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Impacts of Global Changes on Biological Invasions and Interspecific Hybridization Within the Tetramorium Caespitum Ant Species Complex Marion Cordonnier

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Impacts of Global Changes on Biological Invasions and Interspecific Hybridization Within the Tetramorium Caespitum Ant Species Complex Marion Cordonnier Impacts of global changes on biological invasions and interspecific hybridization within the Tetramorium caespitum ant species complex Marion Cordonnier To cite this version: Marion Cordonnier. Impacts of global changes on biological invasions and interspecific hybridization within the Tetramorium caespitum ant species complex. Ecology, environment. Université de Lyon, 2018. English. NNT : 2018LYSE1243. tel-02275797 HAL Id: tel-02275797 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02275797 Submitted on 2 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1G¶RUGUH117/<6( THESE de DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE DE LYON opérée au sein de l’Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ecole Doctorale 341 Evolution, Ecosystèmes, Microbiologie, Modélisation Spécialité de doctorat : Biologie Evolutive, Biologie des Populations, Ecophysiologie Impacts of global changes on biological invasions and interspecific hybridization within the Tetramorium caespitum ant species complex Soutenue publiquement le 26/11/2018, par Marion Cordonnier Devant le jury composé de : Pierre-André Crochet DR, CEFE, Université de Montpellier Rapporteur Carole Kerdelhué DR, INRA, Université de Montpellier Rapporteur Emmanuel Desouhant PR, LBBE, Université Lyon 1 Examinateur Laurence Després PR, LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes Examinatrice Patrizia d’Ettorre PR, LEEC, Université Paris 13 Examinatrice Sébastien Devillard MCF, LBBE, Université Lyon 1 Examinateur Gilles Escarguel MCF, LEHNA, Université Lyon 1 Directeur de thèse Bernard Kaufmann MCF, LEHNA, Université Lyon 1 Co-directeur de thèse GLOBAL CHANGES PROMOTE BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION An integrated study within the Tetramorium caespitum ant species complex Avant-Propos / Foreword Cette thèse a bénéficié d’une bourse doctorale de recherche financée par l’école doctorale E2M2 et d’un soutien financier de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche via le LABEX IMU de l’Université de Lyon (ANR-10-LABX-0088), le programme "Investissements d’Avenir" IDEX Lyon (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) et le projet GEOSUD (ANR-10-EWPX-20). Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur des problématiques globales s’inscrivant dans le prolongement de travaux conduits à l’échelle internationale -- concernant notamment l’espèce invasive Tetramorium immigrans - - et nécessitant de fait l'intégration de ces recherches aux niveaux européen et international. Afin d'en faciliter la restitution et d’assurer son accessibilité et sa plus large diffusion, elle est donc rédigée en anglais. This thesis has benefited from a doctoral research grant funded by the E2M2 doctoral school and from a financial support from the National Research Agency via the LABEX IMU of the University of Lyon (ANR-10-LABX-0088 ), the " Investissements d’Avenir" IDEX Lyon program (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) and the GEOSUD project (ANR-10-EWPX-20). This thesis deals with global issues and is a continuation of work carried out internationally, particularly concerning the invasive species Tetramorium immigrans, requiring the integration of this research at European and international levels. To ensure their accessibility by the scientific community and their wide dissemination, this doctoral thesis is written in English to facilitate the restitution of this work. i GLOBAL CHANGES PROMOTE BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION An integrated study within the Tetramorium caespitum ant species complex Short abstract Climate change, urbanization, biological invasions and interspecific hybridization are among the greatest current threats to biodiversity; their impacts could increase by the end of the 21st century. The objective of this thesis was to assess their interactive effects in ant species of the Tetramorium caespitum complex from the Rhône-Saône valley, France. Using a broad diversity of concepts and tools from biogeography, population genetics, landscape ecology, behavioral biology and chemical ecology, I investigated samples from almost two thousand colonies from five Tetramorium species including T. immigrans and T. caespitum cryptic species. Both climate and urbanization limited the ranges of these species, and urbanization impacted their distributions simultaneously at several spatial scales. The occurrence probabilities of T. immigrans depended on the interaction between climatic and urban factors. Four genetically distinct populations of T. immigrans resulted of several introductions from external sources, making it likely not native to Southeastern France, at least in the northernmost urban areas. The detection of nuclear DNA backcrosses and mitochondrial-nuclear DNA discordance between T. immigrans and T. caespitum suggested that hybridization lead to fertile offspring. Differentiated cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and heightened interspecific aggression against heterospecific revealed well-differentiated species recognition cues. These species presented a monogyne/polyandrous mating system, in which hybrid queens but no hybrid fathers contributed to hybrid offspring. So far, studies on interspecific hybridization have only occasionally been concerned with concepts such as global change or biological invasion. These concepts themselves are infrequently studied together, and their interactive effects are totally overlooked in current literature. Taking these interrelationships into account and exploring multiple scales are essential to better understand the processes that generate patterns of genetic exchange. The joint study of polyandry and species discrimination mechanisms within a hybrid zone is unprecedented and offers the opportunity to investigate the selective processes involved in the evolution of interspecific mating. Many other systems could and should be investigated in the light of these results, which strongly suggest an integrated exploration of the many global changes facing biodiversity and human populations today. Keywords: Aggressive behavior, Biological invasion, Chemical communication, Climate, Gene flow, Global changes, Interspecific hybridization, Introgression, Landscape genetics, Mating system, Pavement ant, Species distribution, Tetramorium sp., Urbanization ii GLOBAL CHANGES PROMOTE BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION An integrated study within the Tetramorium caespitum ant species complex Résumé détaillé Le changement climatique, l'urbanisation, les invasions biologiques et l'hybridation interspécifique constituent pour la biodiversité l'une des plus grandes menaces actuelles, et leurs impacts pourraient fortement augmenter d'ici la fin du 21ème siècle. Ces problèmes environnementaux sont souvent considérés comme résultant d’accumulations de phénomènes indépendants ayant de multiples causes. Cependant, changements globaux, invasions biologiques et hybridation interspécifique sont étroitement liés et aggravés par l’expansion des activités humaines. Parmi les changements globaux, les changements climatiques et l’urbanisation sont des facteurs déterminants de la répartition des espèces et constituent donc une menace sérieuse pour la persistance des espèces. Les invasions biologiques sont également une cause majeure de préoccupation pour la conservation, notamment du fait de la propension des humains à disperser des espèces non indigènes, un phénomène qui pourrait surpasser la sélection et la dispersion naturelles. Ces impacts de l’homme sur son environnement sont à l’origine de nouvelles possibilités d’hybridation entre des espèces auparavant allopatriques qui se sont déplacées et se sont rencontrées. Ainsi, les changements climatiques, l'urbanisation et les introductions biologiques pourraient agir en interaction et promouvoir de nouveaux échanges génétiques interspécifiques. En raison de leur organisation sociale, leur comportement de reproduction et leur haplo-diploïdie, les fourmis (famille des formicidés) sont particulièrement sujettes à l’hybridation interspécifique. Les déplacements accidentels de colonies par l’homme, par exemple dans le cadre du commerce international de fleurs en pot, induisent de fréquentes introductions biologiques de ces organismes en dehors de leurs aires de répartition d’origine. Ces évènements d’introduction favorisent l'établissement de nouvelles zones de contact entre espèces, générant des échanges génétiques entre les taxons natifs et introduits. La plupart des espèces de fourmis sont spécialisées pour certains types d’habitats ou de micro-habitats, et leur répartition et leur écologie sont fortement influencées par le climat, notamment les paramètres liés aux températures et aux précipitations. Les patrons d'activité annuels et quotidiens ainsi que l’initiation de la reproduction et de la dispersion dépendent directement de déclencheurs environnementaux, eux-mêmes sous influence des changements climatiques. Les fourmis comptent plusieurs espèces communes dans les villes, mais aussi de nombreuses espèces affectées négativement par l'urbanisation. Ces caractéristiques en font un taxon pertinent pour étudier les relations entre les changements globaux, l'invasion et l'hybridation. iii GLOBAL CHANGES PROMOTE
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