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Ethnographic Perspectives on Resilience to Climate Variability in Pacific Island Countries

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Ethnographic Perspectives on Resilience to Climate Variability in Pacific Island Countries Ethnographic Perspectives on Resilience To Climate Variability in Pacific Island Countries (APN Project Ref: 2001-11) Final Activity Report Jon Barnett1 and Mark Busse2 1After Feb 1 2After Feb 1 School of Anthropology, Geography Department of Anthropology and Environmental Studies University of Auckland University of Melbourne 3010 Private Bag 92019 Victoria, Australia Auckland, New Zealand Ph: +61 3 8344 6339 Ph: +64 9 373-7599 x8535 Fax: +61 3 8344 4972 Fax: +64 9 373-7441 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Table of contents Summary 2 Background 5 Activities Conducted 7 Outcomes 9 Future Directions 11 Appendix 1: Workshop Programme 12 Appendix 2: List of Participants 16 Appendix 3: Participant Survey Summary 24 Appendix 4: Summary of Findings 28 Appendix 5: Media Report and Releases 32 Appendix 6: Workshop Abstracts 41 2 Summary Climate variability and extreme events already have adverse effects on the Pacific Islands, and it is the possibility of increased frequency and/or intensity of these due to climate change that now most concerns policymakers.1 In recent times the 1997-98 El Nino caused widespread drought and subsequent famine in the islands west of the international dateline, with agricultural losses in Fiji valued at US$65 million, and some 260,000 people in Papua New Guinea placed in a life threatening condition due to depleted food supply.2 In the same period there was an increased frequency of tropical cyclones east of the international dateline. The Cook Islands experienced 17 tropical cyclones, the most recorded in a season.3 Cyclones are particularly problematic and have caused massive financial losses; cyclone Ofa which struck Western Samoa in 1990 caused US$110 million worth of damage, as did cyclone Kina which struck Fiji in 1993.4,5 As well as wind damage and damage from increased rainfall and flooding, cyclones induce storm surges which can reach up to six meters in height, far in excess of the maximum height of atolls. For example, in 1987 a cyclone and storm surge struck Tokelau, bringing waves that swept across the islands and flooding of up to a meter on the island of Fakaofo.6 These surges will be greater if superimposed on elevated sea-levels, and greater still if cyclone intensity increases due to climate change.7 Successful adaptation to climate change requires understanding and enhancement of people’s strategies to prepare for, respond to, and recover from extreme events such as these. 1 McCarthy, J. Canziani, O. Leary, N. Dokken, D. White, K. (eds) 2001. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation & Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2 WMO (World Meteorological Organization). 1999. The 1997-1998 El Nino Event: A Scientific and Technical Retrospective. WMO, Geneva. 3 WMO ibid 4 Olsthoorn, A., Maunder, W. and Tol, R. 1999. Tropical Cyclones in the Southwest Pacific: Impacts on Pacific Island Countries With Particular Reference to Fiji, in Downing, T., Olsthoorn, A. and Tol, R. (eds.) Climate, Change and Risk. Routledge, London and New York: 221-244. 5 Campbell, J. 1998. Consolidating Mutual Assistance in Disaster Management Within the Pacific: Principles and Application, in South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (ed.) Seventh South Pacific Regional IDNDR Disaster Management Meeting. South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission, Suva: 61-71. 6 Hooper, A. 1990. Tokelau, in New Zealand Ministry for Environment (ed), Climate Change: Impacts on New Zealand. Auckland: 210-214. 7 Olsthoorn et al op cit. 3 The APN project ‘Ethnographic Perspectives on Resilience To Climate Variability in Pacific Island Countries’ sought to improve understanding of the ways in which local communities prepare for, manage, and recover from climatic perturbations. APN funding was used to bring together researchers and policymakers from across the Pacific to a workshop on the subject of local strategies and practices that support resilience to climate variability. The project capitalised on existing knowledge in the Pacific region rather than initiating further research. An outstanding feature of the project was the involvement of participants with long-term knowledge of places and people that have experienced climate variability in the past. The workshop was held at the Paefika Inn in Apia, Samoa, on December 4-6 2001. Its aims were: • To improve understanding and share awareness of the ways in which communities have prepared for, managed, and recovered from climate perturbations similar to those that are expected to occur with climate change. • To bring together social science researchers and climate change policymakers from across the Pacific region to a workshop to enhance dialogue and share understanding of strategies for resilience to climate variability. • To improve the quality of information feeding into policies for adaptation to climate change and climate variability. In addition to discussing local strategies for managing climate variability, considerable discussion was given over to the meaning and practice of adaptation in Pacific Island Countries, the difficulties of adaptation policy, issues of migration and resttlement, the role and contribution of traditional knowledge, health, comprehensive government policy integration, and means of outreach to local communities. The workshop has established a network of social scientists, climate change researchers, and climate change policy officers in the region. It also advanced understanding of the human dimensions of climate variability and climate change in the region, commenced regional discussions of human dimensions of climate change and variability; and attracted widespread media coverage thus raising the profile of climate change issues in the region (Appendix 5). 4 Background Pacific Island Countries have been identified as being particularly vulnerable to climate change. This is recognised by both the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is well established that island communities are extremely vulnerable to extreme events such as droughts, cyclones, floods and storm surges. Most analysts and modellers consider that these are increasing in intensity as a function of climate change, and droughts and floods are expected to increase in frequency as well.8 Successful adaptation to climate change requires understanding and enhancement of people’s strategies to prepare for, respond to, and recover from extreme events. This ability to cope with such sudden changes and still persist is termed ‘resilience’. In short, the human dimensions of weather-related disasters in the Pacific are not well known, but are of increasing importance due to climate change. The IPCC refers to the need for more information on local coping strategies under the ambit of ‘traditional knowledge and skills’, which are seen as ‘vital resources’ for adaptation.9 In their review of the ten Pacific Island Countries’ National Communications to the UNFCCC, Hay and Sem argue that to improve policy and decision making ‘more needs to be known about the extreme events … and how natural and human systems will respond to changes in the magnitude and frequency of extreme events’.10 Further support comes from the Alliance of Small Island States’1999 workshop on the Clean Development Mechanism and the Kyoto Protocol (Majuro 14-16 July 1999), which developed a list of capacity building needs which included the need for case studies of extreme weather events, and the identification and promotion of traditional knowledge, skills and practices which enhance adaptation. Finally, the most recent and comprehensive statement on capacity building and research needs in the South Pacific is the draft Pacific Island’s Framework for Action on Climate Change, Climate Variability and Sea Level Rise, which identifies the following as a priority action: 8 Cyclones are predicted to be more intense (if not more frequent) and a more El Niño-like mean- state is expected. See Jones, 1999, An Analysis of the Effects of the Kyoto Protocol on Pacific Island Countries. Apia: CSIRO and SPREP. 9 See Nurse, McLean, et al, 1998, ‘Small Island States’, pp. 336-354 in The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Working Group II of the IPCC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10 Hay and Sem, 1999, Evaluation and Regional Synthesis of National Assessments of Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change, prepared for SPREP. 5 Further research is required to link historical and anecdotal information as evidenced in many communities in the region to climate change, variability and sea-level rise … relevant local data is particularly critical for enhancing the understanding of impacts. While adopting a broad, multidisciplinary social science approach—drawing on data gathered by geographers, archaeologists, and anthropologists—this project has utilised insights from ethnographic research to contribute both to understanding of social resilience to climate change and to the development of social policies related to adaptation to climate change. Ethnography, with its emphasis on long-term fieldwork and its privileging of local and indigenous perspectives, provides a high degree of social contextualisation and good data reliability which is critical for developing adaptation policies. The project has thus helped bridge an identified gap in research by scoping, synthesising and communicating to policy makers existing knowledge about resilience to extreme events, as well as further
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