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Redalyc.Función De La Lignina En La Interacción Planta-Nematodos Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología ISSN: 0185-3309 [email protected] Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, A.C. México Lagunes-Fortiz, Erika; Zavaleta-Mejía, Emma Función de la Lignina en la Interacción Planta-Nematodos Endoparásitos Sedentarios Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, vol. 34, núm. 1, 2016, pp. 43-63 Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, A.C. Texcoco, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=61243205003 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Función de la Lignina en la Interacción Planta-Nematodos Endoparásitos Sedentarios Role of Lignin in the Plant- Sedentary Endoparasitic Nematodes Interaction Erika Lagunes-Fortiz y Emma Zavaleta-Mejía, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Fitopatología Molecular, Es- pecialidad de Fitopatología, Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Posgraduados, km 36.5 Carretera México- Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado. México, CP 56230, México. Correspondencia: ([email protected]). Recibido: 1 de Julio, 2015. Aceptado: 16 de Noviembre, 2015. Lagunes-Fortiz E y Zavaleta-Mejía E. 2016. Función de Abstract. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes la Lignina en la Interacción Planta-Nematodos Endopa- introduce into their host, through its stylet, effector rásitos Sedentarios. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología molecules that are previously synthesized in their 34, 43-63. esophageal glands, which induce reprogramming of DOI: 10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1506-7 gene expression in the host cells to promote changes Primera publicación DOI: 26 de Noviembre, 2015. First DOI published: November 26, 2015. in their metabolism, physiology and structure, necessary for the formation of the specialized feeding sites. The plant responds by expressing Resumen. Los nematodos endoparásitos seden- defense mechanisms such as the increase in the tarios introducen en el hospedante, a través de su activity of key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid estilete, moléculas efectoras que son previamente pathway, involved in the synthesis of secondary sintetizadas en sus glándulas esofágicas, las cua- metabolites with antimicrobial properties and les inducen una reprogramación de la expresión monomers that make up the lignin, which has a génica en las células del hospedante para provo- structural and defense roles in plants. The plant- car modificaciones en el metabolismo, fisiología y nematode interaction established (compatible or estructura celular del hospedante, necesarios para incompatible), will depend on whether the changes la formación de sitios especializados de alimenta- induced in the lignin synthesis are favorable or not ción. La planta responde expresando mecanismos for the differentiation of the specialized feeding de defensa como el incremento de la actividad de site. The aim of this review is to present information enzimas clave de la ruta de los fenilpropanoides, on the biosynthesis, composition and deposition mediante la cual se sintetizan metabolitos secunda- of lignin, as well as the updated knowledge on rios con propiedades antimicrobianas y monóme- its role as a potential physical barrier against the ros que conforman la lignina, que tienen un papel establishment of phytonematodes in incompatible estructural y de defensa en las plantas. Dependien- interactions and their possible participation in the do de los cambios que se induzcan en su síntesis formation of specialized feeding sites in compatible será el tipo de interacción planta-nematodo que se interactions. Volumen 34, Número 1, 2016 43 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA establezca (comptible o incompatible), en función Additional key words: lignin, monolignols, cell de si los cambios son o no favorables para la dife- wall, interactions, endoparasitic nematodes. renciación del sitio especializado de alimentación. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo presentar infor- Lignin is a complex three-dimensional polymer, mación sobre la biosíntesis, composición y depo- whose aromatic subunits are synthesized through sición de lignina, así como el conocimiento que a the phenylpropanoid pathway (Dixon et al., 2002). la fecha se tiene, en su función como barrera física It is also a basic component that reinforces and potencial contra el establecimiento de nematodos provides rigidity to plant tissues (Dixon et al., fitopatógenos en interacciones incompatibles, y su 2002; Weng and Chapple, 2010) and is deposited posible participación durante el proceso de forma- abundantly in specific plant cells such as sclereids, ción de los sitios especializados de alimentación en tracheids, elements of the vessels, and xylem and las compatibles. phloem fibers (Vance et al., 1980; Dixon et al., 2002). Lignin is also considered an important defense mechanism; its biosynthesis and deposition Palabras clave adicionales: lignina; monoligno- in cell walls increases when plants undergo biotic les, pared celular, interacciones, nematodos endo- or abiotic stress (Weng and Chapple, 2010). On its parásitos. own, lignin is an initial physical barrier aginst the entry of pathgens in the host and, in some cases, La lignina es un polímero tridimensional com- it limits their growth or confines them (Wuyts et plejo cuyas subunidades aromáticas son sinteti- al., 2006). Deposited on cell walls, it increases its zadas a través de la ruta de los fenilpropanoides resistance to degradation by enzymes (Wuyts et al., (Dixon et al., 2002), es además un componente 2006; Menden et al., 2007), it limits the diffusion fundamental que refuerza y proporciona rigidez a of toxins secreted by the pathogen and of nutrients los tejidos vegetales (Dixon et al., 2002; Weng y from the host to the pathogen, and is also a source Chapple, 2010) y se deposita de manera abundante for the production of toxic precursors and free en células específicas de las plantas como las escle- radicals (Nicholson and Hammerschmit, 1992). reidas, traqueidas, elementos de los vasos, y fibras In plant-nematode interactions, the stylets of del xilema y floema (Vance et al., 1980; Dixon et nematodes participate in the penetration of the cell al., 2002). La lignina se considera también un me- walls of its host, they help ingest the cell content and canismo de defensa importante, su biosíntesis y de- inject the effectors produced in their esophageal posición en paredes celulares se incrementa cuando glands, to induce the modification of the host cells las plantas son sometidas a estrés de tipo biótico o to form feeding cells. In the case of root-knot abiótico (Weng y Chapple, 2010). Por si misma, la nematodes, they are known as giant cells, and are lignina constituye una barrera física inicial contra basically a product of repeated nuclear divisions el ingreso de fitopatógenos en el hospedante y en without cytokinesis, whereas those induced by algunos casos limita su crecimiento o los confina cyst nematodes are known as syncytia, and are a (Wuyts et al., 2006). Al depositarse en las paredes result of the fusion between protoplasts and the celulares incrementa su resistencia a la degrada- gradual breakup of the walls of cells that form ción por enzimas (Wuyts et al., 2006; Menden et them; both especilize feeding sites (SFS) make up al., 2007), limita la difusión de toxinas secretadas a highly metabolic and multinucleated structure por el patógeno y la de nutrientes del hospedante which will be the nematode’s food source, and it Volumen 34, Número 1, 2016 44 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA hacia el patógeno, constituye además una fuente will provide the nutrients required for its growth para la producción de precursores tóxicos y radica- and development (Hussey, 1989; Ithal et al., 2007; les libres (Nicholson y Hammerschmit, 1992). Gheysen and Mitchum, 2011; Mitchum et al., En las interacciones planta-nematodo, el esti- 2013). An important modification that takes place lete de los nematodos participa en la penetración in the host cells is the alteration in the lignification de las paredes celulares de su hospedante, ayuda of cell walls; whether the nematode will stay and a ingerir el contenido celular y sirve además como complete its life cycle will depend on the successful canal conductor de los efectores producidos en sus formation of the SFS. This review describes the glándulas esofágicas, los cuales inducen la modifi- biosynthesis, structure, and composition of lignin cación de las células de alimentación de los nema- and the knowledge there is to this day on its function todos, en el caso de los nematodos agalladores se in the plant-nematode interaction, both compatible conocen como células gigantes y básicamente son and incompatible. producto de divisiones nucleares repetidas sin cito- cinesis, mientras que los inducidos por nematodos Biosynthesis and Composition of Lignin. enquistadores se conocen como sincitios, y son Lignin is a basic component of the cell wall producto de la fusión de protoplastos y la disolu- (CW) in plants; the CW is a dynamic, extracellular ción gradual de las paredes de las células que los complex that is formed by lignin, but also by integran; ambos sitios especializados de alimen- cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, proteins, cutin, tación (SEA) constituyen células de alimentación suberin, mineral salts, and others (Bonawitz and altamente metabólicas y multinucleadas, que serán Chapple, 2010). la única fuente
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