Towns of India Status of Demography, Economy, Social Structures, Housing and Basic Infrastructure HSMI – HUDCO Chair – NIUA Collaborative Research 2016 Towns of India Status of Demography, Economy, Social Structures, Housing and Basic Infrastructure HSMI – HUDCO Chair – NIUA Collaborative Research 2016 Foreword An increasing number of people live in small and medium-sized towns in the periphery of large cities as the world completes its process of urban transition. India is no exception to this phenomenon. It is in these towns where national economies are to be built, solutions to global challenges such as inequality and the impacts of climate change are to be addressed, and future generations are to be educated. The reality in India, however, suggests that the small towns are not fully integrated in the urban fabric of the nation. They have enormous backlogs in economic infrastructure, weak human capacity, high levels of under unemployment and unemployment, and extremely weak local economies. However, with their growing numbers – there are more than 2,500 new towns added in the last Population Census– the role of small and medium-sized towns in the national economy will have a significant influence upon the future social and economic development of larger geographic regions. If these towns were better equipped to steer their economic assets and development, the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) could be increased, with significant benefits reducing rural poverty in the hinterlands. This research on small towns, those below 100,000 population, was conducted at the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), New Delhi, under Phase III of the HUDCO Chair project during the period 2015-16. This publication titled “Towns of India: Demography, Economy and Social Structures, and the Status of Basic Infrastructure and Housing” is a part of the three-year study which looks at the various size classes of urban settlements in India. Phase I of the study was based on an in-depth analysis of the available secondary data of all the metropolitan cities. Phase II focused on cities with a population of 0.1 million to 1 million. The present report analyses the trends of urbanisation, basic infrastructure, housing and levels of the social indicators in small towns. The central message of the report is that in such towns where the demographic growth rates have increased in the past decade the quality of housing and infrastructure is poor as compared to the Class I and other metropolitan cities. Also, such towns are seldom able to mobilise financial resources on their own or access government or institutional funding. The new census towns, which have come up in significant numbers in the last decade largely fall in this category. Importantly, these towns, although urban by definition, are still under rural governance and report larger deficiencies as compared to their statutory counterparts. Adequate investments have to be made in these towns to improve the condition of housing and basic infrastructure. We hope that this report will help the government in informed decision making and help formulate a stratified urban policy. It is expected to help policy makers in taking forward the newly launched Missions, namely, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, Smart Cities Mission, Swatch Bharat Mission and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation in a bid towards building a vibrant and inclusive India. We hope that this contributes to a better understanding and appreciation of the vital importance of small towns in the national economy, and helps to increase their role in making relevant local contributions to the solution of shared developmental challenges. Jagan Shah Director, NIUA Team HUDCO Chair Debolina Kundu Research Team Pragya Sharma Arpita Banerjee Data Computation T.C. Sharma Sangeeta Vijh Copy Editing Razia Grover Design Deep Pahwa Syed Salahuddin Kavita Rawat Acknowledgements We are grateful to Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) for supporting this study titled “Towns of India — Status of Demography, Economy, Social Structures, Housing and Basic Infrastructure’’. We wish to sincerely thank Dr. M. Ravi Kanth, Chairman and Managing Director, HUDCO for his kind support in this endeavour. Thanks are also due to Mr. N.L. Manjoka, Director (Corporate Planning), HUDCO, Mr. Rakesh Kumar Arora, Director (Finance), HUDCO, Dr. S.K. Gupta, Executive Director (Projects), HUDCO, and Dr. H.S. Gill, Executive Director (Training), Human Settlement Management Institute (HSMI). We acknowledge the valuable cooperation of Dr. Manika Negi, Fellow, HSMI coordinator of the HUDCO Chair activities at HSMI. We sincerely appreciate the contribution of Dr. Akshaya Kumar Sen, Fellow, HSMI for his constant support and valuable comments on this collaborative research study. NIUA duly acknowledges the valuable inputs and support rendered by officials of the State Governments, Urban Development Agencies, Housing Boards, Parastatals and Urban Local Bodies during the study tours to Raisen (Madhya Pradesh) and Kurseong (West Bengal). We acknowledge the support of Mr. V.T. Subramanian, Regional Chief, HUDCO, Bhopal, Mr. Anil Barve, Manager (Projects), HUDCO, Bhopal, Mr. Suresh Kumar Mishra, Regional Chief, HUDCO, Kolkata, and Mr. Debesh Chakrabarty, DGM (Projects), HUDCO, Kolkata. Thanks are also due to Mr. P.K. Sahu, Mr. Kailash Kumar and Mr. Saurabh Sood of Raisen Municipality, and Mr. Samir Dip Blon, Chairman and Mr. Govind Prasad Adhikari of Kurseong Municipality. We deeply acknowledge the efforts of the research team of NIUA in completing this study. We are grateful to the designing team of NIUA for designing the report. Finally, special thanks to Prof. Jagan Shah, Director, NIUA for his encouragement and constant support. Debolina Kundu Associate Professor HUDCO Chair, NIUA Contents List of Annexures 09 Acronyms 11 Executive Summary 13 1. Introduction 21 2. Demography 29 3. Basic Infrastructure and Slums 43 4. Social and Economic Condition 61 5. Case Studies: Raisen and Kurseong 77 6. Census Towns 89 7. Conclusion and Policy Implications 108 Annexures 117 Towns of India 8 List of Annexures page State-wise Number of Towns and Percentage Concentration of Urban Annexure 1 Population in Towns, 2011 and 2001 118 Annexure 2 State-wise Distribution of Number of Towns, 2011 and 2001 119 Annexure 3 State-wise Distribution of Population by Size Class, 2011 120 Annexure 4 State-wise Distribution of Population by Size Class, 2001 121 Annexure 5 Percentage Distribution of Number of Towns by Size Class, 2011 and 2001 122 Annexure 6 Percentage Distribution of Towns Population by Size Class, 2011 and 2001 123 Annexure 7 State-wise Civic Status of Towns, 2011 124 Annexure 8 State-wise Civic Status of Towns, 2001 125 Annexure 9 Social Index and Infrastructure Index of Towns, 2011 126 Annexure 10 Population and Number of Households in UA/Towns, 2011 190 9 Towns of India 10 Acronyms AEGR Annual Exponential Growth Rate MPMKVVCL Madhya Pradesh Madhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Company Limited AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation NA Notified Area BSUP Basic Services for Urban Poor NAC Notified Area Committee/Notified Area Council CB Cantonment Board/Cantonment NP Nagar Panchayat CMC City Municipal Council NT Notified Town CT Census Town NTA Notified Town Area CSO Central Statistical Organisation NIUA National Institute of Urban Affairs EO Estate Office NSSO National Sample Survey Organisation GP Gram Panchayat OG Out Growth GDP Gross Domestic Product PCA Principal Component Analysis GoI Government of India PHED Public Health Engineering Department GVA Gross Value Added PMAY Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana HDI Human Development Index RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana HRIDAY Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete HUDCO Housing and Urban Development STC Small Town Committee Corporation Limited SBM Swachh Bharat Mission IHSDP Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme SRS Sample Registration System INA Industrial Notified Area TC Town Committee/Town Area Committee ITS Industrial Township TMC Town Municipal Council JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission TP Town Panchayat M Municipality TS Township MB Municipal Board UA/UAs Urban Agglomeration/Urban Agglomerations MC Municipal Committee UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development MCl Municipal Council Scheme for Small and Medium Towns M Corp Municipal Corporation ULBs Urban Local Bodies MLD Million Litres Daily UNDP United Nations Development Programme MPRDCL Madhya Pradesh Road Development UT Union Territory Corporation Ltd WPR Work Participation Rate 11 Towns of India 12 Executive Summary This study is the third in a series under the project “Status of Demography, Economy and Social Structures as well as the Status of Housing and Basic Infrastructure of the different sizes of urban settlements”. The first report had concentrated on 531 metropolitan cities of India. The second report focused on analysis of Class I cities (population range between 0.1 million and less than 1 million) except those classified as metropolitan cities termed as non-metropolitan Class I cities of India. This third report focuses on Towns of India (population less than 1 lakh). It aims to undertake an in-depth analysis of the demography, socio-economic indicators, and basic infrastructure in UAs/towns with populations of less than 1,00,000, studying their size class variations. The study has dealt separately with the status of slums in towns and status of census towns in detail. The report