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Behavioral Differences Among Breeds of Domestic Dogs (Canis Lupus Familiaris): Current Status of the Science

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Behavioral Differences Among Breeds of Domestic Dogs (Canis Lupus Familiaris): Current Status of the Science See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260985453 Behavioral differences among breeds of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris): Current status of the science Article in Applied Animal Behaviour Science · March 2014 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.03.005 CITATIONS READS 27 1,317 2 authors, including: Lindsay Mehrkam Oregon State University 7 PUBLICATIONS 45 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Lindsay Mehrkam on 03 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. G Model APPLAN-3880; No. of Pages 16 ARTICLE IN PRESS Applied Animal Behaviour Science xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Animal Behaviour Science jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/applanim Behavioral differences among breeds of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris): Current status of the science a, a,b Lindsay R. Mehrkam ∗, Clive D.L. Wynne a Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA b Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: In both popular media and scientific literature, it is commonly stated that breeds of dogs dif- Accepted 17 March 2014 fer behaviorally in substantial, consistent and predictable ways. Since the mid-twentieth Available online xxx century, scientists have asked whether meaningful behavioral differences exist between breeds of dogs. Today, there are over 1000 identified dog breeds in the world, but to date, fewer than one-quarter of these are represented in studies investigating breed-specific Keywords: Breed behavioral differences. We review here scientific findings of breed differences in behavior Dog from a wide range of methodologies with respect to both temperament traits and cog- Behavior nitive abilities to determine whether meaningful differences in behavior between breeds Temperament have been established. Although there is convincing scientific evidence for reliable differ- Cognition ences between breeds and breed groups with respect to some behaviors (e.g., aggression, reactivity), the majority of studies that have measured breed differences in behavior have reported meaningful within-breed differences has well. These trends appear to be related to two main factors: the traits being assessed and the methodology used to assess those traits. In addition, where evidence for breed differences in behavior has been found, there is mixed consistency between empirical findings and the recognized breed standard. We discuss both the strengths and limitations of behavioral research in illuminating differences between dog breeds, highlight directions for future research, and suggest the integration of input from other disciplines to further contribute to our understanding of breed differences in behavior. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . 00 2. Origins of dog breeds . 00 2.1. Defining the breed standard: The need for research . 00 3. Temperament and personality . 00 4. Aggression . 00 4.1. Owner-directed aggression. 00 4.2. Stranger-directed aggression . 00 ∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 945 Center Dr., PO Box 112250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Tel.: +1 610 392 5938. E-mail addresses: [email protected], mehrky14@ufl.edu (L.R. Mehrkam). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.03.005 0168-1591/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Mehrkam, L.R., Wynne, C.D.L., Behavioral differences among breeds of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris): Current status of the science. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.03.005 G Model APPLAN-3880; No. of Pages 16 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 L.R. Mehrkam, C.D.L. Wynne / Applied Animal Behaviour Science xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 4.3. Dog-directed aggression . 00 4.4. Summary of breed differences in aggression. 00 5. Emotional reactivity . 00 5.1. Excitability and general activity . 00 5.2. Exploratory behaviors: Avoidance and investigation . 00 6. Trainability . 00 7. Cognition . 00 7.1. Physical problem-solving tasks. 00 7.2. Human-responsiveness tasks . 00 7.3. Conclusions on breed differences in cognition . 00 8. Discussion . 00 8.1. Evidence for behavioral differences between breeds versus within-breed differences . 00 8.2. Evaluating scientific evidence for the breed standard and breed categories . 00 9. Conclusions . 00 Acknowledgments . 00 References . 00 1. Introduction conclusions about assessing breed differences in behavior and identify areas of research that need further investiga- It is obvious that breed differences in behavior are both tion or replication. real and important in magnitude. —Scott and Fuller (1965), p. 385. 2. Origins of dog breeds To many, the above quotation from Scott and Fuller’s classic Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog (1965) The first evidence of distinctive dog breeds in the histor- seems intuitively obvious. Over 1000 distinct dog breeds ical record appears around 3000 to 4000 years ago (Brewer are in existence today (Morris, 2008), and of these, et al., 2002; Harcourt, 1974). While many of the breed approximately 20% are recognized by various national classes of dogs we know today, as well as their quali- and international kennel clubs. Canis lupus familiaris is a ties and traits, were well defined by the Roman period subspecies that exhibits extraordinary variation in mor- (Clutton-Brock, 1995; Xenophon, 1897), the major era for phological phenotype; it is assumed that breeds therefore the proliferation of dog breeds in Europe was the Middle differ widely in their behavioral phenotypes as well. Ages (Clutton-Brock, 1995). The unparalleled phenotypic Although the number of recognized dog breeds has grown variability between breeds led even Charles Darwin to substantially over the last century and a half, relatively little believe that the domestic dog must have had at least two empirical research has targeted the behavioral character- common ancestors (Darwin, 1859). In fact, it was during istics that define breeds. As a result, dog breeding has been Darwin’s lifetime that modern breeds became closed pop- referred to as “a well-established art, but a crude, unestab- ulations (Ritvo, 1987). lished science” (Rine, 1991). Yet, it is widely acknowledged Biologically, dog breeds are groups of individuals within that different breeds have different and consistent behav- the subspecies C. familiaris that strongly resemble one ioral predispositions due to selective pressure by humans another based on a series of characteristics that are iden- (Howell and Bennett, 2011; Bradley, 2011; Serpell and Hsu, tifiably different from other groups (Brewer et al., 2002). 2005). However, the most accurate way to define a breed based The domestic dog – and the breeds that make up this on behavior is still debated to a great extent. One hypoth- diverse subspecies – is becoming an increasingly popu- esis is that dog breeds originated as land races adapting to lar subject for behavioral research. The goal of this paper different environments in geographic isolation, with little is to review and summarize research findings that have to no human selective breeding (Coppinger and Coppinger, measured differences between dog breeds in temperament 2001). An alternative hypothesis is that artificial selection and cognitive performance in order to determine whether by humans was the fundamental basis of establishing dog there is empirical evidence that dog breeds differ in sub- breeds, accomplished by mating dogs with similar charac- stantial and systematic ways. We consider the historical teristics to produce similar future generations (Rine, 1991). understandings of breed origin, the diverse methodologies The true origin of dog breeds is clearly a subject of consid- that have been used in empirical literature, their validity erable debate (Larson et al., 2012). This uncertainty has also and appropriateness, the developmental history of sub- prompted questions about how exactly a breed should be jects tested, and the extent to which specific breeds have defined, and is in itself a source of disagreement among been represented in the scientific literature. We hypothe- scientists today. size that (1) studies that have compared behavior between and within dog breeds suggest that within-breed differ- 2.1. Defining the breed standard: The need for research ences are more evident than between-breed differences, and (2) where evidence for breed differences is found, the Regardless of how breeds may have originated, the wide breed standard will be concordant with the empirical con- variation in the dog breeds we know today is produced clusions for the trait that was measured. Finally, we offer and maintained by ongoing human.
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