Fy-4A Lmi 对超强台风山竹(2018)闪电活动的观测及其与wwlln

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Fy-4A Lmi 对超强台风山竹(2018)闪电活动的观测及其与wwlln 1 Citation: Zhang, W. J., W. Hui, W. T. Lyu, et al., 2020: FY-4A LMI observed lightning 2 activity in Super Typhoon Mangkhut (2018) in comparison with WWLLN data. J. Meteor. 3 Res., 34(2), 336–352, doi: 10.1007/s13351-020-9500-4 4 5 FY-4A LMI 对超强台风山竹(2018)闪电活动的观测及其与 * 6 WWLLN 的对比 7 张文娟 1,2 惠雯 2 吕伟涛 1 曹冬杰 2 李鹏飞 3 郑栋 1 方翔 2 张义军 4 8 ZHANG Wenjuan1,2 HUI Wen2 LYU Weitao1 CAO Dongjie2 LI Pengfei3 9 ZHENG Dong1 FANG Xiang2 ZHANG Yijun4 10 1. 中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室,北京,100081 11 2. 中国气象局中国遥感卫星辐射测量和定标重点开放实验室,国家卫星气象中心,北京, 100081 12 3. 黑龙江省生态气象中心,哈尔滨,150030 13 4. 复旦大学大气科学学院,上海,200438 14 1. State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China 15 2. Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites,National Satellite 16 Meteorological Center, Beijing, 100081, China 17 3. Ecological and meteorological center of Heilongjiang, Harbin, 150030, China 18 4. Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China 19 20 Abstract Using lightning observations from the Fengyun-4A Lightning Mapping Imager (FY-4A LMI), * 资助项目:国家重点研发计划(2017YFC1501502)、中国气象局中国遥感卫星辐射测量和定标重点开放 实验室开放课题《基于 FY-4 LMI 的台风闪电活动特征研究》、国家自然科学基金项目(41405004、41875001)。 通讯作者:张文娟,主要从事雷暴电学研究。E-mail: [email protected] 1 21 best-track data from China Meteorological Administration, bright temperature (TBB) data from Himawari-8 22 satellite and composite reflectivity (CR) data from the South China radar network, this study investigates the 23 temporal and spatial distribution of lightning activity and convective evolution during the landfall of Super 24 Typhoon Mangkhut, the strongest landing typhoon in China in 2018. Three stages of active total lightning are 25 observed and different lightning characteristics between the inner core and the outer rainbands are present. The 26 onset of inner-core lightning outbreak is about 4 h ahead of the maximum intensity of the storm, providing 27 indicative information on typhoon intensity change. Lightning rates in the outer rainbands increase rapidly 12 h 28 before the landfall and lightning activity is mainly confined in the outer rainbands after the landfall. A good 29 correlation in hourly variation is shown between lightning rates from the LMI and TBBs from the satellite. The 30 averaged TBB within the inner core reaches its minimum (-80℃) when the inner-core lightning outbreak occurs, 31 indicating the occurrence and enhancement of deep convection there. Lightning locations observed by the LMI has 32 a good spatial correspondence with regions of low TBBs and high CRs, revealing the monitoring capability of the 33 LMI to lightning activity and deep convection in landing typhoons. Comparisons between the World Wide 34 Lightning Location Network and the LMI reveal that the spatial distribution, temporal evolution, and radial pattern 35 of lightning activity in Mangkhut observed by the two systems are consistent. Furthermore, due to the detection 36 capability of total lightning, the LMI has advantages in revealing the higher ratio of intra-cloud lightning within 37 the inner core in typhoon. The continuous and real-time observation of FY-4A LMI provides an unprecedented 38 platform for monitoring total lightning and deep convection in landing typhoons in China, which will promote the 39 generation of new research and applications in the future. 40 Key words FY-4A, LMI, Landfall typhoon, WWLLN, Mangkhut 41 2 42 摘 要 基于风云四号 A 星闪电成像仪(FY-4A LMI)对 2018 年超强台风山竹登陆过程闪电活动的观测,结 43 合中国气象局台风最佳路径资料、Himawari-8 卫星高分辨率亮温资料和华南区域组网雷达组合反射率资料, 44 详细分析了台风全闪电活动的时空分布特征及其与台风对流演变的关系。结果表明:台风登陆期间闪电活 45 动呈现三个活跃期,且内核和外雨带闪电活动特征存在差异。内核闪电爆发的开始时刻提前台风最大强度 46 约 4 h,表明了内核闪电对台风强度变化的指示作用。外雨带闪电在登陆前 12 h 迅速增强,登陆后闪电活 47 动主要集中在外雨带。台风闪电频次与卫星观测的云顶亮温在时序演变上存在较好的相关性。内核闪电爆 48 发时亮温达到最低值(-80℃),表明内核区域对流的增强和深对流的发生。LMI 观测的闪电与卫星观测的 49 云顶亮温低值区以及雷达观测的组合反射率强回波区具有较好的空间对应关系,验证了 LMI 对台风闪电以 50 及强对流活动具有较好的监测能力。此外,结合全球闪电定位网(WWLLN)比较了两种探测系统对山竹 51 闪电活动观测的异同,发现 LMI 和 WWLLN 观测的台风闪电活动空间分布特征和时序演变特征较为一致, 52 闪电频次之间存在较好的相关性。由于卫星的全闪电观测能力,LMI 在揭示台风内核较高比例的云闪活动 53 方面具有优势。FY-4A LMI 为我国登陆台风的全闪电和对流活动提供了实时和连续的监测,在未来将有大 54 量新的研究和应用。 55 关键词 风云四号,闪电成像仪,登陆台风,全球闪电定位网,山竹 56 1 引 言 57 随着探测技术的进步和对台风机理的深入理解,台风路径预报已取得较大进展,但强度 58 预报的准确性仍有待进一步提高(Marks, et al, 1998; DeMaria, et al, 2014)。台风强度的变化 59 不仅与大尺度的环流背景和动力过程有关,还受到其内部中小尺度强对流的影响(Guimond, 60 et al, 2010; Wadler, et al, 2018)。然而目前大多数观测平台(如地基观测、飞机观测、极轨 61 卫星)并不能对台风中的小尺度单体的爆发和增强进行持续观测(特别是海上),因此限制 62 了这种小尺度物理过程所导致的台风快速增强的预报(Fierro, et al, 2011)。 63 闪电活动与雷暴动力、微物理过程以及降水结构紧密相联(Petersen, et al, 1999)。云 3 64 内粒子特别是混合相态区的冰相粒子是电荷的主要载体,在一定的动力、微物理过程作用下, 65 产生电荷分离从而形成闪电(Williams, 1988)。闪电位置能够准确指示台风中小尺度对流 66 运动和强上升气流的位置(Molinari, et al, 1994)。闪电活动的增强能够预示台风中霰或冰 67 雹粒子体积的增加,进而表征对流的发展(Fierro, et al, 2007)。因此,对台风闪电活动的 68 探测为台风对流结构的认识提供了一种新的观测资料和方法。闪电探测与雷达、卫星等观测 69 手段的结合,有助于台风对流结构和强度变化的更加全面认识。 70 以往有关热带气旋闪电活动的观测主要利用地基长基线全球闪电定位网,如 WWLLN 71 (Rodger, et al, 2004)和 GLD360(Holle, et al, 2016)。这些观测增进了对台风闪电时空分 72 布特征及其与气旋强度变化关系的理解(Price, et al, 2009;潘伦湘等,2010;Abarca,et al, 73 2011;DeMaria,et al,2012;Zhang, et al, 2015;王芳等,2017),并发现内核闪电活动的 74 增强与台风强度变化具有正相关(Squires and Businger, 2008; Stevenson, et al, 2014; 75 Susca-Lopata, et al, 2015; Zhang, et al, 2015)。但是,地基全球闪电定位网工作在甚低频段, 76 以地闪探测为主且探测效率较低,而大量观测发现云闪占全闪(云闪和地闪)的比例更高, 77 因此限制了对台风闪电活动的全面深入理解。 78 卫星闪电成像观测开启了全球(陆地和海洋)热带气旋全闪电活动监测的新时代。由于 79 全闪与雷暴对流属性(如霰和冰雹数量、上升气流体积、最大垂直速度等)关系更加密切 80 (Carey and Rutledge, 1996; Lang and Rutledge, 2002),因此卫星被认为是监测全球热带气 81 旋闪电活动的最佳平台(陈洪滨和吕达仁, 2001; Albrecht, et al, 2016)。利用热带测雨卫星 82 (TRMM)搭载的低轨闪电成像仪(Lightning Imaging Sensor,LIS)数据,一些学者从另 83 一角度指出台风增强与内核闪电呈负相关,而外雨带闪电与气旋增强关系更密切(DeMaria, 84 et al, 2012; Stevenson, et al, 2016; Xu, et al, 2017)。这种结论不一致的原因可能与观测系统的 85 闪电探测类型和探测效率差异有关。最近研究表明,热带气旋内核和外雨带存在不同的闪电 4 86 类型,外雨带以地闪活动为主(Griffin, et al, 2014),而内核可能具有更大的云闪比例(Fierro, 87 et al, 2018)。目前为止,闪电活动特别是内核闪电与台风强度变化、对流演变之间尚未建 88 立起一个明确的、系统的关系。只有地基和空基闪电探测相结合的综合观测,才能建立具有 89 代表性的闪电活动-气旋强度-结构变化的关系模型,进而加深对闪电和台风的全面认识。 90 风云四号 A 星(Fengyun-4A,FY-4A)闪电成像仪(Lightning Mapping Imager,LMI; 91 Yang, et al, 2017)为我国登陆台风的全闪和对流活动提供了前所未有的实时性、连续性观测 92 资料。那么,台风登陆过程中,LMI 观测的全闪活动具有怎样的时空分布特征?与以往基 93 于地闪观测的结果存在哪些异同?闪电活动与台风登陆过程的对流演变具有怎样的关系? 94 针对以上问题,本文以 2018 年最强登陆台风山竹为例,对 LMI 观测的台风闪电时空分布特 95 征及其与对流演变的关系进行了详细研究,并结合 WWLLN 闪电定位资料进一步开展比较, 96 以检验 LMI 对我国登陆台风闪电活动的监测以及对台风强对流的追踪和指示能力。 97 2 FY-4A LMI 简介 98 静止卫星闪电成像仪被认为是闪电探测最有效的技术手段,能够实现对雷暴活动的连续、 99 实时监测。截至目前,全球发射升空的静止卫星闪电成像仪有两个:美国新一代静止卫星 100 GOES-R 闪电成像仪(Geostationary Lightning Mapper,GLM)和中国新一代静止卫星 FY-4 101 闪电成像仪(LMI)。GLM 于 2016 年 11 月发射升空,其任务目标是监测、指示和跟踪西 102 半球大部分区域的闪电活动、灾害性天气以及风暴强度,并提高龙卷的早期预警时间 103 (Goodman, et al, 2013)。由于闪电已被指定为全球气候观测系统基本气候参量(Aich et al, 104 2018),GLM 更加注重对闪电气候特征及其变化的观测,以建立一个长期的、连续的全球 105 光学闪电数据集(Rudlosky, et al, 2019)。 106 我国新一代静止气象卫星风云四号 A 星于 2016 年 12 月成功发射,经过近一年的在轨 107 测试和评估,于 2017 年 9 月正式投入业务运行。FY-4A LMI 是我国首次研制和星载的卫星 5 108 闪电成像仪(黄富祥,2007),实现了对亚洲、大洋洲区域的静止轨道闪电持续观测(Yang, 109 et al, 2017)。LMI 选取 777.4 nm 作为探测波长,采用 1 nm 带宽超窄带滤光片,通过双镜 110 头拼接实现大视场覆盖;采用 400×600 像素 CCD 面阵探测器,成像速率设为 500 帧/秒, 111 以最大程度地减少闪电脉冲分裂;针对典型雷暴单体对应的云顶照明区域范围,星下点空间 112 分辨率设为 7.8 km;星上实时事件处理器可在 2 ms 内按像元完成焦面数据的多帧背景去除 113 和闪电事件提取,每帧输出闪电事件的上限为 120 个(梁华等,2017)。LMI 设计的闪电 114 事件探测效率大于 90%,虚警率小于 10%,定位精度优于 1 个像元(黄富祥,2007)。LMI 115 通过实时背景评估(惠雯等,2016)、虚假信号滤除(惠雯等,2015)和聚类分析算法(曹 116 冬杰,2016),生成包含“事件(event)”,“组(group)”和“闪电(flash)”的发生时间、 117 位置和强度(能量密度)等信息的闪电探测产品。LMI 观测视场覆盖中国及其邻近海域(图 118 1),能够对观测区域内包括云闪、云间闪、云地闪在内的全闪电进行探测,实现对雷暴系 119 统发生、发展的连续、长时间和大范围实时监测,将对中国及其沿海地区强对流天气的监测 120 和预警提供重要信息。 121 6 122 图 1 FY-4A LMI 观测范围示意图 (黄富祥和惠雯,2014) 123 Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of observation range of FY-4A LMI (Huang and Hui, 2014) 124 3 数据和方法 125 3.1 闪电数据 126 本文使用的闪电数据包括 FY-4A LMI 观测的全闪数据和 WWLLN 观测的回击数据。 127 FY-4A LMI 闪电数据使用 L2 级一分钟闪电产品,包括事件(event)、组(group)和闪电 128 (flash)的发生时间、持续时间、辐射中心位置、辐射强度、面积等参数,以及卫星姿态等 129 信息。Event 是 LMI 获得的基本闪电探测单元,实时事件处理器通过将背景减光后的辐射与 130 阈值进行对比,提取超过阈值的像元判定为 event。Event 经过聚类-滤除算法将发光事件聚 131 类为 group 和 flash 产品。 132 全球闪电定位网(World Wide Lightning Location Network, WWLLN, http://wwlln.net/)于 133 2004 年由美国华盛顿大学建立,到目前为止该站网全球有超过 70 个站点(Hutchins,et al, 134 2013)对闪电活动进行实时、连续监测。站网探测闪电产生的甚低频(VLF,3-30 kHz)电 135 磁辐射信号,并采用组合时间到达法(TOGA)确定闪电发生的位置。通过 GPS 获得 VLF 136 信号到达各测站的精确时间,每个测站对所测波形进行分析处理,并将到达时间实时发送至 137 中心站。当至少有 5 个站探测到同一个 VLF 信号时,中心站对闪电进行定位,并给出闪电 138 发生的时间、经度和纬度信息(Rodger,et al,2004)。WWLLN 可以同时探测峰值电流超 139 过 30 kA 的地闪和云闪(Jacobson,et al,2006),但由于地闪峰值电流通常比云闪大,因 140 此对地闪的探测效率高于云闪(Abarca,et al,2010)。近些年随着站点数量的增加以及定 141 位算法的升级,WWLLN 探测性能不断提高,其站网平均定位误差约 5 km,探测效率约 11% 142 (Hutchins,et al,2013;Virts,et al,2013)。本文使用 WWLLN 探测的回击(stroke)数 143 据时对其进行归闪(flash),选用的时间和空间阈值为 0.5 s 和 30 km(Fan,et al,2018)。 144 对台风不同区域闪电进行界定时,依据美国联合预警中心(JTWC)的风圈半径资料。 7 145 结合卫星云图和雷达回波的分析发现,山竹台风的尺寸大致与七级风圈相当,内核大致与其 146 十二级风圈相当,外雨带大致位于其十级风圈至七级风圈之间的区域。根据以上区域划分原 147 则,确定了随时间变化的台风、内核和外雨带的实际半径范围及其闪电活动。台风山竹登陆 148 期间,其半径变化范围为 426.2~556.0 km,该径向范围与前人研究相一致(Corbosiero and 149 Molinari, 2002, 2003; Abarca,et al,2011; DeMaria,et al,2012; Zhang,et al,2015; Xu,et al, 150 2017; Fierro,et al,2018)。 151 3.2 台风数据 152 超强台风山竹(Mangkhut,第 1822 号)于 2018 年 9 月 7 日 12 时(世界时,下同)在 153 西北太平洋生成,11 日 00 时增强为超强台风,15 日凌晨穿过菲律宾吕宋岛后进入南海并向 154 西北向移动,于 16 日 09 时在广东省江门市登陆(中心最低气压 960 hPa,最大维持风速 42 155 m s-1),登陆后强度逐渐减弱,17 日 12 时在广西境内停止编号。山竹是 2018 年登陆我国 156 最强的台风,造成广东、广西、海南等地大范围强降雨。 157 台风位置和强度信息来源于中国气象局上海台风所的最佳路径资料集 158 (http://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn/)。该资料集提供了每 6 h(或 3h)间隔的台风中心位置、时 159 间(年/月/日/时)、中心最低气压(hPa)和近中心最大风速(m s-1)。利用三次样条插值 160 法得到每小时的台风强度和位置信息。研究时段为台风进入 LMI 观测视场至台风停编,即 161 2018 年 9 月 14 日 00 时至 9 月 17 日 12 时,整个登陆过程共 85 h。研究时段的台风最佳路 162 径和强度以及 LMI 观测视场范围如图 2。 8 163 164 图 2 超强台风山竹(2018)研究时段内的最佳路径和强度以及 LMI 观测视场范围 165 (研究时段为 2018 年 9 月 14 日 00 时至 9 月 17 日 12 时,彩色线表示台风不同强度等级,粗黑线表示 LMI 166 观测视场范围) 167 Fig.2 Best tracks and
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