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Fungal Biota of the Domestic Animals in a City in Pakistan

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Fungal Biota of the Domestic Animals in a City in Pakistan Original Article Fungal biota of the domestic animals in a city in Pakistan Irshad Hussain Soomro1, Abdul Hussain Shar2, Fateh Mohammad Soomro3 ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Keratinophillic fungi from domestic animals in Sukkur City Sindh Pakistan. Methodology: A total of seven hundred and fifty hair samples from three groups (buffalo, goat and cow) of animals were collected in sterilized polythene bags in Sukkur city. Hair pieces measuring 2cm were placed on the agar plates supplemented with 0.05 g/l chloramphenicol for obtaining the fungal growth on hair. Hairs showing the whitish mycelial growth were transferred to freshly prepared Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) for cultural growth and pure culture were maintained at 5oC in refrigerator. Results: Out of 750 hair samples collected from three domestic animals which were studied in Sukkur city, Sindh, Pakistan, five hundred ninety four (594) isolates belonged to 8 genera and 9 species were isolated. A. candidus and Alterneria alternata were almost equally prevalent species represented by 14.81% and 14.48% respectively of the total number of isolates. A. niger and Chrysosporium asparatum were equal in their prevalence and represented 12.63% and 12.46%. Exophiala sp comes next constituting 12.29% followed by Stemphyllium sp. 10.94%. Other species isolated less frequently included Cladosporium 8.08%, Acrimonium sp.7.41% and Penicillium sp. 6.90%. The isolation frequency of fungal biota was significantly greater in buffalo from cow and goat (respectively 40.06%, 33.33% and 26.60% p = 0.02). Conclusion: Keratinophillic fungi were isolated from domestic animals and the prevalence of these fungi in domestic animals may have a role in transmission of skin and other infections in human population. KEY WORDS: Keratinophilic fungi, Keratinase, Dermatophytosis, Domestic animals. Pak J Med Sci October - December 2010 Vol. 26 No. 4 964-967 How to cite this article: Soomro IH, Shar AH, Soomro FM. Fungal biota of the domestic animals in a city in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 2010;26(4):964-967 INTRODUCTION 1. Irshad Hussain Soomro, Assistant Professor, 2. Abdul Hussain Shar, There are some fungal biota that can colonize, Assistant Professor, grow, reproduce and degrade hair are known as ke- 3. Fateh Mohammad Soomro, Associate Professor, ratinophilic fungi. These fungi have the ability to 1-3: Department of Microbiology, digest and utilize the keratin present in skin, nails, Shah Abdul Latif University, hair, hoof and horn that constitute the outer surface Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. of animals.1-4 Keratin is highly insoluble protein Correspondence: having fibrous helical structure and numerous Abdul Hussain Shar, Dept. of Microbiology, Shah Abdul Latif University, disulfide linkages which make it resistant to many Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. proteases but easily digested by enzyme known as E-mail: [email protected] keratinase produced by keratinophilic fungi and * Received for Publication: March 18, 2010 dermatophytes.5 By virtue of keratinase dermato- * Revision Received: August 2, 2010 phytes cause dermatophytoses by invading skin, 6 * Revision Accepted: September 15, 2010 nails and hair. 964 Pak J Med Sci 2010 Vol. 26 No. 4 www.pjms.com.pk Fungal biota of domestic animals These keratinophilic fungi including dermato- maintained at 5oC in refrigerator. The identification phytes have been reported to cause animal as well of isolates was done as Domesch et al (1980) and as human diseases. In numerous studies these fungi Dexter (1983) 20,21 have been isolated from mammals,7 from cats and Statistics: Statistical analysis was done by SPSS dogs,8-10 from cattle in Bangladesh11, from domestic version 13 software. 12 animals in Norway, from hair of cow, goat, rabbit, RESULTS in Jordan.13,14 Due to their pathogenic potential keratinophilic fungi have been receiving consider- A total number of 594 isolates of fungal biota were able attention in recent days and human exposure to isolated from 750 hair samples collected from buf- these potentially pathogenic fungi pose a serious falo, cow and goat in Sukkur city. These belong to 8 health risk. genera and nine species. Table-I shows the isolation Several non- pathogenic fungi are now being rate of different keratinophilic fungal biota from vari- reported as opportunistic pathogen and their ous domestic animals. It was also observed that A. prevalence in different environment where they are candidus was dominating 88(14.81%), the other iso- naturally occurring is not directly investigated. lates and Penicillium sp. was the lowest 41(6.90%) in Investigating both environment and fungi where isolation rate. people are exposed to them is of major health con- Key to Identification of Fungal Species: Colonies cern.15 Cladosporium sp. was isolated from domestic grow slowly reaching 1.5-3.0 cm diameter in 14 days cats with cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by on Sabouraud Dextrose agar at 250C white to these organisms.16 Infection caused by Aspergillus sp. yellowish cream with yellowish reverse Conidio- varies from localized pulmonary or paranasal sinus phore erect, colorless, large globose vesicles bearing infection to invasive aspergilluosis with intracranial metulae phialides. Conodia globose to sub globose extension. The etiology includes A. fumigatus, A. smooth walled hyaline ………………… Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. glaucus, A.restrictus, A. terreus and cadidus A. versicolor.17 Numerous members of the genus Colonies grow rapidly 2.5-3.0 cm diameter in 10 Exophiala sp. are potential agents of human and ani- days on Sabouraud Dextrose agar at 250C with myce- mal mycosis. The majority of these infections are lium white reverse yellow. Conidiophore dark brown cutaneous and superficial but also fatal systematic to black brown arising from foot cell. Phialides is infections are also known.18,19 borne directly on the vesicle. Conidia is mostly It has been reported that certain fungal diseases globose black in colour………… Aspergillus niger. could be transmitted from domestic animals to Colonies slow reaching less than 10 cm in diam- human. Very little work has been done on the isola- eter in two weeks on Sabouraud Dextrose agar at tion and identification of this fungal biota from ani- 250Ccolonies are flat, dry powdery, white olive to mal hair in Pakistan. As such this study could be most brown with white margins and reverse brown. important step to relate the animal- human patho- Conidia arise directly on hyphae or on lateral genic fungi. The primary objective of this study was branches. Conidia sub-globose to clavate thick walled to determine what types of fungi are found on the hyaline to pale yellow………..Crysosporium asperatum hair of different domestic animals in Sukkur city, .Colonies white are fast growing floccose. The conidia Sindh, Pakistan. produced in a ball at the mouth of Phialides without METHODOLOGY the flared collaratte………..Acremonium sp. Colonies are olivish black gray to brownish gray. Seven hundred and fifty hair samples, two Conidiophores smooth simple straight. Conidia are hundred and fifty from each domestic animals buf- muriform oblong to pyriform, brown, smooth and falo, goat and cow were collected in sterilized they are produced in long chains………. Alternaria polythene bags in Sukkur city. Hair pieces measur- alternaa. ing two cm were placed on the agar plates which The colonies are mycelial and covered with aerial were prepared by adding 2% agar and supplemented hyphae. The hyphae are brown, septate, and smooth with 0.05 g/l chloramphenicol only, not the other produced branched or unbranched conidiophore, supplements as to recover actual fungi growing on lateraly or on the apex. The conidia are one celled hair and to prevent contamination. Hairs showing subglobose to cylindrical smooth hyaline …………. the whitish mycelial growth were transferred to Exophiala sp. freshly prepared Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) Colonies rapidly growing dark velvety. Conidio- for cultural growth and pure culture were phores brown simple swollen at the apex through Pak J Med Sci 2010 Vol. 26 No. 4 www.pjms.com.pk 965 Abdul Hussain Shar et al. which porospores are produced. Conidia solitary In human Alternaria sp. has been isolated from dark brown muriform with smooth or rough walled immunocompromised organ transplant recipient.23,24 sub-globose.…………Stemphylium sp. Cabanes et al. (1986) reported that Alternaria and Cla- The colony is nearby black with velvety texture on dosporium were cultured from 80% of dogs.25 Aho Sabourauds Dextrose agar at 25oc spores smooth (1983) examined dogs with suspected dermatophy- brown conidia. Conidial chains are produced directly tosis and recorded Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladospo- from the side or tip of hyhae or on conidiophores rium and Penicillium were the causative agents in ……………Clasdosphorium sp. <25%) dogs.26 Species of genera like Chrysosporium The colony reaches 3.5-4.0 cm in diameter in two and Scopulariopsis were isolated in more than 60% weeks at 25oC and becomes blue green as the conid- dogs.25 Oyeka (1989) reported the Chrysosporium sp. iophores mature. Conidiophores smooth and bear in 9.0% mammals in Anambra state.7 In Iran terminal matulae. Each matulae produces several Chrysosporium keratinophilium was isolated from the phialides with bear smooth globes to sub globes soil of public parks where human and animal activi- conidia in chains………….Penicillium sp. ties were increased.27 In some studies many genera DISCUSSION of these fungal biota have been reported in combi- nation i.e. Chrysosporium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Cla- Keratinophilic fungi could be present in the envi- dosporium and Aspergillius were found in dogs and ronment with different distribution patterns. The oc- cats.12 Exophiala sp. are dematiaceous mold which currence of these fungi may be influenced by certain have been infrequently associated with systemic in- factors such as presence of human and animals. Other fection recently twenty three cases of fungemia due factors may be socioeconomic conditions of that par- to these organisms have been reported.18 The oppor- ticular area where the human and animals under tunistic fungal infections caused by Acremonium sp.
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