BAKAL´AˇRSK´A PR´ACE Zuzana Rulfová Tropické Cyklóny

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BAKAL´AˇRSK´A PR´ACE Zuzana Rulfová Tropické Cyklóny Univerzita Karlova v Praze Matematicko-fyzik´aln´ıfakulta BAKALA´ RSKˇ A´ PRACE´ Zuzana Rulfov´a Tropick´ecykl´ony - co o nich dnes v´ımea jak je um´ımepˇredpov´ıdat Katedra meteorologie a ochrany prostˇred´ı Vedouc´ıbakal´aˇrsk´epr´ace:Mgr. Michal Z´ak,Ph.D.ˇ Studijn´ıprogram: Fyzika Obecn´afyzika 2008 Dˇekujidr. Petru Piˇsoftovi za to, ˇzemˇenauˇcilz´akladypr´aces Teχem. Prohlaˇsuji,ˇzejsem svou bakal´aˇrskou pr´acinapsal(a) samostatnˇea v´yhradnˇes pouˇzit´ım citovan´ych pramen˚u.Souhlas´ımse zap˚ujˇcov´an´ımpr´acea jej´ımzveˇrejˇnov´an´ım. V Praze dne 25. 5. 2008 Zuzana Rulfov´a ii Obsah Uvod´ 1 1 Zivotn´ıcyklusˇ tropick´ecykl´ony 2 1.1 Struktura a velikost . 2 1.2 Podm´ınkypro formov´an´ı . 6 1.3 Mechanismus . 7 1.4 St´adiav´yvoje . 8 1.5 Pohyb a dr´aha. 9 1.6 Zeslaben´ıa z´anik . 10 1.7 Uˇcinky.´ . 11 2 Oblasti v´yskytu 13 2.1 Atlantsk´yoce´an. 13 2.2 Severov´ychodn´ıTich´yoce´an . 15 2.3 Severoz´apadn´ıTich´yoce´an. 15 2.4 Australsko/jihoz´apadn´ıTich´yoce´an . 16 2.5 Jihoz´apadn´ıIndick´yoce´an . 16 2.6 Australsko/jihov´ychodn´ıIndick´yoce´an . 16 2.7 Severn´ıIndick´yoce´an. 17 2.8 Neobvykl´eoblasti v´yskytu . 17 3 Klasifikace a pojmenov´an´ıtropick´ych cykl´on 20 3.1 Klasifikace podle intenzity . 20 3.2 Pojmenov´an´ıtropick´ych cykl´on . 22 iii 4 Sledov´an´ıa pˇredpovˇed' tropick´ych cykl´on 29 4.1 Sledov´an´ı . 29 4.2 Centra pro monitorov´an´ıa pˇredpovˇed' . 31 4.3 Pˇredpovˇed' ................................. 32 4.4 Pˇredpovˇedn´ımodely . 33 4.5 Uspˇeˇsnostpˇredpovˇed´ı.´ . 36 5 Pˇrehledv´yznamn´ych tropick´ych cykl´on 41 5.1 Historick´ez´aznamy . 41 5.2 Rekordy . 42 5.3 Nejsilnˇejˇs´ıtropick´ecykl´ony . 43 Z´avˇer 47 Literatura 48 iv N´azevpr´ace:Tropick´ecykl´ony - co o nich dnes v´ıme a jak je um´ımepˇredpov´ıdat Autor: Zuzana Rulfov´a Katedra (´ustav): Katedra meteorologie a ochrany prostˇred´ı Vedouc´ıbakal´aˇrsk´epr´ace:Mgr. Michal Z´ak,Ph.D.ˇ e-mail vedouc´ıho:Michal.Zak@mff.cuni.cz Abstrakt: Tato pr´aceshrnuje souˇcasn´einformace o ˇzivotn´ımcyklu tropick´ecykl´ony a jej´ıch ´uˇcinc´ıch na moˇria pˇridosaˇzen´ıpevniny. Jsou zde pops´any nejˇcastˇejˇs´ıoblasti v´yskytu,jejich pojmenov´an´ıv jednotliv´ych oblastech a jejich klasifikace podle in- tenzity. D´aleobsahuje sledovac´ıa pˇredpovˇedn´ımetody a jejich ´uspˇeˇsnost.Na konci pr´aceje uveden pˇrehledv´yznamn´ych tropick´ych cykl´on. Kl´ıˇcov´aslova: tropick´acykl´ony, cyklogeneze, pozorov´an´ı,pˇredpovˇed' Title: Tropical cyclones - what do we know about them and how can they be fore- casted? Author: Zuzana Rulfov´a Department: The Department of Meteorology and Environment Protection Supervisor: Mgr. Michal Z´ak,Ph.D.ˇ Supervisor's e-mail address: Michal.Zak@mff.cuni.cz Abstract: This thesis summarizes the recently information about life cycle of tropical cyclone and its effects out at sea and before and after landfall. There are described the most common areas of occurrence of tropical cyclones, their naming in these areas and their intensity classifications. Then this thesis includes observation and forecasting methods and their successfulness. In the end of this thesis is summary of notable tropical cyclones. Keywords: tropical cyclone, cyclogenesis, observation, forecasting v Uvod´ Tropick´acykl´onaje meteorologick´yv´yrazpro syst´emn´ızk´ehotlaku, kter´yje charak- teristick´yokem ve stˇreduobrovsk´erotuj´ıc´ı oblasti oblak˚us vysok´ymirychlostmi vˇetru a prudk´ymisr´aˇzkami. Adjektivum "tropick´y"se vztahuje k zemˇepisn´emu p˚uvodu tˇechto syst´em˚u,kter´ese vytv´aˇr´ı skoro v´yhradnˇev tropick´ych oblastech a rozv´ıj´ıse v mas´ach moˇrsk´ehotropick´ehovzduchu. Slovo ”cykl´ona" popisuje bouˇri cykl´onick´epovahy, kter´aje levotoˇciv´ana severn´ıpolokouli a pravotoˇciv´ana jiˇzn´ıpo- lokouli. V z´avislostina m´ıstˇev´yskytu a s´ılejsou tropick´ecykl´ony naz´yv´any r˚uzn´ymi jm´eny, napˇr´ıklad: hurik´any, tajfuny, cykl´ony, tropick´ebouˇrea tropick´edeprese. Tropick´ecyklony se vyznaˇcuj´ımimoˇr´adn´ymihorizont´aln´ımitlakov´ymigradienty (rozd´ılemtlaku vzduchu na jednotku vodorovn´evzd´alenosti).V jejich stˇredub´yv´a v´yraznˇeniˇzˇs´ıtlak vzduchu neˇzv cyklon´ach mimotropick´ych. Dne 12. 10. 1979 byl v oku tropick´ecyklony, pojmenovan´e Tip, v z´apadn´ımTichomoˇr´ınamˇeˇrentlak vzdu- chu 870 hPa, coˇzje dosud nejniˇzˇs´ına svˇetezmˇeˇren´ahodnota tlaku vzduchu na ´urovni moˇrsk´ehladiny. Tropick´ecykl´ony jsou zn´am´esv´yminiˇciv´ymi´uˇcinky. Zp˚usobuj´ıˇskody na moˇri a zejm´enana pevninˇe.Nejv´ıce ˇskody zp˚usobuj´ı siln´evˇetry, vlny, jenˇzzaplavuj´ı pobˇreˇz´ı,a prudk´edeˇstˇe,jenˇzzp˚usobuj´ız´aplavy ve vnitrozem´ı. 1 Kapitola 1 Zivotn´ıcyklusˇ tropick´ecykl´ony Tropick´acykl´onaje definov´anajako nefront´aln´ısyst´em n´ızk´ehotlaku synoptick´eho mˇeˇr´ıtka, jenˇzse rozv´ıj´ı nad tepl´ymioce´ansk´ymivodami, m´aorganizovanou kon- vekci a pˇretrv´avaj´ıc´ı1 rychlost vˇetrunad 118 km/h.[2] Kaˇzd´acykl´onaje charakteris- tick´asvou promˇenlivost´ıve sv´emˇzivotn´ımcyklu, intenzitˇe,pohybu, velikosti a tak´e sv´ym´uˇcinkem (v´ıtr,bouˇrkov´avlna, z´aplavy atd.). M˚uˇzeˇz´ıttˇrihodiny aˇztˇrit´ydny. Vˇetˇsinouje ˇzivotnost tropick´ecykl´ony pˇetaˇzdeset dn´ı.[1] 1.1 Struktura a velikost Hlavn´ıˇc´astitropick´ecykl´ony jsou oko cykl´ony (eye), stˇenaoka (eyewall) a deˇst'ov´e p´asy(rainbands), kter´em˚uˇzemevidˇetna obr´azku1.1 (pˇrevzat´ehoz [3]). Velikostnˇe mohou dosahovat v pr˚umˇeru kolem 1000 km a na v´yˇskuasi 15 km. Tropick´acykl´onam´aoblast nejniˇzˇs´ıhopˇr´ızemn´ıhu tlaku vzduchu v centru cirku- lace. Pokud dosahuje maxim´aln´ıpˇretrv´avaj´ıc´ırychlost vˇetrunad 119 km/h, m˚uˇze se tato oblast vyvinout v oko cykl´ony. Oko je relativnˇeklidn´aoblast klesaj´ıc´ıho vzduchu zpravidla s jasnou oblohou a se slab´ymproudˇen´ımvzduchu, jenˇzobvykle nepˇresahuje rychlost 24 km/h. Oko je tak´enejteplejˇs´ıoblast´ıtropick´ecykl´ony. Tep- lota vzduchu v oku m˚uˇzeb´ytve v´yˇsce12 km o v´ıcejak 10◦C vyˇsˇs´ıneˇzv okoln´ım 1Svˇetov´a meteorologick´a organizace (WMO) definuje "pˇretrv´avaj´ıc´ı v´ıtr” jako v´ıtr s zpr˚umˇerovanou rychlost´ıalespoˇnz 10 minut. Tuto definici pouˇz´ıv´avˇetˇsinazem´ı.Nicm´enˇe,nˇekolik m´alozem´ıpouˇz´ıv´ajin´edefinice, napˇr´ıkladv USA se za pˇretrv´avaj´ıc´ıvˇetrypovaˇzuj´ı1-minutov´e pr˚umˇeryvˇetrumˇeˇren´ehov 10 metrech nad povrchem. 2 Obr´azek1.1: Rezˇ cykl´onou:oko cykl´ony (eye), stˇenaoka (eyewall) a deˇst'ov´ep´asy (rainbands) prostˇred´ı.Ale u povrchu je teplejˇs´ıpouze o 0{2◦C. Velikost oka m˚uˇzedosahovat od 8 km do 200 km, ale nejˇcastˇejipolomˇerb´yv´a30{60 km.[3, 4] Proˇcse vytv´aˇr´ıoko cykl´ony zat´ımjeˇstˇenen´ıpˇresnˇezn´amo,ale pravdˇepodobnˇeje to zp˚usobeno kombinac´ıodstˇrediv´es´ılya z´akona zachov´an´ımomentu hybnosti. C´ımˇ je vzduch bl´ıˇzek centru rotace, t´ımm´avˇetˇs´ırychlost, a pokud se bl´ızko centra nahro- mad´ıvelk´amasa rotuj´ıc´ıhovzduchu, je vytl´aˇcenaz centra rotace d´ıkyodstˇrediv´es´ıle, ˇc´ımˇzvznikne oko cykl´ony. Siln´yvtok vzduchov´ehmoty ve stˇredutropick´ecikl´ony zp˚usobujevystupuj´ıc´ıproudy bl´ızko centra, kter´emohou dosahovat v´yˇsek16{32 km. C´ımˇzseˇ kolem oka vytvoˇr´ıstˇenaoka. Rychl´arotace d´alevytv´aˇr´ıpodtlak vzduchu v centru, kter´ypak zp˚usobuje,ˇzeˇc´astvzduchu, jenˇzvystoup´ına vrchol stˇeny oka se pak vrac´ızpˇeta kles´aokem cykl´ony, ˇc´ımˇznahrazuje ztr´aty vzduchov´ehmoty bl´ızko centra. Toto klesaj´ıc´ıproudˇen´ızamezuje vytv´aˇren´ıoblak˚u, takˇzeje v oku cykl´ony zpravidla jasn´aobloha.[3] Oko cykl´ony je obklopeno hust´ymprstencem z vysok´ych mrak˚udruhu cumulo- nimbus, jenˇztvoˇr´ı stˇenu oka. Je to nejnebezpeˇcnˇejˇs´ıˇc´asttropick´ecykl´ony, protoˇzese zde vyskytuj´ıty nejsilnˇejˇs´ıvˇetrya jsou zde v´yrazn´esr´aˇzky, jak je vidˇetna obr´azku1.2 3 Obr´azek1.2: Satelitn´ısn´ımekcykl´onu Rosita (Broome, duben 2000 ) s patrn´ymvyvi- nut´ymokem obklopen´ymstˇenouoka s v´yrazn´ymisr´aˇzkami (pˇrevzatoz [5]). Zmˇeny ve struktuˇreoka a stˇenˇeoka mohou zp˚usobitzmˇeny v rychlosti vˇetru,jenˇz je ukazatelem s´ılybouˇre.U siln´ych bouˇr´ıse obvykle vyskytuj´ıcykly nahrazov´an´ı stˇeny oka. Kdyˇztropick´acykl´onados´ahnevrcholn´eintenzity, stˇenaoka a oblast ma- xim´aln´ıch vˇetr˚use uzav´ıraj´ıdo mal´eoblasti (kolem 10{25 km). Vnˇejˇs´ıdeˇst'ov´ep´asy se mohou seskupit do vnˇejˇs´ıho prstence oblak˚u,kter´yse pomalu pohybuje smˇerem k centru tropick´ecykl´ony a oslabuje vnitˇrn´ı stˇenu oka (viz obr´azek1.3 pˇrevzat´y z [4]). Kdyˇzse oslab´ıtato vnitˇrn´ıstˇena,oslab´ıse i cel´atropick´ecykl´ona(tj. sn´ıˇz´ıse maxim´aln´ırychlosti vzduchu a vzroste tlak v centru bouˇre).Vnˇejˇs´ıstˇenapak zcela nahrad´ıvnitˇrn´ıa bouˇreznovu nabude na s´ıle,kterou mˇelapˇredt´ımnebo i vˇetˇs´ı.[4] 4 Obr´azek1.3: Nahrazovac´ıcyklus stˇeny oka Deˇst'ov´ep´asy jsou spir´alovit´ep´asyoblak˚u,jenˇzsmˇeremod centra bouˇresl´abnou. V tˇechto p´asech se vyskytuj´ısiln´evˇetrya sr´aˇzkov´aˇcinnost.Mezi jednotliv´ymip´asy se nach´azej´ı"mezery", coˇzjsou oblasti bez sr´aˇzeka s mal´ymirychlostmi vˇetru.[3] Deˇst'ov´ep´asyjsou vlastnˇep´asyuspoˇr´adan´ekonvekce. Tepl´ya vlhk´yvzduch se nad hladinou moˇresb´ıh´a,vystupuje pˇresdeˇst'ov´ep´asy, nahoˇrediverguje a po obou stran´ach p´as˚uopˇetsestupuje. Pˇrisestupu vzduchu doch´az´ık adiabatick´emu ohˇr´ıv´an´ı, pˇrinˇemˇzse vzduch vysuˇsuje.Protoˇzeje subsidence koncentrovan´ana vnitˇrn´ıstranˇe p´as˚u,a t´ımje zde i silnˇejˇs´ıadiabatick´eohˇr´ıv´an´ıvzduchu, vznik´auvnitˇrp´as˚uvelk´y pokles tlaku, kter´aje zp˚usoben t´ım,ˇzetepl´yvzduch na jedn´estranˇep´asuje lehˇc´ı neˇzstudenˇejˇs´ıvzduch na druh´estranˇe.Kv˚ulipoklesu tlaku na vnitˇrn´ıstranˇep´asuse v tropick´ecykl´onˇezvˇetˇsujetlakov´ygradient a d´ıkynˇemu roste teˇcn´asloˇzka rychlosti 5 vˇetru.[4] Velikost tropick´ecykl´ony se d´acharakterizovat pomoc´ınˇekolika mˇeˇr´ıtek.Jedna m´ıravelikosti tropick´ych cykl´onje urˇcen´amˇeˇren´ımvzd´alenostinejkrajnˇejˇs´ıuzavˇren´e izobary od centra cirkulace, tak´ezn´am´ejako ROCI (Radius of Outer Closed Isobar).
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