by a Kumbhar household penditure incurred in kind and cash on Iivesrock; having two persons engaged in this industry. ECONOMIC CONDITION 23 They produce earthenwares like pots, tiles and G-Economic Condition utensils for domestic use and carn about Rs. I,BOO per year. The market for the wareS is III.29 INDEBTEDNESS the village and surrounding areas. This ind\l$try Out of 89 households, 57 or 64.04 per cent is nUl with traditional tool5 and hereditary skill. "Te in debt, the amount of debt being Rs. 57,388. The incidence of debt per indebted household III.28 TAlLORINC is Rs. 1,006.81 and Rs. 173.38 per capita. Debt A tailor has settled here before six months from incurred for productive purposes like meeting the near-by village of Mevasa. A sewing rnachine current farm expenses, improvement of land, valued at Rs. 700 is the only major equipment purchase of bullocks, tools and implements, etc., required on which a sizeable amount has been comes to Rs. 25,820 or 45 per cent of the total spent. He derives an income of Rs. 800 per debt. The rest is incurred for such 1lllproduc an.num from the garments sewn by him for tive purposes as home consumption (38.04 per customers in the village as well as those in cent) and social occasions (16.48 per cent). neighbouring villages. Thread, buttons, etc., are Table IX in Appendix shows the causes and brought from Barvala, a near-by town. sources of borrowing. INDEBTEDNESS BY SOUR.CE. AND CAUSE VELAVADAR TA.LUKA: 8HAVNAGAR DISTRICT: 8HAI/NAGAR SOURCE CAUSE \ OTHERS 5'791. CURRENT FARM EXPENSES IMPROVEMENT OF LAND 0·871. TRADERS Money borrowed for agriculture to the tune interesting to note that 20 out of 57 indebted of Rs. 25,820 is not wholly met from Govern households have borrowed for single cause, 27 ment or serni~Government sources which supply for two, 7 for three, 2 for four and I far Rs. 15,265 or 27 per cent of the total debt five causes including loan obtained for the incurred. Relatives and money~lenders are the improvement of land from the Cooperative principal sources of credit which supply two Department. thirds of the advanced in the village. These figures indicate the precarious condition of agri .. III.30 INDEBTEDNESS By INCOME GROUP culture and lack of employment apportunlt", Indebted households are distributed in the in this marshy and saline tract. It would be following income ranges. 24 OHAPTER III-EOONOMY STATEMENT XXIV Indebtedlless by income group Percentage Percentage of of households Average Total No. of Amount of indebted to total indebtedness Income: range No. of households debt households to indebted per indebted (in R&) households in debt (ina,.) total households households household I 4 6 7 Less than 250 251 to 360 I 50 1.12 1.75 50.00 361 to 480 1 The highest percentage of indebted house comes to about 14.64 per cent of the total holds is found in tbe income range Rs. 1,500- indebtedness in the village. 2,500. Similarly about one-sixth each of the indebted bouseholds are in the income range lII.31 AssE'rs Rs. 721-960andRs.961-1,200. Three households are The financial assets of the village COlllpn.e in the highest income range Rs. 5,000 and above land, livestock, gold and silver ornaments, houses, which ,haws that even households having a etc. The following statement shows assets owned fairly high income have to incur debt which along with their value. STATEMENT :XXV FiAaueial assets (In RI.) Types of assets Valuables (gold, Total No. of MAney!o,,", Grain 1~at1~ s\t... et, }ewellery) No. <£ households ------howe.. No. and value of having diffe No. of No. of No. of holds houses owned rent typeJ house. house. house· owing of _etl holds Value holds Value holds Value houses No. Value 5 6 8 10 85 3,000 3,000 63 62,290 77 81 72,220 Types of aasets-contJ, Investment in cooperative societies Bank deposits Other investments Livestock No. of No. of No. of No, of Total bousebold> Value households Value households Value households Value value II 12 13 H 15 16 17 18 19 22 1,790 4 8,400 20,000 64 167,300 SS8,WO HOUSEltOLDS ACCORDING TO INCOME RANGES 25 ooo's 31\(}Q r OOo'S-IOS'£ CI) .. IlJ III C) '"0 Z 10 C a: rt « '"9 UJ 0 CI« :r o OS'Z - I Os'l ~ z 0 ~ '" \J ::c '" z lEI "ff ... OOS'I-IOZ'I - ...u 0 0 ii 0 I- 0: ... Z « ." C) 0 0 z OO~'I- 1 96 ~..J 0 II: I UI a: c( > CI 0 c U z 096-1 U I.) > C '"9 c J: 0 CD :t I/) 05<: N'II'H1553, (533dnl! NI) S3~N""1! 3~OJNI 0-4 26 CHAPTER ill-ECONOMY The Statement XXV shows assets exclusive are possessed by 6S, while loans) bank depOSitS, of land value. Out of 89 households living in investment ill cooperative societies and other the village 85 or 95.51 per cent own assets of investment together amount to Rs. 36,190. The one type or the other. O[the different kinds of total value [or all types of assets comes to assets, 64 households have livestock worth Rs. 338,090. Average assets per household Rs. 167,390, while 77 households have houses amounted to Rs. 3,977.53 and Rs. 656.49 plr valued )lB. 72,220. Valuables wurth Rs. 62,290 'apita. VElAVADAR TALUKA: BHAVNAGAR DiSTRICT: bliAVNAGAA EXPENOITUlIE ASSETS herds of cattle maintained by Bharvads, a pas III. 32 [NOOME toral community. Labour other than agriculture The total income generated in the village adds about &S. 25,000 or 10.7 per cent of the through different sources aggregates to Rs. 2,30 total, whereas income from service accounts for lakhs, giving an ",verage ofRs. 2,591.09 per house 9.22 per cent. Other economic activities, viz., hold and Rs. 441.78 per capita. business, household industry, etc., contribute STATEMENT UVJ nearly 6 per cen t. IncoDle by diiferent source. 111.33 INCOME By R~oI!S Income Percentage to Occupation (inR•. ) tofal income Following statement distributes households 1 2 3 into various income ranges. Agriculture 77,036 33.41 Live£tock, . 85,348 37.01 STATEMENT xxvn Labour other than agriculture 24,664 10.69 Distribution of households aceordillg to Service •• 21,262 9.22 Agricultura11abour 8,547 3.71 iacome ranges Business 9,000 3.90 Industry 2,600 1.13 Income range No. of Percentage to Others 2,150 0.93 (inR•. ) households tota} Total 230,607 100.00 1 2 3 As can be seen from the statement above, Less than 250 251 to 360 1 l.ii agriculture and livestock, which are the princi 361 to 480 1 1.12 4Bl to 720 4 4,49 pal economic pursuits, contribute more than two 721 to 960 13 14.61 thirds of the total income. Agriculture and 961 to 1,200 13 14.61 1,201 to 1,500 8 8.99 agricultural labour account for 37.12 per cent, 1,5Ql to 2,500 22 24.72 whereas livestock [or 37.01 per cent. A sizeable 2,50 1 to 3,500 10 11.24 3,501 to 5,000 9 10.11 addition by livestock rearing is mainly due to Above 5.000 8 B.99 ampk: availability of grass in the bitllands and Total 89 100.00 EXPENDITlJRE 27 6.73 per cen t of the households earn less than (iii) miscellaneous items. Fuel and lighting and Rs. 720. A little over one-third do not earn services cost about 2 per cent each. Details of more than Rs. 100 a month on the average. expenditure incurred on each item by households, Another one-third earns between Rs. 1,200 to income ranges and type of occupation is given in 2,500 per year; and the rest Rs. 2,501 and over. Table XII in Appendix. Details of income received from land and sources nT.35 BALANCING OF BUDGET other than land is shown in Table XI in.Appendix. Total income of the vilioge is Rs. 230,607 111;34 EKPENDITUR" as against an expenditure of Rs. 189,135 which Expenditure is generally incurred on food, leaves a surplus ofRs. 41,472. However, of the clothing, fuel and lighting, housing, ceremonies 89 households, 58.43 per cent have surplus bud and functions, acquisition of services of a priest, gets, as their income exceeds expenditure and washerman, barber, -doctor and other miscel" 41.57 per cent have deficit budget:s as expenditure laneous services. A total expend~ture of Rs. exceeds their income. The households hav 189,135 was incurred in the village which works ing a surplus budget are found (0 dispose of out to Rs. 2,125.11 per .household and Rs. 362.32 their surplus by purchasing livestock and land. per capita. As is usually the cose the highest The households with deficit budget have raised amount of expenditure (59.35 per cent) is on Rs. 24,125 by borrowing new loans, Rs. 4,175 food, and about 12 per cent each on (il clothing by remittances from relatives, Rs. 6,50() by sale and footwear, (ii) ceremonies and functions and of assets and Rs. 2,485 from other means. CHAPTER IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE trative units like the talttka and distIict shows a A-Demographic Particnlar~ declining trend. The following statement shows IV.I VARIATION IN POPULATION variation in population of the village and its CURIOUSLY E~OUGH, a compariwH of the growth of curnpadson with the rural }opulation of the population in the village with that of other admin:i.s- taluka and the district. STATEMENT xxvm VariatioD in population, 1951 and 1961 1951 1961 Percentage decade va.riation Administrative unit Persons Males Females Person$ Males Females Persons Males Female~ 4 8 10 Village Velavadar 602 300 302 566 300 266 (-) 5.98 (-,-) 8.61 Taluka CRural) 43,663 22,3JS 21,34-5 54,427 28,181 26,246 (+)21.65 (+)26.27 (+)22.96 District (Rural) 704,681 360,549 344,132 767,006 395,028 371,970 (+) 8.8'1 (+) 9.56 (+) 8.09 The decade variation in population shows The population in the age group 0-14 com that the population of the village has. decreased prising yonng children forms about 48 per cent by 6 per cent, against the corresponding increase of the total population and that in the working of 9 per cent in that of the rllral popu1ation of age group 10-59, 49 per cent. Those aged 60 the district and 25 per cent in taluka. Similarly and above are little over 3 per cent of the total the density per sq. mile which V\las 43 persons population. Compared to the State (42.87 per has decreased to 40. Moreover, it js the general cent), the higl1er proportion of young children practice among maldilaris of Bhal area to migrate in the age group 0-14 may be partly due to the temporarily during summer with their cattle to migration of persons in working age groups. places in mainland Gujarat whf're gra:zing faci IV.3 SEix R.ATIO lities are available and return home after the rains se t in. Males in the village exceed females, there being 274 males against 248 females. The 1961 IV.2 AGE STRUCTURE sex ratio or the number of females per J,OOO males Population of the village is divided in the in the village is 887 as agaillst the higher sex following statement into fonr 2ge groups, viz., ratio of 1,007 in 1951. Sex ratio for the dis. 0-14 representing children. 15-34 youths, 35-59 triet is 938 as against 940 for the State, while adults and 60+ aged persons. the corresponding figures for the rural area are 942 for the district, 956 for the State, and 931 STATEMENT XXIX for the taluka. Comparisoh of thtsc figures with Age distribution of population, 1960 that of the village shows that tht:: sex nlliu vf the Percentage village is ve.ry low. Age to total group Persons Males Females popUlation IV.4 MARITAL STATUS I 2 3 4 5 Total 522 274 248 100.00 Marital status has been classified in to never 0-14 249 129 120 47.70 married, married, widowed, divorced and 15-31 162 83 79 3\.03 35-59 95 53 42 18.20 separated. The Statement XXX gives the dis~ 60+ 16 9 7 3.07 tribution of population of thnc four stages of life. FACING PAGE 3Qo AGE AND MARITAL STATUS 31 AGE AND MARITAL STATUS VELAVAOAR TAl.UKA: BHAVNAGAR DISTRlcr:BHAVNAGAR o NEVER MARRIEC~ MAP-RIEl> I: :.: : :1 WIDOWED .. SEPARATED NUMBER OF PERSONS 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 P M F P M F P M F P M F AGE GROUPS 0 - 14 15 - 34 3S - 59 60 AND OVER 32 CHAPTER lV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE healing or allopathic medicine. The number C-Literacy and Education of deaths from serious illness during the last ten years was 20-3 from T .n., 11 from smallpox, IV.S L,TERACY 2 from dr()psy, 2 from typhoid and one each The following statement shows distribution from paralysis and gynaecological complexity. of literate by broad age groups. STATEMENT XXXI Literacy by age groups Percentage of literate to total population Total population Literate Illiterate in each age group Age group P M F P M F P M F P M F 4 8 10 II 12 13 Total 522 214 248 92 70 22 430 204 226 17.62 25.55 8.81 0-14 249 129 120 28 15 13 221 114 107 11.24 11.63 10.83 15-34 162 83 79 47 40 7 115 43 72 29.01 48.19 B.86 35-59 95 53 42 14 13 1 81 40 41 14.74 24.53 2.38 60+ 16 9 7 3 2 1 13 18.75 22.22 14.28 ----- P=Persons, M=Males, F=Females STATEMENT XXXII Out of 249 children below 14 years, only 11.24 per cent are literate, the proportion of males Settle:meut history of households being 11.63 and that oHemales 10.83 per cent. The highest literacy is claimed by persons in the No. of households settled age group 15-34, males claiming 48 per cent of Bet- Bet- total males in this age group, while the corres Before ween ween One Pre No. of 5 4·5 2-3 gene. sent ponding proportion of females is only 9 per house- gene.. gene- gene ration gene cent. Literacy in the adult age group of 35-59 Caste holds rations rations rations ago ration is only 15 per cent-males 25 per cent and 4 5 females oLly 2 per cent. In the older age group Total 89 3 39 Z6 9 lZ of 60 and over, 2 males out of 9 and one female Koli 39 2 17 13 1 out of 7 are litr:rate. There is a pri:m.-'1.ry schoo] Kanbi 19 9 sitting in a Governmen t building and teaching Bharvad a 8 up to seventh vernacular standard with 2 teach Ba10ch 6 5 ers and 65 students on the roll. The school is Brahmin 4 run by the Jilla Panchayat. Rajput 3 Babar D-Settle:ment of Households, Fa:mily Stn.c Sadhu ture and Inheritance of Property Kumbhar Jain IV.9 SEttLEMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS Bania Vaghri Twenty-one or 23.60 per cent of the Bhangi households have migrated to this village with their Cbamar families. The following statement explains the Sandhi settlemen t history of households. Khoja LITERAOY BY AGES 33 LITERACY BY AGES VELAVADAR TALUKA: BHAVNAGAR DISTRICT: BHAVNAGAR 400'~------~------~------' TOTAL POPULATION TOTAL LITERATE PERSONS LITERATE MALES LITERATE FEMALES § LITERATE o ILLITERATE. 320+-~~~------'------~------~ o... ~ 160t------~~------~------~ Ulm :,,; ;;, 2 _- _- .. , . . _._._._._ ._ -'- AGES 00_~1-4------15__J._-3-4-----_':"::- -=-:..:--=..:..-=3:':'5.::1"'"""'5=9-=-=:..:..:==:.::.d:;;"='~6::;O AND OVER C-5 34 CHAI'TER IV-SOOIA" AND CULTURAL LIPE The settlement history of the households points STATEMENT xxxm out that out of 89 households 12 or 13.48 per Size and composition of households cent have settled here during the present genera tion. The Rajput, Rabar and Sandhi house Per- Pereent- cen· age to holds are new settlers. The otht'r households who No. of tage Population total have settled here during the present Reneration house- to popu- p F lation are those ofMli (I), Kallbi (2) and Ilrahmin (3). Size holds total M The original settlers of this village belon~ 4 6 7 to Koli, Kanhi, Bharvad, Baloch, Vaghri, Bhangl Total 89 100.00 522 274 248 100.00 and Chamar castes, who are inhabiting this village Single 7 7.87 7 1.34 since four to five generations and more. The Small (2-4) 24 26.97 80 45 35 15.32 Sadhu, Kumbhar and Jain households have Medium (5-8) 43 48.31 266 139 127 50.96 settled here 2 to 3 generations ago. La IV.IO EMIGRATION Nearly half the number of households (48.31 per cent) daimillg over 50 per cent of the The migrants from tbis village comprise population are medhlm sized familiF.s. Next in 11 huu::>eholds of Koli and one each of Baloch order are small households (2-4) 'which are about and Bahia who have settled in. near-by villages. 27 per cent of the total having 15.32 per cent Koli households which have migrated during of the population. The households of large the las.t ten years have settled at the villages families (9+) which constit.,ute only about 17 per Thalpjpla, Dho]a, Ratauvav, MilhapUl', Ranpw, cen t of the househ()lds cover population to the Gangavada and Barvala in Saurashtra and some extent of 32.38 per cent. \\-'hile single member other places in Gujarat. The purpose of their households aCCOlUH for only 7.87 per cent of the migration, inter alia was transfer on Government households and 1.34 per ce-nt of the population. service, family occupation 11Qt providing ade quate income, insufficiency of land, accumula IV.!2 FAMILY STRUCTURE tion of debt, lack of educational facilities,-and Classification of households by nature of natural calamities. Six families have, still families is shown in the following stattmcllt. retained their connection with this village and occasionally pay a visit as they still own a STATEMENT XXXIV house, land, cattle and other agricultural imple ments, etc. A Baloch family has migrated to Nature of fa:mily village Sher uear Dholera, as the income from Simple Intermediate joint Others Total family occupation of agriculture and service was 54 29 89 jnadequate. This family has migrated for good without leaving anything behind but the Jain The above statement indicates that there is family has mig-rateu to Bhavnagar for want of a majority of simple households accolUlting for higher educational facility in the village. It about 61 per cent of the total and covering 53 still owns a house and land in this village. per cent of the total population. According to the composition, familiell can be ~lassified into IV.I! SIZE OF THE FAMILY three types, namely, simple, intermediate and join t. A husband and wife with unmarried The average size of the household in Vela children constitute a simple family, while a vadar on the bas.is of 522 persons and 89 house married couple with unm.al r led chiluren and holds works out to 5.86. The following state brothers and sisters and/or one of the parents ment distributes hou5eholds by four sizes, namely, are taken to be interIJ).ediate family. A joint single member hous~holcls, 2-4 members, 5-8 family denotes a married couple living with members and 9 and over. married sons, daughters, brothers or sisters. REUGIOVS BELmF$ AND FESTIVALS 35 Hutashani, Ganesh Chaturthi, Divaso, Shltla IV.IS INHERITANCE Satam, Gokal Atham and Navratri are the princi Usually all the households divided their pal festivals celebrated. Amongthem Hutashani property among their sons. As to the devolu and Makar Sankranti are those celebrated with tion of property amongst the daughters, unly great hilarity. On festive occasions they clad four households were in favour of dividing their themselves in new clothes and partake of sweet property among their married daughters, and dishes. Hutashani is celebrated by lighting the five among their unmarried daughters. While holy fire around which boys and other grown up 34 households wished the property to be divided males make merry, shout and sometimes amongst their widows, 42 or 47.19 per cent indulge in all sort of obscenity. At the chara or were of the opinion that the property should be meeting place people sing devotional songs dur inherited equally by their daughters and sons. ing Hutashani, while Bharvads and Kolis play at The majority of households holding this view reciting ballads. The day following Hutashani is Were in the younger age group 21 to 30. The celebrated by sprinkling and spraying water persons favouring the giving of dowry to their mixed with co10ur or cow-dung. Divali is the daughters are in the higher age group of 41-50 festival of lights when fire crackers are blown. and above and number 15 or 16.85 per cent To ladies these celebrations have a special signi of the total households. ficance, for example, on Shitla Satarn in the E-Religious Beliefs and Festival. month of Shravan (August) Vad 7. women clad themselves in new clothes and worship goddess IV.14 RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES Shitla for gran ting immnnity against smallpox The Hindu families in this village form about and other diseases. In Shravan (August) males 90 per cent, while Muslims constitute 9 per cent move round in a elrde by singing garIJa and and Jain only 1 per cellt. Out of 09 households, ladies in their separate circle sing rasda. 36 or 40.45 per cent have deity or object of wor On festive occasions particular sweet dishes ship in their hOllses. Koli, Kanbi and Bharvad are prepared by variolls castes. Thus on Divali, castes which form the majority in the village Koli and Kanbi communities prepare lapsi and worship deities like Khodiyar, Bhadiyadra, puri. Similarly Bharvads also prepare lapsi with Shikotar, etc., besides other Hindu gods and out any side dish. On Kali Chatidash, vadas are goddesse.. The shrine. called math are found in fried. On Hutashani pun and sometimes dhebra Dharvad and Koli localities. are prepared. On 7th and 8th of Shravan The villagers are deeply superstitious. But (August) people eat ahebra prepared on among Kanbis, the practice of spelling grains previous day. On other auspicious and festive and cotton seeds are fOlUld to prevail to a lesser occasions sweet dishes comprise purfla, clhcbra, puri, extent, while among Bharvads and Kolis resort lapsi and ch!"ma. On Janmashtami the scene of ing to spiritual priests called bhuvas is much the birth of Lord Krishna is staged near the in vogue. Talismans, spelled grains and threads chora and at midnight people go there for Jarshnn are believed to cure all sorts of ailments. Some of &1 Krishna. During Navratri or the festi people also take V01¥S during illness and abstain val of Nine Nights a garbi or mandvi, a wooden from taking rice, ghee, or sweet dishes till the vow frame about three feet in height, decorated with is fulfilled by recovery. The religious priests on coloured paper flags and shining tinsel with a having afflatus of different gods and godlings picture of the goddess fixed therein and illumi shake their body, as if they are possessed by some nated with n umcrous lamps is p1aced in the cen spirit. Beliefin ghosts and black magic is also not tre of the street and songs in praise of goddess uncommon. Ambaji and Bahucharaji are sung. During religious festivals no animal sacrifice is offercd. IV.15 FESTIVALS F-Leisure, Recreation and Cultural Activities Festivals play an important part in the life of the village which is otherwise dry and dull. Divali, IV.lS FOLK-DANCE AND SONGS New Year Day, Shivratri~ Makar Sankranti,. tvlusicand dance do not constitute an esselltial The Panchayat in session FACING PAGE 36 The Panchayat In session FACING PAGE 36 During the.slack season the.'hllkkalt· provides a il/easall! past·time Village leaders FACING PAGE 37 38 CHAPTER lV-IlOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE advantages derived from planned parenthood. since as many as 75 households allow The households who are against such practices un touchables to have access to their house for contend that family planning is against buying milk, earthenwares, etc. Chamar and nature. Bhangi households of Scheduled Castes are allowed to visit tem.ple and public cllOra and fetch water IV.23 V'EWS ON UNTOUC'HABILITY from the common wa'ter .. stand. However, their Forty-three households out of 89 know that touch and serving .of cooked food, and water is untouchability has been prohibited by law. avoided by caste Hindus. Besides, they cannot Their attitude towards nntouchables is tolerant avail the service. of a Brahmin prejst or a barber. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION The average per capita income of the village is V.I SUMlIING UP lU. Hl.78 as against an expenditure of lU. 362.32 THE SOCIAL AND economic life of the village has per capita, and the incidence of indebted been studied at some length in the foregoing ness Rs. 173.38 per capita. The multi-purpose co pages. The village is a representative village of operative society of the village is defunct. The the Bhal tract known for its distinct agrarian development works where people have to give a practices and problems of water logging. The fixed con tribution in cash are not undertaken area is, constantly threatened by scarcity condi on account of the poor economic condition of tions. The population is sparse and thick vege the people. tation very rare. However, ·it has large meadows As regards agricultural practices, plough and or bid lands covering an area of 4,463 acres other instrumen ts cannot be used owing to the which is under the Forest Department. The peculiar nature of land. The tract being saline pasture land open to grazing is 154 acres. well irrigation is out of question and other Koli, Kan bi and Bharvads are the main com sources of irrigation are not available to the vil munities inhabiting the village. Due to proxi lage. Unlike other parts in the district, wlu:at mityof creek, tidal sea_waters and rivers in spate and mustard are the rabi crops raised as non inundating vast stretches during mon500D, the irrigated crops. place becomes inaccessible between the months V.3 SOCIAL of July and October. The people live in dwell ings constructed in clusters so as to avail pro People in the Rhal area remain cut off from tection against torrential rains as there afC no outside influences for more than 4 months. They natural barriers in the topography of the land. are naturally orthodox and slow to adopt modern standards of lite. Despite the provisions of Hindu V,2 ECONOMIC PATTERN Marriage Act, the custom of celebrating mass The occupational pattern of the village shows marriages among Bharvads has not totaHy dis- ' that Kolis forming the predominant caste in the appeared. The attitude of the village people to village are mainly cultivators and a few work wards untouchable appears to be on the whole also as chowkidars. Similarly Kanbis are also toleran t. Literacy in the village is very low, agriculturists who supplement their income by 17.62 per cent as against 24.09 per cent in the selling cow-dung in the neighbouring villages. rural areas of the State a. a whole. Bharvads are engaged in cattle breeding which V.4 NEEDS OF PEOPLE is their traditional occupation. Sandhis and Baloch do miscellaneous jobs like cultivation, as walch .. The village keenly feels the need of a pmca man and as agricultural and nan .. agricultural road connecting the village with Bhavnagar and labourers. The Bania is a trader and also pos Ahmedabad via Adhelai and Patna, the absence seSS land. Vaghri and Khoja families are vege of which retards speedy disposal and transport_ table sellers, while Bbangis and Chamars work ing of village produce. There is no building for as agricultural and non~agricultural labourers. village panchayat as well as fur the village school. The former also works as a scavenger. Babar It also requires a cremation shed during mon renders the services of a barber and is also en .. soon. There is a total absence of ancillary indus ... trusted with the veterinary aid box. The Sadhu tries to supplement the income derived from is a p"jari in the Ramji Mandir and Rajput and agriculture and livestock rearing. In case of Brahmins are' employed in Government service. complex maternity cases and prolonged illness 39 40 CHAPTER. V--OONCLUSION people have to nUl to Barvala 12 miles away for to scarcity and famine conditions and lack of medical aid. A maternity-cum-child welfare centre irrigation facilities. Livestock rearing which iJ i. direly needed. an equally importan t economic activity in the vil lage suffers from various handicaps. Despite V.5 GENERAL REMARKS availability of ample pasture land, m4ldharis The village has great prospects for develop experience shortage of grass during SUmmer ment and progress. Besides marketable surplus especially in the year following the failure of rains of agricultural produce like wheat large area and have to move out with their cattle where under grassland provide ample :scope for live grazing facilities are available. The area also stock rearing on profitable basis. Of agricultural lacks means of commlUlications which operate produce about 76 per cent of wheat, all the as a handicap to the profitable disposal of dairy mustard produced and about 96 per products. cent of cotton are sold in the market. Though the milk yield of the cattle in this village is not The efi'ortff made for the reclamation of saline remarkable it is very rich in fat content as the land in this area known as Bhal Reclamation grass growing around the viUagl' is said to be very Scheme appear to have failed as the working of nutritive as one kutcha maund of cow's milk the scheme has been recently abandoned. Agri yields 3 kutch. seers of 40 tolas of ghOl which can cultural research farm started at Vallabhipur be three and a half seers or even more during win ... for experimentation in the methods of dry farm ter. Similarly I kutcha maund of a buffulo's milk ing suitable to this area will it is hoped, help in yields 5-6 seers of glwt. In other words the fat course of time in finding a solution to the pro content in cow's milk is 7.5 per cent as against blems facing the Bhal area. For the improve .. 12.5 per cent in buffalo's milk. ment of livestock, an intensive programme of The village portrays the backward economy cattle breeding in a scientific manner, improve of the Bhal tract. In spite of sufficiency of land ment of grasslands and financial aid to the mal for cultivation, the agriculturists of the village cl/luru, besides creating facilities for marketing are unable to raise the output of crops due to livestock products, appear to be urgently needed inferior saline land, periodical crop failure due to rehabilitate this backward community. APPENDIX C-B APPENDIX TABLE Furniture articles by caste I!ouseholds possessing Mirror Khatla Chair Shelf Wall-clock Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Caste No. to total No. to total No. to total No. to total No. to total 10 11 Koli 12 35.30 38 43.68 33 45.21 Kanbi 13 38.24 19 21.83 50.00 18 24.66 50.00 Bharvad 5.88 9.19 9.58 Baloch 5.75 2 2.74 Brahmin 8.82 4.60 25.00 3 4.11 50.00 Rajput 3.45 1.37 Babar 2.94 2.30 2.74 Sadhu 2.94 1.15 U7 Kumbhar 1.15 Jain 2.94 1.15 1.37 Vaghri 1.15 1.37 Bhangi 1.15 U7 Chamar 1.15 1.37 Sandhi 2.94 1.15 25.00 1.37 Khoja 1.15 1.37 Total 34 100.00 87 100.00 100.00 73 100.00 100.00 Houaeholds possessing Carpet Stool P.t Palang Table Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Ca~te No. to total No. to total No. to total No. to total No. to total 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 Koli 1 14.29 2 40.00 1 20.00 Kanbi 28.56 40.00 50.00 Dharvad 20.00 Baloeh 14.29 20.00 50.00 Brahmin 28.57 20.00 40.00 50.00 Rajput Dabar Sadhu Kumbhar Jain 14.29 Vaghri Bhangi Chamar Sandhi 50.00 Khoja 10tal 100.00 100.00 100.00 ~OO·fIO tW,!ICI ts 44 A:P'KMDIX TABLE II Domestic: article. by caate Houscllolds poss~ing Hurricane lantern Torchlight Bicyclt: pt:tromaX Radio-set Stove Perct".nt Percent- Pro.rce!lt- Percent- Petcent- PefCf"ot_ age to age to age to age to age to age to Caste No. total No. total No. total No. total No. total No. rota} 2 10 11 12 13 Koli 35 41.67 12 32.43 12.50 7.69 Kanbi 19 22.62 13 35.14 50.00 50.00 50.00 38.47 Bharvad 9.53 Baloch . 7.1* Bqhmin 4 4.76 B.ll 12.50 50.00 23.08 Rajput 3 3.57 3 B.ll 7.69 Bahar • 2.38 2 5.41 7.69 Sadhu 1.19 2.70 KlJ'I'bhar 1.19 2.70 Jaip. 1.19 2.70 50.00 7.69 Vaghri 1.19 Bhangi Chamar 1.19 Sandhi . ).19 2.70 12.50 7.69 Khoja . 1 1.19 12.50 .T()tal 84 100.00 37 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 13 100.00 TABLE III Ornaanents for WODleb by ca.te House_ Households p03llessing Total holds-____ No. of having Baju house- orna_ Tho- ehha. Earr_ Zan· Kadi. San- van holds ~ents Chuni Chudi lira Kamp da lIa, Ring 1ng Nath Chain zan yu Kada kali kiya 2 3 4 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 KoJj 39 26 2 5 21 7 5 B 17 1 K~~bi 19 18 13 10 7 13 Bharvad 8 3 2 Baloch Br~hmin Rajput Babar Sadhu Kumbhar Jain Vaghri Bhangi Chamar Sandhi Khoja Tot.1 7 13 41 l.3 I' 20 4 26 3 35 4 z s APPENDIX 45 TABLE IIl-COllld. Ornaments for women by caste-con/d. Total HOl..Bcholds possesSIng No. of home_ Balo- Koka- Ve- Pokhil.- Pan- Kan- K.l:l_ i\fa- Ban- Nakh- IvfOlda Caste holds Kadla ya dhala niu Paro dada Jatar thalo tLi Locket chhali gles G tjra li jiya 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2B 2~ 30 31 ~2 33 34 Koli 39 21 12 Kanbi 19 13 Bharvad 6 Baloch Brahmin Rajput Babar Sadhu Kumbhar Jain Vaghri Bhangi Chamar Sandhi Khoja Total 89 42 24 Households possessing Total------______~ ____~ ______No. of house_ Zar Ma.g- Ram- Pan- Zum- Gu- Ber- Vin- Magi- Han- Caste holds mala . kilo Kadll Toda jari kha Dcdi Totio chhiya Vali Kardo yun sadi 35 36 37 3(1 39 40 41 Koli 39 Kanbi 19 Bharvad 8 Balach 6 Brahmin Rajput Babar Sadhu Kumbhar Jain Vaghri Bhangi Chama!:" Sandhi Khoja Total 89 7 15 46 APpENDIX TABLE IV Occupational com.bination Occupational combination No. of households Percentage to total AmolUlt (in Rs.) Percentage to total Agriculture 1.12 264 0.12 Livestock 6.14 36,027 15.62 Cultivation' and livestock 13 14.61 51,962 22.53 Cultivation, livestock and :fI.our·mill 1.12 20)908 9.07 Cultivation, live!ltock and business Ll2 8,350 3.62 Agriculture and labouT 18 20.23 20,647 B.95 Labour other than agriculture 15 16.86 17,876 7.75 Tailoring 1.12 800 0.35 Agriculture, labour and livestock 30 33.71 70,292 30.43 Labour and livestock 2.25 2,523 1.09 Agriculture, labour and service 1.12 958 0.42 Total 89 100.00 230,607 100.00 TABLE V Changes in occupational pattern No. of households who changed No. of fathe.r's Reasons for changing Caste households occupation Father's occupation Present occupation father's occupation Koli 39 Agriculture Agriculture + labour Not sufficient land Labour Service Not given Kanbi 19 Agriculture Tailor No interest in agriculture 1 Service Not sufficient land Dharvad Mahlbari Maldhari+agriculture Not giveu Baloch . Agriculture Agriculture+labour Not sufficient land Brahmin Business Ser'lice (Teacher) No interest in bmmess Rajput . Agriculture Service (Police) No interest in agriculture Khoja . Business Business+agriculture Not given Total 80' 11 11 11 • Nine households-two of Rabar an.u one each of Sadhu) Kumbhar, Jain, Vaghri, Bhangi, Chamar and Sandhi ha:ve not changed father's occupation. APPENDIX 47 TABLE VI Relationship of draught catde according to size of land-bolding Average Average Area households cultivated Size of land-holding No. of Total draught cultivated per pair of land pcr pair (in acrt;s) households cattle in (A.G.) bullock3 of bullocks o to 9.9 22-00 10 to 14.9 15 73-08 1.33 9.75 15 to 24.9 II 27 219-00 1.27 15.64 25 to 49.9 18 57 682-32 1.61 23.55 50 and over 15 68 1,143-00 2.27 33.62 No land 36 11 0.17 Total 89 178 2,145-00 1.00 24.10 TABLE VD Cos t of Inp ats Expenditure in Percentage to total I terns of inputs Cash (in Rs.) Kind (inR'.) Total (in Rs.) expenditure Seeds 1.1,102 1,562 16,664 54.36 Manurci: Farm implements 1,958 1,958 6.39 Watcr charges Chemical fertilizers Cost of labour (c~ual) 5,4GO 5,460 17.81 Cost of labour (permanent) . 1,400 400 1,800 5.87 Land revenue 3,748 3,748 12.23 Others 1,025 1,025 3.34 Total 28,693 1,962 30,655 100.00 48 APPENDIX TABLE vm Investment in agriculture Investment (in Rs.) ------During the previous year By During the borrowed Brown last 10 Purpose of borrowing Total money Source resources years 4 Purchase of land 4,500 2,000 Relative 2,500 5,500 Farm house. 1,125 1,125 2,325 Construction of well Irrigation equipmenti' Implements . 3,575 250 Relative 3,325 5,635 Bullocks 2,300 { 550 550 3,850 700 Mon~y-Iender 500 Cooperative society FencingfbundingJ level1i ng. etc. Total . 11,500 4,000 7,500 17,310 TABLE ,IX Indebtedness by cause and source of bo.,rowing Percentage Percentage of debt of debt due to due t() No. of this cause No. of this source Amount howe- to total AmQunt house- to total of debt holds amount of debt holds amount of Cause (inR',) indebt of debt Source (inR,,) indebt debt Current farm eXpenses 18,620 30 32.4,'; Govenllnent . 6,290 15 10,96 Improvement of land : 500 1 0,87 Purchase of tools and Cooperative society 8,975 17 15,64 implements 4,000 6,97 Purchase of bullocks 2,700 4,70 Money-lender 8,375 10 14,59 other Marriage and Trader 11,375 19,82 ceremonies 9,455 16 16.48 36 0,49 Medicines 280 2 Relative 19,050 28 33,20 Home consumption 21,833 49 38.04 Others Othet8 3,323 5,79 Total 57,388 57 100,00 Total 57,388 57 100,00 APPENDIX 49 TABLE X Oro•• and net income froID various econo:o:Uc activities Gross income Net income ------No. of Pee Per housc- No. of housc- Pee housc- Pc< Occu.pation holds persons Total hold capita Total hold capita Agriculture 413 413 413 264 264 264 LiveJtOci: 29 78,347 13,058 2,702 36,027 6,OOJ 1,242 Cultivation &: livestock 13 B7 76,351 5,873 878 51,962 3,997 597 Flour~mill and agriculture & livestock 21 27,026 27,026 1,287 20,908 20,908 996 Agricu.lture, livestock and blUiiness 10)090 10,090 1,662 8,350 S,3.'JO 139 Agriculture & labour 18 85 22,876 1,271 269 20,647 1,147 243 Labow other than agriculture 15 61 17,876 1,192 293 17,876 1,192 293 Tailoring 8oo 800 800 800 800 800 Agriculture, labour & livestOck 30 216 97,117 3,237 450 70,292 2,343 325 Labour & livestock 2,823 1,412 403 2,.')23 1,262 360 Agriculture, labour & corn getting from others 952 958 120 9,)8 958 120 Total 89 !ll 334,677 3,760 641 230,607 2,591 442 TABLE XI IncoDle C.rom different sources (in Rs.) [ncome from land [neomc from sources other than land Salary & Salary & wages wages From From Total Owned Wage~ Total earned earned property propf"rty Tolal No. of Owned and Taken earned (Cols. inside outside in~ide outside (Cvls. Total house- but culti- by works 2+3+ the the the the 7+8+ annual income hold! leased vated rent on field 4+5) village vill<1gc vilbge village 9+10) (Cub. 6+11) 4 10 11 12 89 200 76,836 522 8,025 85,583 29,225 19,301 88,876 7,622 145,024 230,607 C-7' 50 APPENDIX TABLE XlI ADD1I4l1 expenditure a~(:C)rdiDg to occu.patioD and income range Income range LeSi thsn R •. 250 R~, 251 to 360 R •. 361 to 480 R •. 481 to no Average Average A\rerage Average expend- expend- expend- I"xpend- Total iture Total iture Total iture Total iture No. of annual pe, No. of annual per No. of annual per No. of annual P" o..:~- Items house- expend- house- house- expend- house- hou~e- expend- howe- house- expend- house- patiOllo of e~penditu[c holds iture hold hold, itw.re hold holds itun bold holds itute hold i 10 11 12 13 14 Primary Food 155 155 372 372 Clothing wd foot- wear 30 50 150 150 Fuel and ligbtiDg 18 18 Housing Ceremonie. and function. 10 10 25 25 Service. 21 21 Mi!cellaneolU 15 15 25 25 Total 24Z 242 611 6U Secondary Nil Tertiary Food 332 332 1,383 .61 Clothing and foot. we'" 75 75 235 78 Fuel and Jighting 15 15 61 20 Housing Ceremonici and functioDi 7~ 38 Services Ii 14 43 14 MiscellaneoUi 15 15 258 86 Total 451 451 3 2,055 685 .ApP~NDIX :,\ TBALE Xll-contd. AD.llaaJ. eqendltare according to occupation and incom.e range-conld. Income range-contd. lb. 721 to 960 Rs. 961 to 1,200 Rs. 1,20\ to 1,500 Rs. 1,501 to 2,500 Average Average Average Average expl:'nrl_ ('xpend_ expend- I:':x:pr:nd~ Total iture Total iture Total iture Total iture No. of annual per No. of annual per No. of annual per No. of annual per ~C~ ItelW of house- expend- house- house- expend- house house- ex~nd- house hawe- expend- hou~· pation expendituu holds iture hold holds iture hold holds iture hold holds iturc hold 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 25 -26 Prim...., Food 1,195 1,195 6,551 728 4,679 778 15 17,890 1,193 Clothing and foot wear 150 150 1,410 15, 1,025 171 15 3,550 23, Fuel and Jighting 21 21 235 26 171 29 }.'; 5}3 34 Housing 43 II 39 20 15 95 24 Cere'moniel and functioru 50 1,776 197 325 54 15 3,255 217 Services 31 34 253 28 179 30 15 662 44 Miscellaneous 98 98 1,135 126 1,010 16B 15 2,758 184 Total 1,548 1,548 9 11,403 1,267 7,428 1,238 15 28.723 1,915 Se.coudary Food 883 883 Clothing and foot wear 75 75 Fuel and lighting 23 23 Housing 60 60 Ceremonies and function.! Servic~ 35 35 Misc~lIaneoU5 220 220 Total 1,296 1,296 Tertiary Food II 6,340 576 2,B75 719 1,642 Btl 6,846 978 Clothing and foot- II 1,380 135 780 195 360 180 ),52.5 218 Fuel and lighting II 29B 27 100 25 15 23 213 30 Hawing 72 36 72 72 138 ~6 Ceremonies and functions 1,925 214 650 163 50 50 425 85 Services 10 25B 26 52 13 85 43 239 34 Miscellaneous II 1,287 117 595 119 386 193 1,563 223 T ••,.l 11 11,560 1,051 5,052 1,263 1 2,640 1,320 10,949 1,564 52 APPENDIX TABLE xn.concld. Annual expenditure acc()rding to occupation and income raDge~concld, Income range-concld. Rs. 2,.301 to 3,500 Rs. 3,501 to 5,000 Above Rs, 5,000 Average expend Total Avera~e Awrage Total iture annqal ~xpcnd_ Total expend- annual po< Occu No. of l:Xpelldi- llure ptr No. of annual e:>::- !ture per No. of expend- hotlSe pation h(}usehold~ turt: hou~ehold household~ penditufc household households iture hold 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Primary :1'000 10 15,994 1,599 2l,236 2,360 21,588 3,084 Clothing and foot- wear 10 3,025 303 4,660 518 3,450 493 Fuel and lighting 10 323 32 509 55 373 53 Housing 158 32 145 36 160 53 Cctcmonic~ aIlll functions 10 1,350 135 MOO 444 2,725 389 Set-vices 10 522 52 650 72 556 79 Miscelldfleous 10 2,699 270 6,529 125 3,003 429 Total 10 24,071 2,407 37,729 4,192 31,855 4,551 Sr-condary Nil Tertiary Food 2,282 2,282 CloLhing and foot~ 1,200 1,200 Fud aml ligbting 130 130 Housing Ceremonic! and fll1lctions 6,500 6,5()0 Services 270 270 Miscellaneous 1,140 1,140 Tolal U,52l 1l,5lZ APPENDIX 53 TABLE XIII Number of chUd~en acc.... ding to moth.... '. age at birth Age distribution 46 to JO 'rotal Birth order l4 yea.rs 13 to 17 18 to 20 21 t024 25 to 27 28 to 30 3J to 35 36 to 40 41 to 45 and over births 10 11 12 First child 22 43 10 82 Second child 2 30 30 72 Third child 32 58 Fourth child 22 14 43 Fifth child 19 39 Sixth child 13 32 Seventh child 12 13 30 Eighth child 15 2~ Ninth child 13 Tenth child 8 Eleventh child Total Z4 82 108 S9 48 S6 23 4112 TABLE XIV Iodebtednes8 by cause and source of borrowing No. of Three Four Cause househo1ds One cause Two causes Current farm expenses IB 15 Improvement of land. Purchase of tools & implements Purchase of bullocks Marriage and other ceremonies Medicines. Home consumption 23 15 Others Tota) . 57 20 27 Households borrowing from No. of Three Four Five Source households One source Two sources sources sources SOurces 2 Government 4 Cooperative society 10 Money-lenders Traders 15 3 RelatiV~1 21 B Others 2 1 I Total 57 23 19 13 5+ APPENDiX TABLE :XV DistributioD of households by occapation, income and Dumber of'm.elDber:s Number of households in the lncome range of (in Rs.) No. of Le~s 251 361 431 721 961 1,201 1,501 2,501 3,501 housc- than to to to to to to to to to Above Occupation holds 250 360 480 720 960 1,200 1,500 2,-'00 3,500 5,000 5,000 10 II 12 13 Primary 59 15 10 Secondary Tertiary 29 II Total 89 13 13 22 10 No. of persons No. of No. of gainfully Males Females Males Ff'maics equivalent employed above above below below adult persons 12 12 12 12 males per P" Occupation years Y'''''' years years household household 14 15 16 17 18 19 Primary 114 105 91 75 Secondary Tertiary 40 36 28 32 Total 155 141 119 107 TABLE XVI Annual income of households by occupatiou Annual income of households in the range of (in Rs.) Total No. of Less 251 361 4BI 721 961 1,201 1,501 2,501 3,501 house- than to to to to to to to to to Above Occupation holds 250 360 480 720 960 1,200 1,500 2,500 3,500 5,000 5,000 10 11 12 13 Primary 59 264 629 945 9,744 8,032 29,509 30,410 39,183 70,647 Secondary 800 Tertiary 29 400 1,990 9,5S2 4,398 2,868 12,881 8,350 Total 39 164 400 2,619 11,297 14,141 11),900 42,390 30,410 39,1118 73,997 AppENDIX 55 TABLE XVII Households showing preCere.ace lor their sons' occupation No. of households showing preference for Other occupations Total No. of house~ Name of the Caste holds Father'.,. occupation No. of households occupation Nat stated Koli 39 34 Agriculture 4 Kanbi 19 18 Business Bharvad Agriculture Baloch 6 1 No SOil Brahmin 4 Govt. Service Rajput Service Sabar Sadhu Servicc Kumbhar Jain Vaghri Agriculture Bhangi Service Chamar Sandhi Khoja Trade or Service Total 89 11 GLOSSARY A F TillY glass pieces \lied in shiJhdhar Fal~un A lOOSe head-dre" embroidery Ava' G'4s.fia a1#i",'ata G B Gadcw Or G.J Sheep GajlJTJl. harring BQbld Acacia arabic. GQrba Song~ sung by males or female. with Ba~tld. A pik.ed harrow cIrcular movements; a popular folk· Rayi ,Millet dance of Gujarat Baj" An armlet Garbi or Mandvi A wooden frame or structure with Bakm or Bakru • A goat lamps affixed B,ii Plough with two blade!; a weeding A cow implement Clarified buttcr BIu,ua or Bhmha A buffalo Jaggery Bid Pasture; grassland :Seed Bij H c Hatts~1i An ornamcnt of the neck Hint Asafoetida; the gum resin of the An embruidercd piece of cloth (wl:ually Chakala plant Fm~la a!litw,a square or round) wed for wall decoration Chantiarlla • Canopy J Cflan!),o A 'tJcttkoat Chappals. Loose sand,dl Jimi An urntitched red coloured doth wrapped from waist to foot by older Charpai or Khatla A cot CII.ra Village chavdi or building used as women A type of finger ring jalati'" office a~ well as a rest-house elwmi A male nether garment, loose up to Coaf3e millel; SOTlhum vul,~ra thighs and tight below Chuni A nose~pin K Churma A sweet preparation of wheat flour mixed with t"" and gur or sugar Kadi or Ku.d!Jun Earring5 K alHan Anklets D Kadun An armlet AglVun Harrow Damachia Rack for putting mattresses, beddings, Ktmlbi An ornament worn on It:IJs etc. Kaaa Grain Dantal A toothed harrow KUJl/hi A chain of Imall bCiildi worn round Dargah The tomb of a Muslim saint the neck Darshcm Sight; glimpse of the dei.y in an Kapdu A buttonless bloLin attitude of reverence and prayer Karda A finger ring Deshi Local Khar Saline land Dhebra Spiced bread Khan! The mOlUoon crops; crop. IOwn in Dhati White doth worn round the waist the rainy season Dhud!yan Mosquitoes Kkampali A wooden forked shovel Dhundhiyun Harrow Knatedar Land-holder; occupant of land DQdi A talisman; a tyPt! of neck-wur Kleatmuhurta The ceremony of laying the founda Duha A ballad tion stone 57 j8 GLOSSARY P-&ontJ. Ponkhani KMchdi Hotch-potch; mixture of rice and An earring pulse cooked together Pu"", Solidly built, durable Pudla A spiced cake oj gram flour fried Xokarva An ornament worn in ear~ Kothi or Kotha Big earthen receptacle for storing grain in oil Pujtui A temple priest XumkuJl'l Red turmeric powder Puri lIuttha Raw; built of mud Bun or calr.e R L Rabi The winter crop Lapsi A sweet preparation of wh~at flour, Rapto ghle. gur or :mgar A plough with a ~ingle blade Ras or 'asJa A type of folk-dance, wherl':in males, M female~ or both move vigoromly in a circle singing 'l!ld playiTlK with Magmala A type of necklace with beads shaped sticlu like mag; PhaseoluJ mllnf' Brc .. d Maldhari A cattle-breed a Mana A measure of weight Mand Utensils arranged systematically upon the other S~vala or shiy(Ji", Winter Mandir A temple Swrutika An auspkioUli IWU k MandvtJs Peru erected for keeping cattle Matajino l71adh A palace for the worship of goddess T Math A shrine; a monastery Tabla Twin drumsj a trobble Methi Fenugreek j Trigorulla foenugroecum Tanman)un A type of necklace M,M A roof beam TllOliyan Earrings A necklace worn round the neck Morpa,an Tolla A silver ornament put on the leg Mung Grec=n gram; PhtUloius mungo Trishul Tfldent A kind of split pulle; Phaseolus mungo Mung dal Tun Bran; wheat hudt 7UIIIT Pigeon pea; QJjanw andicw N TIlVIT Ilal . A lr.ind of split pulse; Cajanlu j"dicw Nalh or Nalhdi. A nose-ring NaIra Widow remarriage u o Udid Black gram; Pflamil4l radialtu UpashTayc . A Jain monutery A pendent in!cribed with ~ O. worn rOWld the neck v p Vadas Fried salted snack A cotton cloth for covering the upper Villi A n~e-ring portion of the body V..... House warming ceremony perCormed Palan, A bedstead ..t the time of occupymg Paro A bead necklace houae Pol A wooden bench Scripturel PtZvj"i Ring worn on second finger A female ear ornament Pir A Mllllim taWt A finetr ring INDEX A E Agriculture, 15, 18, i9 ~migra.tion. 3~ -Credit and investment, 19 Expenditure, 27 -Draft power, 18 -Expenditure, )9 F -Imp1cmcJ1~, 18 -Labour, 19 Family Planning, 31 -Production. 18 Family structurc, 34 Asset!!!, 24 Festivals,. 35 Average ,ize of household, 2 Fore.t, and gra.alandl. B G Balancing of budget. 27 Gokul and Vandrav.a.n p 6 Barvala, 7 Gulf of CRmhay. 2 Bhadbhid, 1 Bbal track, I, 2. 19 H Bharvad, 6 -M-otabhai, 6 Had Uka., 1 -Nanabhai. 6 Health~ .30 Bhavnagar. I, 2, 7 -Epidemics, 30 Bhavnagar cree k., I -Medical treahr.ent, 30 Bhimnath, 2 - Vital statiltici, 30 Batad hills, 1 House type, 6, 7, 8 -BuiIrling material, 7 -Number of rooms, 7 -Other amenitie.> 8 Cut ell, 2. 5, 6 -Roof material. 7 -Babar, 2. 5 -Storing, 8 -Bhangi, 2, 5 -Tenure stahlS, 7 -Bharva.d, 2. 5, 6 (See Bharvad) -Brahmin, 2, 5 -Chamar, 2, 5 -Jain Bania, 5 Income, 26 -Kanbi, 2. 5, 6 ISee Kanbi) -By different ,oureel, 26 -Khoja, 2. 5 -By income range .. , 26 -Koli, 2. 5, 6 ('See Koli) Indebtedness, 23, 24 -Kumbhar, 2, 5 -By cau.e3~ :":3 -Rajput~ 2, .'} -By income rangel~ 23, 2-{-- -Sadhu, 2, .') -By sources, 23 -SandhiJ 2, 5 Inheritance of property. 35 -Vaghri, 2, 5 Clinudc and telliperature, 2 Cooperation, 36 J Crop calendar, 17 Jajmani relation.. hip, :36 Crop pattern, 16 Jam ... dar NavablUt.a.n. J K D Kanatalao, 1, 2 Demity,2 K:anbi, 5, 6 Dholera Port, 2 -Kadva, 6 Drc.. !, ;I) -Leva, 6 Drinking WAter lupply. 2 Keria, 7 59 60 INDEX K-CO-llta, King Yuvana1hva, 5 -By caste, 5 Koli,5 -By ma.rital status-, 28, ~O -Bhimporia, 5- -Sex ratio, 28 -Chunvaliya, 5 -Variation in. 28 -Divecha,5 R -Ghe.dia,5 -Khant,5- Rainfal1,3 -Mahiya,5 Recreation aetiviticl, 35 -Patanvadiya, 5 Religious belief1l, 35 -Ravaliya, 5 Religious places, 4- -Talpada,5 _ Da,-gah of a pir, 4- -Valankiya, 5 -Hanumabji temple, 4- -Jain upashraya. i- L -MatajirlO madnJ <1- Land, 15, 17, 18 -Raroji Mandir, 4 -Fertilizen, 18 -Shiv lernple, 2, ... -Holdin~, 17 Residential pattern, 2 -Nature and interest of, 17 -Utilization, 15 s Language, 9 S;I\ge Nara-ci, 6 Literacy, 32 Settlement hjstoJ"y,2, 32 -By age group'. 32 Shi,· Parvati, 6 Livestock. 10, 22 Shd Krishna, 6, 35 -Animal husbandl:Y, 22 Sihor hill~, 1 -Expenditure, 22 S1:7~ of the family, 31- -Number of, 20 S(lcial cuztoms~ 10. 11 -Products, 22 -Birth,10 -Death,11 M -A1arriage, 10, 1J Sonrai Creek, 2 Malpara, 2, 7 Mathur a,6 T Mer, 6 Tra.nsport and communications, 2 Mevasa,7 Mithapur. I v Mati Ram.."ingh, V"d.a.r, 5 Mount KajJaJJ, 6 V e1avadar, 1, 2 N -Boundary, 1 ~l)ate of survey~ 1 Needs of people~ ~7 -History. 1 Non-workers, 12, 13 ~Tntrodllctory> I ~Activities of, 13 Views on untoUl;hability~ 38 -By age groups, 12 VillaRe indl.lstries, 22 _Flour-mill~ 22 o _Pottery, 22 ~ TajJoringt 22 Occupa.tion. 13, 14 Village Pam::hayat, 4. 36 -Colllbination, 13 -Incomc· and expenditure of, 36 -Mobility, 14 w Ornaments, 9 Worken, 12, 14 p -By age groupS, 12 -By industrial categories, 14- Patna, 2 y Population, 2 • .5, 28, 30 -By age !ltructure~ 2B Youth Club.. 36 LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS AS ON 17-2-1964 AGARTALA- S. S. Book Emporium, 118, Mount Joy Road The Bangalore Press, Lake View, Mysore Road, Laxmi Bhandar Books & Scientific Sales (R) p. O. Box 507 AGRA- The Standard Book Depot, Avenue Road National Book Home, Jeoni Ma.ndi Vichara Sahitya Private Ltd., Balepet Wadbawa & Co., 45, Civil Lines Makkala Pustaka PreSJI, Balamandira, Gandhinagar Banwari Lal Jain. Publishers, Moti Kalra (R) Maruthi Book Depot, Avenue Road (R) English Book Depot, Sadar nazar, Agta CanU. (R) International Book House Private Ltd .• 4-F. Mahatma AHMADNAGAR- Gandhi Road v. T. Jorakar, Prop., Rama General Stores, Navi Navakarnataka Pubns. Private Ltd., Majestic Circle (R) Path (R) BAREILLY- Agarwal RrotherR, Bara Bazar AHMEDABAD- HARODA- BaJgo\l'ind Kuber Dass & Co., Gandhi Road Chandra Kant Chiman Lal Vora, Ganrlhi Road Shri Chandrakant Mohan La] Shah. Raopura (R) New OrrJer Book Co., Ellis Bridge Good Companions Booksellers, Publishen & Sub. Maha;an Bros., Opp., Khadia Police Gate rR) Agent (R) Sastu Kitab Ghar, Near Relief Talkies, Pauhar Kuva, New Medical Book House, 540, Madan Zampa Road (R) Relief Road DEAWAR- The Secretary, S. D. College, Co-operative Stores AJMER- Ltd. (R) Book-Land, 663, Madar Gate Rajputana Book House, Station Road BELGHARIA- Law Book House, 271, Hathi Bhata Granthlok, Antiquarian Booksellers & Publuhers Vijay Bros., Kutchery Road (R) (24-Parganas), 5/1 Amljca Mukherjee Road Krishna Bros .• Kutchery Road (R) BHAGALPUR- ALIGARH- Paper Stationery Stores, D. N. Singh Road Friend's Book House, Muslim University Mark~t BHOPAL- ALLAHABAD- Superintendent, State Government Press Lyall Book Depot. Mohd. Din Bldg., Sultania Road Superintendent) Printing & Stationery, U. P. Delite Rnoh, Opp., Bhopal Talkies (R) Kitabistan. 17.A. Kamla Nehru Road Law Book Co., Sardar Patel Marg, P. Box 4- BHUBANESWAR- Ram Narain Lal Benj Modho, 2·A, Katra Road Ekamra Vidyabhaban, Eastern Tower, Room No.3 (R) Universal BClok Co., 20, M. G. Read BIJAPUR- The University Book Agency (of Lahore), Elgin Shri D. V. Deshpande, Recognised Law Booksellers, Prop. Road Vinod Book Depot, Near Shiralshetti Chowk (R) Wadhwa & Co., 23, M. G. Marg (R) BIKANER- Bharat Law House, 25, Mahatma Gandhi Marg (R) Bhandani Bros, (R) (R) Ram Narain Lal Beni Pra'lhad, 2-A, Katra Road BlLASPUR- AMBALA- Sh.u-ma Book Stall, Sanar Bazar (R} English Book Depot, Ambala Cantt. BOMBAY- Seth Law Hom~, 8719, Railway Road, Ambala Superintendent, Printing & Sta'tionr:ry, Queens Road Cantt. (R) Charles Lambert & Co., WI, Mahatma Gandlli Road AMRITSAR- Co-operator's Book Depot, 5132, Ahmed Sailor Bldg., Dadar The Law Rook Agency, C. T. Road, flutligarh Current Book House, Maruti Lane, Raghunath S. Gupta, Agt"llt, Govt. PublicatiOns, Near P. O. Dadaji St. Majith Mandi Current Technical Literature Co" Private Ltd., India Amar Nath & Sons, Near P. O. Majith Mandi House, lst Floor ANAND- International Book House Ltd., 9, Ash Lane, Vijaya Stores, Station Road (R) M. G. Road Lakkani Book Depot, Girgaum Charotar Book Stall, Tuhi Sadan, Stn. Road (R) Elpees Agencies, 24, Bhangwadi, Kalbauevi A.SANSOI~ P. P. H. Book Stall, 190-B, Khetwadi Main Road D.N. Roy & R.K. Roy Booksellers, Atwal Building (R) New Dook Co. 188-190, Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji ROljd BANGALORE- Popular Book Depot, Lamington Road The Bangalore Legal Practitioner Co--operative Sunder DaB Gian Chand, 601, Girgaum Road, Near Society Ltd., Bat" Association Building Princess Street List of Agents-eontd. BOMBAY-.contd. English Book Shop, 34, Sector 22-D (R) D. B. Taraporewala Sons & Co., (P) Ltd., 210, Mehta B,08., 15·Z, Sector 22-B (R) Dr. Dadabhai Naoroj i Road Talldan Book Depot, Shopping Centre, Sector 16 (R) Thacker & Co., Rampart Row Kailash Law Publishers, Sector 22·B (R) N. M. Tripathi Private Ltd.• Princess Street CHHINDWARA- The Kothari Book Depot, King Edward Road The Verma Book Depot (R) P. H. Rama Krishna & Sons, 147, Rajatam Bhuvan, COCHIN- Shivaji Park Road No.5 (R) Saraswat Corporation Ltd .• Palliarahv Road C. Jamnadas & Co., Booksellers, 146--C, Princess St. Indo Nath & Co., A-6, Daulat Nagar, BorivIi CUTIACK- Minerva Book Shop, Shop No. 1{80, N. Subhas Road Prt";U Officer, Orissa Sectt. Academic Book Co., Association Building, Girgaum Cuttack Law Times Road (R) Prabhat K. Mahapatra. Mangalabag, P.B, 35 Dominion Publishers, 23, Bell Building, Sir P. M. D. P. Sur & Sana, Mangalabag (R) Road (R) Utkal Stores, Balu Bazar (R) Bombay National History Society, 91 Walkeshwar DEHRADUN- Road (R) Jugal Kishore & Co., Rajpur Road Dowamadeo & Co., '16, Naziria Building, Ballard National News Agency. Paltan Bazar Estate (X) lliahan Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, 318 Asian Trading Co., ~ 10, the Miraball, P.B. 1505 (R) Chukhuwala CALCUTIA- Utam Pustak Bhandar, Paltan Bazar (R) Chatterjee & Co., 3/1, Dacharam Chatterjee Lane DELHI- Dass Gupta & Co., Ltd., 54,3, College Street J. M. Jaina & Brothers, Mori Gate Hindu Library, 69 A, Bolar4ill De Street Atma Ram & Sons, Kasmnere Gate .8..- K. Labjrj & CD., Prjl'ate Ltd., CoJlegt St~t Federal Law Book Depot" Kashmere Gate M. C. Sarkar & Sons Private Ltd., 14, Bankim Bahri Broo., 180, Lajpat Rai Market Chatterjee Street Bawa Harkishan Dass Bedi (Vijaya General Agencies) W. Newman &. Co,. Ltd., 3, OJd Court House Street P.B. 2027, Ahata Kedara, Chamalian Road Oxford Book and Stationery Co., 17. Park Street Book-Well, 4, Sant Narankari Colony. P. B. 1565 R. Chambray & Co., Ltd., Kent House, P. 33, Mission Imperia.l Publishing Co., 3, Faiz Bazar, DaryagAflj Road Extension Metropolitan Book Co.• I, Faiz Bazar S, C. Sarkar & Sons Private Ltd .• I.C. College Square Publicatiull Centre, Subzimandi Thacker Spink & Co., (1933) Private Ltd., 3, Esplanade YOlUlgman & Co., Nai Sarak. Eas' Indian Army Book Depot. 3. Daryagallj Firma K. L. Mukhopadhaya, 6/IA, Banchha Ram All India Educational Supply Co., Shri Ram Building!, Akr~r T,ane Jawahar Nagar (R) K. K. Roy, P. Box No. 10210, Calcutta-19 (R) Dhanwant Medical & Law Book House, 1522. Sm. P. D. Upadhyay. 77, Mllktaram Babu Street (R) Lajpat Rai Market (R) Universal Book Dist., 8/2, Hastings Street (R) University Book House, 15, U. B. Bangalore Road, Modem Book Depot, Chowringhee Centre (R) Jawahar Nagar (R) Soor & Co., l25, Canning Street Law Literature House, 2646, Balimaran (R) S. Bhattachmjee, 49, Dharamtala Street (R) Summer Brothers, P. O. Billa Lines (R) Mukherjee Library, 10, Sarba Khan R.oad Univenal Book & Stationery Co., 16, Netaji Current Literature Co., 208, Mahatma Gandhi Road Subbasll Mars: The Book Depository, 4/1, Madan Street (1st Floor) (R) B. Nath & Bros., 3808, Charkhawalan (Chowri Scientific Book Agency, Netaji Subhash Road (R) Bazar) (R) Reliance Trading Co., ] 7/ J, Ranku Bjbari Gbose L:tne, Rajkamal Prakashan Private Ltd'l 8, Faiz Bazar Didrict Howrah (R) Premier Book Co .• Printers, Publishen & Booksellen, Indian nook Dist. Co., 6512, Mahatma Gandhi Road (R) Nai Sarak (R) CALICUT- Universal Book Traders, 80, Gokhle Market Touring Book Stall (R) Tech. & Commercial Book Coy., 75, Gokhle CHANDIGARH- Market (R) Saini Law Publishing Co., 1416, Uhabiganj, Superintendent, Government Printing & Stationery, Punjab Kashmcce Gate (R) G. M. Ahuja, Booksellers & Stationers, 309. Nehru Jain Law Agency, Flat No.8, Sector No. 22 Bazar (R) Rama News Agency, Booksellers. Sector No. 22 Sat Narain & Sons, 3141 Mohd. Ali Bazar, Universal Book SLure, Booth 25, Sector 22-D Mori Gate Ii List of Agents-contil. DELHI~Onfd. jAHALPUR- Kitab Mahal (Wholesale Div.) Private Ltd., 28, Faiz Bazar Modem Book House, 286, Jawah LUCKNOW-(;onld. (;eeta Book House, Booksellers & Publi3hen Krishna Ram Advani, Hazratganj, 1'. B. 154 mW'thipucam (RJ Universal Publishers (P) Ltd., Hazratganj New! Paper House, Lansdowne Building (R) Eastern Book Co., LaJbagh Road Inclian Mercantile Corporation, To), Palace Ramvilas(R) Civil & Military Educational Stores. lO6!S Sadar Bazar (RJ NADIAD- Acqua.rium Supply Co., 213, Faizabad Road (R) R. S. Desay :Station Road (R.) Law nook Mart, Amin-Ud-Daula Park (R) NAGPUR_ LUDHIANA- Superintendent, Government Press & Book Depot Lyall Book Depot, Chaura Bazar Western Book Depot, Residency Road Mohindra Brothers, Katcheri Road (R) The AMtt. Secretary, Mineral IndLlStry Association, Nand&. Stationery Bhanda!', Pustak Bazar (It) Mineral House (R) The Pharmacy News, Pindi Strett (R) NAINITAL- Coural Book Depot, Bara Duz.. r (R) MADRAS- NANDED- Superintendent, Government Press, Mount Road Account Test Institute, P. O. 76U Emgore Book Centre, College Law General Books, Station Road CRl C. Subbiah Chetty & Co., Triplicane Hindustan General Stores, Papel & Stationery K. KrishnamurtYI Post Box 364 Merchants, P. B. No. 51 (R) Presidtncy Book Supplie~, 8, PYCtoft Road, Triplicane Sanjoy Book Agency, Va:tirabad (R) P. Va.rdhachary & Co .• b, Linghi Chetty Street NEW DELHI- Palani Parchwam, 3, Pycrofts Road, Triplicane Amrit Book Co., Connaught Circus NCBH Private Ltd., 199, Mount Road (K) Bhawani & Sons, B-F, Connaught Place V. Sadanand, The Pe~onal Boohhop, 10, Congresa Central News Agency, 23/9U, Connaught Circus Buildings, Ill, Mount Road (R) Empire Book. Depot, 278 Aliganj MADURAI- English Book Stores, 7-L, Connaught Circus, P.O.B. 328 Oriental Book House, 258, West Ma.~i Street Faqir Chand & SallS, I5-A, Khan Market Jain Book AgeJJcy, C-9, Prem House, Connaught Place vTivekananda Press, 48, West Masi St~et Oxford Book Stationery Scindia House MANDYA SUGAR TOWN- « Co., Ram Krishna & Sons (of Lahore) 16/B, Connaught Place K. N. Narimhe Gowda & Sons (R) Sikh Publishing House, 7-C. Connaught Place MANGALORE- Suneja Book Centre, 'l.4f90. Connaught Circus U. R, Shenoye Sam, Car Street, P. BOl( 128 United Book AgencYI 31, Municipal Market, MANJESHWAR- Connaught Circus Mukenda Krishna Nayak (R) Jayana Book DepotJ Chhaparwala Kuan, Karol Bagb MATHURA- Navayug Traders, Desh Bandhu Gupta Rnad, Dev Nagar Rath & Co., Tilohi Building, Bengali Ghat (K) Saraswati Book Depot, 15, Lady Harding Road MEERUT- The Secretary, Indian Met. Society, Lad; Road Prakash Educational Stores, Subha-s Bazar New Book Depot. Latest Books, Periodicals, Sty. & Rind Chitra Press, West Kutch",ry Road Novelles, P, B. 96, Connaught :Place Mehra Brothers, 50-G, Kalkaji Loyal Book Depot, Chhipi Tank Luxrni Book Stores, 42, Janpath (R) Bharat Educational Stor~. Chhippi Tank (R) Hindi Book House, 82, janpath (R) Universal Book Depot, BoomUers & News People Publishing Hoi.lSe (P) Ltd., Rani Jhansi Road Agent. (R) R. K. Publishers, 23, Beadon Pura J Karol Bagh (R) MONGHYR- Sharma BrOll., 17, New Market. Moti Nagar Anusandhan, Minerva Press Buildings (R) Aapki Dukan, 5/5777, Dev Nagar (R) MUSSOORIE- Sarvodaya Service, 66A.l, Rohtak Road. P. B. 2521 (R) Cambridgt'! Rook Depot, The Mall (R) H. Chandwn, P. B. No. 3034 (R) Hind Traders (R) The Secretary, Federation of Association of Small MUZAFFARNAGAR- Industry of India, 23-B/2, Rohtak Road (R) Mittal & Co., 85-C, New Maudi (R) Standard Bonksel1ers &. Stationers, Palam Enclave (K) B. S. Jain & Co., 71, Ahupura (R) Lakshmi Book Depot, 57, Regarpura (R) MUZAFFARPUR- Sant Ram Book:;ellecsJ 16, New Municipal Market Scientific & Educational Supply Syndicale Lody Colony (R) Lt'!gal Comer, Tikmanio House, Amgola Road (R) PANJIM- Tirhut Book Depot (Rl Singhals Book House 1>.0.11. 70 Near 1he Church (R) Sagoon Gaydev Dhoud, Booksellen, 5-7 Rua, 3 Idc MYSORE- Jameria (R) H. Venkataramiah. & Sons, New Statue Circle PATHANKOT- Peoples Book HOll!e, Opp., Jagan Mohan Palace The Krishna Book Depot, Main Bazar (R) iv List of Agenu-contd. PATIALA- SHILLONG- Superintendent, Bbupendra State Preu The Officer-in-Charge, A!aam Government, B. D. Jain & Co., 17. Shah Nashin Bazar ChapJa BookJ!tall, P. B. No. I (R) PATNA- SQNEPAT- Supenntendent, Government Printlng (Bihar) United Book Agency J. N. P. Agarwal & Co., Padri.Ki-Haveli, Raghu- SRI NAGAR- natb Bba.wan Luxmi Trading Co., Padri-Ki-HaveH The Kashmir Bookshop, Residency Road Moti Lal Banani Dau, Bankipore SURAT- Bengal Law House, Chowhatta (R) Shri Gajanan PUitakalaya, Tower Road PITHORAGARH- TIRUCHIRPALLI- Maniram Pum~tha & Som (R) Kalpana Publishers, Wruiur PONDICHERRY- S. Krishnaswami & Co., 35, Subhash Chander BOle MIs. Hone~(y B(loJ.: Bouse, 9 Rue Duplix (K) Road POONA- Palamiappa .Bros, (R) Deccan Boolc: Stan, Deccan Gymkhana TRIVANDRUM- Imperial Book Depot. 266, M. G. Road International Book Depot, Main Road International Book Service, Decc:an Gymkhana Reddear Press & Book Depot, P. B. No.4 (R) Raka Book Agency, Opp., Natu's Chawi, Near Appa Halwant Chowk TUTICORJN- Utility Book Depot, 1339, Shivaji Nagar (R) Shri K. Thiagarajan, IO-C, French Chapal Road (R) PUDUKOTTAI- UDAIPUR- Shri P. N. Swaminathan Sivam & Co., 'Ea.!! Main Jagdiah & Co., Inside Surajapole (R) Road (R) Book Centre, Maharana, Bhopal Consumers, Co-op, RAJKOT- Society Ltd. (R) Mohan Lal DOSlahhai Shah, Booksellers ano Sub-Agent. UllAIN- RANCHI- l\lanek Chand Boolt DePOl, Sad Gate (R) Grown Book. Depot, Upper Bazillr Pw.tak. Mahal, Upper Ha2.a.r (R) VARANASI- REWA- Students Friend. & Co_, Lanka (R) Chowkharnba Sanskrit Series Office, Gopal Mandir Superintendent, Government State Em.porium V P. Road, P. B. 8 ROURKELA- Glob Book Centre (R) The Rourkela Review (R) Kohinoor Sto"" Unjvenit}' Road, Lanka SAHARANPUR- B.H.U. Book Devor (R) Clumdr. Bhacata Pustak Bhandar, Court Road (R) VELLORE- SECUNDERABAD- A. Venkatalubhan, Law Booksellers HindIDItan Diary Publishrn, Mark~t Stl"fft VIJAYAWADA- SILCHAR- The Book &. Review Centre, Elun 'l.o~. Govempet (R) Shri Nishitto Sen, Nazirpatti (R) VISAKHAPATNAM- SIMLA- Gupta. Brothers, Vi:ria Building Superintendent, Himachal Pradesh Governmelll Book Centre, 11/97, Main Road Minerva Book Shop, The Mall The Secy~ Andbra Univcrsity~ G=:ncral Co--op. Store. The New Book Depot 79, The Mall Lid. (R) SINNAR- VIZIANAGRAM Shri N. N. Jakhadi, Agent, Time. of India, Sinnar Suda & Co. (R) (Nom) (R) WARDHA- Swarajeya Bhandar, Bhorji Market GOV:~: o~:.~1:n~~~~~.1 New Delhi JFor local sale. High CommiuioJler for India in London. India Governraent o£ India Book Depot, S HaJti.ngs Street, Calcutta House, London, W. C. 2 , ~.relp SIS A. H. Wheeler & Co., 15, El.gln Road, AHahabad SIS. Education EnterpriJe Priv<1te Ltu., Kathurnandu (Nepal) SIS. Aktie B~logat, C. E. Frit7.cs Kungl, Hovobokhandei, Gahlot Uros., K. E. M. Road, Bjkaller Fredsgatloll~2 Box 165o, Swckholm-16, (Sweden) Reise-und Ve.kehrsvedag StuHgart, l'os.t 730, Gutenberg_ Higginbothams & Co., Ltd., Moullt Ruad, Madra! stra 21, Stuttgart No. 11445, Stuttgart den (Germany West) Sh[i h ...-.O\[ SuU-ramanY The Head Clerk, Govt. Book. Depot, Ahmedabad The Registral" of Companies, Mahatma Gandhi Road, "Vest The Asstc. Director, Extension Centle, Kapile:s.hwar Road. Cott. Bldg. P. B. 334, Kanpur Bdgaum The Registnr of Companies, E\'erest 100, Marine Drive, Bombay The Employment Othcer, Employment Exchange, Dhar The Asstt. Director, Footwear EXlemlO1l CellliC-, Pulo The Regi:ltrar of Companie~, 162, Hrig<.l.de Road, Baugai(llr Grouml No.1, Jodhpur The Registrar of Companies, Gwnlior The Officer lJC., Extension Gemre, Club Road, Muzafliupu[ Asstt. Director, EKten.sicm CentIe, Bhuii Road, Dhanbad The Director, Indian Bureau of Mines, Govt. of India, Registrar of Companies, OrL'ISa, Cuttack Candhi, Cuttack Ministry of Mines & Fuel, Nagpur The Registrar of Companies, Gujarat State, Gujarat The Autt. Director, lnnustrial "ExteMion Centre, Nadiad Samachar Building, Ahmi""dabad (Gujarat) Publication Division, Sales Depot, North Block, New DeJh! The Head Clerk, Photozincographic Press, 5, Finance RO:ild, The Developmtnt Commiuioner, Small Scale lndw:tri~, Poona New Delhi Government Printing & Statiuuel"Y, Rajkvt The Officer l/C., University Employment Bw-eau, Lucknow The Officer I/C., Extel.lsion Centre, Industria! Estau, Officer lIe., S. L 5. I. Extension Centre, MaIda Kokar, Ranchl Offic.t!r llC., S. 1. S. 1. Extension Centre, Hahra, Tabalnria, The Director.S. I. S. L Industrial Extension Ct:lltre, Udhna, 24 Parganou Surat Officer I/C., S. L S. I. Model Carpentry Workshop, Piyali The Registrar of Companies, Narayani Kuildir,g, '27, Nagar, P. O. Bumipur Erabourne Road. Calcutta~ 1 Officer I/C .• S. 1. S. I. Chrontanning Extension O~ntrc, The Registrar of Companies, Kerala, 50, Feet Road, Ernal:ulam Tangla 33, North ToplSia Road, Calcutla-46 The Regutrar of Companies, H. 1\:0. 3-5-33, ]jyJrr~\ida, Officer lIe .• S.I.S.I. Extension Centre, (Footwear). Calcutta Hyderabad l\.sstt. Director, Extension ~ntre, Hyderabad Registrar of Companies, Assam, 1vIanipur ann Tripllr:<, A.s.stt. Director, llittension Centre, Krishna Distt. (A.P.) Shillong Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, Jhabua Registrar of Companies, Sunlight Insurance Building, Ajm,.ri Dy. Director Incharge, S.LS,!., Cjo Chief Civil Admn, Gna, Gate Extenaion, New Delhi PiU~iw The Registrar of Companies, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, The Registrar of Trade Unions, Kanpur Link Road, Jutlundur City The :Employmtlll Officer, Employment Excha.nge, Gopa\ Registrar of Companies, Bihar, Jamrnal Road, Patna·} Bhavan, 110rnia Registrar of Companies, Rdl, & Aimer; Shri Kamta l'ra.'lad The Officer I/C., State Information Centre, Hyderabad HOUle, 1st Floor, 'C' Scheme, Ashak Marg, JltlipUT The Hegistrar Gf Companies, Pondlcherry The Registrar of Companies. Andhra Bank Building. Ij Linghj Thl" Asstt. Director of Publicity and JnformatiOJ1. Vidhana C,hetty Street, P. B. 1530, Madra.! Saul:>ha {I'. U. 271) BangaJoff'