Neotropical Biology and Conservation 10(3):169-176, september-december 2015 Unisinos - doi: 10.4013/nbc.2015.103.07

SHORT COMMUNICATION

First record of the Yellowish in Acre with notes on other in southwestern Amazônia

Primeiro registro do Caminheiro-zumbidor no Acre com notas sobre outras aves de ambientes campestres no sudoeste amazônico

Edson Guilherme1 [email protected] Abstract This paper presents the first record of the Yellowish Pipit (Anthus lutescens) in the - Robson Esteves Czaban2 ian state of Acre. This record represents the westernmost record of the species in Brazil [email protected] and provides evidence of its expansion into the southwestern Amazon basin. We also present information on the occurrence of other species, typical of and other open habitats, e.g., the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia), the White-tailed Hawk (Geranoaetus albicaudatus), the Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) and the Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus). These species have encroached southwestern Amazônia following environmental changes caused by human activities, such as the construction of highways and the conversion of the rainforest into cattle pasture.

Keywords: Aves, Anthus lutescens, , open habitats, range extension.

Resumo

Este trabalho divulga o primeiro registro do Caminheiro-zumbidor (Anthus lutescens) no estado brasileiro do Acre. Este registro é o mais ocidental da espécie em território bra- sileiro e marca a sua expansão em direção ao sudoeste amazônico. Apresenta também informações sobre algumas espécies de aves típicas de ambientes campestres, tais como a coruja-buraqueira (Athene cunicularia), o gavião-de-rabo-branco (Geranoaetus albicau- datus), o quero-quero (Vanellus chilensis) e o caracará (Caracara plancus), entre outras. Essas espécies vêm ocupando áreas na Amazônia após mudanças ambientais provo- cadas pelo homem, tais como a abertura de estradas e a conversão das florestas em pastagens para atividades agropastoris.

Palavras-chave: Aves, Anthus lutescens, Motacillidae, ambientes abertos, extensão de distribuição.

1 Universidade Federal do Acre, Museu Universitário, Laboratório de Ornitologia. Campus Universitário, BR 364, km 04, Distrito Industrial, 69915-900, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil. 2 Superintendência do IBAMA no Amazonas. Rua Ministro João Gonçalves de Souza, s/n, Distrito Industrial, 69075- 830, Manaus, AM, Brasil.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0), which permits reproduction, adaptation, and distribution provided the original author and source are credited. Edson Guilherme, Robson Esteves Czaban

The family Motacillidae comprises and Mooney, 1999). In northern South pacted by major colonization projects five genera and 65 species. The genus America, the Amazon rainforest is established by the Brazilian military Anthus is the most diverse, with 43 being devastated at an alarming rate government during the 1970s and species. Despite having a global dis- (Fearnside, 2005). Brazilian regions, 1980s (Acre, 2000; Scarcello and Bi- tribution, only seven Anthus species such as the state of Rondônia and done, 2007). occur in the Neotropical region (Ty- eastern Acre (Figure 1), have already This work reports on the first record ler, 2004; Ridgely and Tudor, 2009). lost much of their forest cover, leaving of a bird species in the Brazilian state These species, known as , are vast areas covered with exotic grasses of Acre, as well as the occurrence of insectivorous, terrestrial, with large for cattle grazing (Fearnside, 1993, a number of grassland species in this legs and toes, and a well-developed 2005, 2008; Pfaff, 1999; Vieira et al., state. The occurrence of such species claw on the hallux. Pipits inhabit open 2008, Araújo et al., 2011). This is pre- was not previously reported in the environments, such as prairies, grass- occupying because different bird spe- southwestern extreme of the Brazilian lands, and cattle pasture (Tyler, 2004). cies show different degrees of sensi- Amazon. The Yellowish Pipit (Anthus lutescens tivity to deforestation (Lees and Peres, Data on Anthus lutescens were ob- PUCHERAN, 1855) occurs in Panama 2006). Deforestation and urbanization tained from sporadic observations and throughout most of South Amer- cause local extinction, and a decrease conducted by REC, while the informa- ica, from to , with in avian species diversity that favors tion on the occurrence of other grass- the exception of Ecuador and most of the dominance of a few bird species land species in Acre is the result of a the central and southwestern Amazon that are specialized for the coloniza- continuous review of the scientific lit- basin (Tyler, 2004; Ridgely and Tu- tion of open habitats (Beissinger and erature conducted by EG over the past dor, 1994). Three subspecies are rec- Osborne, 1982; Blair, 1996). 11 years (Guilherme, 2009, 2012). We ognized. The nominal form (Anthus The Brazilian state of Acre has al- also used the data on the specimens l. lutescens) occurs in Brazil, while ready lost about 12% of its original collected by EG between 2004 and Anthus l. peruvianus is found on the forest cover (Rodrigues and Ferreira, 2015, deposited in the ornithological Pacific coast of (Tyler, 2004; 2013). Most of the deforestation is collection of Museu Paraense Emílio Schulenberg et al., 2010). The subspe- concentrated in the east of the state, Goeldi, in Belém (Pará State), and cies A. l. parvus occurs on the Pacific where urban centers, including the the Laboratório de Ornitologia of the slope of western Panama. Of the five city of Rio Branco – the capital of the Universidade Federal do Acre, in Rio species of Anthus occurring in Brazil, state (Figure 1), can be found. In ad- Branco (Acre). Information was also the Yellowish Pipit is the most widely dition, this part of the state was im- obtained from the Wikiaves Brazilian distributed. This species occurs in al- most all regions, from the “campos sulinos”, or southern grasslands, to parts of the north and northeast of the country (Sick, 1997; Ridgely and Tu- dor, 1994). In the Amazon biome, the Yellowish Pipit was recorded in Pam- pas del Heath, a seasonally flooded lowland, which is a natural grassland formation, along the Heath River on the Peru-Bolivian border (Graham et al., 1980). This species has also been recorded in an enclave of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) in the southeast- ern portion of the Brazilian state of Amazonas (Aleixo and Poletto, 2007), and in cattle pasture in the municipal- ity of Alta Floresta, in northern Mato Grosso (Lees et al., 2013). The environmental changes caused by human activities, have transformed ecosystems and, as a result, benefited Figure 1. Southwestern Amazon showing the major highways and urban centers. The the spread of many invasive plants green star represents the site at which the Yellowish Pipit (Anthus lutescens) was recorded and around the world (Dukes for the first time in the eastern portion of the Brazilian state of Acre, Brazil.

170 Volume 10 number 3  september - december 2015 First record of the Yellowish Pipit in Acre with notes on other grassland birds in southwestern Amazônia website (www.wikiaves.com.br) in 340km (in a straight line) from Pam- the White-tailed Hawk (Geranoaetus order to identify the occurrence and pas del Heath on the Peruvian–Boliv- albicaudatus (VIEILLOT, 1816)), the range extensions of the grassland spe- ian border (Graham et al., 1980) and Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilen- cies in the municipalities located in around 650Km from an enclave of sis (MOLINA, 1782)), and the Southern the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) in the Caracara (Caracara plancus (MILLER, The scientific nomenclature used in southeastern portion of the Brazilian 1777)). The shift in environmental this manuscript is that proposed by the state of Amazonas (Aleixo and Polet- conditions may also support range ex- CBRO (2014). to, 2007). These are the two closest lo- tensions and an increase in abundance On 19 January 2015, at 09:01 h, REC cations where the species was record- of the populations of some species heard a bird vocalizing in a pasture ed previously in the Amazon biome. that had previously had an intermit- located at Km 84 of the Brazilian BR- The presence of the Yellowish Pipit tent distribution in the Amazon re- 317 interstate highway between the in the state of Acre represents the gion, such as the Red-breasted Black- municipalities of Senador Guiomard, westernmost known locality for the bird (Sturnella militaris (LINNAEUS, in the state of Acre, and Boca do Acre, species in Brazil, and provides con- 1758)) and the Black-faced Tanager in Amazonas (Figure 1). On recogniz- clusive evidence of the expansion of (Schistochlamys melanopis (LATHAM, ing the vocalization of Anthus, REC the distribution of this species into 1790)). played back the song of the Yellowish the southwestern Amazon basin. The Pipit (A. lutescens), and the bird re- transformation of the original for- Species accounts of sponded. When it heard the playback, est cover into open areas, combined the principal open- the bird walked across the ground to with the high dispersal capacity of the habitat birds found in within a distance of 10m from the ob- members of the family Motacillidae the southwestern server and then flew away and perched, (Voelker, 2002), would account for Amazon but continued vocalizing. On this occa- the recent occurrence of the Yellow- sion, only one individual was observed ish Pipit in Acre. These factors would Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia, and photographed (Figure 2). also explain the presence of other Figure 3) – Originally absent from On 12 March 2015, EG went to open-habitat bird species that have forested Amazonian habitats (Holt et the same site and obtained the geo- arrived recently in the southwestern al., 1999), the natural populations of graphic coordinates (10°06’55.1” S, Amazon basin, particularly in the state this species were only found in en- 67°41’20.6” W). Although the day of Acre (Guilherme, 2012), including claves of open vegetation in the north- was very rainy, EG played the song the Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis (LIN- ern and northwestern Amazon basin of the Yellowish Pipit and the bird re- NAEUS, 1758)), the Burrowing Owl (Borges et al., 2014; Santos and Silva, sponded. This record is approximately (Athene cunicularia (MOLINA, 1782)), 2007). Recently, Athene cunicularia populations have expanded into areas that were once covered by tropical rainforest (Aleixo and Polleto, 2007; Gomes et al., 2013). In the southwest- ern Amazon basin, populations of this species have expanded on an annual basis. On 3 January 2005, a specimen was found road-killed on the BR-364 highway, in the municipality of Itapuã do Oeste, in the state of Rondônia. This specimen was collected and de- posited in the ornithological collection of the Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), in Rio Branco (AC-147♂). Over the subsequent years, five oth- er specimens were collected at sites in Acre and deposited in the ornitho- logical collection of the Museu Par- aense Emílio Goeldi in Belém, regis- tered under MPEG 60465♂, 61517♂, Figure 2. A Yellowish Pipit (Anthus lutescens) recorded on 19 January 2015 in a farm 63496♀, 64364♂, 64432♂, 64353? pasture in eastern Acre, Brazil (Photo: Robson Czaban). (Guilherme, 2009). Guilherme and

Neotropical Biology and Conservation 171 Edson Guilherme, Robson Esteves Czaban

Santos (2009) recorded this spe- 60432♀; 64341♂; 64342♀ (Guil- species has dispersed to the central cies in a farm pasture approximately herme, 2009). On 12 March 2015, Amazon basin along the courses of its 70km northwest of Rio Branco, the four individuals, perched on isolated principal tributaries, such as the Purus capital of Acre. The species is also trees, were observed on both sides of River, in Acre (Guilherme and Dan- present surrounding the town of Cru- the BR-317 highway between Senador tas, 2011). The Southern Lapwing is zeiro do Sul, in the western extreme Guiomard and the junction with the also colonizing urban environments in of Acre (EG pers. obs.; Figure 1). BR-364 (Figure 1). The observed in- southwestern Amazônia. It is already The Burrowing Owl is now very com- dividuals were located at a distance of seen in Rio Branco, where it repro- mon in pastures adjacent to the main approximately 4km one from another. duces at a number of sites, including highways in Rondônia and Acre. The Photographs published on Wikiaves the UFAC campus. It also occurs in species can be frequently seen on show that the species is present in a open habitats along the Interoceanic farms along the BR-317 highway be- number of municipalities along the highway on both the Brazilian (EG tween Senador Guiomard (Acre) and entire length of the Brazilian BR-364 pers. obs.) and the Peruvian sides of Boca do Acre in southern Amazonas highway between Mato Grosso and the border (Harvey et al., 2014). state (Brazil). It also occurs on the In- eastern Acre. The White-tailed Hawk Southern Caracara (Caracara plan- teroceanic highway between Puerto has also been recorded in several ar- cus, Figure 6) – Like most falcons, Maldonado in Peru and the Brazilian eas along the Interoceanic highway this species prefers open habitats over and Bolivian borders (Harvey et al., between Capixaba (Acre) and Puerto forested ones (White et al., 1994). 2014; Figure 1). Maldonado, in Peru (Figure 1). While very common in other biomes White-tailed Hawk (Geranoaetus al- Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilen- of central, northeastern, and southern bicaudatus, Figure 4) – the species sis, Figure 5) – This species occurs South America (White et al., 1994), is typical from open areas, with scat- throughout most of South America, the Southern Caracara was absent, tered records in the lowland Brazil- but was originally absent from much until recently, from the westernmost ian and Peruvian Amazon (Graham et of the Amazon region (Piersma and Amazon basin (i.e., Acre). In 2007, a al., 1980; Aleixo and Polleto, 2007; Wiersma, 1996). This species has specimen was collected in the munici- Schulenberg et al., 2010; Vasconcelos been observed in Acre since the early pality of Senador Guiomard (MPEG et al., 2011). In 2006 and 2007, three 2000s. Two individuals were collected 64343; Guilherme, 2009). The spe- specimens were collected in the mu- in eastern Acre in 2006 and deposited cies was also photographed in the nicipalities of Plácido de Castro and in the Museu Paraense Emílio Goel- western extreme of the state, near the Senador Guiomard, in eastern Acre, di under MPEG 61513? and MPEG town of Cruzeiro do Sul (Wikiaves, which were deposited in the Museu 61225♀ (Guilherme, 2009). In addi- 2015a; Figure 1). The presence of the Paraense Emílio Goeldi under MPEG tion to colonizing cattle ranches, this Southern Caracara (C. plancus) in the southwestern Amazon basin, rather than the Crested Caracara (Caracara cheriway), is unexpected, given that C. cheriaway is common in the north- ern Amazon region (Restall et al., 2006) and on the coast of Peru (Schu- lenberg et al., 2010). This evidence nevertheless supports the conclusion that C. plancus has dispersed to this region along the major highways in western Brazil. Similarly to the South- ern Lapwing, the Southern Caracara has dispersed to the central Amazon basin following its principal tributar- ies. The Crested Caracara is very com- mon throughout most of Brazil, where it is known as the “caracará” (CBRO, 2014; Willis and Oniki, 1991). Some local residents refer to this species as Figure 3. A Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) recorded on 27 January 2015 near Km the “gavião preto” (black hawk), rath- 82 of the Transacreana highway, in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (Photo: er than its universal vernacular name. Robson Czaban). This reference made by local people

172 Volume 10 number 3  september - december 2015 First record of the Yellowish Pipit in Acre with notes on other grassland birds in southwestern Amazônia

Santos and Silva, 2007; Vasconcelos et al., 2011; Borges et al., 2014). On 10 March 2004, a road-killed Black- faced Tanager was found on the In- teroceanic highway (BR-317) near the town of Brasiléia (Figure 1). This specimen was deposited in the UFAC ornithological collection (AC0067♂). Rasmussen et al. (2005) recorded the presence of the species in a pasture at the Catuaba Experimental Farm near the BR-364 highway, in the munici- pality of Senador Guiomard. There is no doubt that the geographical distribution of this species has been expanding in northern Brazil, follow- ing the highways and deforestation of the Amazon’s agricultural frontier Figure 4. A White-tailed Hawk (Geranoaetus albicaudatus) recorded on 30 November 2011 (Gomes et al., 2010). However, the oc- in the municipality of Humaitá, southeastern Amazonas, Brazil (Photo: Robson Czaban). currence of this species in the Parque Estadual Chandless, in the interior of Acre, indicates that the dispersal ca- pacity of this species is not restricted to the occupation of newly converted areas along the main highways. On 27 November 2010, two specimens (AC 0252♂, 0253♂) were collected in the vicinity of the base camp in Chandless State Park (09°21’31.2” S, 69°55’34.6” W), which is located in a remote region of Acre (see Freitas et al., 2013; Mielke et al., 2010) with no access by road and a low human den- sity. There are practically no deforest- ed sites or naturally open habitats in the area that might permit the disper- sal of the species to the park, and this record was highly unexpected. Sneth- lage (1910) explained that the birds Figure 5. A Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) recorded on 11 June 2014 on the UFAC which inhabit enclaves of open veg- campus, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (Photo: Edson Guilherme). etation in the Amazon forest can reach these areas using the vegetation along river banks as corridors of dispersion. may reflect the recent arrival of the spe- widely distributed in South America This would appear to account for the cies in Acre, which has thus acquired (Hilty, 2011), but was originally al- unexpected occurrence of Black-faced a local vernacular. This species is now most totally absent in the Amazon Tanager in this remote region of Acre. present throughout Rondônia and Acre, rainforest (Ridgely and Tudor, 1994). The conversion of the natural vegeta- in Brazil, following the BR-364 and Even in the recent past, the only re- tion to an agricultural landscape has Interoceanic highways to Puerto Mal- cords of Black-faced Tanager were permitted the dispersal and establish- donado, in Peru (Mestre et al., 2010; scant and restricted to enclaves of ment of bird populations originating França et al., 2011; Santos et al., 2011; savanna-like vegetation on sandy from neighboring biomes, such as the DeLuca, 2012; Harvey et al., 2014). soils, known locally as campina, Pantanal wetlands, the Cerrado and Black-faced Tanager (Schistochlamys campinarana or cerrado (Borges et Chaco savannas. The paving of roads, melanopis, Figure 7) – This species is al., 2001; Aleixo and Polleto, 2007; such as the BR-364 interstate and the

Neotropical Biology and Conservation 173 Edson Guilherme, Robson Esteves Czaban

populations of bird species adapted to open habitats will continue to encroach on the region. New grass- land species, such as the Grassland Sparrow (Ammodramus humeralis (BOSC, 1792)) and the Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira (GMELIN, 1788)), may also reach this region. The Grassland Sparrow is already present in open habitats along the interoceanic high- way in Peru (Harvey et al., 2014) and is advancing along the BR364 high- way, in Rondônia, and the BR- 319 highway, in Amazonas. Similarly, the Guira Cuckoo has expanded across most of northern Mato Grosso, east- ern and Rondônia, following major highways (Lees et al., 2013; Figure 6. A Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus) recorded on 27 February 2015 in “ra- Vidoz et al., 2010; Wikiaves, 2015b). mal do 13”, road near Brasiléia city, Acre, Brazil (Photo: Edson Guilherme). This evidence indicates that these species and probably other birds will colonize the region, including the state of Acre, in the near future.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to two anony- mous referees for important sugges- tions on the submitted version of the manuscript.

References

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174 Volume 10 number 3  september - december 2015 First record of the Yellowish Pipit in Acre with notes on other grassland birds in southwestern Amazônia

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