زﻣﺎﱏ ﻮردﱙ ﺳﯚراﱏ — Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings

W. M. Thackston ii CONTENTS

PHONOLOGY The Phonology of Sorani Kurdish...... 1 Stress ...... 3 The ...... 4

SUBSTANTIVES § 1. The Absolute State ...... 8 § 2. The Indefinite State ...... 8 § 3. The Definite State...... 9 § 4. Demonstratives...... 10 § 5. Attributive Adjectives: The Open Adjectival Izâfa...... 10 § 6. Possession: The Izâfa Construction...... 10 § 7. Attributive Adjectives with Demonstratives and Definites: The Close Izâfa Construction...... 11 § 8. Attributive Adjectives with Definite Nouns...... 12 § 9. Synopsis of Noun States...... 13 § 10. Personal Pronouns...... 15 § 10.1 Possessive Pronouns...... 15 § 11. Enclitic -îsh ...... 16 § 12. Cardinal Numbers ...... 17 § 12.1 Ordinal Numbers...... 18 § 12.2 Days of the Week ...... 18 § 12.3 of the Year and the Kurdish ...... 18 § 13. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives ...... 19 § 14. Prepositions, Postpositions, Circumpositions ...... 20 § 14.1. Preposed Pronominal Prepositional Complements ...... 22

iii THE VERB § 15. Present Copulas...... 25 § 16. ‘To Have’ ...... 26 § 17. The Present Habitual/Progressive ...... 26 § 18. Verbs in -awa ...... 29 § 19. The Present Subjunctive...... 30 § 20. ‘To Want’ ...... 34 § 21. ‘To Be Able’...... 35 § 22. ‘To Remember’ ...... 36 § 23. Pronominal Objects of Verbs ...... 37 § 24. The Imperative ...... 38 § 25. The Simple Past (Intransitive)...... 40 § 26. The Past Habitual/Progressive (Intransitive)...... 41 § 27. The Simple Past (Transitive): The Ergative...... 42 § 27.1 The Ergative in South Sorani ...... 45 § 27.2 Pronouns as Logical Objects of Past Transitive Verbs ...... 46 § 27.3 Pronominal Prepositional Complements with Agent Affixes ...... 48 § 27.4 Displacement of a Possessive Pronoun by a Preposed Prepositional Complement...... 51 § 28. The Perfect Active Participle ...... 53 § 29. The Present Perfect Tense (Intransitive) ...... 53 § 29.1 The Present Perfect Tense (Transitive) ...... 54 § 30. The Past Perfect Tense (Intransitive) ...... 55 § 30.1 The Past Perfect Tense (Transitive) ...... 56 § 31. The Past Subjunctive...... 57 § 32. The Irrealis Mood...... 60 § 33. The Past Conditional ...... 61 § 34. The Passive Voice ...... 63 § 34.1 The Past Passive Participle...... 65 § 35. Postposed Verbal Complements...... 66 § 36. Factitive Verbs ...... 68

iv OTHER SYNTACTICAL FEATURES § 37. Expressions of Temporal Duration ...... 70 § 38. Subordinating Conjunctions...... 71 § 39. Relative Clauses ...... 72 § 40. Directional Nouns in -è ...... 75 § 41. Orthographic Peculiarities of Sorani Kurdish ...... 75 § 42. Contractions...... 77

Verb Tenses and Moods...... 78 Synopsis of Tenses and Moods ...... 85 Conditional Sentence Types...... 86 Conversion Table for the Sorani and ...... 88

READINGS...... 91 (١) ﮔﯚﭬﺎرى ﴎوﻩ، «ﭘﻪﻧﺪى ﭘﺸﻴﺎن» ...... 92 (٢) ﳏﻪﻣﻪد رﻩﻣﻪزاﱏ، «ﺧﻮﻦ و ﺳﻴﻜﻪﺗﯚرﻩ» ...... 101 (٣) ﳏﻪﻣﻪد ﺣﻮﺳﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﻴﺎر، «رﻮى ﺗﻪﻣﻪڵ»...... 102 (۴) ﺋﻪﻧﻮﻩر رﻩوﺷﻪن، «ﺑﻮﻟﺒﻮل و ﺋﻮارﻩى ﻣﺎﺗﻪم»...... 104 (۵) ﻪﻻل ﻣﻪﺸﺎ، «ﮔﺎﺷﻪ ﺑﻪرد» ...... 108 (۶) ﯾﻮﺳﻒ ﺑﻪﺮى، «ﳻ ﺋﻪدﻩﰉ: ﭘﻪﺧﺸﺎن» ...... 120 (٧) ﻓﻪرﻫﺎد ﺷﻛﻪﱃ، «ﺗﻪرم» ...... 122 (٨) ﶊﺪ ﻪﻣﻪ ﺻﺎﺢ ﺗﯚﻓﻖ، «ﭘﺎﺷﺎى ﻪوت ﻮڕﻩ»...... 129 (٩) ﶊﺪ ﻪﻣﻪ ﺻﺎﺢ ﺗﯚﻓﻖ، «ﺋﻪﲪﻪد ﭘﺎﺷﺎ»...... 142 (١٠) ﻫﻪژار، «ﻣﻦ و ﻣﻪم و زﯾﲎ ﺎﱏ»...... 149 (١١) ﻮردﺳﺎت...... 156 (١٢) ﻪت ...... 159 (۱۳) ﻧﲑﭬﺎن رزاﱏ ﺑﯚ The New Anatolian ...... 160

Kurdish–English Vocabulary ...... 163

v vi PREFACE

KURDISH BELONGS to the Western Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The two principal branches of modern literary Kurdish are (1) Kurmanji, the language of the vast majority of in , , , and Azerbaijan, the area designated by Kurdish nationalists as “North ,” with an estimated fifteen to seventeen million speakers, and (2) Sorani, the language of most Kurds in (four to six million speakers) and (five to six million speakers), the area desig- nated as “South Kurdistan.” Although the two are closely related, Kurmanji and Sorani are not mutually intelligible and differ at the basic structural level as well as in vocabulary and idiom. Since Kurdish is fairly closely related to and has been massively influenced by Persian, the dominant literary and cultural language of the area for the last millennium, Kurdish is best approached with a basic knowledge of Persian. While Kurmanji is still far from being a unified, normalized, or standard- ized language, Sorani has been the second official language of Iraq since the creation of that country after and has many decades of literary activity behind it. In Iran, Kurdish has never been accorded official status, but in there has been noteworthy publication in Kurdish, particularly after the . The area in which Sorani is spoken in Iran is more or less the region designated as Kurdistan. Outside of that area, south to and east as far as , the language is known as Gorani, or South Sorani, which is a Mischsprache that is basically Persian in structure but Kurdish in vocabulary. The readings, chosen to give samples of a broad range of prose writing ranging from fairy tales to the internet, are provided with running glosses beneath the texts, and the glosses in the readings are also contained in the Kurdish–English vocabulary at the end of the book. Words considered to be absolutely basic vocabulary are not glossed in the notes, since it is assumed that these words either are known already or will be actively acquired by looking them up in the vocabulary in the back. Generally words are not glossed more than once in the notes because any word encountered a second vii SORANI KURDISH time should be learned actively. Words are glossed after the first instance only if they are considered rare enough to warrant being ignored for acquisi- tion. Because Sorani Kurdish dictionaries are not easily obtainable, I have made the vocabulary as large as possible. It contains around 4,000 words, which represent a basic working vocabulary for the language. For dictionaries of Sorani, the following may be consulted: Hazhâr, Hanbâna borîna: Farhang-i –Fârsî, 2 vols. Tehran: Su- rûsh, 1368 [1989]. With definitions in both Kurdish and Persian, this is by far the most comprehensive dictionary of Kurdish, but Kurmanji words are also included without any differentiation. -for û; otherwise the is stan وو instead of وُ Hazhâr uses dard. McCarus, Ernest N. Kurdish–English Dictionary, Dialect of Sulaima- nia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967. Qazzaz, Shafiq. The Sharezoor Kurdish–English Dictionary. : Aras, 2000. Sulaymân, Mustafâ. Ferhengî zarawey zanistî. Sulaymani, 2001. Wahby, Taufiq. A Kurdish–English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. An on-line Sorani dictionary is available at www.namonet.com.

viii The Phonology of Sorani Kurdish : î û i u e o a â

î is like the ‘ee’ in ‘beet’ and ‘tree,’ International Phonetic (IPA) [i], as in hîch [hitS] ‘nothing.’ i is like the ‘i’ in ‘bit,’ IPA [I], as in girtin [gIr»tIn] ‘to take’ e is like the ‘ai’ in ‘bait,’ IPA [e], without the y-offglide of English, as in hez [hez] ‘power’ a is like the ‘a’ in ‘bat,’ IPA [Q], as in tanaka [tQnQ»kQ] ‘tin can,’ ex- cept (1) in the sequence aw, where it is pronounced [´], (2) when it is followed in the same syllable by y, in which case it is pronounced [´], as in tanakakay [tQnQkQ»k´y] ‘his tin can,’ and (3) when it is fol- lowed by y but not in the same syllable, in which case it is pronounced [E], as in tanakayek [tQnQ»kEyek] ‘a tin can.’ û is like the ‘oo’ in ‘boot,’ IPA [u], as in gûr [guR] ‘calf’ u is like the ‘u’ in ‘put’ and ‘pull,’ IPA [U], as in gurg [gURg] ‘wolf’ o is like the ‘oa’ in ‘boat,’ IPA [o], without the w-offglide of English, as in goř [gor] ‘level’ â is like the ‘a’ in ‘father’ and ‘balm,’ IPA [A], as in gâ [gA] ‘cow’

Consonants: bilabial labiodental dental/alveolar palatal velar uvular glotto-pharyngeal p t k q b d g f s kh ḥ, h v z gh 1 SORANI KURDISH sh ch zh j nasal m n w y flap, trill r, ř laterals l ł b is like the ‘b’ of English, IPA [b] ch is like the ‘ch’ in ‘church,’ IPA [tS] d is like the ‘d’ of English, IPA [d] f is like the ‘f’ of English, IPA [f] g is the hard ‘g’ of English in ‘go’ and ‘get,’ IPA [g] it rarely occurs ;غ gh is a voiced velar fricative, IPA [ƒ], like the ﰬ .word-initially and is usually replaced by kh in borrowed words (e.g gham ‘grief’ > kham); word-finally it is often in free variation with kh. h is like the ‘h’ of English, IPA [h] ḥ where it exists (according to regional dialect: fairly generalized in Iraq, rare in Iran), it is a voiceless pharyngeal fricative, IPA [ħ], like the otherwise it is not distinguished from h ; ح Arabic j is like the ‘j’ in ‘judge,’ IPA [dZ] k is like the ‘k’ of English, IPA [k] kh is a voiceless velar fricative, IPA [x], like the ch in German Bach and خ the Arabic l is a liquid ‘l’ [l] as in Persian, like the ‘l’ in ‘lee’ ł is like the dull ‘l’ of English in ‘all’ [¥]; in some areas it is a lateral fricative, like the ll of Welsh [¬]; it does not occur word-initially (cf. gul ‘leper’ with guł ‘flower’ and chil ‘forty’ with chił ‘stalk’) m is like the ‘m’ of English, IPA [m] n is like the ‘n’ of English, IPA [n]

2 PHONOLOGY p is like the ‘p’ of English, IPA [p] [IPA [q ,ق q is a voiceless uvular stop, like the Arabic r is a flap as in Persian and Italian, IPA [R]; does not occur word-initially ř and rr are trills, IPA [r], like the rr of Spanish (cf. khor [xoR] ‘sun’ with khoř [xor] ‘blood’ and bar [bQR] ‘breast’ with bař [bQr] ‘rug’); all initial r’s are trilled (verbal stems beginning with r are trilled re- gardless of prefixes, as in řoysht ‘he went’ and dařoysht ‘he was go- ing’) s is like the ‘s’ of English in ‘see,’ IPA [s] sh is like the ‘sh’ in ‘ship,’ IPA [S] t is like the ‘t’ of English, IPA [t] v is like the ‘v’ of English, IPA [v], but it is of rare occurrence in Sorani w is like the English ‘w’ except before e, i, and î, when it is a close back unrounded , IPA [µ], like the ‘u’ in French cuire and huit. y is like the ‘y’ of English, IPA [j] z is like the ‘z’ of English, IPA [z] zh is like the French ‘j’ and the ‘g’ in ‘beige,’ IPA [Z]

Stress. All nouns and adjectives are stressed on the final syllable: tanaká [tQnQ»kQ] ‘tin can,’ gawrá [g´w»RQ] ‘big’. When enclitic endings are added, stress remains on the final syllable of the base word: tanakáyèk [tQnQ»kEyek] ‘a tin can,’ tanakáyèk i gawrá [tQnQ»kEyeki g´w»rQ] ‘a big tin can.’ The definite suffix is stressed: tanakayaká [tQnQkEyQ»kQ] ‘the tin can.’ The hierarchy of stress in verbs is as follows: (1) The negative prefixes na- and nâ-, as in náchû [»nQtSu] ‘he didn’t go’ and nâ´che [»nAtSe] ‘he doesn’t go.’ (2) Preverbs like war-, hał-, and dâ-, as in wárgeřâm [»wQRgerAm] ‘I returned,’ háłdagirim [»hQ¬dQgIRIm] ‘I pick up,’ and dâ´nîshtim [»dAniS- tIm] ‘I sat down.’

3 SORANI KURDISH

(3) The modal prefixes (d)a- and bi- as in dábînim [»dQbinIm] ‘I see’ and bíbînim [»bIbinIm] ‘let me see.’ (4) When there are no prefixes on finite verbal forms, the final syllable of the verb stem is stressed, as in hâ´tin [»hAtIn] ‘they came’ and kírdibet- mânawa [»kIRdIbetmAn´wQ] ‘that we have opened it.’ (5) The infinitive is stressed on the final syllable, as in hâtín [hA»tIn] ‘to come.’

The Writing System The Kurdo- consists of the following letters: g گ (z ض) d د alif ا l ل (t ط) (z ذ) b ب ł ڵ (z ظ) r ر p پ m م ‘ ع ř ڕ t ت n ن gh غ z ز (s ث) w و f ف zh ژ j ج h ه v ڤ s س ch چ y ى q ق sh ش ḥ ح hamza ﺋـ k ك (s ص) kh خ Letters in parentheses are not normally used. Some writers occasionally “import” these specifically Arabic letters for use in words borrowed from Arabic, even though the vowels are written in the Kurdish manner. Thus, may ,ـﺎﺳـﻪﺗـﻪن usually written ,(ـﺎ ّﺻـ ًﺔ khâsatan ‘especially’ (from the Arabic usually written ,(ﺧـــﻂ and khat ‘line’ (from the Arabic ;ـــﺎﺻـــﻪﺗـــﻪن be written There are very few doubled consonants in .ــــــﻪط may be written as ,ــــــﻪت ﺷـــﺎـــ Kurdish; the few that exist are written with a double consonant, as in is almost always retained in Arabic words (ع) shâłłâ ‘God willing.’ ‘Ayn arab ‘Arab’); in Iraq the ‘ayn is usually‘ ـﻪرﻩب ma‘nâ ‘meaning’ and ﻣـﻪﻋـﻨـﺎ) pronounced as it is in Arabic; in Iran it is either a glottal stop or a prolonga- 4 PHONOLOGY tion of a preceding vowel, as in Persian. The vowels are written as follows: am ﺋﻪم a is written (1) word-initially with hamza + final h, as in دﻩم bar and ﺑـــــﻪر elsewhere with a final (or alone) h, as in (2) dam -âwât, or, al ﺋــــﺎوات â is written (1) word-initially with hamza + alif, as in âwât آوات ternatively, with alif-madda, as in bâr ر elsewhere with an alif, as in (2) e is written (1) word-initially with hamza + y with a caret above, as in ewâra ﺋﻮارﻩ ber ﺑﺮ elsewhere with y with a caret above, as in (2) imřo اﻣو i is written (1) word initially as alif, as in ـﺮ elsewhere i is not indicated in the writing system, as in (2) girtin; it is the only vowel not indicated in ﮔــــﺮــــﻦ bir and the writing system (see below) îtir ﺋﻴﱰ î is written (1) word-initially with hamza + y, as in bîr ﺑﲑ elsewhere with y, as in (2) o is written (1) word-initially as hamza + vâv with a caret above, as in oda ﺋﯚدﻩ bor ﺑﯚر elsewhere with a wâw with a caret above, as in (2) -umed; alterna ﺋـﻮﻣــﺪ u is written (1) word-initially as hamza + vâv, as in اوﻣــــــــــــﺪ tively initial u can be written as alif + vâv, as in umed bur ﺑﻮر elsewhere with one wâw, as in (2) .bûr ﺑﻮور û is written with two wâws, as in -attached directly to words end (ی) The vowel i of the izâfa is written as y ing in letters that join to the left. Thus, kurdakân i kurdistân i ‘erâq (‘the When added to .ـﻮردﻩﰷﱏ ـﻮردﺳــﺘـﺎﱏ ــﺮاق :Kurds of ’) is written words ending in letters that do not join to the left, the y is written in the .ﺗﻪﻧﻪﮐﻪی ﮔﻪورﻩﮐﻪ alone form, as in tanaka i gawraká, written ﻓـﺮۆﻛـﻪ or ﻓـۆﻛـﻪ The trilled ř is indicated by a caret over or under the r, as in fiřoka ‘airplane.’ Since all initial r’s are trilled, they are rarely marked.

5 SORANI KURDISH The “dull l,” called lâm i qaław “fat l” in Kurdish, is indicated by a caret .qaław ﻗﻪﻪو over the l, as in The only illogicality in the system lies in the writing of the sequence ye, and ,ﻣــﻪﯾــﻪك as though it were ya, as in nâmayek, written ,ﯾــﻪ which is written .dâyè. For this and other orthographic peculiarities and variants, see §41 داﯾﻪ The letters with their various initial, medial, final, and alone shapes are as follows (those marked with an asterisk do not connect to the left and are followed by an initial or alone form): NAME ALONE FINAL MEDIAL INITIAL ا ـﺎ ـﺎ ا *alif آ (alif + madda (initial only ﺋـ ــ ء ء hamza ﺑـ ــ ـﺐ ب b ﭘـ ــ ـﭗ پ p ﺗـ ــ ـﺖ ت t ﺛـ ــ ـﺚ ث s ﺟـ ـﺠـ ـﺞ ج j ﭼـ ـﭽـ ـﭻ چ ch ﺣـ ـﺤـ ـﺢ ح ḥ ﺧـ ـﺨـ ـﺦ خ kh د ـﺪ ـﺪ د *d ذ ـﺬ ـﺬ ذ *z ر ـﺮ ـﺮ ر *r ڕ ـ ـ ڕ *ř ز ـﺰ ـﺰ ز *z ژ ـﮋ ـﮋ ژ *zh ﺳـ ـﺴـ ـﺲ س s ﺷـ ـﺸـ ـﺶ ش sh ﺻـ ـﺼـ ـﺺ ص s ﺿـ ـﻀـ ـﺾ ض z ﻃـ ـﻄـ ـﻂ ط t 6 PHONOLOGY ﻇـ ـﻈـ ـﻈـ ظ z ﻋـ ـﻌـ ـﻊ ع ‘ ﻏـ ـﻐـ ـﻎ غ gh ﻓـ ـﻔـ ـﻒ ف f ﭬـ ـﭭـ ـﭫ ڤ v ﻗـ ـﻘـ ـﻖ ق q ﻛـ ـﻜـ ـﻚ ك k ﮔـ ـﮕـ ـﮓ گ g ﻟـ ـﻠـ ـﻞ ل l ـ ــ ـ ڵ ł ﻣـ ـﻤـ ـﻢ م m ﻧـ ــ ـﻦ ن n و ـﻮ ـﻮ و *w ﻫـ ـﻬـ ـﻪ ه h ﯾـ ــ ـﻰ ى y

Vowels: ﺋﻪ ـﻪ ـﻪ ه a ﺋﺎ ـﺎ ـﺎ ا â ﺋـ ــ ـ ێ e ا _ _ _ i ﺋـ ــ ـﻰ ى î ﺋﯚ ـﯚ ـﯚ ۆ o ﺋﻮ ـﻮ ـﻮ و u ﺋﻮو ـﻮو ـﻮو وو û

7 THE GRAMMAR OF SORANI KURDISH

SUBSTANTIVES

§ 1. The Absolute State of the Noun. A Kurdish noun in the absolute state, i.e. without any ending of any kind, gives a generic sense of the noun. It is also the “lexical” form of the noun, i.e. the form in which a noun is given in a vocabulary list or dictionary. The absolute state is normally used for the wafr وﻩﻓـﺮ ﺳـــﻪ qâwa rash a ‘coffee is black’ and ﻗـﺎوﻩ رﻩﺷـﻪ generic sense, as in spî a ‘snow is white’.

§ 2. The Indefinite State. The sign of the indefinite singular (‘a, any, ﯾـــﻪك èk after consonants and- ـــﻚ .some’) is an unstressed enclitic -(y)èk (i.e -yèk after vowels) added to the end of the absolute singular noun. ’pyâwèk ‘a man ﭘﻴﺎوﻚ < ’pyâw ‘man ﭘﻴﺎو ’rozhèk ‘a day رۆژﻚ < ’rozh ‘day رۆژ ’dargâyèk ‘a door دﻩرﮔﺎﯾﻪك < ’dargâ ‘door دﻩرﮔﺎ ’nâmayèk ‘a letter ﻣﻪﯾﻪك < ’nâma ‘letter ﻣﻪ Among the modifiers that demand that a following noun be indefinite are ’,har ‘each ﻫــﻪر chi ‘what?,’ and چ ’,hamû ‘every ﻫــﻪﻣــﻮو ’,chand ‘a few ــﻪﻧــﺪ as in chand pyâwèk a few men ﻪﻧﺪ ﭘﻴﺎوﻚ hamû rozhèk every day ﻫﻪﻣﻮو رۆژﻚ ?chi lâpařayèk? what page چ ﻻﭘﻪڕﻩﯾﻪك har lâyèk each direction ﻫﻪر ﻻﯾﻪك The construction …i zor ‘many, a lot of’ also takes a preceding indefinite singular noun:

8 SUBSTANTIVES kurdèk i zor a lot of Kurds ﻮردﲃ زۆر pyâwèk i zor many men ﭘﻴﺎوﲃ زۆر The indefinite plural is formed by adding -ân to the absolute singular. If the absolute singular ends in -â, the indefinite plural ending is -yân. Nouns with absolute singulars ending in -a, like nâma, form the indefinite plural by dropping the final -a and adding -ân. pyâwân (some) men ﭘﻴﺎوان < pyâw ﭘﻴﺎو dargâyân (some) doors دﻩرﮔﺎن < dargâ دﻩرﮔﺎ nâmân (some) letters ﻣﺎن < nâma ﻣﻪ amarîkîân (some) Americans ﺋﻪﻣﻪرﻜﺎن < amarîkî ﺋﻪﻣﻪرﲃ

§ 3. The Definite State. Singular nouns are made definite (‘the’) by adding the suffix -(a)ká (i.e. -aká after consonants, u, e, and î, and -ká after the vowels a, â, and o). The combination îaká often results in a vowel contrac- tion to eká, sometimes so spelled in Kurdish. pyâwaká the man ﭘﻴﺎوﻩﻛﻪ < pyâw ﭘﻴﺎو amarîkîaká the American ﺋﻪﻣﻪرﻜﻪﻛﻪ < amarîkî ﺋﻪﻣﻪرﲃ ktâwîaká the student ﻛﺘﺎوﯾﻪﻛﻪ < ktâwî ﻛﺘﺎوى deaká the village دﻪﻛﻪ < de دێ dargâká the door دﻩرﮔﻛﻪ < dargâ دﻩرﮔﺎ nâmaká the letter ﻣﻪﻛﻪ < nâma ﻣﻪ The definite plural is made by adding (a)kân to the singular, i.e. by chang- ing the -(a)ká of the definite singular to -(a)kân. pyâwakân the men ﭘﻴﺎوﻩﰷن < pyâwaká ﭘﻴﺎوﻩﻛﻪ ktâwîakân the students ﻛﺘﺎوﯾﻪﰷن < ktâwîaká ﻛﺘﺎوﯾﻪﻛﻪ dargâkân the doors دﻩرﮔﰷن < dargâká دﻩرﮔﻛﻪ nâmakân the letters ﻣﻪﰷن < nâmaká ﻣﻪﻛﻪ

9 SORANI KURDISH § 4. Demonstratives. As attributive adjectives the demonstratives (‘this, am…(y)á, and ﺋــــــﻪم…(ﯾـــــــ)ـﻪ that’) envelop the nouns they modify. ‘This’ is -aw…(y)á. The forms of nouns enveloped by demonstra ﺋـــﻪو…(ﯾــــ)ـﻪ that’ is‘ tives are the absolute singular and the indefinite plural. am pyâwâná these men ﺋﻪم ﭘﻴﺎواﻧﻪ ,am pyâwá this man ﺋﻪم ﭘﻴﺎوﻩ < pyâw ﭘﻴﺎو am ktâwîâná these students ﺋﻪم ﻛﺘﺎوﻧﻪ ,am ktâwîá this student ﺋﻪم ﻛﺘﺎوﯾﻪ < ktâwî ﻛﺘﺎوى am dargâyâná these doors ﺋﻪم دﻩرﮔﺎﻧﻪ ,am dargâyá this door ﺋﻪم دﻩرﮔﺎﯾﻪ < dargâ دﻩرﮔﺎ aw nâmâná those letters ﺋﻪو ﻣﺎﻧﻪ ,aw nâmayá that letter ﺋﻪو ﻣﻪﯾﻪ < nâma ﻣﻪ ﺋــﻪوﻩ ’,amâná ‘these ﺋــﻪﻣــﺎﻧــﻪ ’,amá ‘this ﺋــﻪﻣــﻪ The demonstrative pronouns are ’.awâná ‘those ﺋﻪواﻧﻪ awá ‘that,’ and

§ 5. Attributive Adjectives: The Open Adjectival Izâfa. The attributive adjective following a noun that is (1) absolute singular, (2) indefinite singu- lar, or (3) indefinite plural is linked to the noun by the unstressed vowel i added directly to words ی called the izâfa vowel). The izâfa is written as) .after non-joining letters ی that end in joining letters or an alone hotel i bâsh good hotel1 ﻫﯚﺗﲆ ش ｜ hotelèk i bâsh a good hotel ﻫﯚﺗﻠﲃ ش ⎨ ｜ hotelân i bâsh (some) good hotels ﻫﯚﺗﻼﱏ ش ⎩ nâma i drezh long letter ﻣﻪى درﮋ ⎧ ｜ nâmayèk i drezh a long letter ﻣﻪﯾﻪﰽ درﮋ ⎨ ｜ nâmân i drezh (some) long letters ﻣﺎﱏ درﮋ ⎩

§ 6. Possession: The Izâfa Construction. The same izâfa vowel i links the two parts of a possessive construction and is equivalent to the English ‘of.’ ktâwîakân i qutâbkhâna- the students of a school ﻛﺘﺎوﯾﻪﰷﱏ ﻗﻮﲞﺎﻧﻪﯾﻪك yèk

1 This also has the generic sense, as in “good hotels are hard to find” or “a good hotel is hard to find.” It contrasts with the following indefinite hotelek i bâsh, as in “there is a good hotel on the corner.” 10 SUBSTANTIVES deaká i aw pyâwá that man’s village دﻪﻛﻪى ﺋﻪو ﭘﻴﺎوﻩ mâłakân i pyâwakân i the houses of the men of ﻣﺎﻪﰷﱏ ﭘﻴﺎوﻩﰷﱏ دﻪﻛﻪ deaká the village dargâká i châykhânaká the door of the teahouse دﻩرﮔﻛﻪى ﺎﳜﺎﻧﻪﻛﻪ darsakân i am ktâwá the lessons of this book دﻩرﺳﻪﰷﱏ ﺋﻪم ﻛﺘﺎوﻩ

§ 7. Attributive Adjectives with Demonstratives and Definites: The Close Izâfa Construction. When noun-adjective constructions are envel- oped by the demonstratives or modified by the definite suffix, the linking vowel changes to a. The indefinite is, of course, excluded from this cate- gory. hotel a bâsh}aká the good hotel} ﻫﯚﺗ ﺷﻪﻛﻪ ⎧ ⎨ am {hotel a bâsh}á this good hotel ﺋﻪم ﻫﯚﺗ ﺷﻪ ⎩ pyâw a amarîkî}aká the American man} ﭘﻴﺎوﻩ ﺋﻪﻣﻪرﻜﻪﻛﻪ ⎧ ⎨ aw {pyâw a amarîkî}á that American man ﺋﻪو ﭘﻴﺎوﻩ ﺋﻪﻣﻪرﻜﻪ ⎩ darsân a âsân}aká the easy lessons} دﻩرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﺋﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪﻛﻪ ⎧ ⎨ am {darsân a âsân}á these easy lessons ﺋﻪم دﻩرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﺋﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪ ⎩ darsân a sakht}aká the hard lessons} دﻩرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻪﺧﻪﻛﻪ ⎧ ⎨ aw {darsân a sakht}á those hard lessons ﺋﻪو دﻩرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻪﺧﻪ ⎩

If the noun in a close-izâfa construction ends in -a, the linking a is omitted, as in the following: qutâbkhâna ibtidâî}akân1 the elementary schools} ﻗﻮﲞﺎﻧﻪ اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻴﻪﰷن châykhâna gawra}ká the big teahouse} ﺎﳜﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﻪورﻩﻛﻪ am {châykhâna gawra}yá this big teahouse ﺋﻪم ﺎﳜﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﻪورﻩﯾﻪ natawa yekgirtû}akân the United Nations} ﻧﻪﺗﻪوﻩ ﯾﻪﻛﮕﺮﺗﻮوﻩﰷن ibtidâekân. For the contraction îa > e, see اﺑــﺘــﺪاﺋــــﲀن ibtidâîakân may contract to 1 §42. 11 SORANI KURDISH The envelopment of the demonstrative is extendable indefinitely and in- cludes all matter immediately related to a demonstrative phrase. bo twânîn i am {dyârî in order to enable this ﺑـــﯚ ﺗـــﻮاﻧــــــﲎ ﺋـــﻪم درى ـــﺮدﱏ kirdin i jegâ i Mîr Gaw- clarification of Mir ﺟﮕﺎى ﻣﲑ ﮔﻪورﻩﯾﻪ ra}yá Gawra’s position

Close izâfa constructions may be mixed with open izâfa constructions, as in the following: châykhâna gawraká} i the big teahouse on the} ـﺎﳜـﺎﻧـﻪ ﮔـﻪورﻩﻛـﻪى ﺳـﻪر ﺷـﻪﻗـﺎﻣـﻪ sar {shaqâm a sarakî- major street in town ﺳﻪرﻩﻴﻪﻛﻪى ﺷﺎر aká} i shâr

§ 8. Attributive Adjectives with Definite Nouns. Attributive adjectives modifying definite nouns also are linked to the noun by the izâfa vowel i, but the placement of the definite suffix, both singular and plural, is variable. darsakân i sakht ⎫ ｜ دﻩرﺳﻪﰷﱏ ﺳﻪﺧﺖ ｜ darsân a sakhtaká ⎬the hard lessons1 ｜ دﻩرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻪﺧﻪﻛﻪ ｜ ⎭ dars a sakhtakân دﻩرﺳﻪ ﺳﻪﺧﻪﰷن

Noun–adjective constructions in which the izâfa is embedded (the second and third examples above), where plural and definite suffixes fall at the end of the izâfa “string,” represent a very close connection, inseparable in the mind of the speaker, between noun and adjective.

1 These three examples all have the same meaning in English, but they connote دﻩرﺳـﻪﰷﱏ ﺳـﻪﺧـﺖ .different aspects of noun-adjective linkage to the speaker of Kurdish darsakân i sakht are the lessons (about which we already know), which happen to be darsân a sakhtaká دﻩرﺳـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺳـﻪﺧــﻪﮐـﻪ .hard, not necessarily in contrast to anything else دﻩرﳻ ﭼــﻮارﻩم و دهرﳻ ــﻪوﺗــﻪم دﻩرﺳــﺎﻧــﻪ points out the specific lessons that are hard, as in dars i chwâram u dars i hawtam darsân a sakhtaká i am ktâwán ﺳـﻪﺧــﻪﮐـﻪى ﺋـﻪم ﻛـﺘـﺎوﻩن dars دﻩرﺳـﻪ ﺳـﻪﺧــﻪﰷن ”.lesson four and lesson seven are the hard lessons in this book“ dars a âsânakân دﻩرﺳــﻪ ﺋــﺎﺳــﺎﻧــﻪﰷن ,a sakhtakân is “the hard lessons” as opposed to, say “the easy lessons,” where the adjectives “hard” and “easy” are inextricably linked to “lessons,” i.e. we are considering “hard-lessons” vs. “easy-lessons.” 12 SUBSTANTIVES guł i sûr ‘red flower, rose.’ If the speaker is ﮔــﻮــﻰ ﺳــﻮور A good example is thinking of a flower that simply happens to be red, say a red carnation, the ,gułaká i sûr ﮔـﻮـﻪﻛـﻪى ﺳـﻮور gułèk i sûr, the definite is ﮔـﻮــﲃ ﺳـﻮور indefinite is gułân i sûr, and the definite plural is ﮔــــــــﻮﱏ ﺳــــــــﻮور the indefinite plural is gułakân i sûr. If by guł i sûr the speaker means the ‘rose,’ in ﮔـــﻮـــﻪﰷﱏ ﺳـــﻮور guł a ﮔـــﻮـــﻪ ﺳـــﻮورـــﻚ which case sûr is inseparable from guł, the indefinite is ﮔــﻮــﻪ is guł a sûraká, the indefinite plural is ﮔــﻮــﻪ ﺳــﻮورﻩﻛــﻪ sûrèk, the definite .guł a sûrakân ﮔـــﻮـــﻪ ﺳـــﻮورﻩﰷن guł a sûrân, and the definite plural is ﺳـــﻮوران Similar close constructions are the following: mezhûnûs a ‘arabakân the Arab historians ﻣﮋووﻧﻮوﺳﻪ ﻪرﻩﺑﻪﰷن Here we are considering only Arab historians, not historians who happen to .mezhûnûsakân i ‘arab ﻣﮋووﻧﻮوﺳﻪﰷﱏ ﻪرﻩب be Arabs, who would be qutâbî a kurdakân the Kurdish students ﻗﻮﺑﻴﻪ ﻮردﻩﰷن Similarly here only students who are Kurdish are under consideration. The students who happen to be Kurdish, but not as an exclusive category, would .qutâbîakân i kurd ﻗﻮﺑﻴﻪﰷﱏ ﻮرد be

§ 9. Synopsis of Noun States. SINGULAR PLURAL ⎧ ktâw ‘book’ — ﻛﺘﺎو ⎨ absolute — ’nâma ‘letter ﻣﻪ ⎩ ⎧ ktâwèk ktâwân ﻛﺘﺎوان ﻛﺘﺎوﻚ ⎨ indefinite nâmân ﻣﺎن nâmayèk ﻣﻪﯾﻪك ⎩ ⎧ ktâwaká ktâwakân ﻛﺘﺎوﻩﰷن ﻛﺘﺎوﻩﻛﻪ ⎨ definite nâmakân ﻣﻪﰷن nâmaká ﻣﻪﻛﻪ ⎩ demon- ⎧ am ktâwá am ktâwâná ﺋﻪم ﻛﺘﺎواﻧﻪ ﺋﻪم ﻛﺘﺎوﻩ ⎨ am nâmâná ﺋﻪم ﻣﺎﻧﻪ am nâmayá ﺋﻪم ﻣﻪﯾﻪ ⎩ strative

LOOSE-IZÂFA NOUN-ADJECTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

⎧ ktâw i gawra — ﻛﺘﺎوى ﮔﻪورﻩ ⎨ absolute — nâma i drezh ﻣﻪی درﮋ ⎩

13 SORANI KURDISH

indefi- ⎧ ktâwèk i gawra ktâwân i gawra ﻛﺘﺎواﱏ ﮔﻪورﻩ ﻛﺘﺎوﲃ ﮔﻪورﻩ ⎨ nâmân i drezh ﻣﺎﱏ درﮋ nâmayèk i drezh ﻣﻪﯾﻪﰽ درﮋ ⎩ nite ⎧ ktâwaká i gawra ktâwakân i gawra ﻛﺘﺎوﻩﰷﱏ ﮔﻪورﻩ ﻛﺘﺎوﻩﻛﻪى ﮔﻪورﻩ⎨ definite nâmakân i drezh ﻣﻪﰷﱏ درﮋ nâmaká i drezh ﻣﻪﮐﻪی درﮋ ⎩ am ktâwân a ﺋﻪم ﻛﺘﺎواﻧﻪ -am ktâw a gaw ﺋﻪم ﻛﺘﺎوﻩ ⎧ demon- ｜ gawrayá ﮔﻪورﻩﯾﻪ rayá ﮔﻪورﻩﯾﻪ ⎨ strative ｜ am nâmân a drezhá ﺋﻪم ﻣﺎﻧﻪ درﮋﻩ am nâma drezhá ﺋﻪم ﻣﻪ درﮋﻩ ⎩

CLOSE-IZÂFA NOUN-ADJECTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

— ktâw a gawra ﻛﺘﺎوﻩ ﮔﻪورﻩ ⎧ absolute ⎨ — nâma drezh ﻣﻪ درﮋ ⎩ ktâw a gawrân ﻛﺘﺎوﻩ ﮔﻪوران ktâw a gawrayèk ﻛﺘﺎوﻩ ﮔﻪورﻩﯾﻪك ⎧ -indefi ⎨ nâma drezhân ﻣﻪ درﮋان nâma drezhèk ﻣﻪ درﮋﻚ ⎩ nite ktâw a gawrakân .1 ﻛﺘﺎوﻩ ﮔﻪورﻩﰷن ⎧ ktâw a gawraká ﻛﺘﺎوﻩ ﮔﻪورﻩﻛﻪ ｜ ktâwân a gawraká .2 ﻛﺘﺎواﻧﻪ ﮔﻪورﻩﻛﻪ ｜ definite ⎨ ｜ 1. nâma drezhakân ﻣﻪ درﮋﻩﰷن ｜ nâma drezhaká ﻣﻪ درﮋﻩﻛﻪ ⎩ nâmân a drezhaká .2 ﻣﺎﻧﻪ درﮋﻩﻛﻪ am ktâw a gawrâná ﺋﻪم ﮐﺘﺎوﻩ -am ktâw a gaw ﺋﻪم ﻛﺘﺎوﻩ ⎧ demon- ｜ ﮔﻪوراﻧﻪ rayá ﮔﻪورﻩﯾﻪ ⎨ strative ｜ am nâma drezhâná ﺋﻪم ﻣﻪ درﮋاﻧﻪ am nâma drezhá ﺋﻪم ﻣﻪ درﮋﻩ ⎩

§ 10. Personal Pronouns. The independent personal pronouns are as fol- lows: ema we ﺋﻤﻪ min I ﻣﻦ (.ewa you (pl ﺋﻮﻩ (.to you (sing ﺗﯚ awân they ﺋﻪوان aw he, she, it ﺋﻪو The independent personal pronouns are used as (1) subjects of equational sentences:

14 SUBSTANTIVES .Min kurdim. I’m a Kurd ﻣﻦ ﻮردم.

(2) emphatic subjects of verbs and topics of topic-comment sentences: .Aw hât; ewa náhâtin. He came; you didn’t ﺋﻪو ﻫﺎت، ﺋﻮﻩ ﻧﻪﻫﺎﻦ. Min awim balâwa giring For me, that’s not ﻣﻦ ﺋﻪوم ﺑﻪﻻوﻩ ﮔﺮﮓ ﻧﻴﻪ. niya. important. and (3) emphatic possessors in an izâfa string: ktâwaká i min my book ﻛﺘﺎوﻩﻛﻪى ﻣﻦ nîshtimânaká i ema our homeland ﻧﺸﻧﻪﻛﻪى ﺋﻤﻪ For pronominal objects of verbs, see §23.

§ 10.1. Possessive Pronouns. The normal possessive pronouns are un- stressed enclitics added to the noun. They take the following forms: AFTER CONSONANTS AFTER VOWELS mân-´ ﻣﺎن m-´ م mân-´ ﻣﺎن im-´ م tân-´ ن t-´ ت tân-´ ن it-´ ت yân-´ ن y-´ ی yân-´ ن î-´ ی Examples of possessive pronouns with kuř ‘son’ and pâra ‘money’: pârámân ﭘﺎرﻩﻣﺎن pârám ﭘﺎرﻩم kúřmân ﻮڕﻣﺎن kúřim ﻮڕم pârátân ﭘﺎرﻩن pârát ﭘﺎرﻩت kúřtân ﻮڕن kúřit ﻮڕت pâráyân ﭘﺎرﻩن pâráy ﭘﺎرﻩی kúřyân ﻮڕن kúřî ﻮڕی ,kúřim ـــــﻮڕم) The enclitic possessive pronouns may be added to the absolute pârakám), or the indefinite ﭘـﺎرﻩﮐـﻪم ,kuřakám ـﻮڕﻩﮐـﻪم) pârám), the definite ﭘـﺎرﻩم pâráyekim) forms of the noun. When added to the ﭘـــﺎرﻩﯾـــﻪﰼ ,kúřekim ـــﻮڕـــﲂ) absolute, the noun has a figurative meaning; for actual, concrete meanings pâra) you can hold in ﭘـــــــــﺎرﻩ) the definite form is used. For instance, money pâram is ﭘـﺎرﻩم pârakám ‘my money,’ while ﭘـﺎرﻩﻛـﻪم your hand you would call figurative, more like ‘my wealth.’ Someone who writes for a living can be qałamî ‘his pen,’ but what he ﻗـــﻪـــﻪﱉ said to earn his livelihood by means of qałamakay ‘his pen.’ Compare and ﻗــﻪــﻪﻣــﻪﻛــﻪى actually holds in his hand is contrast the following: 15 SORANI KURDISH

FIGURATIVE ACTUAL ,pârakát your (real) money ﭘﺎرﻩﻛﻪت pârat your money, your ﭘﺎرﻩت wealth your cash kuřakám my (real) son ﻮڕﻩﻛﻪم ”kuřim my son, “sonny ﻮڕم nânakámân our bread ﻧﻪﻛﻪﻣﺎن nânmân our livelihood ﳕﺎن mâłakátân your house ﻣﺎﻪﻛﻪن mâłtân your home ﻣﺎﺘﺎن

Exceptions to the general rule. Prominent exceptions to the general forma- birâ ـﺮا ’,dâyik ‘mother داﯾـﻚ ’,bâwk ‘father وك) tion are the family members nâw ‘name.’ When modified و khwayshk ‘sister’) and ﺧـﻮﻩـﺸـﻚ brother’ and‘ by pronominal possessives, these nouns are the reverse of the formation khwayshkakám are used to ﺧـﻮﻩـﺸـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪم Birâkám and ـﺮﻛـﻪم .described above address or refer to anyone other than one’s real brothers and sisters, who are (Nâwî means ‘his (real وى .khwayshkim ﺧــــﻮﻩــــﺸــــﲂ birâm and ــــﺮام called nâwakáy, which means ‘his name’ in the sense وﻩﻛــﻪى name,’ as opposed to of a label or sobriquet given to someone, not his actual name. When possessives are added to the indefinite form of the noun, they mean ktâwekit ‘a ﮐـﺘـﺎوـﮑـﺖ ’,kuřekim ‘a son of mine ـﻮڕـﲂ .a … of mine,’ &., e.g‘ .qalamekî ‘a pen of his,’ &c ﻗﻪﻣﮑﯽ book of yours,’ and

§ 11. Enclitic -îsh. The enclitic particle -îsh (‘too, also, even’ and often equivalent to a simple raised voice inflection in English) is added to nouns, noun–adjective phrases and pronouns. It cannot follow a finite verb form. When added to words ending in vowels, -îsh loses its own vowel in favor of the preceding vowel, becoming ’sh. When added to words that have an en- clitic pronoun attached, -îsh intervenes between the noun and pronoun. mínîsh I/me too ﻣﺶ < min I/me ﻣﻦ ema’sh we/us too ﺋﻤﻪش < ema we/us ﺋﻤﻪ bâwkîshî his father too وﻛﴙ < bâwkî his father وﰽ pâraká’shyân their money ﭘﺎرﻩﻛﻪﺷﻴﺎن < pârakáyân their money ﭘﺎرﻩﻛﻪن too

16 SUBSTANTIVES rafîqakânîshim even my رﻩﻓﻘﻪﰷﻧﺸﻢ < rafîqakânim my friends رﻩﻓﻘﻪﰷﱎ friends

§ 12. Cardinal Numbers. The cardinal numbers are as follows: bîst 20 ٢٠ ﺑﺴﺖ yek 1 ١ ﯾﻪك bîst u yek 21 ٢١ ﺑﺴﺖ و ﯾﻪك dû 2 ٢ دوو bîst u dû 22 ٢٢ ﺑﺴﺖ و دوو se 3 ٣ ﺳ .bîst u se, &c 23 ٢٣ ﺑﺴﺖ و ﺳ chwâr 4 ٤ ﭼﻮار sî 30 ٣٠ ﳻ penj 5 ٥ ﭘﺞ sî u yek 31 ٣١ ﳻ و ﯾﻪك shash 6 ٦ ﺷﻪش sî u dû 32 ٣٢ ﳻ و دوو ḥawt 7 ٧ ﻪوت .sî u se, &c 33 ٣٣ ﳻ و ﺳ hasht 8 ٨ ﻫﻪﺷﺖ chil 40 ٤٠ ﻞ no 9 ٩ ﻧﯚ panjâ 50 ٥٠ ﭘﻪﳒﺎ da 10 ١٠ دﻩ shast 60 ٦٠ ﺷﻪﺳﺖ yânza 11 ١١ ﺰﻩ ḥaftâ 70 ٧٠ ﻪﻓﺎ dwânza 12 ١٢ دواﺰﻩ hashtâ 80 ٨٠ ﻫﻪﺷﺘﺎ syânza 13 ١٣ ﺳﻴﺎﺰﻩ nawad 90 ٩٠ ﻧﻪوﻩد chwârda 14 ١٤ ﭼﻮاردﻩ sad 100 ١٠٠ ﺳﻪد pânza 15 ١٥ ﭘﺎﺰدﻩ hazâr 1000 ١٠٠٠ ﻫﻪزار shânza 16 ١٦ ﺷﺎﺰﻩ dûhazâr 2000 ۲۰۰۰ دوو ﻫﻪزار ḥavda 17 ١٧ ﻪﭬﺪﻩ sehazâr 3000 ۳۰۰۰ ﺳ ﻫﻪزار hazhda 18 ١٨ ﻫﻪژدﻩ chwârhazâr, &c 4000 ٤٠٠٠ ﭼﻮار ﻫﻪزار nozda 19 ١٩ ﻧﯚزدﻩ

All words having to do with time and instance follow the cardinal number immediately in the absolute state: dû rozh two days دوو رۆژ shash mâng six months ﺷﻪش ﻣﺎﮓ sad sâł a hundred years ﺳﻪد ﺳﺎڵ With other words the cardinal number is followed by a classifier, which is followed by the singular noun in the absolute state, as in Persian. The most common classifiers, and those which can be used, practically speaking, for sar ﺳــﻪر nafar for people, and ﻧــﻪﻓــﻪر ,dâna for things داﻧــﻪ almost anything are 17 SORANI KURDISH for animate beings other than people. chwâr dâna ktâw four books ﭼﻮار داﻧﻪ ﻛﺘﺎو penj nafar five people ﭘﺞ ﻧﻪﻓﻪر da sar mař ten sheep دﻩ ﺳﻪر ﻣﻪڕ

§ 12.1 Ordinal numbers. The ordinal numbers are formed from the cardi- nal numbers plus the suffix -(h)am, as follows: ḥawtam ﻪوﺗﻪم yekam 7th ﯾﻪﻛﻪم 1st hashtam ﻫﻪﺷﺘﻪم dûham 8th دووﻫﻪم 2nd noham ﻧﯚﻫﻪم seham 9th ﺳﻬﻪم 3rd daham دﻩﻫﻪم chwâram 10th ﭼﻮارﻩم 4th yânzaham ﺰﻩﻫﻪم penjam 11th ﭘﻪم 5th .dwânzaham, &c دواﺰﻩﻫﻪم shasham 12th ﺷﻪﺷﻪم 6th

§ 12.2 Days of the Week and Months of the Year. The days of the week, :shamma, are as follows ﺷﻪﳑﻪ made up mostly of cardinal numbers and chwârshamma Wednesday ﭼﻮارﺷﻪﳑﻪ shamma Saturday ﺷﻪﳑﻪ penjshamma Thursday ﭘﺠﺸﻪﳑﻪ yekshamma Sunday ﯾﻪﺸﻪﳑﻪ jum‘a Friday ﺟﻮﻣﻌﻪ dûshamma Monday دووﺷﻪﳑﻪ seshamma Tuesday ﺳﺸﻪﳑﻪ

§ 12.3 Months of the Year and the Kurdish Calendar. The traditional months of the year, which correspond to the signs of the zodiac, are as fol- lows: TÂWISTÂN SUMMER وﺳﺘﺎن BAHÂR SPRING ﺑﻪﻫﺎر –pushpař Cancer, June 22 ﭘﻮﺷﭙﻪڕ –khâkalêwa Aries, March 21 ﮐﻪﻟﻮﻩ April 20 July22 –galâwezh Leo, July 23 ﮔﻪﻻوﮋ gulân ﮔﻮﻻن bânamař or ﻧﻪﻣﻪڕ Taurus, April 21–May 21 August 22 kharmânân Virgo, August ﻪرﻣﺎن –jozardân Gemini, May 22 ﺟﯚزﻩردان June 21 23–September 22 18 SUBSTANTIVES ZISTÂN WINTER زﺳﺘﺎن XAZÂN AUTUMN ﻪزان -bafrânbâr Capricorn, Decem ﺑﻪﻓﺮاﻧﺒﺎر –razbar Libra, September 23 رﻩزﺑﻪر October 22 ber 22–January 20 rebandân Aquarius, January رـﺒﻪﻧﺪان -galâ ﮔﻪﻻرﺰان khazałwar or ﻪزﻩﻮﻩر rezân Scorpio, October 23– 21–February 19 –rashama Pisces, February 20 رﻩﺷﻪﻣﻪ November 21 sarmâwaz Sagittarius, March 20 ﺳﻪرﻣﺎوﻩز November 22–December 21

The names of the Western (Roman) months are as follows: tamûz July ﺗﻪﻣﻮوز kânûn i dûham January ﰷﻧﻮوﱏ دووﻫﻪم âb August ﺋﺎب shubât February ﺷﻮت aylûl September ﺋﻪﯾﻠﻮول âdâr March ﺋﺎدار tishrîn i yekam October ﴩﯾﲎ ﯾﻪﮐﻪم nîsân April ﻧﺴﺎن -tishrîn i dûham Novem ﴩﯾﲎ دووﻫﻪم âyâr May ﺋﺎر ber ﻪزﺮان ḥuzayrân or ﺣﻮزﻩﺮان kânûn i yekam December ﰷﻧﻮوﱏ ﯾﻪﮐﻪم ḥazîrân June

The recently instituted “Kurdish era” dates from 612 B.C., and the Kurdish nawroz, the vernal equinox, on or ﻧــــــــــﻪورۆز year, like the Iranian, begins on about March 21.

§ 13. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives. The comparative degree ﮔــﻪورﻩــﺮ < ’gawra ‘big ﮔــﻪورﻩ .tir, e.g- ــﺮ of the adjective is made by suffixing zyâ ز garmtir ‘warmer,’ and ﮔــﻪرﻣــﱰ < ’garm ‘warm ﮔــﻪرم ’,gawratir ‘bigger zyâtir ‘more.’ The preposition of comparison is la, as in the زــﺮ < ’much‘ following examples. -Amřo la dwene sârdtir a. Today is colder than yes ﺋﻪﻣۆ دو ﺳﺎردﺮﻩ. terday. .Ama l’ awa châktir a. This is better than that ﺋﻪﻣﻪ وﻩ ﻛﱰﻩ. -tirîn. Superlative ad- ـــﺮـــﻦ The superlative degree is formed by suffixing jectives so formed precede the nouns they modify, as in sârdtirîn rozh the coldest day ﺳﺎردﺮﻦ رۆژ 19 SORANI KURDISH châktirîn shitân the best things ﻛﱰﻦ ﺷﺘﺎن jwântirîn mindâł the most beautiful child ﺟﻮاﻧﱰﻦ ﻣﺪاڵ

§ 14. Prepositions, Postpositions, Circumpositions. Certain prepositions, ,da ‘to, in, into’ and la ‘by, to دﻩ ’,ba ‘in, at ﺑـﻪ in particular the prepositions in, at’ and ‘from,’ occur as circumpositions that envelop the complement, that is, the preposition itself marks the beginning of the prepositional phrase, and the end of the complement is marked by a postpositional ele- ment like -awa, -(d)â, or -râ. la dûrawa from afar دوورﻩوﻩ la khoawa by itself, by oneself ﺧﯚﻩوﻩ da arzîdâ on the ground دﻩ ﺋﻪرزﯾﺪا la khor’â by itself, by oneself ﺧﯚرا la nîwashawdâ in the middle of the night ﻧﻴﻮﻩﺷﻪودا l’ am wakhtádâ at this time م وﻩﺧﻪدا The d of dâ is often dropped, particularly but not necessarily after n, giving -’â, as in la Kurdistân’â in Kurdistan ﻮردﺳﺘﺎ la nâwcha i Sorân’â in the district of Soran وﻪى ﺳﯚرا la shwenawârakân i in the monuments of the ﺷـــﻮـــﻨـــﻪوارﻩﰷﱏ ﺣــــــﻪى nâḥiya i Khormâl’îsh’â Khormal region too ﺧﯚرﻣﺎﻟﺸﺎ (la pâsh’â after(wards ﭘﺎﺷﺎ lagał min’â with me ﮔﻪڵ ﻣﺎ The postpositional element does not usually, in and of itself, add anything substantial to the meaning of the prepositional phrase, and most preposi- tions occur without the postpositional element without any significant change in meaning—with the important exception of la…dâ ‘in, at’ and la…awa ‘from,’ where the postpositions define the meaning of la. When la lacks the postpositional element, the meaning must be ascertained from con-

20 SUBSTANTIVES text. Common prepositions and circumpositions: -labâbat …awa concern ﺑﻪت ...ـﻪوﻩ pe) to; with, by ﭘ) ba ﺑﻪ (instrumental) ing, about labâra i …awa concerning رﻩى ...ـﻪوﻩ babe …awa without ﺑﻪ …ـﻪوﻩ labât i instead of ﰏ ,badam …awa along with ﺑﻪدﻩم …ـﻪوﻩ labin beside ﻦ while, during labiret i instead of ﺮﱴ -balâ i …awa in the opin ﺑﻪﻻى …ـﻪوﻩ ladam …dâ behind دﻩم …دا ion of lagał …(dâ) with, together ﮔﻪڵ …(دا) bape i according to ﺑﻪﭘﻰ bar la before (temporal) with ﺑﻪر lalâyan …awa by (passive ﻻﯾﻪن …ـﻪوﻩ -baraw i …dâ in the direc ﺑﻪرﻩوى ...دا tion of agent) lanâw within و baraw in front of, toward ﺑﻪرﻩوﻩ ,lanew …dâ between ﻧﻮ …دا bardam before, in the face ﺑﻪردﻩم of among lapenâw i …dâ for the ﭘﺎوى …دا be without bejiga la …awa except for sake of ﺑﺠﮕﻪ ...ـﻪوﻩ laraw i with respect to رﻩوى bo for ﺑﯚ ;lare i …awa by means of رێ …ـﻪوﻩ da (te) on, in دﻩ () dagał with for دﻩﮔﻪڵ laregâ …dâ for the sake رﮕﺎ …دا dwâ i after دواى jiga la except for, aside of ﺟﮕﻪ ;lasar on, on top of ﺳﻪر from la (le) in, from according to (ﻟ) lazher …dâ under ژﺮ …دا la …(dâ) in, at …(دا) nâw between, among و la …awa from, than …ـﻪوﻩ newân between, among ﻧﻮان ,labar …(dâ) in front of ﺑﻪر …(دا) pâsh after ﭘﺎش before (pesh before (spacial ﭘﺶ labar …awa because of ﺑﻪر …ـﻪوﻩ wak like وﻩك ,labayn i …dâ between ﺑﻪﯾﲎ …دا among

§ 14.1. Preposed Pronominal Prepositional Complements. When pro-

21 SORANI KURDISH nouns are complements of prepositions, they occur as enclitics unless they are to be particularly stressed. Pronominal compliments may be either pre- posed, i.e. added to the word preceding the preposition, or postposed, i.e. added to the preposition itself. When the following prepositions have enclit- ic complements, either pre- or postposed, they change their forms as fol- lows: pe ﭘ ba becomes ﺑﻪ da becomes te دﻩ le ﻟ la becomes (è (see §35 below- ێ à becomes- ـﻪ All prepositions may take an independent pronoun as complement, as in ﻟـ la min ‘from me.’ If the pronoun is enclitic, the preposition changes to ﻣـﻦ ’,lem ‘from me ﻟــــــﻢ le. When the enclitic pronoun is postposed the phrase is and such phrases with postposed complements generally occur as tag phrases, i.e. falling after the verb, or at the end of a clause or sentence. When the prepositional phrase falls before the verb, or before the end of a ,im le- ـﻢ ﻟـــــــ clause or sentence, the enclitic pronoun is usually preposed as and the enclitic pronoun must be attached to some available preverbal mat- ter. For instance, in the sentence pirsyârèk la rafîqakay he asks a question of his ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﻚ رﻩﻓﻘﻪﻛﻪى دﻩﰷ dákâ friend if rafîqakay is changed to a pronoun and the prepositional phrase is a tag, the sentence becomes pirsyârèk dákâ ley he asks a question of him ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﻚ دﻩﰷ ﻟﻰ Normally, however, the prepositional phrase would have a preposed com- plement as pirsyârèkî le dákâ he asks a question of him ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﲃ ﻟ دﻩﰷ In the sentence pirsyârèk la min dákâ he asks a question of me ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﻚ ﻣﻦ دﻩﰷ min ‘me’ is stressed, but it could be expressed with an enclitic pronoun (and

22 SUBSTANTIVES therefore not particularly stressed) as pirsyârèkim le dákâ he asks a question of me ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﲂ ﻟ دﻩﰷ

It is important to realize that, for Kurdish speakers, the preposed enclitic pronoun is inextricably linked to the word to which it is attached—i.e., in the example above pirsyârèkim must be pronounced as one word. If there is any pause, the place for it is between the pronoun and the preposition. Other examples are: .l’ awân gwe dágirim > I’m listening to them وان ﮔـﻮێ دﻩﮔـﺮم > ﮔـﻮـﻴـﺎن ﻟـ .gweyân le dágirim دﻩﮔﺮم .dargâ bikanawa bo min > Open the door for me دﻩرﮔـﺎ ـﻜـﻪﻧـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﻦ > دﻩرﮔـﺎم ﺑـﯚ .dargâm bo bikanawa ﻜﻪﻧﻪوﻩ pûłaka l’ aw war dagire > He takes the money from ﭘـــﻮوـــﻪﻛـــﻪ و وﻩر دﻩﮔـــﺮێ > .pûłakay le war dagire. him ﭘﻮوﻪﻛﻪى ﻟ وﻩر دﻩﮔﺮێ .qsa bikam bo to > qsat bo Let me tell you a story ﻗـﺴـﻪ ـﻜـﻪم ﺑـﯚ ﺗـﯚ > ﻗـﺴـﻪت ﺑـﯚ .bikam ﻜﻪم .ama bíłem ba to > amat pe Let me say this to you ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪ ﺑـــﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﯚ > ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪت ﭘـ .bíłem ﺑﻢ. râwchîyèk henday namâ- A hunter almost came راوﭼـﻰﯾـﻪك ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩى ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎوﻩ ـﮕـﺎﺗـﻪ wa bigâtà rewî > râwchî- upon the fox > A hunter رـﻮى > راوﭼـﻰﯾـﻪك ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩى .yèk henday namâwa biy- almost came upon it ﻧﻪﻣﺎوﻩ ﺑﻴﮕﺎ. gâtè. bałkû shitèk bidâtà min > Maybe he’ll give me ﺑــﻪــﻜــﻮو ﺷــــــﻚ ﺑــﺪاﺗــﻪ ﻣــﻦ > .bałkû shitèkim bidâtè. something ﺑﻪﻜﻮو ﺷﲂ ﺑﺪا .qsa dakâ dagał to > qsat He speaks with you ﻗـﺴـﻪ دﻩﰷ دﻩﮔـﻪڵ ﺗـﯚ > ﻗـﺴـﻪت .dagał dakâ دﻩﮔﻪڵ دﻩﰷ aw balâ i minawa giring- He is more important to ﺋـﻪو ﺑـﻪ ﻻى ﻣــﻪوﻩ ﮔـﺮـﮕـﱰﻩ > ﺋـﻪوم .tir a > awim balâwa me ﺑﻪﻻوﻩ ﮔﺮﮕﱰﻩ giringtir a.

Similar is the construction involved in the idiom khaw- le kawtin—literal- -kha ـﻪوى ﻟـ ﻛـﻪوت ly “for sleep to fall on (someone)”—‘to fall asleep,’ as in 23 SORANI KURDISH -khawim le nákawt ‘I didn’t/could ـﻪوم ﻟـ ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪوت ’,wî le kawt ‘he fell asleep n’t fall asleep.’ In this construction the person upon whom sleep falls is expressed by a pronominal enclitic on khaw-; if a 3rd-person “subject” is expressed, the resumptive construction is used, as in ,.kichakân khawyân le kawt the girls fell asleep (lit ﻛﻪﰷن ﻪون ﻟ ﻛﻪوت “the girls—sleep fell upon them”)

In all the previous examples, the preposed complement has preceded the preposition immediately, and generally this is the position it takes. How- ever, a preposed complement separated from the preposition by other matter also occurs. Dabe khewatèkim la dara- They will have to pitch a دﻩ ﺧــﻮﻩﺗــﲂ دﻩرﻩوﻩى ﺷـﺎر wa i shâr bo hałbidan. tent for me outside the ﺑﯚ ﻫﻪﺒﺪﻩن. city.

For the special cases in which preposed postpositional complements dis- place enclitic possessive pronouns, see §27.4.

24 THE VERB

§ 15. Present Copulas. The present-tense copulas (‘am, is, are’) consist of the following enclitics: POSTCONSONANTAL POSTVOCALIC yn- ﻦ m- م în- ﻦ im- م n- ن (y(t- ى، ﯾﺖ in- ن (î(t- ى، ﯾﺖ n- ن ya- ﯾﻪ in- ن a- ه :’l’era ‘here ﻟﺮﻩ kurd ‘Kurdish’ and ﻮرد Examples are with ⎧ kúrdim ‘I am Kurdish’ kúrdîn ‘we are Kurdish’ ﻮردﻦ ﻮردم ｜ ⎫ kúrdî ﻮردى ｜ ’kúrdin ‘you are Kurdish ﻮردن ’you are Kurdish‘ ⎬ ⎨ ⎭ kúrdît ﺮدﯾﺖ ｜ ｜ ’kúrdin ‘they are Kurdish ﻮردن ’kúrda ‘s/he is Kurdish ﻮردﻩ ⎩ ⎧ l’erám ‘I am here’ l’eráyn ‘we are here’ ﻟﺮﻩﻦ ﻟﺮﻩم ｜ ⎫ l’eráy ﻟﺮﻩی ｜ ’l’erán ‘you are here ﻟﺮﻩن ’you are here‘ ⎬ ⎨ ⎭ l’eráyt ﻟﺮﻩﯾﺖ ｜ ｜ ’l’erán ‘they are here ﻟﺮﻩن ’l’eráya ‘s/he is here ﻟﺮﻩﯾﻪ ⎩

When the 3rd-person possessive enclitic (-î/-y) is followed by the 3rd- person copula (-a), a special form, -yatî, is used. .ktâw-a. It’s a book ﻛﺘﺎوﻩ. .ktâwî > ktâwyatî. his book > It’s his book ﻛﺘﺎوى > ﻛﺘﺎوﯾﻪﰏ.

The negative copula is formed on the base níy-: níyîn we are not ﻧﻴﲔ níyim I am not ﻧﲓ níyin you are not ﻧﲔ níyî(t) you are not ﻧﲕ، ﻧﻴﺖ níyin they are not ﻧﲔ níya he/she/it is not ﻧﻴﻪ

25 SORANI KURDISH § 16. ‘To Have.’ There is no verb in Kurdish equivalent to the English verb ‘to have.’ Kurdish expresses possession through the following formula: noun possessed (indefinite or absolute) + possessive pronoun + háya/níya (present) or hábû/hanábû (past) or some form of the verb bûn ‘to be’ .Pirsyârèkim háya. I have a question ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﲂ ﻫﻪﯾﻪ. .Pirsyârèkim hábû. I had a question ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﲂ ﻫﻪﺑﻮو. .Pârat háya. You have money ﭘﺎرﻩت ﻫﻪﯾﻪ. Ktâwèk i bâshî níya. He doesn’t have a good ﻛﺘﺎوﲃ ﳽ ﻧﻴﻪ. book. .Qałamânmân hábû. We had some pens ﻗﻪﻪﻣﺎﳕﺎن ﻫﻪﺑﻮو. Chand kuřtân háya? How many sons do you ﻪﻧﺪ ﻮڕن ﻫﻪﯾﻪ؟ have? Zor pârayân hanábû. They didn’t have much زۆر ﭘﺎرﻩن ﻫﻪﻧﻪﺑﻮو. money. .Tâqa kuřekî dabe. He has an only son ﻗﻪ ﻮڕﲃ دﻩ.

§ 17. The Present Habitual/Progressive. The present habitual tense corre- sponds to the English simple present used for habitual action (‘I go’), pro- gressive action (‘I’m going’), and the future (‘I’ll go, I’m going to go’1). It is formed from the present stem of the verb with a prefixed modal marker, which receives the stress, and the following suffixed personal endings. CONSONANT STEMS VOWEL STEMS -im -în -m -yn -î(t) -in -y(t) -n -e(t) -in -â(t)/-(t) -n The inherent (t) shown for the 2nd- and 3rd-persons singular is characteris- tic of literary Kurdish and seldom appears in the more informal spoken lan-

1 Unlike Kurmanji, Sorani Kurdish has no future tense. The future may be ex- pressed periphrastically (“I want to go,” e.g.), but normally the future sense is gained from context. 26 THE VERB guage. It is recovered, however, when any enclitic or suffix is added to the verb form (see §18 below). á-; in most other dialects the ﺋـــﻪ The modal prefix in Sulaymani Kurdish is dá-. Since otherwise verbs are conjugated identically in دﻩ modal prefix is all varieties of Sorani Kurdish, the modal marker will be shown in this book as dá-, and examples will be given with á- or dá- as they occur in the texts from which they have been taken. Examples of the conjugation of verbs with present stems ending in a consonant are as follows (examples are -ch- ‘go’ and -nûs- ‘write’): ’nûsîn ‘to write ﻧﻮوﺳﲔ ’chûn ‘to go ﭼﻮون dánûsîn دﻩﻧﻮوﺳﲔ dánûsim دﻩﻧﻮوﰟ dáchîn دﻩﲔ dáchim دﻩ 1 dánûsît دﻩﻧﻮوﺳﺖ⎧ dáchît دﻩﭼﺖ⎧ 2 ⎨ dáchin ⎨ dánûsin دﻩﻧﻮوﺳﻦ دﻩﭼﻦ 1 dánûsî دﻩﻧﻮوﳻ ⎩ dáchî دﻩﭼﯽ ⎩ dánûset دﻩﻧﻮوﺳﺖ⎧ dáchet دﻩﭼﺖ⎧ dánûsin دﻩﻧﻮوﺳﻦ ⎨ dáchin دﻩﭼﻦ ⎨ 3 dánûse دﻩﻧﻮوﺳ ⎩ dáche دﻩﭼ ⎩

In the negative, the modal marker á- is replaced by stressed nâ´- (< na + a-). nânûsîn ﻧﻮوﺳﲔ nânûsim ﻧﻮوﰟ nâchîn ﲔ nâchim nânûsin ﻧﻮوﺳﻦ (nânûsî(t ﻧﻮوﺳﺖ nâchin ﭼﻦ (nâchî(t ﭼﺖ nânûsin ﻧﻮوﺳﻦ (nânûse(t ﻧﻮوﺳﺖ nâchin ﭼﻦ (nâche(t ﭼﺖ The negative of the modal marker dá- is náda-: nádanûsîn ﻧﻪدﻩﻧﻮوﺳﲔ nádanûsim ﻧﻪدﻩﻧﻮوﰟ nádachîn ﻧﻪدﻩﲔ nádachim ﻧﻪدﻩ nádanûsin ﻧﻪدﻩﻧﻮوﺳﻦ (nádanûsî(t ﻧﻪدﻩﻧﻮوﺳﺖ nádachin ﻧﻪدﻩﭼﻦ (nádachî(t ﻧﻪدﻩﭼﺖ nádanûsin ﻧﻪدﻩﻧﻮوﺳﻦ (nádanûse(t ﻧﻪدﻩﻧﻮوﺳﺖ nádachin ﻧﻪدﻩﭼﻦ (nádache(t ﻧﻪدﻩﭼﺖ

The negative of the Sulaymani habitual is occasionally used as an emphatic

1Henceforth the second- and third-person singular forms will normally be given as dáche(t), with only the literary form in but دﻩﭼــﺖ dáchî(t) and دﻩﭼــﺖ with both forms in transcription. 27 SORANI KURDISH ﻧــــــــﻮوﰟ negative in dialects that normally have the negative in náda-, as in -ná ﻧـــﻪدﻩﻧـــﻮوﰟ nânûsim ‘I don’t ever write’ (which would then contrast with qaydè nâkâ ‘it doesn’t matter at ﻗـــــﻪﯾـــــﺪێ ﰷ danûsim ‘I’m not writing’) and all.’ For verbs with stems ending in a vowel, the personal endings combine kirdin ‘to do,’ present ــﺮدن ,with stems in -a, -o, and -e as follows (examples gařân ﮔــﻪڕان ;-ro رۆ royshtin ‘to go away,’ present stem رۆــﺸــﱳ ;-ka ﻛــﻪ stem gaře-). The only forms that show changes in the ﮔـﻪڕێ to turn,’ present stem‘ stem vowel are the 3rd-person singular of the -a- and -o- stems, which change to -â(t) and -wâ(t) respectively. A-STEMS dákayn دﻩﻛﻪﻦ dákam دﻩﻛﻪم dákan دﻩﻛﻪن (dákay(t دﻩﻛﻪﯾﺖ dákan دﻩﻛﻪن (dákâ(t دﻩﰷ(ت) ﺧــــــﺴــــــﱳ Common verbs conjugated in the present tense like kirdin/ka- are da- ‘to دﻩ /dân دان ’,ba- ‘to carry ﺑـــﻪ /birdin ـــﺮدن ’,kha- ‘to throw ـــﻪ /khistin ’.ga- ‘to reach ﮔﻪ /gayshtin ﮔﻪﺸﱳ give,’ and O-STEMS dároyn دﻩرۆﻦ dárom دﻩرۆم dáron دﻩرۆن dároyt دﻩرۆﯾﺖ dáron دﻩرۆن (dárwâ(t دﻩروا(ت) ﺷــــﻮردن shitin (or ﺷــــﱳ kho- ‘to eat’ and ﺧــــﯚ/khwârdin ﺧــــﻮاردن Like ro- are ’.sho- ‘to wash ﺷﯚ/(shurdin Verbs with present stems in -e, of which there are many, keep the theme vowel unchanged throughout the conjugation, and in the 3rd-person singu- lar nothing is added other than the inherent -t. E-STEMS dágařeyn دﻩﮔﻪڕﲔ dágařem دﻩﮔﻪڕﻢ dágařen دﻩﮔﻪڕﻦ (dágařey(t دﻩﮔﻪڕﻰ، دﻩﮔﻪڕﺖ dágařen دﻩﮔﻪڕﻦ (dágaře(t دﻩﮔﻪڕێ، دﻩﮔﻪڕﺖ Like gaře- are all verbs with infinitives ending in -ân. 28 THE VERB hâtin ‘to come’ (present ﻫـــــﺎـــــﻦ One verb with a peculiar present tense is -ye). In Sulaymani Kurdish the present stem, ye-, is regularly conju- ﯾـــﻪ stem gated but without the modal marker a-. In most other dialects, particularly Iranian varieties, the present stem combines with the modal marker da- to become de-. The two variants are conjugated in the present as follows: SULAYMANI NON-SULAYMANI deyn دﲔ dem دﻢ yeyn ﯾﻪﻦ yem ﯾﻪم den دﻦ (dey(t دﻰ، دﺖ yen ﯾﻪن (yey(t ﯾﻪى، ﯾﻪﯾﺖ den دﻦ (de(t دێ(دﺖ) yen ﯾﻪن (ye(t ﯾﻪ(ت) The negative is regularly conjugated on the stem nâye-: nâyeyn ﯾﻪﻦ nâyem ﯾﻪم nâyen ﯾﻪن (nâyey(t ﯾﻪی، ﯾﻪﯾﺖ nâyen ﯾﻪن (nâye(t ﯾﻪ، ﯾﻪت

§ 18. Verbs in -awa. Many Kurdish verbs end with the suffix -awa, which -mân ‘to re ﻣــــــﺎن has the following basic meanings: (1) ‘again, back, re-,’ as witin ‘to وــﻦ/gotin ﮔــﯚــﻦ ’,mânawa ‘to be left behind ﻣــﺎﻧــﻪوﻩ < ’main, be left gařân ‘to ﮔـﻪڕان ’,witinawa ‘to say again, repeat وﺗـﻨـﻪوﻩ/gotinawa ﮔـﯚﺗـﻨـﻪوﻩ < ’say kirdinawa ‘to ــﺮدﻧــﻪوﻩ gařânawa ‘to return,’ (2) ‘open,’ as in ﮔــﻪڕاﻧــﻪوﻩ < ’turn sûr-kirdin ﺳـﻮور ـﺮدن open,’ and (3) to give a nuance of meaning to a verb, as sûr-kirdinawa ‘to sauté.’ This said, it should ﺳــــﻮور ــــﺮدﻧــــﻪوﻩ < ’to make red‘ also be noted that -awa often adds nothing of any real lexical significance to the verb but gives a perfective aspect instead. All such verbs are regularly conjugated. With verbs ending in -awa, the -awa suffix is added after the personal ending, as in dargâ dakamawa I(’ll) open the door دﻩرﮔﺎ دﻩﻛﻪﻣﻪوﻩ dágařenawa you/they(’ll) return دﻩﮔﻪڕﻨﻪوﻩ Second- and third-person forms always recover the t inherent in the per- sonal endings before -awa, as in dágařetawa he’ll return دﻩﮔﻪڕﺘﻪوﻩ

29 SORANI KURDISH dakaytawa you open دﻩﻛﻪﯾﺘﻪوﻩ

:kirdinawa are as follows ﺮدﻧﻪوﻩ gařânawa and ﮔﻪڕاﻧﻪوﻩ Full inflections of dágařeynawa دﻩﮔﻪڕﻪوﻩ dágařemawa دﻩﮔﻪڕﻤﻪوﻩ dágařenawa دﻩﮔﻪڕﻨﻪوﻩ dágařeytawa دﻩﮔﻪڕﻪوﻩ dágařenawa دﻩﮔﻪڕﻨﻪوﻩ dágařetawa دﻩﮔﻪڕﺘﻪوﻩ dákaynawa دﻩﻛﻪﯾﻨﻪوﻩ dákamawa دﻩﻛﻪﻣﻪوﻩ dákanawa دﻩﻛﻪﻧﻪوﻩ dákaytawa دﻩﻛﻪﯾﺘﻪوﻩ dákanawa دﻩﻛﻪﻧﻪوﻩ dákâtawa دﻩﰷﺗﻪوﻩ

§ 19. The Present Subjunctive. Like the present habitual, the present sub- junctive is formed from the present stem of the verb and the personal suf- fixes. The modal marker for the subjunctive is bí-. kirdinawa ﺮدﻧﻪوﻩ chûn ﭼﻮون bíkaynawa ﻜﻪﯾﻨﻪوﻩ bíkamawa ﻜﻪﻣﻪوﻩ bíchîn ﲔ bíchim ﻢ bíkanawa ﻜﻪﻧﻪوﻩ bíkaytawa ﻜﻪﯾﺘﻪوﻩ bíchin ﻦ (bíchî(t ﻰ، ﻴﺖ bíkanawa ﻜﻪﻧﻪوﻩ bíkâtawa ﲀﺗﻪوﻩ bíchin ﻦ (bíche(t ، ﺖ

In compound verbs, the bí- prefix is optional, and when it is omitted the lack of a modal prefix identifies the verb as subjunctive. The modal prefix is regularly omitted with close compound verbs with prefixes like war- and hał-. bâng (bí)kayn ﮓ ﻜﻪﻦ bâng (bí)kam ﮓ ﻜﻪم bâng (bí)kan ﮓ ﻜﻪن (bâng (bí)kay(t ﮓ ﻜﻪﯾﺖ bâng (bí)kan ﮓ ﻜﻪن (bâng (bí)kâ(t ﮓ ﲀ(ت) wargirîn وﻩرﮔﺮﻦ wargirim وﻩرﮔﺮم wargirin وﻩرﮔﺮن (wargirî(t وﻩرﮔﺮى، وﻩرﮔﺮﯾﺖ wargirin وﻩرﮔﺮن (wargire(t وﻩرﮔﺮێ، وﻩرﮔﺮﺖ When the preceding word ends in a vowel and the verb stem begins with a 30 THE VERB single consonant, the vowel of the modal prefix may be elided, giving, e.g., (wâ b’zânim I think (lit., if I know thus وا ﺰاﱎ am wushayá b’nûsîn let’s write this word ﺋﻪم ووﺷﻪﯾﻪ ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﲔ This feature is not represented in the Kurdo-Arabic writing system. The negative prefix for the subjunctive is ná-, which replaces bí- where it occurs. nákayn ﻧﻪﻛﻪﻦ nákam ﻧﻪﻛﻪم náchîn ﻧﻪﲔ náchim ﻧﻪ nákan ﻧﻪﻛﻪن (nákay(t ﻧﻪﻛﻪى، ﻧﻪﻛﻪﯾﺖ náchin ﻧﻪﭼﻦ (náchî(t ﻧﻪﭼﻰ، ﻧﻪﭼﺖ nákan ﻧﻪﻛﻪن (nákâ(t ﻧﻪﰷ(ت) náchin ﻧﻪﭼﻦ (náche(t ﻧﻪﭼ، ﻧﻪﭼﺖ The present subjunctive of the verb bûn ‘to be’ is based on the stem b-. It occurs both with and without the bí- prefix with the following conjugations:

WITHOUT PREFIX WITH PREFIX bíbîn ﺑﺒﲔ bíbim ﺑﱬ bîn ﺑﲔ bim ﰈ bíbin ﺑﱭ (bíbî(t ﺑﱮ، ﺑﺒﺖ bin ﻦ (bî(t ﰉ، ﺑﺖ bíbin ﺑﱭ (bíbe(t ﺑ، ﺑﺒﺖ bin ﻦ (be(t ، ﺑﺖ

When the verb means ‘to be’ the bí- prefix is omitted, but when it means ‘to ’nîzîk-bûn ‘to get near ﻧــﲒــﻦ ﺑــﻮون become’ or is part of a compound verb like -âshkirâ-bûn ‘to be revealed’ in the following examples, the bí ﺋـﺎﺷـﮑـﺮا ﺑـﻮون or prefix is present. -Mirov nâbe nâhumed be. One should not be despon ﻣﺮۆڤ ﻫﻮﻣﺪ . dent. Náyândawerâ nîzîk i They didn’t dare get near ﻧــﻪﻧــﺪﻩوــﺮا ﻧــﲒــﲃ ﻣــﺎــﻪﰷﻧــﻴــﺎن .mâłakânyân bibinawa. their houses ﺑﻪوﻩ. Dátirse rozhèk bet am She fears there will come دﻩـﺮﺳـ رۆژـﻚ ﺑــﺖ ﺋـﻪم ﳖــﲎﯾـﻪ nihenîá âshkirâ bibe. a day this secret will be ﺋﺎﺷﻜﺮا ﺑ. revealed.

The present subjunctive of hâtin ‘to come’ is regularly conjugated on the stem be- (for *bíye-). Note that the 3rd-person singular subjunctive of hâtin is identical to the 3rd-person singular subjunctive of bûn, i.e. both are be(t).

31 SORANI KURDISH hâtin ﻫﺎﻦ beyn ﺑﲔ bem ﺑﻢ ben ﺑﻦ (bey(t ﺑﻰ، ﺑﺖ ben ﺑﻦ (be(t ، ﺑﺖ The verbs henân ‘to bring’ and heshtin ‘to let’ have subjunctives formed both on the regular stems bíhen- and bíheł- and on the contracted stems ben- and beł-: REGULAR SUBJUNCTIVE CONTRACTED SUBJUNCTIVE henân ﻫﻨﺎن benîn ﺑﲔ benim ﺑﲌ bíhenîn ﲠﻨﲔ bíhenim ﲠﲌ benin ﺑﲍ (benî(t ﺑﺖ bíhenin ﲠﲍ (bíhenî(t ﲠﻨﺖ benin ﺑﲍ (bene(t ﺑﺖ bíhenin ﲠﲍ (bíhene(t ﺑﺖ heshtin ﻫﺸﱳ bełîn ﺑﲔ bełim ﺑﻢ bíhełîn ﲠﲔ bíhełim ﲠﻢ bełin ﺑﻦ (bełî(t ﺑﻴﺖ bíhełin ﲠﻦ (bíhełî(t ﲠﻴﺖ bełin ﺑﻦ (bełe(t ﺑﺖ bíhełin ﲠﻦ (bíhełe(t ﲠﺖ The present subjunctive is used in the following instances: (1) independently—i.e. not dependent upon a preceding construction—as a deliberative (English ‘should’). In literary style, the interrogative particle .âyâ often introduces the construction ﺋﺎ Âyâ pâshawpâsh bígaře- Should he retrace his ﺋﺎ ﭘﺎﺷﻪوﭘﺎش ﮕﻪڕﺘﻪوﻩ؟ tawa? steps? ?Sbaynî bem? Should I come tomorrow ﺳﺒﻪﯾﲎ ﺑﻢ؟ ?Dargâ bíkaynawa? Should we open the door دﻩرﮔﺎ ﻜﻪﯾﻨﻪوﻩ؟ (2) in the 1st persons as a cohortative (‘let me, let’s’) and in the 3rd per- sons as a hortatory (‘let him…, may he …’). The 1st-person is often pre- .(’wára (‘c’mon وﻩرﻩ ceded by bâ or .Bâ bíroyn. C’mon, let’s go ﺮۆﻦ. Wára, fełèkî le bikayn. C’mon, let’s play a trick وﻩرﻩ، ﻓﲃ ﻟ ﻜﻪﻦ. on him. .Nábetà dî. May it not happen ﻧﻪﺑﻪ دى. 32 THE VERB .Dâ-binîshinawa. Let them sit back down داﺑﻨﺸﻨﻪوﻩ.

(3) as complement to all verbs and constructions of wanting (see §20), ability (see §21), necessity, etc. .Amawe bíchimà mâłe. I want to go home ﺋﻪﻣﻪوى ﻤﻪ ﻣﺎ. .Datwânim bítbînim. I can see you دﻩﺗﻮاﱎ ﺑﺘﲌ. Pewîst a ka sar i l’ aw It is necessary for her to ﭘــﻮـﺴــﺘـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﻪرى و ﻣـﺮۆﭬـﻪ -mirov a kiłołá bídât ka pay a visit to that mis ﻛﯚﻪ ﺑﺪات ﻛﻪ ﺎوﻩڕواﱏ ﺋﻪﰷ. châwařwânî akâ. erable man who is wait- ing. Pewîst níya ka bíłem… It is not necessary that I ﭘﻮﺴﺖ ﻧﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻢ … say… bar l’ awaî ‘before’ and ﺑـــــــﻪروﻩى after a number of conjunctions like (4) ba be awaî ‘without’1 ﺑﻪ ﺋﻪوﻩى …bar l’ awaî biche… before he goes/went ﺑﻪروﻩى … …bar l’ awaî ewa dâ- before you sit/sat down ﺑﻪروﻩى ﺋﻮﻩ داﺑﻨﺸﻦ … binîshin… .Ba be awaî qsa bikâ, Without speaking, he left ﺑﻪ ﺋﻪوﻩى ﻗﺴﻪ ﲀ، رۆﺸﺖ. roysht. ba be awaî bitbîne… without his/her seeing ﺑﻪ ﺋﻪوﻩى ﺑﺘ … you…

(5) in the protasis of a possible conditional: ,Ama agar betà dî, atwânîn If this should come about ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪ ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﺑـــﻪ دى، ﺋـﻪﺗـﻮاﻧـﲔ …bíłeyn… we can say that ﺑﲔ … .Agar bitawe, datwânî. If you want to, you can ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﺑﺘﻪوێ، دﻩﺗﻮاﱏ.

1 Bar l’ awaî is always followed by the present subjunctive; the proper tense for English translation is gained from context. In English ‘without’ is followed by a gerund, but in Kurdish it is followed by a subjunctive clause, which is necessarily personal. 33 SORANI KURDISH Agar bet u hez i atom bo If it should be that the ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﺑــﺖ و ﻫــﺰى ﺋـﻪﺗـﯚم ﺑـﯚ shař u kushtâr u la nâw power of the atom be ﺷـﻪڕ و ـﻮﺷــﺘـﺎر و و ـﺮدن ﺑـﻪ ,birdin ba kâr bíhenre… used for war, slaughter ﰷر ﲠﲊێ … and destruction…

§ 20. ‘To Want.’ The Kurdish verb corresponding to the English verb ‘want’ is wîstin (present stem we-). The construction that serves as the pres- ent tense of this verb is compounded of the prefix (d)á- (negative ná-) + possessive pronoun enclitic + -awe. The full inflection of the present tense is as follows: AFFIRMATIVE PRESENT dámânawe دﻩﻣﺎﻧﻪوێ dámawe دﻩﻣﻪوێ dátânawe دﻩﻧﻪوێ dátawe دﻩﺗﻪوێ dáyânawe دﻩﻧﻪوێ dáyawe دﻩﯾﻪوێ NEGATIVE PRESENT námânawe ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﻪوێ námawe ﻧﻪﻣﻪوێ nátânawe ﻧﻪﻧﻪوێ nátawe ﻧﻪﺗﻪوێ náyânawe ﻧﻪﻧﻪوێ náyawe ﻧﻪﯾﻪوێ PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE bímânawe ﲟﺎﻧﻪوێ bímawe ﲟﻪوێ bítânawe ﺑﺘﺎﻧﻪوێ bítawe ﺑﺘﻪوێ bíyânawe ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪوێ bíyawe ﺑﻴﻪوێ When the complement, or logical object, of wîstin (i.e. what one wants) pre- cedes the verb, the “subject” pronominal enclitics are usually attached to the complement, and the verb is the invariable 3rd-person singular (d)awe (neg- ative nâwe). The full present “conjugation” of this construction is:

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE mân nâwe- ﻣﺎن وێ im nâwe- م وێ mân dáwe- ﻣﺎن دﻩوێ im dáwe- م دﻩوێ tân nâwe- ن وێ it nâwe- ت وێ tân dáwe- ن دﻩوێ it dáwe- ت دﻩوێ yân nâwe- ن وێ î nâwe- ى وێ yân dáwe- ن دﻩوێ î dáwe- ى دﻩوێ 34 THE VERB as in the following examples: .Awám awe. I want that ﺋﻪوﻩم ﺋﻪوێ Am shitânáy nâwe. He doesn’t want these ﺋﻪم ﺷﺘﺎﻧﻪى وێ things. All verbal complements of ‘want’ are in the subjunctive, as in the following paradigm of ‘want to go’: dámânawe bíchîn دﻩﻣﺎﻧﻪوێ ﲔ dámawe bíchim دﻩﻣﻪوێ ﻢ dátânawe bíchin دﻩﻧﻪوێ ﻦ (dátawe bíchî(t دﻩﺗﻪوێ ﻴﺖ dáyânawe bíchin دﻩﻧﻪوێ ﻦ (dáyawe bíche(t دﻩﯾﻪوێ ﺖ Other examples are as follows: .Atawe nâmayèk binûsî. You want to write a letter ﺋﻪﺗﻪوێ ﻣﻪﯾﻪك ﺑﻨﻮوﳻ. .Ayawe ktâwèk bikře. He wants to buy a book ﺋﻪﯾﻪوێ ﻛﺘﺎوﻚ ﻜێ. .Damânawe nâmayèk binû- We want to write a letter دﻩﻣﺎﻧﻪوێ ﻣﻪﯾﻪك ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﲔ. sîn. Atânawe pirsyârèk bikan? Do you (pl) want to ask a ﺋﻪﻧﻪوێ ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﻚ ﻜﻪن؟ question? .Náyânawe dars bikhwe- They do not want to study ﻧﻪﻧﻪوێ دﻩرس ﲞﻮﲍ. nin.

Wîstin is conjugated as a transitive verb in the past (see §27 below).

ﺗــــﻮان twânîn (pres. stem ﺗــــﻮاﻧــــﲔ To Be Able.’ The verb ‘to be able’ is‘ .21 § twân-). Twânîn is regularly conjugated in the present, and it is necessarily followed by a subjunctive complement. Below is given the full present con- jugation, affirmative and negative, of ‘can/can’t say’: dátwânîn bíłeyn دﻩﺗﻮاﻧﲔ ﺑﲔ dátwânim bíłem دﻩﺗﻮاﱎ ﺑﻢ dátwânin bíłen دﻩﺗﻮاﻦ ﺑﻦ (dátwânî(t) bíłey(t دﻩﺗﻮاﻧﺖ ﺑﺖ dátwânin bíłen دﻩﺗﻮاﻦ ﺑﻦ (dátwâne(t) bíłe(t دﻩﺗﻮاﻧﺖ ﺑﺖ nâtwânîn bíłeyn ﺗﻮاﻧﲔ ﺑﲔ nâtwânim bíłem ﺗﻮاﱎ ﺑﻢ nâtwânin bíłen ﺗﻮاﻦ ﺑﻦ (nâtwânî(t) bíłey(t ﺗﻮاﻧﺖ ﺑﺖ 35 SORANI KURDISH nâtwânin bíłen ﺗﻮاﻦ ﺑﻦ (nâtwâne(t) bíłe(t ﺗﻮاﻧﺖ ﺑﺖ ﺑـﺘـﻮاﻧــﺖ ,(bítwânî(t ﺑـﺘـﻮاﻧــﺖ ,bítwânim ﺑـﺘـﻮاﱎ :The subjunctive is regularly formed ,(nátwânî(t ﻧــﻪﺗــﻮاﻧــــﺖ ,nátwânim ﻧــﻪﺗــﻮاﱎ :bítwâne(t), &c., negative subjunctive &c. Twânîn is conjugated as a transitive verb in the past (see §27 below). la bîr ﺑـﲑ ﺑـﻮون To Remember.’ The idiom used for ‘to remember’ is‘ .22 § bûn, literally “to be in the mind.” The construction of the idiom, like the present of wîstin, depends upon whether or not there is preposed matter. NOTHING PREPOSED WITH PREPOSED MATTER mân la bîr a- ـﲈن ﺑﲑﻩ im la bîr a- ـﻢ ﺑﲑﻩ la bîrmân a ﺑﲑﻣﺎﻧﻪ la bîrim a ﺑﲑﻣﻪ tân la bîr a- ـﺘﺎن ﺑﲑﻩ it la bîr a- ـﺖ ﺑﲑﻩ la bîrtân a ﺑﲑﻧﻪ la bîrit a ﺑﲑﺗﻪ yân la bîr a- ـﻴﺎن ﺑﲑﻩ î la bîr a- ـﻰ ﺑﲑﻩ la bîryân a ﺑﲑﻧﻪ la bîrî a ﺑﲑﯾﻪ

Simple ‘I remember,’ ‘you remember,’ &c. (without mentioning what one la ﺑـﲑم ﻧـﻴـﻪ la bîrit a, &c. (negative ﺑـ ﺗﲑـﻪ ,la bîrim a ﺑـﲑﻣـﻪ remembers) are la bîrit níya). However, if anything is preposed to the ﺑــﲑت ﻧــﻴــﻪ ,bîrim níya construction, that is, what one remembers, the enclitic pronouns are de- tached from bîr and attached to the preposed matter, as in the following: .Aw rozhânám la bîr a. I remember those days ﺋﻪو رۆژاﻧﻪم ﺑﲑﻩ.

Hence, the prepositional phrase is actually -m la bîr, where the complement to la bîr, -(i)m, has been preposed, or placed before the preposition. Other examples are the following: Nâwimî la bîr níya. He doesn’t remember my وﱉ ﺑﲑ ﻧﻴﻪ. name. Wałâm i pirsyârakát la bîr You didn’t remember the وﻩﱉ ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﻩﻛﻪت ﺑﲑ .nábû. answer to the question ﻧﻪﺑﻮو. Other constructions involving bîr are -î ba bîrâ hâtin and -î bîr kawtinawa ‘to remember,’ all of which usually take preposed pronominal enclitics. Wât ba bîrâ hât ka… Thus you remembered وات ﺑﻪ ﺑﲑا ﻫﺎت ﻛﻪ … that… 36 THE VERB .Shitèkim hât ba bîrâ. I remembered something ﺷﲂ ﻫﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺑﲑا. Dâykyân kawtawa bîr. They remembered their داﻜﺎن ﻛﻪوﺗﻪوﻩ ﺑﲑ. mother. -wakû shitèkyân bîr kawti- as though they remem وﻩﻮو ﺷﻜﺎن ﺑﲑ ﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻪوﻩ. betawa bered something and la bîr chûn ‘to forget.’ .Nâw i aw pyâwám la bîr I forgot that man’s name وى ﺋﻪو ﭘﻴﺎوﻩم ﺑﲑ ﭼﻮو. chû. -Shitèkit la bîr chû? Did you forget some ﺷﻜﺖ ﺑﲑ ﭼﻮو؟ thing?

§ 23. Pronominal Objects of Verbs. Direct-object pronouns of verbs in the present tense and the present subjunctive mood are normally enclitics at- tached to some part of the verbal conglomerate (i.e. the verb, any preverbal prefixes, compounding agent). Identical to the possessive enclitic pronouns, the direct-object pronouns are as follows: AFTER CONSONANTS AFTER VOWELS mân-´ ﻣﺎن m-´ م mân-´ ـﲈن im-´ ـﻢ tân-´ ن t-´ ت tân-´ ـﺘﺎن it-´ ـﺖ yân-´ ن y-´ ى yân-´ ـﻴﺎن î-´ ـﻰ The enclitic pronouns are attached in the following order: 1. If the verb is compound, the pronoun object is added to the preverb:1 .bângim dákan. They are calling me ﮕﻢ دﻩﻛﻪن. .warî dágirîn. We’ll take it up وﻩرى دﻩﮔﺮﻦ. .Aḥmad hałyân dágire. Ahmad will pick them up ﺋﻪﲪﻪد ﻫﻪﻴﺎن دﻩﮔﺮێ. .ferî ábim. I’ll learn it ﻓﺮى ﺋﻪﰈ.

1A preverb may be (1) a noun like bâng ‘call’ as in bâng kirdin ‘to call,’ (2) an adjective like âshkirâ ‘obvious’ as in âshkirâ kirdin ‘to clarify,’ or (3) a directional element like war ‘up’ as in war-girtin ‘to take up.’ 37 SORANI KURDISH 2. If the verb is not compound, the pronoun object is added to the model prefix (á-, dá-, bí-) or the negative prefix (nâ-, ná): .dáyânbîne. He’ll see them دﻩﻧﺒ. .dátbînim. I’ll see you دﻩﺗﺒﲌ. .nâynâsim/náydanâsim. I don’t know him ﯾﻨﺎﰟ، ﻧﻪﯾﺪﻩﰟ. .nâykřim. I’m not going to buy it ﻜم. .amawe bíykřim. I want to buy it ﺋﻪﻣﻪوێ ﺑﻴﻜم. Haz akam bíynerimawa bo I’d like to send it to a ﻫﻪز ﺋﻪﻛﻪم ﺑﻴﺮﻣﻪوﻩ ﺑﯚ رﻩﻓﻘﲂ. rafîqèkim. friend of mine. Rû bikaynà wiłâtèk kas Let’s go to a country روو ﻜﻪﯾﻨﻪ وﺗﻚ ﻛﻪس .namânnâse. where nobody knows us ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﻨﺎﺳ.

§ 24. The Imperative. The singular imperative of verb stems ending in vowels is formed from bí- + the present stem. The plural imperative is ex- actly like the 2nd-person plural subjunctive. As in the subjunctive of close compound verbs, the bí- prefix is usually omitted; in open compounds it is generally found but may be omitted.

INFINITIVE PRES. STEM SINGULAR IMPERATIVE PLURAL IMPERATIVE bíkan ﻜﻪن bíka ﻜﻪ -kirdin ka bíron ۆن bíro ۆ -royshtin ro -tawâw ﺗﻪواو (ﺑـ)ﻛﻪن -tawâw ﺗﻪواو (ﺑـ)ﻛﻪ -tawâw- tawâw-ka kirdin (bi)ka (bi)kan

If the present stem ends in a consonant, the singular imperative is formed from bí- + present stem + -a. The plural imperative is identical to the 2nd- person plural subjunctive. bíbin ﺑﱭ bíba ﺑﺒﻪ -bûn b bíchin ﻦ bícha1 ﻪ -chûn ch bícho and ــــﯚ .In addition to bícha, chûn has several alternative imperatives, viz 1 .bíchora ﯚرﻩ 38 THE VERB bígirin ﮕﺮن bígira ﮕﺮﻩ -girtin gir bínûsin ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﻦ bínûsa ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﻪ -nûsîn nûs gwe-(bi)girin ﮔﻮێ (ﺑـ)ﮔﺮن gwe-(bi)gira ﮔﻮێ (ﺑـ)ﮔﺮﻩ -gwe-girtin gwe-gir dâ-(bi)nîshin دا(ﺑـ)ﻧﺸﻦ dâ-(bi)nîsha دا(ﺑـ)ﻧﺸﻪ dâ-nîshtin dâ-nîsh wis-bin وس ﻦ wis-ba وس ﺑﻪ -wis-bûn wis-b

Note the irregular singular imperatives of birdin, dân, khistin, and the total- ly irregular imperative of hâtin: bíban ﺑﺒﻪن bíbara ﺑﺒﻪرﻩ -birdin ba bídan ﺑﺪﻩن bídara ﺑﺪﻩرﻩ -dân da bíkhan ﲞﻪن bíkhara ﲞﻪرﻩ -khistin kha wárin وﻩرن wára وﻩرﻩ -hâtin ye The bí- prefix of the imperative takes pronominal direct objects exactly like the subjunctive prefix: Ba châw i khot bímbîna See (me) with your own ﺑﻪ ﺎوى ﺧﯚت ﲟﺒﻪ ﭼﯚن chon pyâwèkim! eyes what kind of man I ﭘﻴﺎوﲂ! am! Bíyhena lagał khot! Bring him/her/it with ﳱﻨﻪ ﮔﻪڵ ﺧﯚت! you!

.da دﻩ Imperatives are often preceded by the “attention-getting” particle The negative imperative prefix is má-, which replaces bí- where it occurs. !Mágrî! Don’t cry ﻣﻪﮔﺮى! !Máyhena! Don’t bring it ﻣﻪﳞﻨﻪ! !Dâ-mánîsha! Don’t sit down داﻣﻪﻧﺸﻪ!

§ 25. The Simple Past (Intransitive). The simple past (preterite) of in- transitive verbs is formed by adding unstressed personal suffixes to the past stem of the verb. The past stem is derived by deleting the -(i)n ending of the infinitive, e.g., hâtin > hât-, bûn > bû-.

39 SORANI KURDISH

AFTER CONSONANTS AFTER VOWELS -im -în -m -yn -î(t) -in -y(t) -n — -in — -n ﺑـــﻮون ’,hâtin ‘to come ﻫـــﺎـــﻦ Examples of the simple past inflection are from ’.mân ‘to remain ﻣﺎن gayîn ‘to arrive’ (int.), and ﮔﻪﯾﲔ ’,bûn ‘to be bûyn ﺑﻮوﻦ bûm ﺑﻮوم hâtîn ﻫﺎﺗﲔ hâtim ﻫﺎﰎ bûn ﺑﻮون (bûy(t ووﯾﺖ hâtin ﻫﺎﻦ (hâtî(t ﻫﺎﺗﺖ bûn ﺑﻮون bû ﺑﻮو hâtin ﻫﺎﻦ hât ﻫﺎت mâyn ﻣﺎﻦ mâm ﻣﺎم gayîyn ﮔﻪﯾﻴﲔ gayîm ﮔﻪﱘ mân ﻣﺎن (mây(t ﻣﺎﯾﺖ gayîn ﮔﻪﯾﲔ (gayîy(t ﮔﻪﯾﻴﺖ mân ﻣﺎن mâ ﻣﺎ gayîn ﮔﻪﯾﲔ gayî ﮔﻪﱙ The negative is formed by prefixing ná-: nábûyn ﻧﻪﺑﻮوﻦ nábûm ﻧﻪﺑﻮوم náhâtîn ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﲔ náhâtim ﻧﻪﻫﺎﰎ nábûn ﻧﻪﺑﻮون (nábûy(t ﻧﻪﺑﻮوﯾﺖ náhâtin ﻧﻪﻫﺎﻦ (náhâtî(t ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﺖ nábûn ﻧﻪﺑﻮون nábû ﻧﻪﺑﻮو náhâtin ﻧﻪﻫﺎﻦ náhât ﻧﻪﻫﺎت námâyn ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻦ námâm ﻧﻪﻣﺎم nágayîyn ﻧﻪﮔﻪﯾﻴﲔ nágayîm ﻧﻪﮔﻪﯾﲓ námân ﻧﻪﻣﺎن (námây(t ﻧﻪﻣﺎﯾﺖ nágayîn ﻧﻪﮔﻪﯾﲔ (nágayîy(t ﻧﻪﮔﻪﯾﻴﺖ námân ﻧﻪﻣﺎن námâ ﻧﻪﻣﺎ nágayîn ﻧﻪﮔﻪﯾﲔ nágayî ﻧﻪﮔﻪﱙ The t of the 2nd-person singular form is recovered if the verb has any suf- fixed ending like -awa or the directional suffix -à. For example, the verbs hâtinawa ‘to come back’ and chûnà mâl ‘to go home’ are conjugated as fol- lows: chûynà mâł ﭼﻮوﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﺎڵ chûmà mâł ﭼﻮوﻣﻪ ﻣﺎڵ hâtînawa ﻫﺎﺗﻪوﻩ hâtimawa ﻫﺎﲤﻪوﻩ chûnà mâł ﭼﻮوﻧﻪ ﻣﺎڵ chûytà mâł ﭼﻮوﯾﺘﻪ ﻣﺎڵ hâtinawa ﻫﺎﺗﻨﻪوﻩ hâtîtawa ﻫﺎﺗﻪوﻩ chûnà mâł ﭼﻮوﻧﻪ ﻣﺎڵ chûà mâł ﭼﻮوﻩ ﻣﺎڵ hâtinawa ﻫﺎﺗﻨﻪوﻩ hâtawa ﻫﺎﺗﻪوﻩ

§ 26. The Past Habitual/Progressive (Intransitive). The past habitual (‘I used to go’) and progressive (‘I was going’) is formed by adding the habitu- 40 THE VERB al/progressive prefix (d)á- to the simple past. dágayîyn دﻩﮔﻪﯾﻴﲔ dágayîm دﻩﮔﻪﯾﲓ dáhâtîn دﻩﻫﺎﺗﲔ dáhâtim دﻩﻫﺎﰎ dágayîn دﻩﮔﻪﯾﲔ (dágayîy(t دﻩﮔﻪﯾﻴﺖ dáhâtin دﻩﻫﺎﻦ (dáhâtî(t دﻩﻫﺎﺗﺖ dágayîn دﻩﮔﻪﯾﲔ dágayî دﻩﮔﻪﱙ dáhâtin دﻩﻫﺎﻦ dáhât دﻩﻫﺎت For past habituals in á-, the negative is formed by prefixing ná- to the affir- mative, but, unlike the present, the negative prefix does not combine with the modal prefix: náagayîyn ﻧﻪﺋﻪﮔﻪﯾﻴﲔ náagayîm ﻧﻪﺋﻪﮔﻪﯾﲓ náahâtîn ﻧﻪﺋﻪﻫﺎﺗﲔ náahâtim ﻧﻪﺋﻪﻫﺎﰎ náagayîn ﻧﻪﺋﻪﮔﻪﯾﲔ (náagayîy(t ﻧﻪﺋﻪﮔﻪﯾﻴﺖ náahâtin ﻧﻪﺋﻪﻫﺎﻦ (náahâtî(t ﻧﻪﺋﻪﻫﺎﺗﺖ náagayîn ﻧﻪﺋﻪﮔﻪﯾﲔ náagayî ﻧﻪﺋﻪﮔﻪﱙ náahâtin ﻧﻪﺋﻪﻫﺎﻦ náahât ﻧﻪﺋﻪﻫﺎت For past habituals in dá-, the negative is regularly formed by prefixing ná- to the affirmative: nádahâtîn ﻧﻪدﻩﻫﺎﺗﲔ nádahâtim ﻧﻪدﻩﻫﺎﰎ nádahâtin ﻧﻪدﻩﻫﺎﻦ (nádahâtî(t ﻧﻪدﻩﻫﺎﺗﺖ nádahâtin ﻧﻪدﻩﻫﺎﻦ nádahât ﻧﻪدﻩﻫﺎت nádagayîyn ﻧﻪدﻩﮔﻪﯾﻴﲔ nádagayîm ﻧﻪدﻩﮔﻪﯾﲓ nádagayîn ﻧﻪدﻩﮔﻪﯾﲔ (nádagayîy(t ﻧﻪدﻩﮔﻪﯾﻴﺖ nádagayîn ﻧﻪدﻩﮔﻪﯾﲔ nádagayî ﻧﻪدﻩﮔﻪﱙ As in the present tense, in the Suleymani dialect the marker is á-, and it is used as both past habitual and past progressive; in other dialects the marker is dá-.

§ 27. The Simple Past (Transitive): The Ergative. The simple past tense of transitive verbs is formed from the past stem of the verb and an agent af- fix—the ergative construction.1 The agent affixes are identical to the enclitic

1 In ergative-type constructions what we think of as the subject is the “agent” (or “logical subject”) and what we think of as the direct object is the “patient” (for Sora- ni we will also call it “logical object”). In ergative languages that also have case, the agent is in an oblique case (and/or otherwise marked) and the patient is in the nomi- native (or subjective) case with the verb agreeing in number (and gender if applica- 41 SORANI KURDISH possessive pronouns: mân- ﻣﺎن i)m)- م tân- ن i)t)- ت yân- ن î/-y- ى The agent affix usually precedes the verb and is attached to some preverbal matter (more about which shortly) to give the following “conjugation” of khwârdin ‘to eat.’ mân khwârd- ﻣﺎن ﺧﻮارد im khwârd- م ﺧﻮارد tân khwârd- ن ﺧﻮارد it khwârd- ت ﺧﻮارد yân khwârd- ن ﺧﻮارد î khwârd- ى ﺧﻮارد If only the verb is expressed, or only the verb and its logical subject, the agent affixes are added to the end of the past stem, as khwârdmân ﺧﻮاردﻣﺎن khwârdim ﺧﻮاردم khwârdtân ﺧﻮاردن khwârdit ﺧﻮاردت khwârdyân ﺧﻮاردن khwârdî ﺧﻮاردى If anything other than the verb is expressed, then the agent is affixed to the first available preverbal matter—“available preverbal matter” includes the following categories in hierarchical order: (1) the negative prefix, as in .(námkhwârd I didn’t eat (it ﻧﻪﳐﻮارد .(nátdît you didn’t see (him/her/it ﻧﻪﺗﺪﯾﺖ ble) with the patient. In Kurmanji Kurdish, for example, where a distinction between independent subject and oblique pronouns has been retained, the subject pronoun for ‘he’ is ew, and the oblique ‘him’ is wî; the subject ‘I’ is ez, and the oblique ‘me’ is min. ‘He saw me’ in Kurmanji is wî ez dîtim (where dîtim agrees with the patient ez), and ‘I saw him’ is min ew dît. Sorani, having lost independent oblique pronouns, resorts to pronominal enclitics to express the agent. An oversimplification is to think of the ergative as a passive (e.g., ‘the dog bit the man’ expressed as ‘by the dog the man was bit’), but it is important to realize that speakers of ergative-type languages by no means think of the construction as passive (particularly since Sorani Kurdish has a passive, see §34 below). 42 THE VERB .(náynûsî he didn’t write (it ﻧﻪﯾﻨﻮوﳻ

Full inflection of the negative past tense of khwârdin is as follows: námânkhwârd ﻧﻪﻣﺎﳔﻮارد námkhwârd ﻧﻪﳐﻮارد nátânkhwârd ﻧﻪﳔﻮارد nátkhwârd ﻧﻪﲣﻮارد náyânkhwârd ﻧﻪﳔﻮارد náykhwârd ﻧﻪﳜﻮارد (2) the progressive prefix, as in .(dámnûsî I was writing (it دﻩﻣﻮوﳻ .(daybast he was tying (it دﻩﯾﺒﻪﺳﺖ Full inflection of the progressive past tense of khwârdin is as follows: dámânkhwârd دﻩﻣﺎﳔﻮارد dámkhwârd دﻩﳐﻮارد dátânkhwârd دﻩﳔﻮارد dátkhwârd دﻩﲣﻮارد dáyânkhwârd دﻩﳔﻮارد dáykhwârd دﻩﳜﻮارد (3) a compounding preverb as in .(hałimgirt. I took (it ﻫﻪﻤﮕﺮت .darîhenâ he took (it) off/out دﻩرﳞﻨﺎ Full inflections of the past tenses of hał-girtin ‘to pick up’ and nâma-nûsîn ‘to write letters’ are as follows: hałmângirt ﻫﻪﲈﮕﺮت hałimgirt ﻫﻪﻤﮕﺮت hałtângirt ﻫﻪﺘﺎﮕﺮت hałitgirt ﻫﻪﺘﮕﺮت hałyângirt ﻫﻪﻴﺎﮕﺮت hałîgirt ﻫﻪﻴﮕﺮت nâmamân nûsî ﻣﻪﻣﺎن ﻧﻮوﳻ nâmam nûsî ﻣﻪم ﻧﻮوﳻ nâmatân nûsî ﻣﻪن ﻧﻮوﳻ nâmat nûsî ﻣﻪت ﻧﻮوﳻ nâmayân nûsî ﻣﻪن ﻧﻮوﳻ nâmay nûsî ﻣﻪى ﻧﻮوﳻ (4) the logical object (patient) of the verb, as in .nâmakám nûsî. I wrote the letter ﻣﻪﻛﻪم ﻧﻮوﳻ. .aw kâráy nákird. He didn’t do that ﺋﻪو ﰷرﻩى ﻧﻪﺮد.

43 SORANI KURDISH When the logical object is modified by the enclitic -îsh/-ysh ‘too, also,’ the enclitic comes between the logical object and the agent affix: birâkân i zhinakáyshî He invited his wife’s ﺮﰷﱏ ژﻧﻪﻛﻪﴙ ﮓ ﺮد. bâng kird. brothers also.

(5) a prepositional phrase other than temporal or manner,1 as in .Bo rafîqèkyân nûsî. They wrote it to a friend ﺑﯚ رﻩﻓﻘﻜﺎن ﻧﻮوﳻ. Ba pewîstim zânî bíyân- I considered it necessary ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺴﱲ زاﱏ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻨﻮوﲰﻪوﻩ و nûsimawa u châpyân to write them down and ﺎﭘﻴﺎن ﻜﻪم. bikam. get them printed.

Generally speaking, the only things to which the agent affix cannot be joined are (1) the expressed logical subject to which the agent affix refers (pyâwaká witî ‘the man said’), (2) temporal adverbs and phrases like ‘to- day’ and ‘at that time,’ and (3) prepositional phrases of manner (generally ba ﺑــﻪ ﭘــﻪ ’,ba tûřaîawa ‘in anger ﺑــﻪ ﺗــﻮوڕﻩﺋــﻴــﻪوﻩ with the preposition ba) like ’.ba hała ‘in error ﺑﻪ ﻫﻪﻪ pala ‘in haste,’ and An overtly expressed logical subject in no way obviates the necessity for a third-person agent affix, but the agent affix cannot be attached to the logi- cal subject. -Kâbrâ i pîr diramakânî The old gent took the dir ﰷﺮاى ﭘﲑ درﻩﻣﻪﰷﱏ وﻩرﮔﺮت. wargirt. hems. .Kuřakân ba minyân wit. The boys said to me ﻮڕﻩﰷن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺎن وت. .Min ba kuřakânim wit. I said to the boys ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻮڕﻩﰷﱎ وت. Each and every transitive verb in the past tense must have its own agent affix, i.e. one agent affix cannot serve more than one verb. For exam- rûy kird u gutî (‘he faced him and said’), the رووى ـﺮد و ﮔـﻮﰏ ple, in the phrase first agent affix, -y, serves only the verb rû-kird; the second verb, gut, must also have an agent affix, and since there is no preposed matter, the affix is on the end of the verb.

1 Prepositional phrases with pronominal complements present a special problem. See §27.3 below. 44 THE VERB When a phrase consists only of an expressed logical subject (agent), prep- ositional matter to which the agent affix cannot be attached, and verb, then the agent affix is attached to the verb: …kichaká ba tûřaîawa the girl said angrily ﻛﻪﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮوڕﻩﺋﻴﻪوﻩ وﰏ … witî…

§ 27.1. The Ergative in South Sorani. In North Sorani the past tense of all transitive verbs is made on the ergative model with agent affixes as de- scribed above. In South Sorani, however, a split has occurred. Generally, the ergative construction has been displaced by the non-ergative construc- tion on the model of intransitive past verbs (and doubtlessly under the influ- ence of Persian). However, the older ergative construction has remained for certain figurative expressions. Although the ergative is theoretically avail- able for any past transitive verb, its use may produce a statement on the fig- urative plane that sounds “funny” or odd—i.e. a figurative use that really mâł sûtin ﻣــﺎڵ ﺳــﻮوــﻦ has no conventional application. For instance, the verb ‘to burn someone’s house’ may have an actual, literal application, as in mâłaká i Dârâ sûtim I burned Dara’s house ﻣﺎﻪﻛﻪى دارا ﺳﻮوﰎ down or it may have a figurative application, as in ”mâłaká i Dârâm sût “I burned Dara’s house ﻣﺎﻪﻛﻪى دارام ﺳﻮوت but here, since it is ergative, it is figurative and really means “I ruined him,” -nân-khwârdin ‘to eat bread’ may be ei ن ﺧــــــﻮاردن I did him in.” The verb“ ther actually ‘to eat (some) bread’ or figuratively ‘to break bread, have a meal, enjoy someone’s hospitality.’ On the actual level the past tense is nân khwârdim, as in .nân khwârdim I ate bread ن ﺧﻮاردم while on the figurative level the past tense is nânim khwârd, as in Latak ewa nânim khwârd. I broke bread with you (I ﺗﻪك ﺋﻮﻩ ﱎ ﺧﻮارد enjoyed your hospitality).

North Sorani, with no such differentiation, expresses these two examples as 45 SORANI KURDISH mâłaká i Dârâm sûtâ and nânim khwârd in all situations (nân khwârdim is meaningless in North Sorani).

§ 27.2. Pronouns as Logical Objects of Past Transitive Verbs. With past transitive verbs, when the agent affix precedes the verb, enclitic pronominal logical objects are attached to the past stem of the verb, but the enclitics used are the subject endings for the intransitive past,1 as in the following paradigm of the verb âgâ-kirdin ‘to inform’ with the 3rd-person singular agent affix -y. âgây kirdîn he informed us ﺋﮔﺎى ﺮدﻦ âgây kirdim he informed me ﺋﮔﺎى ﺮدم âgây kirdin he informed you ﺋﮔﺎى ﺮدن âgây kirdî(t) he informed you ﺋﮔﺎى ﺮدﯾﺖ âgây kirdin he informed them ﺋﮔﺎى ﺮدن âgây kird he informed him/her ﺋﮔﺎى ﺮد A 3rd-person singular logical object is not overtly expressed with a pronom- inal suffix since it is implicit in the zero ending of the verb (as in the second example below). námdîtî(t) I didn’t see you ﻧﻪﻣﺪﯾﱴ، ﻧﻪﻣﺪﯾﺘﺖ námdît I didn’t see him/her/it ﻧﻪﻣﺪﯾﺖ hałitgirtin you picked them up ﻫﻪﺘﮕﺮﻦ (námândîtin we didn’t see you (pl ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﺪﯾﱳ dátânkeshân you (pl) were pulling them دﻩﻜﺸﺎن With a 3rd-person plural inanimate logical object, the verb optionally agrees ﰷــﺮاى ﭘــﲑ درﻩﻣــﻪﰷﱏ وﻩرﮔــﺮت ,in number with the logical object. In the example kâbrâ i pîr diramakânî wargirt ‘the old gent took the dirhems,’ the verb -wargirtin to agree with the plural logical object. Simi وﻩرﮔــﺮــﻦ could also be larly, in the sentence .Pyâwèk ktâwakânî křî(n). A man bought the books ﭘﻴﺎوﻚ ﻛﺘﺎوﻩﰷﱏ ﻛى (ﻛﻦ) the verb křî may agree with the plural logical object as křîn. With 1st- and

1 Another way of analyzing this pattern is to think of the past transitive verb dît as meaning “saw him/her/it.” Similarly, dîtim means “saw me,” dîtî(t) means “saw you.” The logical subjects of these verbs must be expressed by agent affixes. 46 THE VERB 2nd-person logical objects and with animate 3rd persons, the verb perforce agrees with the object in both number and person. When the agent affix does not precede the verb (i.e. if only the verb, or verb + logical subject, and no other element is present), the logical subject agent affix is suffixed to the verb first, and the logical object follows the agent affix except for the 3rd-person singular agent. When the logical subject is 3rd-person singular, the order is reversed: the logical object cedes the logical subject. In the table below are all available forms using dîtin ‘to see’ as an example; the logical objects are given in boldface. Again, a 3rd- person singular logical-object pronoun is not expressed; it is built into the verb. me you him/her us you them دﯾـﻤﻦ دﯾـﻤﻦ — دﯾﱲ دﯾـﻤﻴﺖ — I saw dîtimî(t) dîtim dîtimin dîtimin دﯾﺘﱳ — دﯾﺘﲔ دﯾﺖ — دﯾﱲ you saw dîtitim dîtit dîtitîn dîtitin دﯾﲎ دﯾﲎ دﯾﺘﲎ دﯾﱴ دﯾﺘﱴ دﯾـﻤﯽ s/he saw dîtimî dîtîtî dîtî dîtînî dîtinî dîtinî دﯾﻦ دﯾﻦ — دﯾن دﯾﻧﺖ — we saw dîtmânî(t) dîtmân dîtmânin dîtmânin دﯾﺎﻦ — دﯾﺎﻧﲔ دﯾﺎن — دﯾﺎﱎ you saw dîttânim dîttân dîttânîn dîttânin دﯾﺎﻦ دﯾﺎﻦ دﯾﺎﻧﲔ دﯾﺎن دﯾﺎﻧﺖ دﯾﺎﱎ they saw dîtyânim dîtyânî(t) dîtyân dîtyânîn dîtyânin dîtyânin me you him/her us you them ﻧﻪﻣﺪﯾﱳ ﻧﻪﻣﺪﯾﱳ — ﻧﻪﻣﺪﯾﺖ ﻧﻪﻣﺪﯾﺘﺖ — I didn’t see námdîtî(t) námdît námdîtin námdîtin ﻧﻪﺗﺪﯾﱳ — ﻧﻪﺗﺪﯾﺘﲔ ﻧﻪﺗﺪﯾﺖ — ﻧﻪﺗﺪﯾﱲ you didn’t see nátdîtim nátdît nátdîtîn nátdîtin ﻧﻪﯾﺪﯾﱳ ﻧﻪﯾﺪﯾﱳ ﻧﻪﯾﺪﯾﺘﲔ ﻧﻪﯾﺪﯾﺖ ﻧﻪﯾﺪﯾﺘﺖ ﻧﻪﯾﺪﯾﱲ s/he didn’t see náydîtim náydîtî(t) náydît náydîtîn náydîtin náydîtin

47 SORANI KURDISH ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﺪﯾﱳ ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﺪﯾﱳ — ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﺪﯾﺖ ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﺪﯾﺘﺖ — we didn’t see námândîtî(t) námândît námândîtin námândîtin ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﱳ — ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﺘﲔ ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﺖ — ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﱲ you didn’t see nátândîtim nátândît nátândîtîn nátândîtin ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﱳ ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﱳ ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﺘﲔ ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﺖ ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﺘﺖ ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﱲ they didn’t see náyândîtim náyândîtî(t) náyândît náyândîtîn náyândîtin náyândîtin In South Sorani the situation is altogether different. Since, with the few ex- ceptions noted above, the ergative construction has been lost, transitive verbs are regularly conjugated exactly like intransitives, and pronominal ob- jects are added directly to the end of the verb form—all on the Persian model. The normal forms for South Sorani are as follows (note that the nor- mal South Sorani third-person plural ending is -an instead of -in): me you him/her us you them دﯾـﻤﻴﺎن دﳣﺘﺎن — دﯾـﻤﯽ دﯾـﻤﺖ — I saw dîtimit dîtimî dîtimtân dîtimyân دﯾﺘﻴﺎن — دﯾﺘن دﯾﺘﱴ — دﯾﺘﱲ you saw dîtîtim dîtîtî dîtîtmân dîtîtyân دﯾﺎن دﯾﺎن دﯾن دﯾﱴ دﯾﺖ دﯾﱲ s/he saw dîtim dîtit dîtî dîtmân dîttân dîtyân دﯾﺘﻴﺎن دﯾﺘﺘﺎن — دﯾﺘﲎ دﯾﺘﺖ — we saw dîtînit dîtînî dîtîntân dîtînyân دﯾﺘﺎن — دﯾن دﯾﲎ — دﯾﲌ you saw dîtinim dîtinî dîtinmân dîtinyân دﯾﺘﻪﻧﻴﺎن دﯾﺘﻪﻧﺘﺎن دﯾﺘﻪﳕﺎن دﯾﺘﻪﱏ دﯾﺘﻪﻧﺖ دﯾﺘﻪﱎ they saw dîtanim dîtanit dîtanî dîtanmân dîtantân dîtanyân

§ 27.3. Pronominal Prepositional Complements with Agent Affixes. In past transitive verbs the space normally available for a preposed pronominal complement is taken by the agent affix. In this case, the preposition and its complement are split—the preposition precedes the verb, and the comple- ment of the preposition is “bumped” to the end of the verb, but the pronouns 48 THE VERB used are the endings used for intransitive past verbs (-im/-m, -î(t)/-y(t), —, -în/-yn, -in/-n, -in/-n). Note especially that when the prepositional comple- ment is 3rd-person singular, nothing is added to the verb stem. Since the past verb has built-in logical objects, these logical objects are used in such constructions as prepositional complements. The example .Pirsyârèkmân le dakâ. He asks a question of us ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﻜﲈن ﻟ دﻩﰷ.

(present tense), can be viewed diagrammatically as follows:

Pirsyârek -mân le dákâ TENSE

PRESENT prepositional phrase with preposed complement But in the past tense—‘he asked a question of us’—the agent affix takes the place that would be occupied by the preposed complement to the prepo- sition, so the complement of the preposition is removed to the end of the verb stem, .Pirsyârèkî le kirdîn.1 He asked a question of us ﺮﺳﻴﺎرﲃ ﻟ ﺮدﻦ.

Pirsyârek -î le kird -în PAST TENSE Agent Prepositional affix phrase

In another example,

1 Or, the incomplete sequence pirsyârek-le-kird- can be thought of as meaning “asked-a-question-of” and the personal ending -în supplies the “object” “us.” Such an approach is probably closer to how native speakers “feel” all such constructions involving a preposition + verb. In the next example, bo-nârd- is certainly felt to mean “sent-to” and -in supplies the “object” “them.” Even in the present-tense example bo-dánerim is felt to mean “I-am-sending-to” and the preposed -yân sup- plies the object “them.” Native speakers do not seem to feel that -yân bo really “go together” as a coherent unit in any way separable from the verb; they think of bo- dánerim as the coherent unit and feel that the proper place to pause is between -yân and bo, not between bo and dánerim. To a certain extent, in the minds of native speakers bo-nârdin is not felt to differ substantially from hał-girtin or any other compound verb. 49 SORANI KURDISH aw ktâwânáyân bo I’m sending those books to ﺋﻪو ﻛﺘﺎواﻧﻪن ﺑﯚ دﻩﻧﺮم. dánerim. them. the preposition bo has its complement -yân preposed:

aw ktâwâná -yân bo dánerim

prepositional phrase with preposed complement

In the past, however, the agent affix -(i)m takes the place of the complement of the preposition. The complement is deferred to the end of the verb stem and is changed from -yân to -in, giving .aw ktâwânám bo nârdin. I sent those books to them ﺋﻪو ﻛﺘﺎواﻧﻪم ﺑﯚ ردن.

aw ktâwâná -m bo nârd -in

agent prepositional affix phrase

When the first available element to which an agent affix can be attached is a preposition, the complement of the preposition is “bumped,” as in the fol- lowing: dâykyân boy sûr kirdin- their mother fried it for داﻜﺎن ﺑﯚى ﺳﻮور ﺮدﻧﻪوﻩ و awa u boy dâ-nân. them and set it down ﺑﯚى دان. before them.

agent affix

dâykyân bo -y sûr kird -in -awa

prepositional phrase

Here the -y on boy in both parts of the sentence is the agent affix referring to dâykyân and the -in in kirdinawa and dâ-nân furnishes the complement of the preposition bo. Another example is as follows:

50 THE VERB pârakáy le girtim u pey he took the money from ﭘﺎرﻩﻛﻪى ﻟ ﮔﺮﰎ و ﭘﻰ وﰎ … witim… me and said to me…

prepositional prepositional phrase phrase

Pâraká -y le girt -im u pe -y wit -im

agent agent affix affix Here the -y on pâraká and on pe is the agent affix (‘he’), and the -im suffix in the verbs girt and wit are complements to the prepositions le and pe respectively. Other examples are as follows: dargâyân kirdawa bo min They opened the door for دﻩرﮔﺎن ﺮدﻩوﻩ ﺑﯚ ﻣﻦ (ﺑﯚم) > .bom) > dargâyân bo kir- me) دﻩرﮔﺎن ﺑﯚ ﺮدﻣﻪوﻩ dimawa pûłakay wargirt l’ ema He took the money from ﭘﻮوﻪﻛﻪى وﻩرﮔﺮت ﻟﻤﻪ (ﻟﲈن)> .lemân) > pûłakay le us) ﭘﻮوﻪﻛﻪى ﻟ وﻩر ﺗﮔﺮﲔ wargirtîn .amámân wit ba to (pet) > We said this to you ﺋﻪﻣﻪﻣﺎن وت ﺑﻪ ﺗﯚ (ﭘﺖ) > (amámân pe witî(t ﺋﻪﻣﻪﻣﺎن ﭘ وﺗﺖ .witim pet > pem witî(t) I said to you وﰎ ﭘﺖ > ﭘﻢ وﺗﺖ .qsam kird bo ewa I told you a story ﻗﺴﻪم ﺮد ﺑﯚ ﺋﻮﻩ (ﺑﯚن) > botân) > qsam bo kirdin) ﻗﺴﻪم ﺑﯚ ﺮدن .gwem girt l’ aw (ley) > I listened to him ﮔﻮﻢ ﮔﺮت و (ﻟﻰ) > ﮔﻮﻢ ﻟ gwem le girt ﮔﺮت .witî ba awân (peyân) > He said to them وﰏ ﺑﻪ ﺋﻪوان (ﭘﺎن) > ﭘﻰ وﻦ pey witin

Since the ergative construction is not in normal use in South Sorani, the placement of these pronouns is quite the reverse of North Sorani. Therefore, while in North Sorani pey witim means ‘he said to me,’ in South Sorani it means ‘I said to him.’ Bot kirdim means ‘you did it for me’ in North Sorani but ‘I did it for you’ in South Sorani, and bomân kirdin means ‘we did it for 51 SORANI KURDISH you/them’ in North Sorani but ‘you/they did it for us’ in South Sorani.

§ 27.4. Displacement of a Possessive Pronoun by a Preposed Preposi- tional Complement. Similar to the displacement of a prepositional comple- ment by the agent affix is the displacement of a possessive pronoun by a preposed prepositional complement. In a construction such as the following: châwim ba rafîqakânim My eye fell upon my ﺎوم ﺑﻪ رﻩﻓﻘﻪﰷﱎ ﻛﻪوت. kawt. friends. if the noun rafîqakânim is replaced by a pronoun, turning the phrase into -yân pe, the preposed prepositional complement “bumps” the possessive -im from its position on châw to the end of the verb, as: châwyân pe kawtim my eye fell upon them ﺎون ﭘ ﻛﻪوﰎ

prepositional phrase châw -yân pe kawt -im

modifies

The endings on the verb in such situations are the verbal personal endings, not the possessives. The first-person shows no difference, of course, but the other persons are distinguished, as in the following: châwyân ba min kawt > their eye fell upon me ﺎون ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻪوت > ﺎوم ﭘ châwim pe kawtin ﻛﻪوﻦ châw -im pe kawt -in

modifies

In a combination of the principles given in this and the preceding para- graphs, when a possessive pronoun would be followed by an agent affix, the possessive pronoun may also be “bumped” to the end of a past transitive verb (turning into the intransitive past subject pronouns in the process), as in .kuř a korpaká’y dîtim. He saw my infant son ﻮڕﻩ ﻛﯚرﭘﻪﻛﻪى دﯾﱲ. 52 THE VERB .kuř a korpaká’mân dîtî(t). We saw your infant son ﻮڕﻩ ﻛﯚرﭘﻪﻛﻪﻣﺎن دﯾﺘﺖ. .kuř a korpakân’yân dîtîn. They saw our infant sons ﻮڕﻩ ﻛﯚرﭘﻪﰷﻧﻴﺎن دﯾﺘﲔ. -kuř a korpa ـﻮڕﻩ ﻛـﯚرﭘـﻪﻛـﻪﱉ دﯾـﺖ The first example could also be expressed as kám’î dît, but the combination of possessive pronoun + agent affix is gen- erally avoided. Hence the “bumped” possessive.

§ 28. The Perfect Active Participle. The perfect active participle is formed by adding -û to the past stem of the verb. With past stems that end in vowels the participle takes the form -w. CONSONANT STEMS VOWEL STEMS INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE mâw ﻣﺎو < mân ﻣﺎن hâtû ﻫﺎﺗﻮو < hâtin ﻫﺎﻦ rûdâw رووداو < rû-dân روودان tegayshtû ﺗﮕﻪﺸﺘﻮو < te-gayshtin ﺗﮕﻪﺸﱳ křîw ﻛﯾﻮ < křîn ﻛﻦ kirdûawa ﺮدووﻩوﻩ < kirdinawa ﺮدوﻩوﻩ In meaning the perfect active participle corresponds roughly to the English tegayshtû ﺗــــﮕــﻪــﺸــــﺘــﻮو ’,hâtû ‘having come ﻫــﺎﺗــﻮو :present perfect participle kirdûawa ‘having opened,’ &c. Transitivity ـــــــــﺮدووﻩوﻩ ’,having understood‘ křîw means ‘having ﻛـــﯾـــﻮ .and intransitivity are retained in the participle, i.e bought’ in the active sense, not ‘bought’ in the passive sense. (For the per- fect passive participle, see §34.1 below.) The perfect active participle is principally used to form the present perfect ﭘـــﺎﺷـــﻜـــﻪوﺗـــﻮو) tense (see §29 below), but it can also be used both adjectivally ,dânîshtû ‘having sat down داﻧــــﺸــــﺘــﻮو ’,pâshkawtû ‘fallen behind, backward nustû ‘having gone to sleep, asleep’) and nominally ﻧــــﻮﺳــــــــﺘــــﻮو seated,’ and .(’rû-dân ‘to happen, take place روودان > ’rûdâw ‘event رووداو)

§ 29. The Present Perfect Tense (Intransitive). The present perfect tense of intransitive verbs is formed from the perfect active participle plus the -mân ‘to remain’ (perfect active partici ﻣـــﺎن present copulas. Examples from (hâtû ﻫــﺎﺗــﻮو hâtin ‘to come’ (perfect active participle ﻫــﺎــﻦ mâw) and ﻣــﺎو ple are:

53 SORANI KURDISH hâtûyn ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﻦ hâtûm ﻫﺎﺗﻮوم mâwîn ﻣﺎوﻦ mâwim ﻣﺎوم hâtûn ﻫﺎﺗﻮون (hâtûy(t ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﯾﺖ mâwin ﻣﺎون (mâwî(t ﻣﺎوﯾﺖ hâtûn ﻫﺎﺗﻮون hâtûa ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﻩ mâwin ﻣﺎون mâwa ﻣﺎوﻩ The negative is formed by prefixing ná- náhâtûyn ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﻮوﻦ náhâtûm ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﻮوم námâwîn ﻧﻪﻣﺎوﻦ námâwim ﻧﻪﻣﺎوم &c.

Verbs ending in -awa are conjugated as follows. Note especially the infixed -t- in the 3rd-person singular. hâtûynawa ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﯾﻨﻪوﻩ hâtûmawa ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﻣﻪوﻩ mâwînawa ﻣﺎوﯾﻨﻪوﻩ mâwimawa ﻣﺎوﻣﻪوﻩ hâtûnawa ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﻧﻪوﻩ hâtûytawa ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﯾﺘﻪوﻩ mâwinawa ﻣﺎوﻧﻪوﻩ mâwîtawa ﻣﺎوﯾﺘﻪوﻩ hâtûnawa ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﻧﻪوﻩ hâtûatawa ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﻩﺗﻪوﻩ mâwinawa ﻣﺎوﻧﻪوﻩ mâwatawa ﻣﺎوﻩﺗﻪوﻩ

For general purposes, the present perfect tense of Kurdish is equivalent to the English present perfect (‘I have come’). It is in all respects the exact mâwa ﻣـﺎوﻩ and آﻣـﺪﻩام = hâtûm ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوم) equivalent of the Persian past narrative -and this means that in Kurdish the present perfect is used in sit ,(ﻣـﺎﻧـﺪﻩاﺳـﺖ = uations where an action or change of state in the past is felt to be of par- ticular relevance to a present situation.

§ 29.1. The Present Perfect Tense (Transitive). The present perfect tense of transitive verbs is made from the agent affixes plus the past participle plus the 3rd-pers. pres. copula (-a), as in khwardin ‘to eat’ and křîn ‘to buy.’ mân khwârdûa- ﻣﺎن ﺧﻮاردووﻩ im khwârdûa- م ﺧﻮاردووﻩ tân khwârdûa- ن ﺧﻮاردووﻩ it khwârdûa- ت ﺧﻮاردووﻩ yân khwârdûa- ن ﺧﻮاردووﻩ î khwârdûa- ى ﺧﻮاردووﻩ mân křîwa- ﻣﺎن ﻛﯾﻮﻩ im křîwa- م ﻛﯾﻮﻩ tân křîwa- ن ﻛﯾﻮﻩ it křîwa- ت ﻛﯾﻮﻩ yân křîwa- ن ﻛﯾﻮﻩ î křîwa- ى ﻛﯾﻮﻩ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ Verbs in -awa have a -t- inserted between the copula a and -awa, as in 54 THE VERB ’.dozînawa ‘to discover دۆزﯾﻨﻪوﻩ kirdinawa ‘to open’ and mân kirdûatawa- ﻣﺎن ﺮدووﻩﺗﻪوﻩ im kirdûatawa- م ﺮدووﻩﺗﻪوﻩ tân kirdûatawa- ن ﺮدووﻩﺗﻪوﻩ it kirdûatawa- ت ﺮدووﻩﺗﻪوﻩ yân kirdûatawa- ن ﺮدووﻩﺗﻪوﻩ î kirdûatawa- ى ﺮدووﻩﺗﻪوﻩ mân dozîwatawa- ﻣﺎن دۆزﯾﻮﻩﺗﻪوﻩ im dozîwatawa- م دۆزﯾﻮﻩﺗﻪوﻩ tân dozîwatawa- ن دۆزﯾﻮﻩﺗﻪوﻩ it dozîwatawa- ت دۆزﯾﻮﻩﺗﻪوﻩ yân dozîwatawa- ن دۆزﯾﻮﻩﺗﻪوﻩ î dozîwatawa- ى دۆزﯾﻮﻩﺗﻪوﻩ

When nothing else is available to which the agent affixes may be joined, they fall on the participle and are followed by the 3rd-person singular copu- -khwâr ﺧـﻮاردن la -a (except the 3rd singular, which has the form -yatî1), as in :křîn ﻛﻦ din and khwârdûmâna ﺧﻮاردووﻣﺎﻧﻪ khwârdûma ﺧﻮاردووﻣﻪ khwârdûtâna ﺧﻮاردووﻧﻪ khwârdûta ﺧﻮاردووﺗﻪ khwârdûyâna ﺧﻮاردووﻧﻪ khwârdûyatî ﺧﻮاردووﯾﻪﰏ křîwmâna ﻛﯾﻮﻣﺎﻧﻪ křîwima ﻛﯾﻮﻣﻪ křîwtâna ﻛﯾﻮﻧﻪ křîwita ﻛﯾﻮﺗﻪ křîwyâna ﻛﯾﻮﻧﻪ křîwyatî ﻛﯾﻮﯾﻪﰏ When any other element is available, the agent affixes are joined thereto, as in the negative: námânkhwârdûa ﻧﻪﻣﺎﳔﻮاردووﻩ námkhwârdûa ﻧﻪﳐﻮاردووﻩ nátânkhwârdûa ﻧﻪﳔﻮاردووﻩ nátkhwârdûa ﻧﻪﲣﻮاردووﻩ náyânkhwârdûa ﻧﻪﳔﻮاردووﻩ náykhwârdûa ﻧﻪﳜﻮاردووﻩ námânkřîwa ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻜﯾﻮﻩ námkřîwa ﻧﻪﻣﻜﯾﻮﻩ nátânkřîwa ﻧﻪﻜﯾﻮﻩ nátkřîwa ﻧﻪﻜﯾﻮﻩ náyânkřîwa ﻧﻪﻜﯾﻮﻩ náykřîwa ﻧﻪﻜﯾﻮﻩ

1 The same -yatî that results consistently from the 3rd-person singular enclitic -î/-y plus the 3rd-person singular copula. The spelling of this suffix is inconsistent. See §15 above. 55 SORANI KURDISH § 30. The Past Perfect Tense (Intransitive). For intransitive verbs with past stems ending in a consonant (like hatin > hat-), the past perfect tense, which is functionally equivalent to the English past perfect (‘I had come, you had gone’), is formed from the past stem + i + the past tense of bûn ‘to be.’ Verbs with past stems ending in a vowel (like bûn > bû) form the past perfect tense from the simple stem + the past tense of bûn. hâtibûyn ﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮوﻦ hâtibûm ﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮوم hâtibûn ﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮون (hâtibûy(t ﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮوﯾﺖ hâtibûn ﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮون hâtibû ﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮو chûbûyn ﭼﻮوﺑﻮوﻦ chûbûm ﭼﻮوﺑﻮوم chûbûn ﭼﻮوﺑﻮون (chûbûy(t ﭼﻮوﺑﻮوﯾﺖ chûbûn ﭼﻮوﺑﻮون chûbû ﭼﻮوﺑﻮو

The negative is formed by prefixing ná- to the verb: náhâtibûyn ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮوﻦ náhâtibûm ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮوم náhâtibûn ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮون (náhâtibûy(t ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮوﯾﺖ náhâtibûn ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮون náhâtibû ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﺒﻮو The past perfect of bûn ‘to be’ can be slightly irregular. In addition to the ,bibû ﺑـﺒـﻮو bûbû, there is also a conjugation based on the form ﺑـﻮوﺑـﻮو expected as follows: bibûyn ﺑﺒﻮوﻦ bibûm ﺑﺒﻮوم bibûn ﺑﺒﻮون (bibûy(t ﺑﺒﻮوى، ﺑﺒﻮوﯾﺖ bibûn ﺑﺒﻮون bibû ﺑﺒﻮو The past perfect tense is commonly used in the expression heshtâ + nega- tive past perfect + ka (‘no sooner had…than,’ ‘scarcely had…when’). Heshtâ nánustibû ka No sooner had he gone to ﻫــﺸــﺘـﺎ ﻧـﻪﻧـﻮﺳـــﻮو ﻛـﻪ دﻩـﮕــﲃ ﺑـﻪ dangèk’î ba gwe gaysht. sleep than a sound ﮔﻮێ ﮔﻪﺸﺖ. reached his ear.

§ 30.1. The Past Perfect Tense (Transitive). The past perfect tense of 56 THE VERB transitive verbs is formed, like that of intransitive verbs, from the past stem + -i- + the past tense of bûn—with the addition of the agent affixes some- where. Past stems that end in vowels add bû directly without the -i-. Exam- ples: dîtin and dân: mân dâbû- ﻣﺎن داﺑﻮو im dâbû- م داﺑﻮو mân dîtibû- ﻣﺎن دﯾﻮو im dîtibû- م دﯾﻮو tân dâbû- ن داﺑﻮو it dâbû- ت داﺑﻮو tân dîtibû- ن دﯾﻮو it dîtibû- ت دﯾﻮو yân dâbû- ن داﺑﻮو î dâbû- ى داﺑﻮو yân dîtibû- ن دﯾﻮو î dîtibû- ى دﯾﻮو As with all past transitives, if there is nothing else to which the agent affixes can be attached, they go onto the end of the verb form, as in dâbûmân داﺑﻮوﻣﺎن dâbûm داﺑﻮوم dîtibûmân دﯾﻮوﻣﺎن dîtibûm دﯾﻮوم dâbûtân داﺑﻮون dâbût داﺑﻮوت dîtibûtân دﯾﻮون dîtibût دﯾﻮوت dâbûyân داﺑﻮون dâbûy داﺑﻮوى dîtibûyân دﯾﻮون dîtibûy دﯾﻮوى

And if there is any available preverbal matter, the agent affixes are attached thereto, as in negative and compound verbs. Examples: dîtin and dar-hênân. námândîtibû ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﺪﯾﻮو námdîtibû ﻧﻪﻣﺪﯾﻮو nátândîtibû ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﻮو nátdîtibû ﻧﻪﺗﺪﯾﻮو náyândîtibû ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﻮو náydîtibû ﻧﻪﯾﺪﯾﻮو darmânhenâbû دﻩرﻣﺎﳖﻨﺎﺑﻮو darimhenâbû دﻩرﻨﺎﺑﻮو dartânhenâbû دﻩرﳖﻨﺎﺑﻮو darithenâbû دﻩرﲥﻨﺎﺑﻮو daryânhenâbû دﻩرﳖﻨﺎﺑﻮو darîhenâbû دﻩرﳞﻨﺎﺑﻮو

§ 31. The Past Subjunctive. The intransitive past subjunctive is formed like the past perfect, but instead of the past tense of bûn, the present sub- junctive of bûn is added. Examples: hâtin and chûn: chûbîn ﭼﻮوﺑﲔ chûbim ﭼﻮوﰈ hâtibîn ﻫﺎﺗﺒﲔ hâtibim ﻫﺎﺗﱬ chûbin ﭼﻮوﻦ (chûbî(t ﭼﻮوﺑﺖ hâtibin ﻫﺎﺗﱭ (hâtibî(t ﻫﺎﺗﺒﺖ chûbin ﭼﻮوﻦ (chûbe(t ﭼﻮوﺑﺖ hâtibin ﻫﺎﺗﱭ (hâtibe(t ﻫﺎﺗﺒﺖ The negative is formed by prefixing ná- to the verb: 57 SORANI KURDISH náchûbîn ﻧﻪﭼﻮوﺑﲔ náchûbim ﻧﻪﭼﻮوﰈ náhâtibîn ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﺒﲔ náhâtibim ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﱬ náchûbin ﻧﻪﭼﻮوﻦ (náchûbî(t ﻧﻪﭼﻮوﺑﺖ náhâtibin ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﱭ (náhâtibî(t ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﺒﺖ náchûbin ﻧﻪﭼﻮوﻦ (náchûbe(t ﻧﻪﭼﻮوﺑﺖ náhâtibin ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﱭ (náhâtibe(t ﻧﻪﻫﺎﺗﺒﺖ Transitive verbs are similarly formed (here, as usual, a 3rd-person singular patient is assumed). Examples: dîtin and dân: (mân dîtibe(t- ـﲈن دﯾ (im dîtibe(t- ـﻢ دﯾ (tân dîtibe(t- ـﺘﺎن دﯾ (it dîtibe(t- ـﺖ دﯾ (yân dîtibe(t- ـﻴﺎن دﯾ (î dîtibe(t- ـﻰ دﯾ (mân dâbe(t- ـﲈن دا (im dâbe(t- ـﻢ دا (tân dâbe(t- ـﺘﺎن دا (it dâbe(t- ـﺖ دا (yân dâbe(t- ـﻴﺎن دا (î dâbe(t- ـﻰ دا If there is no preverbal matter available, the agent affixes are attached to the verb, as follows in the examples dîtin and kirdinawa: dîtibetmân دﯾﺘن dîtibetim دﯾﺘﱲ dîtibettân دﯾﺘﺘﺘﺎن dîtibetit دﯾﺘﺘﺖ dîtibetyân دﯾﺘﺘﻴﺎن dîtibetî دﯾﺘﱴ kirdibetmânawa ﺮدﺑﻧﻪوﻩ kirdibetimawa ﺮدﺑـﻤﻪوﻩ kirdibettânawa ﺮدﺑﺎﻧﻪوﻩ kirdibetitawa ﺮدﺑﻪوﻩ kirdibetyânawa ﺮدﺑﺎﻧﻪوﻩ kirdibetîawa ﺮدﺑﻪوﻩ And if there is any available preverbal matter, the agent affixes are attached thereto, as in dîtin and dar-henân: (námândîtibe(t ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﺪﯾﺘﺖ (námdîtibe(t ﻧﻪﻣﺪﯾﺘﺖ (nátândîtibe(t ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﺘﺖ (nátdîtibe(t ﻧﻪﺗﺪﯾﺘﺖ (náyândîtibe(t ﻧﻪﻧﺪﯾﺘﺖ (náydîtibe(t ﺗﻪﯾﺪﯾﺘﺖ (darmânhenâbe(t دﻩرﻣﺎﳖﻨﺎﺑﺖ (darimhenâbe(t دﻩرﻨﺎﺑﺖ (dartânhenâbe(t دﻩرﳖﻨﺎﺑﺖ (darithenâbe(t دﻩرﲥﻨﺎﺑﺖ (daryânhenâbe(t دﻩرﳖﻨﺎﺑﺖ (darîhenâbe(t دﻩرﳞﻨﺎﺑﺖ 58 THE VERB The past subjunctive is used (1) after all constructions that take subjunctive complements when the complement is in the past, as, for example dábe ‘must,’ as in دﻩﰉ a) after) .Pyâwakân dábe royshti- The men must have gone ﭘﻴﺎوﻩﰷن دﻩ رۆﺸﺘﱭ. bin. Dábe aw shitânát dîtibe You must have seen those دﻩ ﺋﻪو ﺷﺘﺎﻧﻪت دﯾ (دﯾﺘﱭ). (dîtibin). things.

(b) for a past tense complement to a predicate adjective. Such comple- ka ‘that,’ but it ﻛـﻪ mentary clauses are often introduced by the conjunction is optional. (Rang a ka bârân bârîbe(t). It’s possible that it (has رﻩﮕﻪ ﻛﻪ ران رﯾ (رﯾﺒﺖ). rained.1 Lâzim niya (ka) dîtibetim. It’s not necessary for me ﻻزم ﻧﻴﻪ (ﻛﻪ) دﯾﺘﱲ. to have seen it.

(2) in past clauses after superlatives (note that a relative-clause antecedent modified by a superlative is in the indefinite state, …èk). yekamîn kasèk a ka hawłî He is the first person who ﯾﻪﻛﻪﻣﲔ ﻛﻪﺳﻜﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻪوﻰ دا … dâbe… has attempted… In this type of clause the subject of the relative clause must be the same as the noun modified by the superlative. In an example such as yekamîn kasèk a ka dîtûma he’s the first person I’ve ﯾﻪﻛﻪﻣﲔ ﻛﻪﺳﻜﻪ ﻛﻪ دﯾﺘﻮوﻣﻪ seen the relative clause is not subjunctive because the subjects of the main clause (‘he’) and of the relative clause (‘I’) are different. (3) in past relative clauses after negatives (‘there isn’t anyone who has …’) or expressions with an essentially negative sense (‘there are few who have…’)

rang a ka bârân رﻩــﮕــﻪ ﻛــﻪ ران ﺑــﺒــﺎرــﺖ :1Compare this with the present subjunctive bibâre(t) ‘it’s possible that it will rain.’ 59 SORANI KURDISH Kas niya (ka) am ktâwáy There isn’t anyone who ﻛـــﻪس ﻧـــﻴـــﻪ ﻛـــﻪ ﺋـــﻪم ﻛـــﺘـــﺎوﻩى .nákhwendibe. hasn’t read this book ﻧﻪﺧﻮﻨﺪ. Kam kas haya ḥikâyat a Rare is the person who has ﻛـﻪم ﻛـﻪس ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪﺗـﻪ ﻛـﯚن و kon u lamezhînakân i not heard old Kurdish ﻣــﮋﯾـﻨـﻪﰷﱏ ـﻮردى داﯾـﻪﭘـﲑﻩ و kurdî la dâyapîra u bâb u stories of long ago from ب و داﯾـــﻚ و ﻛـــﻪس و ﰷرى -dâyk u kasukâr i khoy his grandmother, grand ﺧﯚى ﻧﻪﺑﺴ. nábîstibe. father, mother, and rela- tives. -wak(û) ‘as though’ in the past for hypothetical situa وﻩك (وﻩــــــﻮو) after (4) tions (note that wak(û) followed by the indicative means ‘just as’ for situ- ations that have actually occurred) -Wakû shitèkyân bîr kawti- As though they remem وﻩﻮو ﺷﻜﺎن ﺑﲑ ﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻪوﻩ… betawa… bered something…1

(5) in the past protasis of a possible conditional Agar gyân i khom bakht If I have sacrificed my life ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﮔـﻴـﺎﱏ ﺧـﯚم ﺑـﻪﺧـﺖ ـﺮد kirdibe la penâw i for the sake of my son, I ﭘـــﺎوى ـﻮڕﻣـﺎ، ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻰ ﻛـﻪم kuřim’â, min hîch i ka’m do not want anything وێ. nâwe. else.

§ 32. The Irrealis Mood. The irrealis mood, which expresses an unfulfilled or unfulfillable contrafactual statement, usually dependent upon an unreal- ized conditional, is identical to the past habitual tense (a- or da- + past tense). (a) The irrealis is used in the apodosis of contrafactual conditionals (see §33 below) and expressions that are contrafactual apodoses with ellipsis, as in -Namatwânî hîch i tir I couldn’t have done any ﻧﻪﻣﻪﺗﻮاﱏ ﻫﻴﭽﻰ ﺮ ﻜﻪم. bikam. thing else (even if I had wanted to). wakû aw shitáyân bîr kawt وﻩـﻮو ﺋـﻪو ﺷــﺘـﻪن ﺑـﲑ ﻛـﻪوت This may be contrasted with 1 “just as they remembered that thing.” 60 THE VERB Har kasè wây dazânî. Anybody would have ﻫﻪر ﻛﻪﺳ واى دﻩزاﱏ. known. khozga ‘would that’ for unfulfilled ﺧــــــﯚزﮔــــــﻪ b) The irrealis is used after) wishes in the past: Khozga jârèk i tirîsh Would that you had come ﺧﯚزﮔﻪ ﺎرﲃ ﺮﺶ ﺋﻪﻫﺎﺗﺖ! ahâtît! some other time! Khozga zistân nádahât! Would that winter had not ﺧﯚزﮔﻪ زﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﻪدﻩﻫﺎت! come!

§ 33. The Past Conditional. There are two forms of the past conditional mood (‘if I had gone,’ ‘had I gone’). The first past conditional mood is formed of the subjunctive prefix bí- (negative ná-) + the simple past conju- gation + -âya. INTRANSITIVE bíhâtînâya ﲠﺎﺗﺎﯾﻪ bíhâtimâya ﲠﺎﲤﺎﯾﻪ bíhâtinâya ﲠﺎﺗﻨﺎﯾﻪ bíhâtîtâya ﲠﺎﺗﺎﯾﻪ bíhâtinâya ﲠﺎﺗﻨﺎﯾﻪ bíhâtâya ﲠﺎﯾﻪ TRANSITIVE mân bínûsîâya- ﻣﺎن ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ im bínûsîâya1- م ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ tân bínûsîâya- ن ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ it bínûsîâya- ت ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ yân bínûsîâya- ن ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ î bínûsîâya- ى ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ The second past conditional is similarly formed, but the bí- prefix is op- tional, and instead of the personal endings + -áya, the verb is formed like the past subjunctive but based on bâ-, a variant of the subjunctive of bûn. INTRANSITIVE bí)hâtibâyn) ﻫﺎﺗﺒﺎﻦ، ﲠﺎﺗﺒﺎﻦ bí)hâtibâm) ﻫﺎﺗﺒﺎم، ﲠﺎﺗﺒﺎم bí)hâtibân) ﻫﺎﺗﺒﺎن، ﲠﺎﺗﺒﺎن (bí)hâtibây(t) ﻫﺎﺗﺒﺎﯾﺖ، ﲠﺎﺗﺒﺎﯾﺖ

1 Or, if there is nothing preceding to which the agent affix can be attached, the .bíynûsîâya, &c ﺑﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ ,bítnûsîâya ﺑﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ ,bímnûsîâya ﲟﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ forms are 61 SORANI KURDISH bí)hâtibân) ﻫﺎﺗﺒﺎن، ﲠﺎﺗﺒﺎن (bí)hâtibâ(ya) ﻫﺎﺗﺒﺎ(ﯾﻪ)، ﲠﺎﺗﺒﺎ(ﯾﻪ)

TRANSITIVE (mân (bí)nûsibâ(ya- ﻣﺎن ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﺒﺎ(ﯾﻪ) (im (bí)nûsîbâ(ya- م ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﺎ(ﯾﻪ) (tân (bí)nûsibâ(ya- ن ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﺒﺎ(ﯾﻪ) (it (bí)nûsibâ(ya- ت ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﺒﺎ(ﯾﻪ) (yân (bí)nûsîbâ(ya- ن ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﺒﺎ(ﯾﻪ) (î (bí)nûsîbâ(ya- ى ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﺎ(ﯾﻪ) The past conditional mood is used in the following instances: (a) In contrafactual conditional sentences, the protasis (the ‘if’ clause) contains a verb in the past conditional mood, and in the apodosis (the result clause) the verb is in the irrealis. Note, as in the last three examples below, that agar may be elipsed from the protasis. -Agar dwene bíhâtîtâya, If you had come yester ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر دوـ ﲠـﺎﺗـــﺎﯾـﻪ، ﺋـﺎزادت Âzâdit dádît. day, you would’ve seen دﻩدﯾﺖ. Azad. Agar nâmakat bínârdâya, If you had sent the letter, it ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﻣﻪﻛﻪت ﺑﻨﺎرداﯾﻪ، ﺋﻪﮔﻪﱙ. ágayî. would’ve arrived. Agar bitnûsîâya, la bîrit If you had written it, you ﺋــﻪﮔــﻪر ﺑــــــﻮوﺳــــﻴــﺎﯾــﻪ، ﺑــﲑت nádachû. wouldn’t have forgotten ﻧﻪدﻩﭼﻮو. it. Min agar bimzânîbâya If I had known that it ﻣـﻦ ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﲟـﺰاﻧـــﺎﯾـﻪ ﺋـﻪوﻫـﺎﻣـﺎن ,awhâmân basar de, am would happen thus to us ﺑــﻪﺳــﻪر دێ، ﺋــﻪم رــﮕــﺎﯾــﻪم regâyá’m nadagirtà bar u I wouldn’t have taken ﻧــــﻪدﻩﮔــــ ﺗﺮــــﻪ ﺑــــﻪر و ﺧــــﯚم و khom u bâwkîshimim tûsh this road and I wouldn’t وﻛــﺸـﻤـﻢ ﺗـﻮوﳽ ﺋـﻪم ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو i am hamû badbakhtî u have caused myself and mâłwerânîá nadakird. my father to encounter all ﺑــﻪدﺑــﻪﺧــﱴ و ﻣــﺎــﻮــﺮاﱏﯾــﻪ . .this misfortune ﻧﻪدﻩﺮد Mâł ba mâł bígařâytâya, Had you gone around ﻣـﺎڵ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺎڵ ـﮕـﻪڕاﯾـﺘـﺎﯾـﻪ، ﺑــﺠـﮕـﻪ bejiga la âfrat u minâł house by house, you ﺋـﺎﻓـﺮﻩت و ﻣــﺎڵ ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﻛـﻪﺳـــﲃ -hîch kasèk i tirit nádadî. wouldn’t have seen any ﺮت ﻧﻪدﻩدى. one other than women and children.

62 THE VERB Nanâsyâwèk biydîbân, ba Were someone who didn’t ﻧـﻪﺳــﻴـﺎوـﻚ ﺑـﻴـﺪﯾـﺒـﺎن، ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪر har dûkyânî dagut choła- know to see them, he دووﻴﺎﱏ دﻩﮔﻮت ﭼﯚﻪﻛﻪ. ka. would call them both swallows. Biywitâya biro l’ aw bar- Had he said, “Go throw ﺑـﻴـﻮﯾـﻪ ـۆ و ﺑـﻪرزاﰃﯾـﻪ ﺧـﯚت zâîá khot bikha khwâra- yourself off that high ﲞـﻪ ﺧـﻮارﻩوﻩ، ﺧـﯚم دﻩﺧـﺴــﺘـﻪ wa, khom dakhistà khwâ- place,” I would have ﺧﻮارﻩوﻩ. rawa. thrown myself off. shâłłâ ﺷـﺎـ b) The past conditional mood is used for past complements to) -biryâ (‘would that,’ functionally equivalent to khozga + ir ـﺮ I wish’) and‘) realis [see §32, above]) for unfulfilled wishes. Shâłłâ swâr i karèkîshyân I wish they had mounted ﺷـﺎـ ﺳـﻮارى ﻛـﻪرـﻜــﺸــﻴـﺎن bíkirdîtâya u kołân ba you on an ass and ـﻜـﺮدﯾـﺘـﺎﯾـﻪ و ﻛـﯚن ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﯚﱏ kołân i shâr biyângeřây- paraded you through ﺷﺎر ﺑﻴﺎﮕاﯾﺘﺎﯾﻪ. tâya.1 every street in town. Biryâ aw kâráy nakirdi- Would that he hadn’t done ﺮ ﺋﻪو ﰷرﻩى ﻧﻪﺮدﯾﻪ. bâya. that.

§ 34. The Passive Voice. The past passive stem is constructed from the present stem of a transitive verb + -râ. The present passive stem is the pres- bînrân ‘to ﺑـﻴـﲊان ent stem + -re-. For example, from the stem bîn ‘see’ comes ;’dábînre(t) ‘it is/can be seen دﻩﺑـﻴـﲊـﺖ bînrâ ‘it was seen,’ and ﺑـﻴـﲊا ’,be seen nerrá ‘it was ﻧــﺮرا ’,nerrân2 ‘to be sent ﻧــﺮران from the stem ner ‘send’ comes dánerre(t) ‘it is sent.’ The past and present passives are دﻩﻧــــﺮرــﺖ sent,’ and regularly conjugated: PAST PASSIVE nerrâyn ﻧﺮراﻦ nerrâm ﻧﺮرام bînrâyn ﺑﻴﲊاﻦ bînrâm ﺑﻴﲊام nerrân ﻧﺮران (nerrây(t ﻧﺮراﯾﺖ bînrân ﺑﻴﲊان (bînrây(t ﺑﻴﲊاﯾﺖ

1 Bíyângerâytâya = bí (subjunctive prefix) + yân (agent affix) + gerâ (verb stem) + yt (2nd-person singular patient suffix) + âya (conditional suffix). 2 .ﻧان Since rr = ř, the verb nerrân is often written alternatively as 63 SORANI KURDISH nerrân ﻧﺮران nerrâ ﻧﺮرا bînrân ﺑﻴﲊان bînrâ ﺑﻴﲊا

PRESENT PASSIVE dánerreyn دﻩﻧﺮرﲔ dánerrem دﻩﻧﺮرﻢ dábînreyn دﻩﺑﻴﲊﲔ dábînrem دﻩﺑﻴﲊﻢ dánerren دﻩﻧﺮرﻦ dánerreyt دﻩﻧﺮرﺖ dábînren دﻩﺑﻴﲊﻦ (dábînrey(t دﻩﺑﻴﲊﺖ dánerren دﻩﻧﺮرﻦ (dánerre(t دﻩﻧﺮرﺖ dábînren دﻩﺑﻴﲊﻦ (dábînre(t دﻩﺑﻴﲊێ The past perfect passive conjugation is regularly formed as a vowel stem (‘I had been seen, I had been sent’ &c.): bînrâbûyn ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮوﻦ bînrâbûm ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮوم bînrâbûn ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮون (bînrâbûy(t ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮوﯾﺖ bînrâbûn ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮون bînrâbû ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮو nerrâbûyn ﻧﺮراﺑﻮوﻦ nerrâbûm ﻧﺮراﺑﻮوم nerrâbûn ﻧﺮراﺑﻮون (nerrâbûy(t ﻧﺮراﺑﻮوﯾﺖ nerrâbûn ﻧﺮراﺑﻮون nerrâbû ﻧﺮراﺑﻮو Irregular passives. Although the passive is regularly and predictably formed from the vast majority of verbs, the following common verbs have irregu- larly formed passives:

ACTIVE PASSIVE bîstrân bîstre-, as well as the regularly formed ﺑﺴﱰان < bîstin ﺑﺴﱳ -bîsrân bîsre ﺑﴪان -d(i)rân d(i)re دران < dân دان bîndrân bîndre-, as well as the regularly formed ﺑﺪران < dîtin دﯾﱳ -bînrân bînre ﺑﻴﲊان -gîrân gîre ﮔﲑان < girtin ﮔﺮﻦ -gutrân gutre ﮔﻮﺮان < gotin ﮔﯚﻦ -khirân khire ﺧﺮان < khistin ﺧﺴﱳ -khurân khure ﺧﻮران < khwârdin ﺧﻮاردن -k(i)rân k(i)re ﺮان < kirdin ﺮدن

64 THE VERB nerdrân nerdre-, and the ﻧﺮدران ,-nârdrân nârdre ردران < nârdin ردن -nerrân nerre ﻧﺮران regularly formed -n(i)rân n(i)re ﺮا < nân ن -witrân witre وﺮان < witin وﻦ Other moods and tenses of the passive are regularly formed. All passive verbs are intransitive by definition and therefore never form their past tenses on the ergative model. Examples of passive constructions are as follows: Pewîst a am ḥikâyatâná It is necessary that these ﭘــــﻮــﺴــــﺘــﻪ ﺋــﻪم ﺣــﲀﯾــﻪﻧــﻪ ,binûsrenawa u la châp stories be written down ﺑـﻨـﻮوﴎـﻨـﻪوﻩ و ـﺎپ درـﻦ .dren u biłâw bikrenawa. printed, and published و ﺑو ﻜﺮﻨﻪوﻩ. Tanakayèk la bar dukâna- A can had been set down ﺗــﻪﻧــﻪﻛــﻪﯾــﻪك ﺑــﻪر دوﰷﻧــﻪﻛــﻪ .ká dâ-nrâbû. in front of the shop داﺮاﺑﻮو.

§ 34.1. The Past Passive Participle. The past passive participle is regularly ﺑـــــﻴـــــﲊاو ,formed from the past passive stem in -râ + -w, giving, for example -nûs ﻧـﻮوﴎاو nerrâw ‘having been sent,’ and ﻧــﺮراو ’,bînrâw ‘having been seen râw ‘having been written.’ The negative participle is regularly made by pre- nánerrâw ‘not ﻧــﻪﻧــــﺮراو ’,nábînrâw ‘not having been seen ﻧــﻪﺑــﻴــﲊاو) -fixing ná having been sent’). From the past passive participle is made the present perfect passive conju- gation (‘I have been seen, I have been invited,’ &c.): bînrâwîn ﺑﻴﲊاوﻦ bînrâwim ﺑﻴﲊاوم bînrâwin ﺑﻴﲊاون (bînrâwî(t ﺑﻴﲊاوﯾﺖ bînrâwin ﺑﻴﲊاون bînrâwa ﺑﻴﲊاوﻩ bâng krâwîn ﮓ ﺮاوﻦ bâng krâwim ﮓ ﺮاوم bâng krâwin ﮓ ﺮاون (bâng krâwî(t ﮓ ﺮاوﯾﺖ bâng krâwin ﮓ ﺮاون bâng krâwa ﮓ ﺮاوﻩ Examples of passive constructions: ’witû-kirân ‘to be ironed وﺗﻮو ﺮان < ’witû-kirdin ‘to iron وﺗﻮو ﺮدن

65 SORANI KURDISH ’rez le-gîrân ‘to be respected رﺰ ﻟﮕﲑان < ’rez le-girtin ‘to respect رﺰ ﻟﮕﺮﻦ nûsrânawa ‘to be written ﻧﻮوﴎاﻧﻪوﻩ < ’nûsînawa ‘to write down ﻧﻮوﺳﻪوﻩ down’

barg a pâk u tamîz a witû- his nice, clean, ironed ﺑﻪرﮔﻪ ﭘﺎك و ﺗﻪﻣﲒﻩ وﺗﻮوﺮاوﻩﻛﻪى kirâwakáy clothes pyâwèk i barz i rezlegîrâw an eminent, respected ﭘﻴﺎوﲃ ﺑﻪرزى رﺰﻟﮕﲑاو man Zorba i zor i am ḥikâya- The vast majority of these زۆرﺑــﻪى زۆرى ﺋــﻪم ﺣــﲀﯾــﻪﻧــﻪ tâná nanûsrâwinawa. stories have not been ﻧﻪﻧﻮوﴎاوﻧﻪوﻩ. written down.

§ 35. Postposed Verbal Complements. With verbs of motion many verbal complements are postposed, i.e. they come after the verb and are linked it by the unstressed vowel à. For example, chûn is ‘to go,’ but chûnà mâłè is ‘to go home.’ The linking vowel occurs in all persons in all tenses. In the present tense the t inherent in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular is recovered before the à. An example of the present tense is that of chûnà mâłè: dáchînà mâłè دﻩﭼﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ dáchimà mâłè دﻩﻪ ﻣﺎ dáchinà mâłè دﻩﭼﻪ ﻣﺎ dáchîtà mâłè دﻩﭼﺘﻪ ﻣﺎ dáchinà mâłè دﻩﭼﻪ ﻣﺎ dáchetà mâłè دﻩﭼﺘﻪ ﻣﺎ In the past tenses, the linking à also comes between the verb and its comple- ment. The t inherent in the 2nd person singular is always recovered. An ex- ample of the paradigm for verbs with consonant-final stems is hâtinà darè, ‘to come out.’ hâtînà darè ﻫﺎﺗﻪ دﻩرێ hâtimà darè ﻫﺎﲤﻪ دﻩرێ hâtinà darè ﻫﺎﺗﻨﻪ دﻩرێ hâtîtà darè ﻫﺎﺗﻪ دﻩرێ hâtinà darè ﻫﺎﺗﻨﻪ دﻩرێ hâtà darè ﻫﺎﺗﻪ دﻩرێ In 3rd-person singular past verbs ending in -û and -î, a t may be infixed (de- pending upon dialect) between the verb and the linking à, as in chûnà shâ- rawa ‘to go to town’ and gayînà mâlawa ‘to reach home.’

66 THE VERB chûynà shârawa ﭼﻮوﯾﻨﻪ ﺷﺎرﻩوﻩ chûmà shârawa ﭼﻮوﻣﻪ ﺷﺎرﻩوﻩ chûnà shârawa ﭼﻮوﻧﻪ ﺷﺎرﻩوﻩ chûytà shârawa ﭼﻮوﯾﺘﻪ ﺷﺎرﻩوﻩ chûnà shârawa ﭼﻮوﻧﻪ ﺷﺎرﻩوﻩ chûtà shârawa1 ﭼﻮوﺗﻪ ﺷﺎرﻩوﻩ gayîynà mâława ﮔﻪﯾﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻪوﻩ gayîmà mâława ﮔﻪﯾـﻤﻪ ﻣﺎﻪوﻩ gayînà mâława ﮔﻪﯾﻪ ﻣﺎﻪوﻩ gayîytà mâława ﮔﻪﯾﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻪوﻩ gayînà mâława ﮔﻪﯾﻪ ﻣﺎﻪوﻩ gayîtà mâława ﮔﻪﯾﻪ ﻣﺎﻪوﻩ

In past verbs that end in -â, a y is infixed between the verb and the linking à, as in dânà yek ‘to throw together’: dâmânà yek داﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﯾﻪك dâmà yek داﻣﻪ ﯾﻪك dâtânà yek داﻧﻪ ﯾﻪك dâtà yek داﺗﻪ ﯾﻪك dâyânà yek داﻧﻪ ﯾﻪك dâyà yek داﯾﻪ ﯾﻪك mân dâyà yek- ﻣﺎن داﯾﻪ ﯾﻪك im dâyà yek- م داﯾﻪ ﯾﻪك tân dâyà yek- ن داﯾﻪ ﯾﻪك it dâyà yek- ت داﯾﻪ ﯾﻪك yân dâyà yek- ن داﯾﻪ ﯾﻪك î dâyà yek- ى داﯾﻪ ﯾﻪك

With verbs in -awa, the -awa suffix takes precedence over the directional -à, which is deleted. Compare the following: .Hâtimà hosh. I came to consciousness ﻫﺎﲤﻪ ﻫﯚش .Hâtimawa hosh. I regained consciousness ﻫﺎﲤﻪوﻩ ﻫﯚش When a postposed directional complement is turned into a preposed pro- nominal enclitic, the directional -à becomes -è. < Ayawe bigâtà shâr > He wants to get to town ﺋـﻪﯾـﻪوێ ـﮕـﺎﺗـﻪ ﺷـﺎر > ﺋـﻪﯾـﻪوێ .Ayawe biygâtè. He wants to get to it ﺑﻴﮕﺎ Hargîz nâgamà aw kew a I’ll never make it to those ﻫـــﻪرﮔـــﲒ ﮔـــﻪﻣـــﻪ ﺋـــﻪو ﻛــــــﻮﻩ < dûrâná > nâyângamè. far-away mountains دووراﻧﻪ > ﮕﻪﻣ I’ll never make it to them.

.Chûà shârawa also exists in some regions ﭼﻮوﻩ ﺷﺎرﻩوﻩ 1 67 SORANI KURDISH dân ba ‘to give to,’ in دان ﺑــــــــﻪ This also happens occasionally with the verb which case the preposition ba is deleted, its place taken by the directional -è. A full conjugation of this phenomenon is illustrated by the following: ’ama’t dadamè ‘I’ll give this to you ﺋﻪﻣﻪت دﻩدﻩﻣ ’ama’m dadaytè ‘you’ll give this to me ﺋﻪﻣﻪم دﻩدﻩﯾ ’ama’yân dadâtè ‘s/he’ll give this to them ﺋﻪﻣﻪن دﻩدا ’ama’y dadaynè ‘we’ll give this to him/her ﺋﻪﻣﻪی دﻩدﻩﯾ ’ama’mân dadanè ‘you’ll give this to us ﺋﻪﻣﻪﻣﺎن دﻩدﻩ ’(ama’tân dadanè ‘they’ll give this to you (pl ﺋﻪﻣﻪن دﻩدﻩن Examples: Shitèk ba suâlkarakân Let him give something to ﺷـــﻚ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺆاـﻜـﻪرﻩﰷن ﺑـﺪات > bídât > Shitèkyân bídâtè. the beggars > Let him ﺷﻜﺎن ﺑﺪا give them something. Shitèkim b’ aw pyâwá I gave something to that ﺷﲂ ﺑﻪو ﭘﻴﺎوﻩ دا > داﻣ dâ > dâmè man > I gave it to him. .Da dirâwim bidarè. Give me ten dirhems دﻩ دراوم ﺑﺪﻩرێ. Da hazâr lîrat dadamè. I’ll give you ten thousand دﻩ ﻫﻪزار ﻟﲑﻩت دﻩدﻩﻣ. liras.

§ 36. Factitive Verbs. The factitive infinitive is formed from the present stem of the intransitive (if the intransitive stem ends in -e, it is dropped) + -(y)ândin. The present stem of all such verbs is in -(y)en-. Examples are: rukhândin rukhen- ‘to روﺎﻧﺪن (-rukhân (pres. stem rukhe روﺎن ‘to be destroyed’ > destroy’ mirândin miren- ‘to make ﻣﺮاﻧﺪن (-mirdin (pres. stem mir ﻣﺮدن ‘to die’ > die, to kill’ gayândin gayen- ‘to make ﮔﻪﻧﺪن (-gayshtin (pres. stem ga ﮔﻪﺸﱳ ‘to reach’ > reach, to deliver’ te-gayândin te-gayen- ‘to ﮔﻪﻧﺪن -te-gayshtin (pres. stem te ﮔﻪﺸﱳ ga-) ‘to understand’ > make understand’ 68 THE VERB rewî kherâ râkeshâ u khoy The fox quickly stretched رﻮى ﺮا رﻛﺸﺎ و ﺧﯚى ﻣﺮاﻧﺪ. mirând. out and played ’possum (“made himself dead”). lâwakân khoyân gayândè. The youths got themselves ﻻوﻩﰷن ﺧﯚن ﮔﻪﻧﺪێ. to him. agar ḥazim l’ am hâtiná If I hadn’t wanted to come ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ـﻪزم م ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ ﻧـﻪـﺮداﯾـﻪ، nakirdâya, damtwânî ba on this trip, I could have دﻩﻣــــﻮاﱏ ﺑــﻪ ﺟــﯚرــﻚ ﺗــــﻰ jorèk tey bigayenim. made him understand ﮕﻪﯾﲌ. somehow.

69 OTHER SYNTACTICAL FEATURES

§ 37. Expressions of Temporal Duration. For statives (‘X state has been going on for X amount of time’), the Kurdish temporal expression consists of: the temporal + -(y)a + present perfect tense verb: -Chand sâłèk a bâs i cho- For several years now dis ــﻪﻧــﺪ ﺳــﺎــــﻜــﻪ ﳻ ﭼــﯚﻧــــﱴ netî i yekgirtin i shewa- cussion of how to unite ﯾــﻪﻛــﮕــ ﺗﺮــﲎ ﺷــــــﻮﻩﰷﱏ زﻣــﺎﱏ -kân i zimân i kurdî hâtû- the dialects of the Kurd ﻮردى ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﻩﺗﻪ ﮔﯚڕێ. atà gořè. ish language has come to the fore. Chand sâ‘atek a l’ era I’ve been sitting here for ﻪﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﻪﺗﮑﻪ ﻟﺮﻩ ﻧﺸﺘﻮوﻣﻪ. nîshtûma. several hours.

For present statives with the verb ‘to be’ (‘he’s been here for X amount of time’) the formula is: temporal + -(y)a + present copula: Chwâr sâł a l’era ya. He’s been here for four ﭼﻮار ﺳﺎﻪ ﻟﺮﻩﯾﻪ. years. For on-going, progressive action continuing to the present (‘it’s been rain- ing for X amount of time’) the formula is: temporal + -(y)a + present pro- gressive verb. -Chand rozhèk a bârân It’s been raining for sever ﻪﻧﺪ رۆژﻜﻪ ران دﻩرێ. dabâre. al days. Zor la mezhû a dazânim… I’ve known for a very long زۆر ﻣﮋووﻩ دﻩزاﱎ … time…

For negatives (‘I haven’t done X for X amount of time’) the formula is: temporal + -(y)a + negative present perfect verb. Chwâr sâł a námândîtûna. We haven’t seen them for ﭼﻮار ﺳﺎﻪ ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﺪﯾﺘﻮوﻧﻪ. four years. Chand rozhèk a bârân It hasn’t rained for several ﻪﻧﺪ رۆژﻜﻪ ران ﻧﻪرﯾﻮﻩ. nábârîwa. days.

70 OTHER SYNTACTICAL FEATURES For the past (‘something had been going on for X amount of time’), the formula is: temporal + (da)bû + past progressive for affirmative or past per- fect for the negative (‘I hadn’t done X for X amount of time’): Chand rozhèk dabû bârân It had been raining for ــــﻪﻧــــﺪ رۆژــــﻚ دﻩﺑــــﻮو ران .dabârî. several days دﻩرى. Chand rozhèk bû bârân It hadn’t rained for several ـــــﻪﻧـــــﺪ رۆژـــــﻚ ﺑـــــﻮو ران .nábârîbû. days ﻧﻪرﯾﺒﻮو. -Nizîka i se–chwâr mâng I hadn’t seen him for near ـﺰـﻜـﻪى ﺳـ ﭼـﻮار ﻣـﺎـﮓ دﻩﺑـﻮو .dabû namdîtibû. ly three or four months ﻧﻪﻣﺪﯾﻮو. Zor la mezhû bû dam- I had known for a long زۆر ﻣﮋوو ﺑﻮو دﻩﻣﺰاﱏ … zânî… time that…

§ 38. Subordinating Conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions generally consist of prepositions + awaî (ka), where the relative ka, as in relative clauses (see §39), is optional. دوای ﺋـﻪوﻩی ﮐـﻪ ,la) dwâîâ ka) دواﺋـﻴـﺎ ﮐـﻪ Conjunctions that mean ‘after,’ like la) pâsh awaî ka, are followed by an) ﭘــــﺎش ﺋــــﻪوﻩی ﮐــــﻪ dwâ i awaî ka, and indicative verb, present or past according to sense. ,la dwâî’â ka châk After you are well again دواﺋﻴﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺎك ﺋﻪﺑﻪوﻩ ﺋﻪﯾﺒﲎ. abîtawa, aybînî. you’ll see him. dwâ i awaî ka shâr After the city was thrown دواى ﺋﻪوﻩى ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎر ﺧﺮۆﺷﺎ khiroshâ, … into an uproar, …

ﭘــــﺶ ﺋــﻪوﻩى ﻛــﻪ ,bar l’ awaî ka ﺑــﻪر وﻩى ﻛــﻪ) ’Conjunctions that mean ‘before pesh awaî ka) are invariably followed by a present subjunctive verb. The correct tense for English translation is gained from context. bar l’ awaî lâfâwaká Before the torrent hurled ﺑـﻪر وﻩى ﻻﻓـﺎوﻩﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻮرژم ﺑــــﺘـﻪ hurizhm benetà sar zhû- down on our rooms, the ﺳــﻪر ژوورﻩﰷﳕــﺎن ﻣــــﺎــﻪﰷن rakânmân, minâłakân children were playing ﭘﻜﻪوﻩ رﯾﻴﺎن ﺋﻪﺮد. pekawa yârîyân akird. together.

Other conjunctions that demand a subjunctive verb include ba be awaî (ka) ‘without’ 71 SORANI KURDISH ba be awaî biybînim, dám- Without my seeing it, I ﺑﻪ ﺋﻪوﻩى ﺑﻴﲌ دﻩﻣﺰاﱏ ﻛﻪ… zânî ka… knew that… ’bo awaî (ka) ‘in order that ﺑﯚ ﺋﻪوﻩی (ﮐﻪ) and aw yekam rozh’î bo kho- He had set that first day ﺋـﻪو ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪم رۆژى ﺑـﯚ ﺧـﯚراﻫــﻨـﺎن، -râhenan, bo mashq dânâ- for getting ourselves ac ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﻪﺷـﻖ داﺑـﻮو، ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﭘـ bû, bo awaî pe u pilmân customed, for practice, in و ﭘـــﻠـــﲈن راﺑــــــﺖ و ﻫـــﻪﻣـــﻮو râbet u la hamû rûyèk- order that our legs and رووﯾــﻜـﻪوﻩ ﺧـﯚﻣـﺎن ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪو رـﮕـﻪ awa khomân bo aw rega feet become accustomed . -dûr u drezhá âmâda bi- and that we make our دوور و درﮋﻩ ﺋﺎﻣﺎدﻩ ﻜﻪﻦ kayn. selves ready in every way for that long road. bo awaî pâkî u begunâhî i in order that he prove his ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﭘـﰽ و ﮔـﻮﱓ ﺧـﯚى …khoy bisałmene… innocence ﺴﻪﻤ…

A short list of common subordinating conjunctions: +) b’ aw marjáî (ka) provided that, on condition that ﺑﻪو ﻣﻪرﻪى (ﻛﻪ) subj.) (.ba be awaî (ka) without (+ pres. subj ﺑﻪ ﰉ ﺋﻪوﻩى (ﻛﻪ) (.bar l’ awaî (ka) before (+ pres. subj ﺑﻪر وﻩى (ﻛﻪ) (.bo awaî (ka) in order that (+ pres. subj ﺑﻮ ﺋﻪوﻩى (ﻛﻪ) chunkû since ﭼﻮﻜﻮو dwâ i awaî (ka) after دواى ﺋﻪوﻩى (ﻛﻪ) jâ ka inasmuch as ﺎ ﻛﻪ ka when ﻛﻪ kâtè(k) when ﰷ، ﰷﺗﻚ pâsh amaî/awaî (ka) after ﭘﺎش ﺋﻪﻣﻪى|ﺋﻪوﻩی (ﻛﻪ) (.pesh awaî (ka) before (+ pres. subj ﭘﺶ ﺋﻪوﻩى (ﻛﻪ)

§ 39. Relative Clauses. Relative clauses in Kurdish are often, but not nec- essarily, introduced by the relative pronoun ka ‘who, which, that.’ Syntac- tically Kurdish relative clauses do not differ significantly from Persian rela- tive clauses, with the exception of the omission of the relative pronoun,

72 OTHER SYNTACTICAL FEATURES which does not happen in Persian. The antecedent of any relative pronoun, expressed or omitted, is usually but not necessarily marked by enclitic -î, -e, or -èk. Generally speaking, the relative pronoun ka may be omitted, particu- larly when it functions as the object of the verb in the relative clause. The relative pronoun is not often omitted when it functions as the subject (logical or real) of the verb in the relative clause—as in English (‘the man whom I met’ and ‘the man with whom I went’ may be equally well ex- pressed as ‘the man I met’ and ‘the man I went with,’ but ‘the man who came’ cannot become *‘the man came’). If the syntactical function of the relative pronoun within the relative clause is other than subject of the verb, the grammatical place is marked within the clause by a “referent pronoun” that refers back to the relative. The verb inside a relative clause modifying a true indefinite or nonspecific antecedent is in the subjunctive, as in Persian. Examples follow. sar i kuřakáî ka nustibû, She took the head of the ﺳـﻪرى ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪى ﻛـﻪ ﻧـﻮﺳـــﻮو la sar rânî bird. boy, who had fallen ﺳﻪر راﱏ ﺮد. asleep, from her lap.

In this example the relative pronoun ka functions as the subject of nustibû— and is therefore not omissible—and the antecedent is marked by -î. ,yekèk la lâwakân, ka bo One of the young men ﯾــــﻪﻛــــــــﻚ ﻻوﻩﰷن ﻛــــﻪ ﺑــــﯚ froshtin i barham chû- who had gone to town to ﻓـﺮۆﺷــﲎ ﺑـﻪرﻫـﻪم ﭼـﻮوﺑـﻮوﻩ ﺷـﺎر bûà shâr, gařâyawa u sell produce, returned ﮔﻪڕاﯾﻪوﻩ و ﻣﮋﮔﲎ ﭘ دان. mizgenî pe dân. and gave them the good news. Here the relative pronoun ka refers to the antecedent yekèk la lâwakân. The -èk ending on yekèk functions as the marker of the antecedent. lât wâ nabe har ‘arabè to Don’t think every Arab ﻻت وا ﻧـــﻪ ﻫـــﻪر ـــﻪرﻩ ﺗـــﯚ tûshî bît, am nâwâná gish you meet knows all these ﺗــﻮوﳽ ﺑــــﺖ ﺋــﻪم واﻧــﻪ ﮔــﺶ .dazâne. names دﻩزا.

73 SORANI KURDISH optional relative pronoun relative clause lât wâ nabe har arabe [ka] to tûsh- î bît am nâwâná gish dazâne

referent pronoun In this example the referent pronoun -î complementing tûshî refers to the antecedent, har arab, marked with the enclitic -e. The relative pronoun is omitted. The verb tûsh-bît is in the subjunctive because the antecedent is nonspecific and the clause is hypothetical (‘any and every Arab you may meet’1). to am kamânáî dayânzânî, Write down these few ﺗـــﯚ ﺋـــﻪم ﻛـــﻪﻣـــﺎﻧـــﻪى دﻩـــﺰاﱏ .biyânnûsawa. things you know ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﻪوﻩ.

optional antecedent relative marker pronoun relative clause to am kamâná î [ka] da- yân -zânî biyânnûsawa

referent pronoun

In this example the referent pronoun -yân in dayânzânî refers to the antece- dent am kamâná, which is marked as antecedent by -î without the relative pronoun. The -yân- in biyânnûsawa is a resumptive object pronoun, which, strictly speaking, is optional since the object of binûsawa has already been stated (am kamâná). Such resumptive object pronouns are often used after a relative clause to make clear that the antecedent of the relative clause is actually the object of the main verb. l’ awânaî gilay le kirdûn, It is different from those واﻧــــﻪى ﮔــــى ﻟــــ ــــﺮدوون jyâwâz a. things he has complained ﺟﺎوازﻩ. of.

ﻫــﻪر ــﻪرﻩ ﻣــﻦ ﺗــﻮوﳽ Compare the hypothetical subjunctive clause with the actual 1 har ‘arabè min tûshî bûma “every Arab I’ve met,” where the antecedent is ﺑـــــــﻮوﻣـــــــﻪ definite and the verb of the relative clause describes something that has actually happened. 74 OTHER SYNTACTICAL FEATURES Here the referent pronoun -n, the “bumped” complement of the preposition le, refers to the antecedent awâna, which is so marked by -î without the rel- ative pronoun. zorî la khoy akird ka aw He was forcing himself to زۆرى ﺧـﯚى ﺋـﻪـﺮد ﻛـﻪ ﺋـﻪو دوو dû firmesk a gawrayáî hide those two large ﻓـﺮﻣــﺴـﻜـﻪ ﮔـﻪورﻩﯾـﻪى ﺋـﻪﻧـﻪوێ ayânawe bikawinà tears, which were about ﻜﻪوﻧﻪ ﺧﻮارێ ﺑﻴﺎﺸﺎرﺘﻪوﻩ. khwârè biyânshâretawa. to dribble down. In this example the antecedent of the relative clause, dû firmesk a gawrayá, is marked by î, and the relative pronoun is omitted. The -yân- in biyân- shâretawa is another example of a resumptive object pronoun. bîrim la har shitèk kirdi- Whatever I had thought ﺑـﲑم ﻫـﻪر ﺷـــﻚ ـﺮدﺑـــﻪوﻩ، ﺑـﲑم betawa, bîrim la mirdin about, I hadn’t thought ﻣﺮدن ﻧﻪﻣﻜﺮدﺑﻮوﻩوﻩ. namkirdibûawa. about dying. -har shitèk ‘whatever’ produces an indefinite rela ﻫـﻪر ﺷـــﻚ ,In this example tive clause; thus the verb bîrim kirdibetawa is subjunctive, and in this case, past subjunctive.

§ 40. Directional Nouns in è. Certain nouns become quasi-adverbial direc- -mâłè ‘home ﻣـﺎـ tionals with the addition of unstressed -è. Among these are darè ‘outward.’ These directionals دﻩرێ zhûrè ‘inward,’ and ژوورێ ’,ward tend to occur as postposed directionals after -à (see §35).

§ 41. Orthographic Peculiarities of Sorani Kurdish. For the most part, Sorani Kurdish is written in a “phonetic” version of the Arabic alphabet in which all but one of the vowels are given graphic representations. Only the vowel i is not represented internally in a word. The only real inconsistency in the writing system is the representation of as though it were ya, which is written ,ﯾــــــﻪ the sequence ye, which is written the same. Both the writing of ye and the lack of indication of i go back to early twentieth-century attempts to render Ottoman spelling more “phonet- ic” and actually have nothing to do with Kurdish, but since Kurdish spelling for ﯾـــــﻪ was devised during the late Ottoman period, it has been saddled with ye and nothing for i.

75 SORANI KURDISH Writers of Kurdish, as well as writers of other languages using the Arabic alphabet, are loathe to write several y’s in sequence. It is probably safe to say that a word like gayîyn ‘we arrived,’ which technically should be ,with three y’s in a row (one for the first y, a second for the î ,ﮔــﻪﯾــﻴــﲔ spelled and a third for the second y), will never be seen with all three y’s. At most it the same spelling as gayîn ‘you/they arrived.’ The same ,ﮔـﻪﯾـﲔ will appear as applies to the sequence -î i, i.e. a word ending in î followed by the i of the izâfa: rarely is this sequence spelled with two y’s; generally the -î ending of the word is spelled with y and the izâfa y is omitted, as in bo diłnarmî i awâna for placating them ﺑﯚ دﻨﻪرﱉ ﺋﻪواﻧﻪ ḥikâyat andâza u bâristâî i A story does not have a ﺣــﲀﯾــﻪت ﺋــﻪﻧــﺪازﻩ و رﺳــــﺘــﺎﱙ dyârîkrâwî niya. clearly defined size or درىﺮاوى ﻧﻴﻪ. length.

In the reading passages occasionally a zer vowel point has been inserted un- .to indicate the missing vowel of the izâfa ( ِى) der the y The same applies to the sequence îy, where a word ends in î and is fol- lowed by the 3rd-person singular pronominal enclitic (possessive or agent affix). Occasionally the sequence is spelled in full with the correct number of y’s, but normally only one y is written. This is particularly true when there would be three y’s, as in mâłâwâîy la khałk kird. He bade farewell to the ﻣﺎڵﺋﺎواﱙ ﻪﻚ ﺮد. people.

The sequence îa, as in tânjîaká ‘the hunting dog,’ is written as either as though the sequence were î-ya. The sequence îèk, given ,ﳒـﻰﯾـﻪﻛـﻪ or ﳒـﻴـﻪﻛـﻪ the orthographic peculiarity of the -ek suffix after vowels, may be written as îek or as îyek, as in tânjîèk ‘a hunting dog,’ which can be written either as .ﳒﻰﯾﻪك or more commonly as ﳒﻴﻚ There is also no unanimity among writers of Kurdish with regard to the writing of compound words. Some put all the elements together, and others or دڵﻧـــــــــــــﻪرﱉ leave each element separate. Thus, diłnarmî is spelled either This is rarely troubling to .درـﻜـﺮاو or درىـﺮاو and dyârîkrâw is either ,دـﻨـﻪرﱉ -sarinjřâkesh ‘attrac ﺳــﻪرﳒــ ﻛــــﺶ the reader, but the longer compounds like 76 OTHER SYNTACTICAL FEATURES tive’ become, the more difficult they become to recognize.

§ 42. Vowel Contractions. (1) The sequence -îa- is often contracted to -e-, .amarîkeká ﺋﻪﻣﻪرﻜﻜﻪ < amarîkîaká ﺋﻪﻣﻪرﻜﻪﻛﻪ as in ﺑــــﻮوﻩﺗــــﻪوﻩ The sequences -ûwa- and -ûa- can be contracted to -o-, as in (2) ﺑـﺒـﻮوﻩوﻩ dîtotawa, and دﯾـﺘـﯚﺗـﻪوﻩ < dîtûatawa دﯾـﺘـﻮوﻩﺗـﻪوﻩ ,botawa ﺑـﯚﺗـﻪوﻩ < bûwatawa .bibowa ﺑﺒﯚوﻩ < bibûawa

77 Verb Tenses and Moods Present Habitual/Progressive (kawtin ‘fall,’ nûsîn ‘write,’ & qsa-kirdin ‘speak’) SINGULAR PLURAL dákawîn دﻩﻛﻪوﻦ dákawim دﻩﻛﻪوم dákawin دﻩﻛﻪون (dákawî(t دﻩﻛﻪوﯾﺖ dákawin دﻩﻛﻪون (dákawe(t دﻩﻛﻪوﺖ nâkawîn ﻛﻪوﻦ nâkawim ﻛﻪوم nádakawîn ﻧﻪدﻩﻛﻪوﻦ nádakawim ﻧﻪدﻩﻛﻪوم dánûsîn دﻩﻧﻮوﺳﲔ dánûsim دﻩﻧﻮوﰟ dánûsin دﻩﻧﻮوﺳﻦ (dánûsî(t دﻩﻧﻮوﺳﺖ dánûsin دﻩﻧﻮوﺳﻦ (dánûse(t دﻩﻧﻮوﺳﺖ nânûsîn ﻧﻮوﺳﲔ nânûsim ﻧﻮوﰟ nádanûsîn ﻧﻪدﻩﻧﻮوﺳﲔ nádanûsim ﻧﻪدﻩﻧﻮوﰟ qsa dákayn ﻗﺴﻪ دﻩﻛﻪﻦ qsa dákam ﻗﺴﻪ دﻩﻛﻪم qsa dákan ﻗﺴﻪ دﻩﻛﻪن (qsa dákay(t ﻗﺴﻪ دﻩﻴﺖ qsa dákan ﻗﺴﻪ دﻩﻛﻪن (qsa dákâ(t ﻗﺴﻪ دﻩﰷت qsa nâkayn ﻗﺴﻪ ﻛﻪﻦ qsa nâkam ﻗﺴﻪ ﻛﻪم qsa nádakayn ﻗﺴﻪ ﻧﻪدﻩﻛﻪﻦ qsa nádakam ﻗﺴﻪ ﻧﻪدﻩﻛﻪم

Present Subjunctive (‘that I fall,’ &c.) bíkawîn ﻜﻪوﻦ bíkawim ﻜﻪوم bíkawin ﻜﻪون (bíkawî(t ﻜﻪوﯾﺖ bíkawin ﻜﻪون (bíkawe(t ﻜﻪوﺖ nákawîn ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﻦ nákawim ﻧﻪﻛﻪوم bínûsîn ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﲔ bínûsim ﺑﻨﻮوﰟ bínûsin ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﻦ (bínûsî(t ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﺖ bínûsin ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﻦ (bínûse(t ﺑﻨﻮوﺳﺖ nánûsîn ﻧﻪﻧﻮوﺳﲔ nánûsim ﻧﻪﻧﻮوﰟ

78 VERB TENSES AND MOODS qsa (bí)kayn ﻗﺴﻪ (ﺑـ)ﻛﻪﻦ qsa (bí)kam ﻗﺴﻪ (ﺑـ)ﻛﻪم qsa (bí)kan ﻗﺴﻪ (ﺑـ)ﻜﻪن (qsa (bí)kay(t ﻗﺴﻪ (ﺑـ)ﻛﻪﯾﺖ qsa (bí)kan ﻗﺴﻪ (ﺑـ)ﻛﻪن (qsa (bí)kâ(t ﻗﺴﻪ (ﺑـ)ﰷت qsa nákayn ﻗﺴﻪ ﻧﻪﻛﻪﻦ qsa nákam ﻗﺴﻪ ﻧﻪﻛﻪم

Simple Past (‘I fell,’ &c.) ’KAWTIN ‘TO FALL ﮐﻪوﻦ :FOR INTRANSITIVE káwtîn ﻛﻪوﺗﲔ káwtim ﻛﻪوﰎ káwtin ﻛﻪوﻦ (káwtî(t ﻛﻪوﺗﺖ káwtin ﻛﻪوﻦ káwt ﻛﻪوت nákawtîn ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﲔ nákawtim ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﰎ nákawtin ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﻦ (nákawtî(t ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﺖ nákawtin ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﻦ nákawt ﻧﻪﻛﻪوت ’NÛSÎN ‘TO WRITE ﻧﻮوﺳﲔ :FOR TRANSITIVE VERB FOLLOWED BY AGENT AFFIX nûsîmân ﻧﻮوﺳن nûsîm ﻧﻮوﺳﲓ nûsîtân ﻧﻮوﺳﺎن (nûsîy(t ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﺖ nûsîyân ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﺎن nûsîy ﻧﻮوﺳﲕ námânnûsî ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﻨﻮوﳻ námnûsî ﻧﻪﻣﻮوﳻ nátânnûsî ﻧﻪﻧﻨﻮوﳻ nátnûsî ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻮوﳻ náyânnûsî ﻧﻪﻧﻨﻮوﳻ náynûsî ﻧﻪﯾﻨﻮوﳻ ’QSA-KIRDIN ‘TO SPEAK ﻗﺴﻪ ﺮدن :FOR AGENT AFFIX PRECEDING A TRANSITIVE VERB qsámân kird ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﺮد qsám kird ﻗﺴﻪم ﺮد qsátân kird ﻗﺴﻪن ﺮد qsát kird ﻗﺴﻪت ﺮد qsáyân kird ﻗﺴﻪن ﺮد qsáy kird ﻗﺴﻪى ﺮد qsamân nákird ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﻧﻪﺮد qsam nákird ﻗﺴﻪم ﻧﻪﺮد qsatân nákird ﻗﺴﻪن ﻧﻪﺮد qsat nákird ﻗﺴﻪت ﻧﻪﺮد qsayân nákird ﻗﺴﻪن ﻧﻪﺮد qsay nákird ﻗﺴﻪى ﻧﻪﺮد

Past Habitual/Progressive (= Irrealis) (‘I used to fall,’ ‘I would have fallen,’ &c.) 79 SORANI KURDISH dákawtîn دﻩﻛﻪوﺗﲔ dákawtim دﻩﻛﻪوﰎ dákawtin دﻩﻛﻪوﻦ (dákawtî(t دﻩﻛﻪوﺗﺖ dákawtin دﻩﻛﻪوﻦ dákawt دﻩﻛﻪوت (.náakawtîn (Sul ﻧﻪﺋﻪﻛﻪوﺗﲔ (.náakawtim (Sul ﻧﻪﺋﻪﻛﻪوﰎ nádakawtîn ﻧﻪدﻩﻛﻪوﺗﲔ nádakawtim ﻧﻪدﻩﻛﻪوﰎ dámânnûsî دﻩﻣﺎﻧﻨﻮوﳻ dámnûsî دﻩﻣﻮوﳻ dátânnûsî دﻩﻧﻨﻮوﳻ dátnûsî دﻩﺗﻨﻮوﳻ dáyânnûsî دﻩﻧﻨﻮوﳻ dáynûsî دﻩﯾﻨﻮوﳻ (.námânanûsî (Sul ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﻪﻧﻮوﳻ (.námanûsî (Sul ﻧﻪﻣﻪﻧﻮوﳻ námândanûsî ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻧﻮوﳻ námdanûsî ﻧﻪﻣﺪﻩﻧﻮوﳻ qsamân dákird ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن دﻩﺮد qsam dákird ﻗﺴﻪم دﻩﺮد qsatân dákird ﻗﺴﻪن دﻩﺮد qsat dákird ﻗﺴﻪت دﻩﺮد qsayân dákird ﻗﺴﻪن دﻩﺮد qsay dákird ﻗﺴﻪى دﻩﺮد qsamân náakird ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﻧﻪﺋﻪﺮد (.qsam náakird (Sul ﻗﺴﻪم ﻧﻪﺋﻪﺮد qsamân nádakird ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﻧﻪدﻩﺮد qsam nádakird ﻗﺴﻪم ﻧﻪدﻩﺮد

Present Perfect (‘I have fallen’, &c.) kawtûyn ﻛﻪوﺗﻮوﻦ kawtûm ﻛﻪوﺗﻮوم kawtûn ﻛﻪوﺗﻮون (kawtûy(t ﻛﻪوﺗﻮوﯾﺖ kawtûn ﻛﻪوﺗﻮون kawtûa ﻛﻪوﺗﻮوﻩ nákawtûyn ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﻮوﻦ nákawtûm ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﻮوم nûsîwmâna ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﻮﻣﺎﻧﻪ nûsîwima ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﻮﻣﻪ nûsîwtâna ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﻮﻧﻪ nûsîwita ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﻮﺗﻪ nûsîwyâna ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﻮﻧﻪ nûsîwyatî ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﻮﯾﻪﰏ námânnûsîwa ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﻴﻮﻩ námnûsîwa ﻧﻪﻣﻮوﺳﻴﻮﻩ qsamân kirdûa ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﺮدووﻩ qsam kirdûa ﻗﺴﻪم ﺮدووﻩ qsatân kirdûa ﻗﺴﻪن ﺮدووﻩ qsat kirdûa ﻗﺴﻪت ﺮدووﻩ qsayân kirdûa ﻗﺴﻪن ﺮدووﻩ qsay kirdûa ﻗﺴﻪى ﺮدووﻩ qsamân nákirdûa ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﻧﻪﺮدووﻩ qsam nákirdûa ﻗﺴﻪم ﻧﻪﺮدووﻩ

80 VERB TENSES AND MOODS Past Perfect (‘I had fallen,’ &c.) kawtibûyn ﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻮوﻦ kawtibûm ﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻮوم kawtibûn ﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻮون (kawtibûy(t ﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻮوﯾﺖ kawtibûn ﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻮون kawtibû ﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻮو nákawtibûyn ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻮوﻦ nákawtibûm ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻮوم nûsibûmân ﻧﻮوﺳﺒﻮوﻣﺎن nûsibûm ﻧﻮوﺳﺒﻮوم nûsibûtân ﻧﻮوﺳﺒﻮون nûsibût ﻧﻮوﺳﺒﻮوت nûsibûyân ﻧﻮوﺳﺒﻮون nûsîbûy ﻧﻮوﺳﻮوى námânnûsibû ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﺒﻮو námnûsibû ﻧﻪﻣﻮوﺳﺒﻮو qsamân kirdibû ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﺮدﺑﻮو qsam kirdibû ﻗﺴﻪم ﺮدﺑﻮو qsatân kirdibû ﻗﺴﻪان ﺮدﺑﻮو qsat kirdibû ﻗﺴﻪت ﺮدﺑﻮو qsayân kirdibû ﻗﺴﻪن ﺮدﺑﻮو qsay kirdibû ﻗﺴﻪى ﺮدﺑﻮو qsamân nákirdibû ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﻧﻪﺮدﺑﻮو qsam nákirdibû ﻗﺴﻪم ﻧﻪﺮدﺑﻮو

Past Subjunctive (‘that I have fallen,’ &c.) kawtibîn ﻛﻪوﺗﱭ kawtibim ﻛﻪوﺗﱬ kawtibin ﻛﻪﺗﱭ (kawtibî(t ﻛﻪوﺗﺒﺖ kawtibin ﻛﻪوﺗﱭ (kawtibe(t ﻛﻪوﺗﺒﺖ nákawtibîn ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﺒﲔ nákawtibim ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﱬ nûsîbetmân ﻧﻮوﺳﻴن nûsîbetim ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﱲ nûsîbettân ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﺘﺘﺎن nûsîbetit ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﺘﺖ nûsîbetyân ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﺘﻴﺎن nûsîbetî ﻧﻮوﺳﻴﱴ námânnûsîbet ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺖ námnûsîbet ﻧﻪﻣﻮوﺳﻴﺖ qsamân kirdibe ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﺮد qsam kirdibe ﻗﺴﻪم ﺮد qsatân kirdibe ﻗﺴﻪن ﺮد qsat kirdibe ﻗﺴﻪت ﺮد qsayân kirdibe ﻗﺴﻪن ﺮد qsay kirdibe ﻗﺴﻪى ﺮد qsamân nákirdibe ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﻧﻪﺮد qsam nákirdibe ﻗﺴﻪم ﻧﻪﺮد

Past Conditional I (‘had I fallen,’ &c.) bíkawtînâya ﻜﻪوﺗﺎﯾﻪ bíkawtimâya ﻜﻪوﲤﺎﯾﻪ

81 SORANI KURDISH bíkawtinâya ﻜﻪوﺗﻨﺎﯾﻪ bíkawtîtâya ﻜﻪوﺗﺎﯾﻪ bíkawtinâya ﻜﻪوﺗﻨﺎﯾﻪ bíkawtâya ﻜﻪوﯾﻪ nákawtînâya ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﺎﯾﻪ nákawtimâya ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﲤﺎﯾﻪ bímânnûsîâya ﲟﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ bímnûsîâya ﲟﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ bítânnûsîâya ﺑﺘﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ bítnûsîâya ﺑﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ bíyânnûsîâya ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ bíynûsîâya ﺑﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ námânnûsîâya ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ námnûsîâya ﻧﻪﻣﻮوﺳﻴﺎﯾﻪ qsamân bíkirdâya ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﻜﺮداﯾﻪ qsam bíkirdâya ﻗﺴﻪم ﻜﺮداﯾﻪ qsatân bíkirdâya ﻗﺴﻪن ﻜﺮداﯾﻪ qsat bíkirdâya ﻗﺴﻪت ﻜﺮداﯾﻪ qsayân bíkirdâya ﻗﺴﻪن ﻜﺮداﯾﻪ qsay bíkirdâya ﻗﺴﻪى ﻜﺮداﯾﻪ qsamân nákirdâya ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﻧﻪﺮداﯾﻪ qsam nákirdâya ﻗﺴﻪم ﻧﻪﺮداﯾﻪ

Past Conditional II (‘were I to have fallen,’ &c.) bíkawtibâyn ﻜﻪوﺗﺒﺎﻦ bíkawtibâm ﻜﻪوﺗﺒﺎم bíkawtibân ﻜﻪوﺗﺒﺎن bíkawtibây ﻜﻪوﺗﺒﺎى bíkawtibân ﻜﻪوﺗﺒﺎن bíkawtibâ ﻜﻪوﺗﺒﺎ nákawtibâyn ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﺒﺎﻦ nákawtibâm ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﺒﺎم bímânnûsîbâ ﲟﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﺎ bímnûsîbâ ﲟﻨﻮوﺳﺎ bítânnûsîbâ ﺑﺘﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﺎ bítnûsîbâ ﺑﻮوﺳﺎ bíyânnûsîbâ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﺎ bíynûsîbâ ﺑﻮوﺳﺎ námânnûsîbâ ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻧﻨﻮوﺳﺎ námnûsîbâ ﻧﻪﻣﻮوﺳﺎ qsamân bíkirdibâ ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﻜﺮد qsam bíkirdibâ ﻗﺴﻪم ﻜﺮد qsatân bíkirdibâ ﻗﺴﻪن ﻜﺮد qsat bíkirdibâ ﻗﺴﻪت ﻜﺮد qsayân bíkirdibâ ﻗﺴﻪن ﻜﺮد qsay bíkirdibâ ﻗﺴﻪى ﻜﺮد qsamân nákirdibâ ﻗﺴﻪﻣﺎن ﻧﻪﺮد qsam nákirdibâ ﻗﺴﻪم ﻧﻪﺮد

PASSIVE TENSES AND MOODS Present Passive (‘I am seen’) dabînreyn دﻩﺑﻴﲊﲔ dabînrem دﻩﺑﻴﲊﻢ dabînren دﻩﺑﻴﲊﻦ (dabînrey(t دﻩﺑﻴﲊﺖ

82 VERB TENSES AND MOODS dabînren دﻩﺑﻴﲊﻦ (dabînre(t دﻩﺑﻴﲊﺖ nâbînreyn ﺑﻴﲊﲔ nâbînrem ﺑﻴﲊﻢ nádabînreyn ﻧﻪدﻩﺑﻴﲊﲔ nádabînrem ﻧﻪدﻩﺑﻴﲊﻢ

Present Subjunctive Passive (‘that I be seen’) bíbînreyn ﺑﺒﲊﲔ bíbînrem ﺑﺒﲊﻢ bíbînren ﺑﺒﲊﻦ (bíbînrey(t ﺑﺒﲊﺖ bíbînren ﺑﺒﲊﻦ (bíbînre(t ﺑﺒﲊﺖ nábînreyn ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊﲔ nábînrem ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊﻢ

Past Passive (‘I was seen’) bînrâyn ﺑﻴﲊاﻦ bînrâm ﺑﻴﲊام bînrân ﺑﻴﲊان (bînrây(t ﺑﻴﲊاﯾﺖ bînrân ﺑﻴﲊان bînrâ ﺑﻴﲊا nábînrâyn ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊاﻦ nábînrâm ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊام

Present Perfect Passive (‘I have been seen’) bînrâwîn ﺑﻴﲊاوﻦ bînrâwim ﺑﻴﲊاوم bînrâwin ﺑﻴﲊاون (bînrâwî(t ﺑﻴﲊاوﯾﺖ bînrâwin ﺑﻴﲊاون bînrâwa ﺑﻴﲊاوﻩ nábînrâwîn ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊاوﻦ nábînrâwim ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊاوم

Past Perfect Passive (‘I had been seen’) bînrâbûyn ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮوﻦ bînrâbûm ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮوم bînrâbûn ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮون (bînrâbûy(t ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮوﯾﺖ bînrâbûn ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮون bînrâbû ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮو nábînrâbûyn ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮوﻦ nábînrâbûm ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊاﺑﻮوم

Past Subjunctive Passive (‘that I have been seen’) bînrâbîn ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﲔ bînrâbim ﺑﻴﲊاﰈ bînrâbin ﺑﻴﲊاﻦ (bînrâbî(t ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﺖ 83 SORANI KURDISH bînrâbin ﺑﻴﲊاﻦ (bînrâbe(t ﺑﻴﲊاﺑﺖ nábînrâbîn ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊاﺑﲔ nábînrâbim ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊاﰈ

Past Conditional Passive (‘had I been seen’) bibînrâynâya ﺑﺒﲊاﯾﻨﺎﯾﻪ bibînrâmâya ﺑﺒﲊاﻣﺎﯾﻪ bibînrânâya ﺑﺒﲊاﯾﻪ bibînrâytâya ﺑﺒﲊاﯾﺘﺎﯾﻪ bibînrânâya ﺑﺒﲊاﯾﻪ bibînrâtâya ﺑﺒﲊاﯾﻪ nábînrâynâya ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊاﯾﻨﺎﯾﻪ nábînrâmâya ﻧﻪﺑﻴﲊاﻣﺎﯾﻪ

84 Synopsis of Tenses and Moods

INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE PASSIVE ﮓ ﺮان ﮓ ﺮدن ﭼﻮون infinitive chûn bâng kirdin bâng krân to go to invite to be invited ﮓ ﺮام ﮕﻢ ﺮد ﭼﻮوم past chûm bângim kird bâng krâm I went I invited him/her1 I was invited ﮓ دﻩﺮام ﮕﻢ دﻩﺮد دﻩﭼﻮوم past habitual dachûm bângim dakird bâng dakrâm I used to go I used to invite him I used to be invited ﮓ ﺮاوم ﮕﻢ ﺮدووﻩ ﭼﻮوم .pres. perf chûwim bângim kirdûa bâng krâwim I have gone I have invited him I have been invited ﮓ ﺮاﺑﻮوم ﮕﻢ ﺮدﺑﻮو ﭼﻮوﺑﻮوم .past perf chûbûm bângim kirdibû bâng krâbûm I had gone I had invited him I had been invited ﮓ دﻩﺮﻢ ﮓ دﻩﮐﻪم دﻩ present (d)achim bâng (d)akam bâng (d)akrem I(‘ll) go I(‘ll) invite I am (will be) invited ﮓ ﮑﺮﻢ ﮓ ﮑﻪم ﻢ .pres. subj bichim bâng bikam bâng bikrem that I go that I invite that I be invited ﮓ ﺮاﰈ ﮕﻢ ﺮدﺑﺖ ﭼﻮوﰈ .past subj chûbim bângim kirdibe(t) bâng krâbim that I have that I have invited that I have been invited gone him

1 Because of the ergative nature of the past tenses, a 3rd-person singular object is built into the verb. 85 SORANI KURDISH ﮓ ﮑﺮاﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮕﻢ ﮑﺮداﯾﻪ ﻮوﻣﺎﯾﻪ past cond. I bichûmâya bângim bikirdâya bâng bikrâmâya ﮓ (ﺑـ)ﺮام ﮕﻢ (ﺑـ)ﺮد (ﺑـ)ﭼﻮوم past cond. II (bi)chûbâm bângim (bi)kirdibâ bâng (bí)krâbâm had I gone had I invited him had I been invited ﮓ دﻩﺮام ﮕﻢ دﻩﺮد دﻩﭼﻮوم =) irrealis past (d)achûm bângim (d)akird bâng (d)akrâm habitual) I would have I would have invited I would have been invited gone him

Conditional Sentence Types present/future possible (present subjunctive or simple past indicative protasis, in- dicative apodosis) .Agar biche(t) (or chû), If he goes, he’ll see them ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﺖ (ﭼﻮو)، دﻩﻧﺒﺖ. dayânbîne(t). ,Agar bíchîtà (or chûytà) If you go to Kurdistan ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﻴﺘﻪ (ﭼﻮوﯾﺘﻪ) ﻮردﺳﺘﺎن، .Kurdistân, fer i kurdî you’ll learn Kurdish ﻓﺮى ﻮردى دﻩﰉ. dabî. past possible (past subjunctive protasis, indicative apodosis) Agar l’awe wafr bârîbe, If it has snowed there, they ﺋﻪﮔﻪر وێ وﻩﻓﺮ رﯾ، ﯾﻪن. nâyen. won’t be coming. Agar chûbe, nâzânim kay If he has gone, I don’t ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﭼﻮو، زاﱎ ﻛﻪى ﭼﻮوﻩ .chûà darè. know when he went out دﻩرێ. -Agar chûbîtà Kurdistân, If you have gone to Kurd ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﭼﻮوﺑﻪ ﻮردﺳﺘﺎن، دﻩ ﻓﺮى dabe fer i kurdî bibî. istan, you must have ﻮردى ﺑﱮ. learned Kurdish. Agar náchûbîtà Kurdistân, If you haven’t gone to ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﻧﻪﭼﻮوﺑﻪ ﻮردﺳﺘﺎن، ﺗﻮاﱏ nâtwânî fer i kurdî bibî. Kurdistan, you can’t have ﻓﺮى ﻮردى ﺑﱮ. learned Kurdish. contrafactual (past conditional protasis, past habitual apodosis)

86 SYNOPSIS OF TENSES AND MOODS Agar bichûâya, daydîtin. If he had gone, he would ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﻮواﯾﻪ دﻩﯾﺪﯾﱳ. have seen them./ If he were to go, he would see them. -Agar bíchûytâya Kurdis- If you had gone to Kurd ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﻮوﯾﺘﺎﯾﻪ ﻮردﺳﺘﺎن، ﻓﺮى tân, fer i kurdî dabûy. istan, you would have ﻮردى دﻩﺑﻮوى. learned Kurdish. Agar náchûytâya Kurdis- If you hadn’t gone to ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﻧﻪﭼﻮوﯾﺘﺎﯾﻪ ﻮردﺳﺘﺎن، ﻓﺮى tân, fer i kurdî nádabûy. Kurdistan, you wouldn’t ﻮردى ﻧﻪدﻩﺑﻮوى. have learned Kurdish.

87 Conversion Table for the Sorani and Kurmanji Alphabets

Recently there have been attempts, particularly on the internet and on the part of Kurds influenced by speakers of Kurmanji Kurdish, to write Sorani in the Latin-based Kurmanji alphabet. The conversion is as follows:

Sorani Sorani Arabic Kurmanji e ه a a ا â b ب b ç چ ch d د d ê ێ e f ف f g گ g x غ gh h ح، ه h i _ i î ی î c ج j k ک k x خ kh l ل l ll ڵ ł m م m n ن n o ۆ o p پ p q ق q r ر r rr ڕ ř s س s ş ش sh t ت t u و u û وو û v ڤ v 88 CONVERSION TABLE FROM SORANI TO KURMANJI w و w y ی y z ز z j ژ zh (not indicated) ع ‘

In writing Sorani in the Kurmanji alphabet, a one-to-one correspondence is observed. The i of the izâfa after consonants is written as î joined directly to the preceding word, but after vowels it is usually written as y, as in ray giştî زاراوﻩی زاــﺴــــﱴ râ i gishtî ‘public opinion’ and zarawey zanistî for رای ﮔــﺸــــﱴ for zârâwa i zânistî ‘scientific language.’ An example of such transcribed text is given below: Ber le Sedam Husên hîç berpirsêkî Êraqî newêrawe îmza le ser rêkkew- tinêk bikat ke otonomî bidate kurd, ewîş le 11-î adarî 1970 rêkkewtin- name benawbangekey adarî legell Mela Mistefa Barzanî mor kird, tefsîrî ciyaciya bo karekey (cêgirî berrêz) dekira. Hendê deyanut be rastî deyewê ew birîne qûlley cestey Êraq tîmar bikat, hendêkî dîkeş deyanut deyewê piştgîrî hêzî serbazîy bo xoy misoger bikat û bîxate jêr rikêfî xoyewe, diway ewey le biwarekanî emnî û rageyandin û hizbî da ew pallpiştiyey misoger kirdibû.1 In Arabic script the passage is as follows: ﺑـﻪر ﺳـﻪدام ﺣـﻮﺳــﻦ ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﺑـﻪرـﺮﺳـــﮑـﯽ ــﺮاﰵ ﻧـﻪوـﺮاوﻩ ﺋـــﻤـﺰا ﺳـﻪر رـﮑـﮑـﻪوﺗـــﮏ ـﲀت ﮐـﻪ ﺋـﯚﺗـﯚﻧـﯚﻣـﯽ ﺑـﺪاﺗـﻪ ـﻮرد، ﺋـﻪوـﺶ ١١ی ﺋـﺎداری ١٩٧٠ رـﮑـﮑـﻪوﺗـــﺎﻣـﻪ ﺑـﻪوـﮕـﻪﮐـﻪی ﺋـﺎداری ﮔـﻪڵ ﻣـﻪﻻ ﻣـﺴــﺘـﻪﻓـﺎ رزاﱏ ﻣـﯚر ـﺮد، ﺗـﻪﻓـﺴـﲑی ﺟــﺎﺟــﺎ ﺑـﯚ ﰷرﻩﮐـﻪی (ﺟــﮕـﺮی ﺑـﻪڕـﺰ) دﻩـﺮا. ﻫـﻪﻧـﺪێ دﻩﻧـﻮت ﺑـﻪ راﺳــﱴ دﻩﯾـﻪوێ ﺋـﻪو ـﺮﯾـﻨـﻪ ﻗـﻮوـﻪی ـﻪﺳــﺘـﻪی ــﺮاق ﺗـر ـﲀت، ﻫـﻪﻧـﺪـﮑـﯽ دـﮑـﻪش دﻩﻧـﻮت دﻩﯾـﻪوێ ـﺸــﺘـﮕـﲑی ﻫــﺰی ﺳـﻪرزﱙ ﺑـﯚ ﺧـﯚی ﻣـﺴـﯚﮔـﻪر ـﲀت و ﺑـﻴــﺎﺗـﻪ ژـﺮ رﮐــﻔـﯽ ﺧـﯚﯾـﻪوﻩ، دوای ﺋـﻪوﻩی ﺑﻮارﻩﰷﱏ ﺋﻪﻣﲎ و رﮔﻪﻧﺪن و ﺣﺰﰉدا ﺋﻪو ﭘﺎﺸﱴﯾﻪی ﻣﺴﯚﮔﻪر ﺮدﺑﻮو. An example of a slightly different form of transcription sometimes used on the internet is as follows: Ke dellín zimaní Kurdí, mebest ew zimaneye ke ésta Kurd qisey pédeken. Gelé zimanwan u rojh hellatnasí henderí (ferengí) degell zimaní Kurdí xerék búne, zurbey ew zanayaney ke be shéweyékí gishtí ya taybetí le zimaní Kurdí duwawin gutúyane ke em zimane le biney zimanekaní Hínd

1Taken from the internet at www.kerkuk-kurdistan.com/hevpeyvinek.asp?ser=1& cep=4&nnimre=281). 89 SORANI KURDISH u Urupayí u binemalley Hínd u Éraní u le xézane zimaní Éraní ye u degell zimaní Farsí xizmayetí nizíkí heye. Ja zimaní Kurdí ke ewe rewishtí con peyda buwe? Ashkiraye zimaní hemú willaté zimaní daníshtiwaní willa- teke debé, eger rodawekaní méjhúyí all u gorrékí neteweyíyan le willate- keda pék nehénabé ewa zimanekeysh her zimaní daníshtiwekaní koní willatekeye u pécewaney emesh pécewane debé. Ja bizanín babeteke bo zimaní Kurdí cone?1 In Arabic script, this text is as follows: ﮐـﻪ دﻩـﲔ زﻣـﺎﱏ ـﻮردی، ﻣـﻪﺑـﻪﺳـﺖ ﺋـﻪو زﻣـﺎﻧـﻪﯾـﻪ ﮐـﻪ ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ـﻮرد ﻗـﺴـﻪی ﭘــﺪﻩﮐـﻪن. ﮔـﻪﻟـ زﻣـﺎﻧـﻮان و رۆژﻫـﻪ ﺗـﻨـﺎﳻ ﻫـﻪﻧـﺪﻩری (ﻓـﻪرﻩـﮕـﯽ) دﻩﮔـﻪڵ زﻣـﺎﱏ ـﻮردی ـﻪرـﮏ ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪ، زورﺑـﻪی ﺋـﻪو زاﻧـﻪی ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـــﻮﻩ ﯾـﻪﰽ ﮔـﺸــﱴ ﯾـﺒـﻪﰏ زﻣـﺎﱏ ـﻮردی دواون ﮔـﻮﺗـﻮوﻧـﻪ ﮐـﻪ ﺋـﻪم زﻣـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻨـﻪی زﻣـﺎﻧـﻪﰷﱏ ﻫـﻨـﺪوﺋـﻮروﭘـﺎﱙ و ﺑـﻨـﻪﻣـﺎـﻪی ﻫـﻨـﺪوﺋــﺮاﱏ و ــﺰاﻧـﻪ زﻣـﺎﱏ ﺋــﺮاﱏﯾـﻪ و دﻩﮔـﻪڵ زﻣـﺎن ﻓـﺎرﳻ ﺧـﺰﻣـﺎﯾـﻪﰏ ـﺰـﮑـﯽ ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ. ـﺎ زﻣـﺎﱏ ـﻮردی ﮐـﻪ ﺋـﻪوﻩ رﻩوﺷــﱴ ﭼـﯚن ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ﺑـﻮوﻩ؟ ﺋـﺎﺷـﮑـﺮاﯾـﻪ زﻣـﺎﱏ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو و زﻣـﺎﱏ داﻧــﺸــﺘـﻮاﱏ وﺗـﻪﮐـﻪ دﻩ، ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر رۆداوﻩﰷﱏ ﻣــﮋووﱙ ﺋـﺎـﻮﮔـﯚڕـﮑـﯽ ﻧـﻪﺗـﻪوﻩﱙن وﺗـﻪﮐـﻪدا ﭘــﮏ ﻧـﻪﻫــﻨـﺎ ﺋـﻪوا زﻣـﺎﻧـﻪﮐـﻪـﺶ ﻫـﻪر زﻣـﺎﱏ داﻧــﺸــﺘـﻮﻩﰷﱏ ﮐـﯚﱏ وﺗـﻪﮐـﻪﯾـﻪ و ﭘـــﻪواﻧـﻪی ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪش ﭘـــﻪواﻧـﻪ دﻩ. ـﺎ ـﺰاﻧـﲔ ﺑـﻪﺗـﻪﮐـﻪ ﺑـﯚ زﻣﺎﱏ ﻮردی ﭼﯚﻧﻪ؟

1Taken from the website www.kurdishacademy.org/ku/history/history.html. 90 ﺑﻮ ﺧﻮﯾﻨﺪن

91 SORANI KURDISH (١) ﭘﻪﻧﺪى ﭘﺸﻴﺎن١ ــﲑۆﰽ ﺋــﻪم ﭘــﻪﻧــﺪﻩﻣــﺎن ﻻﯾــﻪن ﺳــﻪﯾــﺪ ــﻪﻻﱃ ــﺎدﻩﱉ ﺳــﻪﻗــﺰﻩوﻩ ﺑــﻪ دﻩﺳــﺖ ﮔﻪﺸﺘﻮوﻩ: «رﴙ ﺗﻪﻣﺎﺣﲀر ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﲎ ﻣﻮﻓﻠﺲ» ﭘﻪﻧﺪﻩﻛﻪ ﻟﺮﻩوﻩ ﺳﻪرﺎوﻩ دﻩﮔﺮێ ﻛﻪ دﻩﻦ:٢ ﰷـﺮاﯾـﻪﰽ راوﭼـﻰ ﳒـﻰﯾـﻪﰽ دﻩ ﺑـﻪ وى «ﻣـﻮﻓـﻠــﺲ». رۆژـﻚ دﻩﭼــﺘـﻪ راو. ﳒـﻰﯾـﻪﻛـﻪى زۆر ــﺮا دﻩ. ﻫـﻪر ﺷـﺎﺧــﻚ دوو ﻛـﻪروـﺸـﻚ راو دﻩﰷ، ﺑـﻪم ﺑـﻪوﻩ رازى . دﻩﭼــﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺎﺧــﲃ ـﺮ. وـﺶ دوو ﻛـﻪروـﺸـﻚ دﻩـﻮوژێ. ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎح دﻩـﮕـﺮێ و ﻫـﻪر دﻩس ﻫـﻪـﻨـﮔـﺮێ و دﻩﭼــﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺎﺧــﲃ ـﺮ. ﻛـﻪروـﺸـﻚ ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﺳــﺘــ و ژىﯾـﻪﻛـﻪى ﺗـــﻪر دﻩدا. ﻛـﻪروـﺸـﻚ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﻫـﻪرﻩﺳـﻪ ﺑـﻪﻓـﺮـﲀ ﺗــﺪﻩﭘـﻪڕى، ژى ﺑـﻪ دواى ﻛـﻪروـﺸـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪدا و ﰷـﺮاى راوﭼـﻰ ﺑـﻪ دواى ﻫـﻪردووـﻴـﺎﻧـﺪا. ژىﯾـﻪﻛـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﳇـﻴـ ﺑـﻪﻓـﺮﻩﻛـﻪ ﻛـﻪروـﺸـﻜـﻪ دﻩﮔـﺮێ. ﰷـﺮاى راوــﺶ دﻩﮔـﺎﺗـﻪ ﺳـﻪرن، ﺑـﻪم ﳇـﻴـ ﺑـﻪﻓـﺮ ﻫـﻪرﻩس دﻩﰷ و ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮون ﺗــﻚ دﻩﭘــﭽـ و ﻛـﻪﻧـﺪﻩن و ﺷــﻴـﻮـﲃ ﺧـﻮار ﻛــﻮﻩﻛـﻪن ﺗﻮﻧﺪ دﻩﰷ و ژﺮ ﺑﻪﻓﺮدا رﻩق ﻫﻪﺪﻦ.٣

١ ژﻣﺎراﱏ ﺟﯚراوﺟﯚرى ﮔﯚﭬﺎرى «ﴎوﻩ»وﻩ وﻩرﮔﲑاوﻩ. ﻻﯾـﻪن ;chîrok story ـﲑۆک ;peshînîân ancestors ﭘــﺸــﻴـــﺎن ;pand advice, proverb ﭘـﻪﻧـﺪ٢ sayid sayyid, title borne by lineal descendants of the Prophet ﺳـــــﻪﯾـــــﺪ ;la lâyan from Jalâl i Khâdamî in accordance with Persian usage, in Iran ــﻪﻻﱃ ــﺎدﻩﻣــﯽ ;Muhammad an izâfa vowel falls between the given name (Jalâl) and the family name (Khâdamî); ba dast gayshtin ﺑــﻪ دﻩﺳــﺖ ﮔــﻪــﺸــﱳ ;Saqiz , a town in Iranian Kurdistan ﺳــﻪﻗــﺰ rîsh رــﺶ ;(ga-) to be received (the -mân enclitic on am pandámân goes with ba dast) ’l ﻟــﺮﻩوﻩ…ﮐـﻪ ;muflîs bankrupt ﻣـﻮﻓـﻠــﺲ ;hîn butt ﻫـﲔ ;tamâḥkâr greedy ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺣـﲀر ;beard ﮔــﯚــﻦ (ــ) ;sarchâwa girtin to originate ﺳــﻪرــﺎوﻩ ﮔــﺮــﻦ ;erawa…ka from the fact that gotin (łe-) to say. ,tânjî hound (for the spelling of tânjîèkî ﳒـﯽ ;râwchî hunter راوﭼـﯽ ;kâbrâ man ﰷـﺮا٣ see §41; the sentence is a topic–comment construction: “a hunter, he has a hunting chûnà râw to ﭼـﻮوﻧـﻪ راو ;rozh day رۆژ ;ba nâw i by the name of ﺑـﻪ وی ;(”…dog named -shâkh moun ﺷـﺎخ ;(har right, just (often not translated ﻫـﻪر ;kherâ fast ــﺮا ;go hunting ﮐـﻪروـﺸـﮏ ;dû two دوو ;(l’ awe’sh there too (for the enclitic -(î)sh see §11 وـﺶ ;tain ـــﮑــﯽ ;râzî la satisfied with رازی ;râw-kirdin to hunt down راو ــﺮدن ;karweshik rabbit 92 READINGS ﭘـﺎش ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪك راوﭼـﻰ ﻛـﻪ دﻩﭼــﻪ ﺋـﻪو ﺷـﻮـﻨـﻪ ﺑـﯚ راو دﻩﻧـﺒـــﻨـﻪوﻩ. ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎ دﻩﻛـﻪن. ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﻓـﻼن راوﭼـﻰﯾـﻪ. ﭘـــﺞ ﻛـﻪروـﺸـﲃ ﻻوﻩﯾـﻪ و رـﴙ ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﻮوﱏ ﳒـﻰﯾـﻪﻛـﻪوﻩ ﻧـﻮوﺳـﺎوﻩ و رﻩق ﻫــﻪﺗــﻮوﻩ. ﻫــﻪر و ﺳــﻪر دﻩﻣــﻪوﻩ ﺋــﻪم ﭘــﻪﻧــﺪﻩ و ﺑــﻮوﻩ ﻛــﻪ دﻩــــﻦ: «رــﴙ ﺗﻪﻣﺎﺣﲀر ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﲎ ﻣﻮﻓﻠﺲ.»١ * * * ــﲑۆﰽ ﺋــﻪم ﭘــﻪﻧــﺪﻩﻣــﺎن ﻻﯾــﻪن ﰷك ﺋــﻪﲪــﻪد ﭘــﺎداش ﭘــﲑاــﺸــﺎرﻩوﻩ ﺑــﻪ دﻩﺳــﺖ ﮔﻪﺸﺘﻮوﻩ: «ﻫﻪرﻛﻪس ﺎﻟ ﺑﯚ ﻪﻜ ﻫﻪﻜﻪ ﺑﯚ ﺧﯚى ﺗﺪﻩﻛﻪوێ» ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎﯾـﻪك ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪرـﲃ دﻩ. ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو رۆژێ ﻟـﲑﻩﯾـﻪﰽ دﻩدا. ﺋـﻪوـﺶ ﻟـﲑﻩﻛـﻪ دﻩدا ﺑـﻪ ﰷـﺮاﯾـﻪﰽ ـﻮـﺮى ﺳـﻮاـﻜـﻪر. رۆژـﻚ ـﻮـﺮﻩ دﻩﻛـﻪوـﺘـﻪ ﺑـﲑى ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﻓــــﻚ ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪرﻩﻛـﻪ ـﲀ. ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﻜـﻪوت دﻩزا ﻛـﻪ ﰷـﺮاى ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪر ﺋـﻪم ﺷـﻪوﻩ ﺳـﲑ و ﻣـﺎﺳـﺖ دﻩﺧـﻮا. ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﺳــ، دﻩﭼــﺘـﻪ ﻻى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ و دﻩـ: «ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎم ﺧـﯚش ! ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪرﻩﻛـﻪت زۆر ـﻪراﭘـﻪ. ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو

ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎح ﮔـﺮـﻦ ;tamâḥ greed ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎح ;kûzhân (kûzhe-) to kill ـﻮوژان (ـﻮوژێ) ;èk i tir another- ـﺮ das hał-girtin to دﻩس ﻫــﻪــﮕــﺮــﻦ ;tamâḥ-girtin for greed to grab s.o., to become greedy hał-sitândin to flush (animals) out of their holes (for the conjugation ﻫـﻪـﺴــﺘـﺎﻧـﺪن ;cease tebar-dân (da-) to set (a dog) on (for ﺗـــﻪر دان ;(of all verbs ending in -ândin, see §36 ;haras a bafr snowdrift ﻫـــﻪرﻩﺳـــﻪ ﺑـــﻪﻓـــﺮ ;ka when ﮐـــﻪ ;(the conjugation of dân, see §17 te-pařîn ba sar…(d)â to leap ﭘـﻪرـﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر …(د)ا ;hardûkyân both of them ﻫـﻪردووـﻴـﺎن -kilîl a bafr snow ﳇـﻴـ ﺑـﻪﻓـﺮ ;ba dwâ i…dâ after, on the heels on ﺑـﻪ دوای …دا ;on top of haras-kirdin to collapse in an ﻫـﻪرﻩس ـﺮدن ;gayshtinà sar to arrive at ﮔـﻪـﺸـــﻪ ﺳـﻪر ;bank ﮐـﻪﻧـﺪﻩن ;tek-pechân to envelope ﺗــﮏ ﭘـــﺎن ;hamûyân all of them ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮون ;avalanche ﮐــﻮ ;khwâr low-lying, deep ﺧـﻮار ;shîw narrow valley ﺷــﻴـﻮ ;kandałân edge of a ravine -la zher…dâ under, be ژـﺮ …دا ;(.tund-kirdin to tumble (trs ﺗـﻮﻧـﺪ ـﺮدن ;kew mountain raq hał-hâtin to be frozen solid (for the present conjugation of رﻩق ﻫـــﻪـــﻬـــﺎـــﻦ ;neath hâtin, see §17). dîtinawa دﯾـــﻪوﻩ (ﺑـﲔ) ;shwen place ﺷـﻮـﻦ ;mâwa period of time ﻣـﺎوﻩ ;pâsh after ﭘـﺎش١ -tamâ ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎ ـﺮدن ;(bîn-) to spot (for the conjugation of verbs ending in -awa, see §18) î la lâwa beside him (for preposed- ـﯽ ﻻوﻩ ;filân so-and-so ﻓـــــﻼن ;shâ-kirdin to look ﻧــﻮوﺳــﺎن ﺑــﻪ …هوﻩ ;qûn butt ﻗــﻮون ;(pronominal complements of prepositions, see §14.1 la ﺳـﻪردﻩ ﻣـﻪ وﻩ ;raq hałâtin = raq hał-hâtin رﻩق ﻫـﻪـﻦ ;nûsân ba…awa to be stuck to .bâw-bûn to gain currency و ﺑﻮون ;sardamawa immediately 93 SORANI KURDISH ﺟــﮕـﺎﯾـﻪك ﺳـﺖ دﻩﰷ و دﻩـ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺑـﯚ ﮔـﻪﻧـﻴـﻮى زارى دێ. ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر وﻩرـﺶ ﻛـﻪى، ﺑـﻪﱏ ﻛـﻪ دـﺘـﻪ ﻻت ﺑـﻪﰵ ـﻜـﻪوﻩ. ﰷﺗــﻚ ﻗـﺴـﻪت دﻩﮔـﻪڵ دﻩﰷ، دﻩﺳــﱴ ﺑـﻪ ﻟـﻮوﰏﯾـﻪوﻩ دﻩﮔﺮێ و روو و ﻻ دﻩﰷ.»١ ﺑـﻪﱏ زوو ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪر دـﺘـﻪ ﻻى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ. ﰷ ﺑـﻪ ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪوﻩ ﻗـﺴـﻪ دﻩﻛـﻪن ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪر دﻩﺳــﱴ ﺑـﻪ ﻟــﻮوﰏﯾــﻪوﻩ دﻩﮔــﺮێ، روو و ﻻ دﻩﰷ. ﭘــﺎﺷــﺎ ﻗــﺴــﻪﻛــﻪى ــﻮــﺮﻩ وﻩڕ دﻩﰷ. ﰷــﻪزــﻚ دﻩﻧﻮوﺳ و دﻩﯾﺪاﺗﻪ دﻩﺳﺖ ﻧﯚﻛﻪر و دﻩ «ﺑﻪ ﺑﯚ ﻪزﻧﻪدار!»٢ ﰷﺗــﻚ ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪر ﻣـﺎڵ دـﺘـﻪ دﻩر، ـﻮـﺮﻩ ﰷـﻪزـﲃ ﺑـﻪ دﻩﺳــﺘـﻪوﻩ دﻩﺑــ و ﻟــﻰ دﻩﺮﺳ «ﺋﻪو ﰷﻪزﻩ ﭼﻪ؟»٣ ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪر دﻩـ «ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺑـﯚى ﻧـﻮوﺳــﻴـﻮم ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﯚ ـﻪ ﻧزـﻪدارى ﺑـﻪرم.» ـﻮـﺮﻩ دﻩﻛـﻪوـﺘـﻪ ﭘـﺎڕاﻧـﻪوﻩ و ﻻﻧـﻪوﻩ. دﻩـ «ﺑـﻴـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﻦ ﺑـﯚ ـﻪ ﻧزـﻪدارى ﺑـﻪرم، ﺑـﻪـﻜـﻮو ﺷـــﲂ ﺑـﺪا.» ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪر ﺑـﻪزﻩﱙ ﭘــﺪا دێ و ﰷـﻪزﻩﻛـﻪى دﻩدا و دﻩﯾـﺒـﺎ ﺑـﯚ ـﻪ ﻧزـﻪدار. ـﻪ ﻧزـﻪدار ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻪﻛـﻪ دﻩﺧـﻮـﻨـــﻪوﻩ دﻩﺑــ ﻟــﻰ ﻧـﻮوﴎاوﻩ: «ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺮى ﻣـﻪ ﻛـﻪ دـﺘـﻪ ﻻن، ﺳـﻪرى ﺑـن و ﰷى

;Pîrânshâr Piranshahr, a town in Iranian Kurdistan ﭘـــﲑاـــﺸـــﺎر ;kâk brother, Mr ﰷک١ châł pit, hole (chałè is a stylistic variant of ـﺎڵ ;harkas (+ subj.) anyone who ﻫـﻪرﮐـﻪس ;bo khoy himself ﺑــﯚ ﺧــﯚی ;hał-kanin to dig ﻫــﻪــﮑــﻪــﻦ ;khałk people ــﻪــﮏ ;(châłèk ,lîra lira ﻟـﲑﻩ ;nokar servant ﻧـﯚﮐـﻪر ;pâshâ king ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ;te-kawtin (kaw-) to fall into ﮐـﻪوـﻦ swâlkar ﺳـﻮاـﮑـﻪر ;kwer blind ;ـﻮـﺮ (dân (da-) to give (-î dadâtè see §35 دان (دﻩ) ;pound ﺑـﻪ ;feł-kirdin la to play a trick on ﻓــ ـﺮدن ;kawtinà bîr to occur to ﮐـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪ ﺑـﲑ ;beggar ;sîr garlic ﺳــﲑ ;shaw night ﺷــﻪو ;zânîn to know زاﻧــﲔ ;ba hałkawt by chance ﻫــﻪــﮑــﻪوت ;chûnà lâ i to go to ﭼـﻮوﻧـﻪ ﻻی ;khwârdin (kho-) to eat ﺧـﻮاردن (ﺧـﯚ) ;mâst yoghurt ﻣـﺎﺳـﺖ bâs-kirdin to س ـﺮدن ;jegâ place ﺟــﮕـﺎ ;kharâp awful ـﻪراپ ;gotin (łe-) to say ﮔـﯚـﻦ (ـ) ﺑــﻪﱏ ;bâwař-kirdin to believe وﻩڕ ــﺮدن ;zâr mouth زار ;ganîwî stench ﮔــﻪﻧــﻴــﻮی ;discuss kâtè(k) when ﰷ (ﰷﺗــﮏ) ;batâqî-kirdinawa to investigate ﺑـﻪﰵ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;bayânî morning dast ba lûtawa girtin to hold دﻩﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻟـﻮوﺗـﻪوﻩ ﮔـﺮـﻦ ;qsa-kirdin to talk ﻗـﺴـﻪ ـﺮدن ;(.conj) .rû l’ aw lâ kirdin to turn the face away روو و ﻻ ﺮدن ;the nose kâghaz ﰷـﻪز ;ba yekawa together ﺑـﻪ ﯾـﻪﮐـﻪوﻩ ;bayân i zû early in the morning ﺑـﻪﱏ زوو٢ -bir ـﺮدن (ﺑـﻪ) ;dânà dast to hand to داﻧـﻪ دﻩﺳـﺖ ;nûsîn (nûs-) to write ﻧـﻮوﺳـﲔ (ﻧـﻮس) ;paper din ba- to take, carry. ;la mâł hâtinà dar to come outside ﻣــﺎڵ ﻫــﺎﺗــﻨــﻪ دﻩر ;khaznadâr treasurer ــﻪ ﻧزــﻪدار٣ .pirsîn to ask ﺮﺳﲔ 94 READINGS دﻩ ﭘﺴﱴ ﺋﺎﲍ!»١ ـﻪ ﻧزـﻪدار ــﺮا ـﻪـدان ـﮓ دﻩﰷ و دﻩـ «ﺳـﻪرى ﺋـﻪم ﭘـﻴـﺎوﻩ ﻟـ ﺑـﺪﻩن و ﰷى دﻩ ﭘﺴﱴ ﺋﺎﲍ!» ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪر ﺑـﻪﱏ دﻩﭼــﺘـﻪ ﻻى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ. ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ دﯾــﲎ ﺋـﻪو، ﺳـﻪرى ﺳـﻮڕ دﻩﻣــ و ﻟــﻰ دﻩﺮﺳ «ﰷﻪزﻩﻛﻪت ﺮدﻩ ﻻى ﻪزﻧﻪدار؟»٢ ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪر وﻩﻣـﺪا دﻩـ «ﻧـﻪــﺮ، ﮔـﻪورﻩم، ﺑـﯚ ﺧـﯚم ﻧـﻪﻣـﱪد. ـﻮـﺮـﻚ زۆرم ﺑـﻪر ﭘـﺎڕاوﻩ و ﺋـﻪﻣـــﺶ ﺑـﻪزﻩﯾـﲓ ﭘــﺪا ﻫـﺎت و داﻣـ ﺑـﻪـﻜـﻮو ـﻪ ﻧزـﻪدار ﺷـــﲃ ﺑـﺪا.» و ﰷﺗـﻪدا ـﻪزﻩى ـﻮـﺮﻩن ﻫــﻨـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﰷن دﻩ ﭘــﺴــﱴ ﺋـﺎﺧــﻴـﺒـﻮو. ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪرى ﮔـﯚت «ﺋـﻪو رۆژﻩى ﻗـﺴـﻪت ﮔـﻪڵ ﻣـﻦ دﻩـﺮد، ﺑـﯚ ﭼـﻰ دﻩﺳــﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻟـﻮوﺗـﺖ دﻩﮔـﺮت و رووت و ﻻ دﻩﺮد؟» ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪر ﮔـﯚﰏ «ﻗـﻮرن، ﺋـﻪو رۆژﻩ ﺳـﲑ و ﻣـﺎﺳــﱲ ﺧـﻮاردﺑـﻮو و ﮔـﯚﰎ ﺑـﯚﻧـﻪﻛـﻪى ﺑـﯚ ﭘﺎﺷﺎ ﻧﻪﭼ.» ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺳـﻪرـﲃ راوﻩﺷـﺎﻧـﺪ، ﺑـﻪر ﺧـﯚﯾـﻪوﻩ ﮔـﯚﰏ «ﻫـﻪرﻛـﻪس ـﺎـ ﺑـﯚ ـﻪـﻜـ ﻫﻪﻜﻪ، ﺑﯚ ﺧﯚى ﺗﺪﻩﻛﻪوێ.»٣ * * *

kawtinà (+ inf.) to ﮐــﻪوﺗــﻨــﻪ ;barim: bar is an alternative present stem of birdin ﺑــﻪرم١ ﺷـﺖ ;bałkû maybe ﺑـﻪـﮑـﻮو ;lâłânawa to beseech ﻻﻧـﻪوﻩ ;pâřânawa to beg ﭘـﺎڕاﻧـﻪوﻩ ;start to -bazaîy pe’dâ hât (for the orthog ﺑــﻪزﻩﱙ ﭘــــﺪا ﻫــﺎت ;bazaî compassion ﺑــﻪزﻩﱙ ;shit thing khwendinawa ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪﻧـﻪوﻩ ;nâma letter ﻣـﻪ ;raphy of bazaîy, see §41) he felt compassion ﻫــــﻪــــﮕــــﺮ ;(nûsrân to be written (for the passive voice, see §34 ﻧــــﻮوﴎان ;to read over ﰷ دﻩ ;pest skin ﭘــﺴـﺖ ;kâ straw ﰷ ;sar-biřîn to cut the head off ﺳـﻪر ـ ـﻦ ;hałgir bearer .kâ da pest âkhnîn to stuff the skin with straw ﭘﺴﺖ ﺋﺎﺧﲔ -sar le ﺳـﻪر ﻟـ دان ;bâng-kirdin to call, summon ـﮓ ـﺮدن ;jałłâd executioner ـﻪـد٢ .suř-mân (men-) to spin ﺳﻮڕ ﻣﺎن (ﻣﻦ) ;dân to behead l’ aw و ﰷﺗــــﻪدا ;gawram my lord ﮔــــﻪورﻩم ;nakher no ﻧــــﻪــــــــﺮ ;wałâm answer وﻩم٣ janâza-henân (hen-) to bring forth a funeral ـﻪزﻩ ﻫــﻨـﺎن (ﻫــﻦ) ;kâtá’dâ at that moment ﺳــﻪر راوﻩﺷــﺎﻧــﺪن ;bon smell ﺑــﯚن ;qurbân your highness ﻗــﻮرن ;rozh day رۆژ ;procession .labar khoyawa to himself ﺑﻪر ﺧﯚﯾﻪوﻩ ;sar râ-washândin to shake the head 95 SORANI KURDISH ﺧﻮدا ﺳﻮﺘﺎن ﻣﻪﲪﻮود ﮔﻪورﻩﺮﻩ ﮔـﻮاﯾـﻪ ﺳـﻮـﺘـﺎن ﻣـﻪﲪـﻮود (ﺳـﻪدﻩى زدﻩﻫـﻪم) زۆر رﰵ دارﺷـــﻚ ﺑـﻮوﻩ. ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﱏ ﭘـ دﻩدا ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﺋــﻮارﻩوﻩ ﻫـﻪ ﺑـﻪﱏ ـ ﺑـﻪ ژوورـﻚ ﺋـﺎردﻩﻣـﺸـﺎرى ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎدﻩ ﻧـﻪﰷ، ﺳـﻪرى دﻩدا. دارش ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﻪﺳــﱴﯾـﻪوﻩ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻪوﻩ ﻣـﺎڵ و ﺧـﯚى ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﺮدن ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎدﻩ ـﺮد، ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻮو دﻩـﺰاﱏ دﻩﺳـﻪﺗـﻴـﺪا ﻧـﻴـﻪ ﺋـﻪم ﰷرﻩ ﻫـﻪـﺴـﻮوڕـ. ﻧژـﻪﻛـﻪى دـﺨـﯚﳽ داﯾـﻪوﻩ و ﭘــﻰ ﮔـﯚت «ﭘﻴﺎوﻩﻛﻪ، ﺑﻨﻮو. ﺧﻮدا ﺳﻮﺘﺎن ﻣﻪﲪﻮود ﮔﻪورﻩﺮﻩ.» ﺷـﻪﺑـﻪﰵ ﺑـﻪن ﻛـﻪ دﻩرﮔـﺎ درا، دارش ﮔـﻪردن ﺋـﺎزاﰃ ژن و ﻣــﺪاـﻪﰷﱏ ـﺮد، ﺑـﻪم ﻛـﻪ دﻩرﻛـﻪى ـﺮدﻩوﻩ ﻧـﯚﻛـﻪرﻩﰷﱏ ﺳـﻮـﺘـﺎن ﻣـﻪﲪـﻮود داوان ﻟـ ـﺮد ﺳــﻨـﺪووﻗــﻚ ﺑـﯚ ﺗﻪرﻣﻪﻛﻪى ﺳﻮﺘﺎن دروﺳﺖ ﲀ، ﭼﻮﻜﻮو ﺳﻮﺘﺎن ﻧﻴﻮﻩ ﺷﻪودا ﻣﺮدووﻩ.١ ﺋـﻪم ﭘـﻪﻧـﺪﻩ ﭘــﲈن دﻩـ ﻛـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻧـﻪت ﰷﰏ ﮔـﺮﻓــﺎرى و رۆژﻩ رﻩﳽ و داﻣـﺎوﯾـﺪا ﻫـﻮﻣــﺪـﺮاو ﺑـﲔ ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻮو زۆر ﻫـﯚﰷر و ﻫــﺰ و دردﻩ ﻫـﻪن ﻛـﻪ ﺋــﻤـﻪ ﻟــﻴـﺎن ﺋـﮔـﺎدار ﻧـﲔ و زاﻧـﲔ ر و ﺧـﯚـﻰ زﻩﻣـﺎﻧـﻪ ﭼـﻮن ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﺳـﻮوڕێ و ﺑـﻪ چ ﻻﯾـﻪﻛـﺪا دﻩﻛـﻪوێ. ﺧـﻮداى ﻣــﻪزن ﺧــﯚى دﻩزا چ دﻩﰷ و ﺳــﻪرﻩوﻩى ﻫــﻪﻣــﻮو ﻫــــﺰــﻜــﻪوﻩﯾــﻪ و ــﺎرﻩﻧــﻮوﳻ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮوﻣـﺎن ﺑـﻪ دﻩﺳـﺖ ﺋـﻪوﻩ. ـﺎ ﻛـﻪ وا ﺑـﻮو، ﻣـﺮۆڤ ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﻫـﻪل و ﻣـﻪرﺟــﻜـﺪا

ﮔـﻮاﯾـﻪ ;Sułtân Maḥmûd Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna ﺳـﻮـﺘـﺎن ﻣـﻪﲪـﻮود ;khudâ God ﺧـﻮدا١ ﻓــﻪرﻣــﺎن دان ;dârtâsh carpenter دارش ;riq spite رق ;sada century ﺳــﻪدﻩ ;gwâya it seems ــ ;hatâ until ﻫــﻪ ;ewâra evening ﺋــــﻮارﻩ ;agar if ﺋــﻪﮔــﻪر ;farmân-dân (da-) to order (دﻩ) ﺋــﺎﻣــﺎدﻩ ;piř ba zhûrek ârdamshâr a roomful of sawdust ــ ﺑــﻪ ژوورــﮏ ﺋــﺎردﻩﻣــﺸــﺎر ;piř full hâtinà mâł ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ ﻣـﺎڵ ;ba pastîawa dejectedly ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﻪﺳـــﻪوﻩ ;âmâda-kirdin to prepare ـﺮدن دﻩﺳـﻪت ;chunkû since, because ﭼـﻮـﮑـﻮو ;mirdin (mir-) to die ﻣـﺮدن (ﻣـﺮ) ;to come home دــﺨــﯚﺷــ داﻧــﻪوﻩ ;zhin wife ژن ;hał-sûřândin to accomplish ﻫــﻪــﺴــﻮوڕاﻧــﺪن;dasałât power shabaq i ﺷــﻪﺑــﻪﰵ ﺑــﻪن ;nûstin nû- to sleep ﻧــﻮوﺳــﱳ (ﻧــﻮو) ;diłkhoshî-dânawa to console la dargâ dirân for a knock to come at the دﻩرﮔــــــــــﺎ دران ;bayân at the break of dawn ﺑـﻪم ;mindâł child ﻣــﺪاڵ ;gardinâzâî kirdin la to say good-bye to ﮔـﻪردزاﱙ ـﺮدن ;door dâwâ-kirdin la to داوا ـــﺮدن ;kirdinawa to open ـــﺮدﻧـــﻪوﻩ ;darka door دﻩرﮐـــﻪ ;bałâm but -dirust دروﺳـﺖ ـﺮدن ;tarm corpse ﺗـﻪرم ;sindûq chest ﺳــﻨـﺪووق ;(.ask s.o. (+ subj. to do s.th .la nîwashaw’dâ at midnight ﻧﻴﻮﻩﺷﻪودا ;kirdin to make 96 READINGS ﺧﻮدا ﻫﻮﻣﺪ . دﻩ ﺗﻪوﻩﻮﱃ ﻫﻪ.١ * * * «ﺑﻮو ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﻨﻪﻛﻪى ﺳﻴﺎوش» ﺋـﻪم ﭘـﻪﻧـﺪﻩ ﰷرﻩﺳـﺎﺗـﻪ ﴎاوﻩﻛـﻪى ﺳــﻴـﺎوش ـﻮڕى ﻛـﻪـﲀوس دﻩدوێ. ﺋـﻪم داﺳــﺘـﺎﻧـﻪ ﻧــﻮ ـﻮردﻩﰷﱏ ﺋــﺮان و ــﺮاﻗـﺪا وﻩ و ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪڕـﺘـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﯚ زۆر ﭘــﺶ ﺋـﻪو ﰷﺗـﻪى ﺷـﺎﻣـﻪى ﺗــﺪا ﻧـﻮوﴎاوﻩﺗـﻪوﻩ. ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪوﻩى روون ﺑـــﻪوﻩ ﺋـﻪم ﰷرﻩﺳـﺎﺗـﻪ ﭼـﻮن ﺑـﻮوﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﻪﻧـﺪ، ﭘــﻮـﺴــﺘـﻪ ﺋﻪورﻩ روون ﻜﺮﺘﻪوﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﻨﻪﻛﻪى ﺗﺪا رژاوﻩ:٢ ﺳـﻮوداﺑـﻪى ژﱏ ﻛـﻪـﲀوس ـﻪز ﺳــﻴـﺎوﳽ ﻫـﻪﻧـﻪزاى دﻩﰷ و دﻩﯾـﻪوێ ﺧـﺸــﺘـﻪى ﺑـﺒـﺎت، ﺑـﻪم م ﰷرﻩدا ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪوت ﺑـﻮﺧــﺎﱏ ﭘــﻜـﺮد. ﺋـﻪوـﺶ ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﭘـﰽ و ِﮔﻮﱓ ﺧﯚى ﺴﻪﻤ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ ﺋﮔﺮدا رۆﺸﺖ و زن و ﺳﻪرىﯾﻪوﻩ دﻩر ﭼﻮو.٣

-rozharashî misfor رۆژﻩرﻩﳽ ;giriftârî anguish ﮔــﺮﻓــــﺎری ;tanânat especially ﺗــﻪﻧــﻪت١ ;hokâr cause ﻫـﯚﰷر ;humedbiřâw despondent ﻫـﻮﻣــﺪـاو ;dâmâwî tribulation داﻣـﺎوی ;tune âgâdâr la aware ﺋـﮔـﺎدار ;han there are ﻫـﻪن ;dyârda phenomenon دردﻩ ;hez power ﻫــﺰ -hał ﻫــﻪــﺴــﻮوڕان ;bâr u khoł i zamâna the vicissitudes of fortune ر و ﺧــﯚــﯽ زﻩﻣــﺎﻧــﻪ ;of mazin ﻣـــﻪزن ;kawtin (kaw-) to fall ﮐـــﻪوـــﻦ (ﮐـــﻪو) ;lâ side, direction ﻻ ;sûřân to evolve jâ ka ـﺎ ﮐـﻪ وا ﺑـﻮو ;châranûs remedy, help ـﺎرﻩﻧـﻮوس ;la sarawa i over ﺳـﻪرﻩوﻩی ;great -marj con ﻣــﻪرج ;hal time ﻫــﻪل ;mirov man, human being ﻣــﺮۆڤ ;wâ bû since that is so +) dabe دﻩ ;nâhumed la despairing of ﻫـﻮﻣــﺪ ;dition; nâbe (+ subj.) should not .tawakul trust in God ﺗﻪوﻩﻮل ;subj.) should -Siyâwish Siyavush, son of the Sassanian Shah Kay ﺳــــﻴــﺎوش ;khwen blood ﺧــﻮــﻦ٢ -Kay ﮐـﻪی ﰷوس ;kuř son ـﻮڕ ;nâsrâw well-known ﴎاو ;kârasât tragedy ﰷرﻩﺳـﺎت ;Kaus la new ﻧــــﻮ ;dâstân story داﺳــــﺘــﺎن ;dwân la to speak about دوان ;Kâwis Kay-Kaus gařânawa bo to go ﮔـﻪڕاﻧـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﯚ ;bâw current و ;Erâq Iraq‘ ــﺮاق ;Eřân Iran ﺋــﺮان ;among Shânâma the Shâhnâma, the epic of Iranian kingship ﺷـﺎﻣـﻪ ;pesh before ﭘــﺶ ;back to rûn-bûnawa to روون ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ ;bo awaî in order that ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪوﻩی ;written by Firdawsi in 1010 rûn-kirân to روون ـﺮان ;awbâra in that regard ﺋـﻪورﻩ ;pewîst necessary ﭘــﻮـﺴـﺖ ;be clear .rizhân to be shed رژان ;be explained ـﻪز ـﺮدن ;Sûdâba Sudaba, wife of Kay-Kaus and stepmother of Siyavush ﺳـﻮوداﺑـﻪ٣ -dayawe see the conjuga دﻩﯾــﻪوێ ;hanazâ stepson ﻫــﻪﻧــﻪزا ;ḥaz-kirdin la to like, to want la khishta birdin to have illicit ﺧــﺸــــﺘــﻪ ــﺮدن ;tion of the present tense of wîstin, §20 ﺑــﻮﺧــــﺎن ــﺮدن ﺑــﻪ ;sar-kawtin to succeed ﺳــﻪر ﮐــﻪوــﻦ ;kâr affair ﰷر ;sexual relations with ﺳـﻪـﲈﻧـﺪن ;begunâhî innocence ﺑــﮕـﻮﻫـﯽ ;pâkî purity ﭘـﰽ ;bukhtân-kirdin ba to slander royshtin ro- to رۆــﺸــﱳ (رۆ) ;âgir fire ﺋــﮔــﺮ ;ba new through ﺑــﻪ ﻧــــﻮ ;sałmândin to prove 97 SORANI KURDISH و ﰷﺗـﻪدا ﺋـﻪﻓـﺮاﺳــﻴـﺎب ﺷـﺎى ﺗـﻮوران ﻫــﺮﳽ ﻫــﻨـﺎﯾـﻪ ﺳـﻪر وت و ﻛـﻪـﲀوس ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﱏ ﺑـﻪ ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪى دا دژى دوژﻣـﻦ ﺷـﻪڕ ـﲀ. ﺳــﻴـﺎوﳽ دـﺸـﲀو داـﺎن ﭼـﻮوﻩ رـﺰى ﺷـﻜـﺮى دوژﻣـﻦ. ﺋـﻪﻓـﺮاﺳــﻴـﺎب ﺧـﯚى ـﺰﯾـﻚ ﺧـﺴــﺘـﻪوﻩ و ﻛــﻪﻛـﻪى ﺧـﯚى ﻟـ ﻣـﺎرﻩ ـﺮد و ـﺮدى ﺑـﻪ ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎـﺮﻩوا، ﺑـﻪم ـﻪزان واﻧـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﯚ رـﻚ ﺧـﺴـﺖ و ﺋـﻪﳒـﺎﻣـﺪا ﺳــﻴـﺎوﳽ ـﻮﺷـﺖ. دﻩـﮓ و ﳻ ـﻮﺷــﲎ ﺳــﻴـﺎوﳽ ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﺋــﺮان. روﺳــﺘـﻪم ﻫـﺎﺗـﻪ ﻛـﯚﺷـﲃ ﻛـﻪـﲀوس و ﺳـﻮوداﺑـﻪى ژﱏ ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﮋ رﻛــﺸـﺎ و ﺳـﻪرى ـى. ﭘـﺎش ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜـﺮـﻜـﻪوﻩ ﭼـﻮوﻩ ﺳـﻪر ﺗـﻮوران و ـﺮدى ﺑـﻪ ﯾـﻪك ﭘـﺎرـﻪ ﺋـﺎور و ﺋـﻪﻓـﺮاﺳــﻴـﺎﰉ دﻩرـﺮد و ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪك ﺧـﯚى ﺑـﻮو ﺑـﻪ ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎـﺮﻩواى ﺗـﻮوران، ﺑـﻪم ﻛـﻪ روﺳــﺘـﻪم ﮔـﻪڕاﯾـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﯚ ﺋــﺮان، ﺋـﻪﻓـﺮاﺳــﻴـﺎب دـﺴـﺎن ﺑﻮوﻩوﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻪرﻣﺎﺮﻩواى ﺗﻮوران.١ ﻫــﻨـﺪـﻚ ﻧـﻪزﯾـ دﻩــﻦ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﻪرى ﺳــﻴـﺎوﺷــﻴـﺎن ـى ﺧـﻮـﻨـﻪﻛـﻪى دﻩﻛـﯚﱃ و ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﭼـﻮو ﻛـﻪ ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪى ﭘـﰽ و واﱏ ﺋـﻪو ﺑـﻮوﻩ، ﺑـﻪم ﻫـﯚى ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﺋـﻪم رووداوﻩ ﺋـﺎوﺳـﺎﻧـﻪﱙﯾـﻪ ﺑـﯚﺗـﻪ ﭘـﻪﻧـﺪ ﺋـﻪوﻩﯾـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺧـﻮـﲎ ﺳــﻴـﺎوش زۆر ـﺎر دﻩﺑـﻮوﻩ ﻫـﺎﻧـﻪى ﻫــﺮش و ﺷـﻜـﺮﻛــﺸـﺎﱏ ﺋــﺮاﱏﯾـﻪﰷن ﺑـﯚ ﺳـﻪر وﰏ ﺗـﻮوران، و ﻟــﺮﻩوﻩ ﮔـﯚﺗـﻮوﻧـﻪ «ﺧـﻮـﲎ ﺳــﻴـﺎوش ﻫﻪر ﻮوژﺘﻪوﻩ و ﺘﻪوﻩ.»٢ l’ aw sarîawa dar-chûn to come و ﺳـﻪرﯾـﻪوﻩ دﻩر ﭼـﻮون ;beziyân without harm ﺑــﺰن ;go out on the other side. ﺷـﺎ ;Afrâsiyâb Afrasiab, the ruler of Turan, the traditional enemy of Iran ﺋـﻪﻓـﺮاﺳــﻴـﺎب١ دژی ;wiłât country وت ;herish-henânà sar to attack ﻫــﺮش ﻫــﻨـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ;shâ shah, king diłshikâw دــﺸــﲀو ;shař-kirdin to fight ﺷــﻪڕ ــﺮدن ;duzhmin enemy دوژﻣــﻦ ;dizh i against ;lashkir army ﺷــﮑــﺮ ;rîz line, rank رــﺰ ;la dâkhân grieving داــﺎن ;broken-hearted ﻣـﺎرﻩ ;kich daughter ﮐـﭻ ;la kho nizîk-khistinawa to seat near oneself ﺧـﯚ ـﺰـﮏ ﺧـﺴـــﻪوﻩ وان ;nâḥaz malevolent ــﻪز ;farmânrawâ ruler ﻓــﻪرﻣــﺎــﺮﻩوا ;mâra-kirdin to marry ــﺮدن ــﻮﺷــﱳ (ــﻮژ) ;anjâm end ﺋــﻪﳒــﺎم ;tâwân rek-khistin bo to accuse falsely رــﮏ ﺧــﺴــﱳ ﺑــﯚ -gayshtin ga ﮔـﻪـﺸـﱳ (ﮔـﻪ) ;dang u bâs word, rumor دﻩـﮓ و س ;kushtin (kuzh-) to kill ;koshk palace ﮐـﯚﺷـﮏ ;Rostam Rustam, the champion warrior of Iran رۆﺳــﺘـﻪم ;to reach ba yek pârcha âwir kirdin ﺑـﻪ ﯾـﻪک ﭘـﺎرـﻪ ﺋـﺎور ـﺮدن ;râ-keshân to drag را ﮐــﺸـﺎن ;qizh hair ﻗـﮋ ;mâwa period of time ﻣـــــﺎوﻩ ;dar-kirdin to drive away دﻩر ـــــﺮدن ;to burn to the ground .dîsân once again دﺴﺎن ;gařânawa bo to return to ﮔﻪڕاﻧﻪوﻩ ﺑﯚ -hał ﻫـﻪـﭽـﻮون ;kolîn to boil ﮐـﯚﻟـﲔ ;nazîla short, in short ﻧـﻪزﯾـ ;hendèk thus ﻫــﻨـﺪـﮏ٢ âwsânaî ﺋـﺎوﺳـﺎﻧـﻪﱙ ;rûdâw event رووداو ;ho reason ﻫـﯚ ;nîshâna sign ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪ ;chûn to flow ﻫــﺎﻧــﻪ ;zor jâr many times زۆر ــﺎر ;jâr time ــﺎر ;bûwatà ﺑــﻮوﻩﺗــﻪ = botà ﺑــﯚﺗــﻪ ;legendary 98 READINGS * * * «رﻩﳒﻰ ﺑﻮوﻩ ﺑﻪ رﻩﳒﻰ ﻓﻪرﻫﺎد» ﺋـﻪﳒـﺎﱉ ﺧـﯚﺷـﻪوـﺴــﱴﯾـﻪ ﺑـﻪوـﮕـﻪﻛـﻪى ﻓـﻪرﻫـﺎد و ﺷـﲑﯾـﲎ ژﱏ ـﻪﴎﻩو ﭘـﻪروـﺰدا (۵٩٠–۶٢٧) ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ﺑـﻮوﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﻧـﲒاﱉ «ـﻪﴎﻩو و ﺷـﲑـﻦ»هﻛـﻪﯾـﺪا ﻟــﻰ دواوﻩ و زۆرﺶ رﻰ دﻩﭼ ﻛﻪ ﺋﻪﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪﯾﻪﰽ ﻛﯚﻧﺪا دﻩررﻩى ﺷﲑﻦ وﻩرى ﮔﺮﺗ.١ ﻧـﲒاﱉ ﺑـﻪم ـﻪﺷــﻨـﻪ ﺋـﻪﻓـﺴـﺎﻧـﻪﻛـﻪ دﻩﰷ: ﻛـﻪ ـﻪﴎﻩو ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﯚﺷـﻪوـﺴــﱴ ﻧــﻮان ﺷـﲑـﻦ و ﻓـﻪرﻫـﺎدى زاﱏ، داوا ﻓـﻪرﻫـﺎد دﻩﰷ ﻛــﻮى ﺑــﺴــﺘـﻮوﱏ ﺑـﯚ ـﻮن ـﲀ. ﻓـﻪرﻫـﺎد ـر دﻩدا ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﻧـﻪﻛـﻪى ﺑـﻪﺟـ ﺑــ ﺑـﻪو ﻣـﻪرـﻪى ﺷـﲑﯾـﲎ ﺑـﺪا. ـﻪﴎﻩو ﺑـﻪﻣـﻪ ﻗـﺎﯾـﻞ دﻩ ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻮو وﻩ دـﻨـﻴـﺎﯾـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺋـﻪم ﰷرﻩى ﭘـ ـﺮێ، ﺑـﻪم ﻛـﻪ ﺋـﮔـﺎدارى ـﻪﴎﻩو دﻩﻛـﻪن دـﺪارﻩﻛـﻪى ﻫــﺰـﲃ واى ﺑـﻪ ﻓـﻪرﻫـﺎد داوﻩ ـﻪرـﻜـﻪ ﻛــﻮﻩﻛـﻪ ـﻮن دﻩﰷ، ﭘـﲑـ ﻧﮋــﻚ دﻩﻧــﺮـﺘـﻪ ﻻى ﺑـﯚ ﺋﻪوﻩى ﺑﻪ درۆ ﭘﻰ ﺑ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮاﯾﻪ ﺷﲑﻦ ﻣﺮدووﻩ و ﻓﻪرﻫﺎد داﺎن ﺧﯚى دﻩﻮوژێ.٢ ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﺋـﻪم ﭘـﻪﻧـﺪاﻧـﻪ دﻩررﻩى ﺋـﻪو ﻛـﻪﺳـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ دﻩﮔـﻮـﺮێ ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ژﻧـﻴـﺎن ـﺮـﱴﯾـﻪ ﻫﻪوڵ و ﺗﻜﯚﺷﺎن و رﻩﱋدان ﻛﻪﭼﻰ ﻫﻴﭽﻴﺎن دﻩﺳﮕﲑ .٣

ــﻮوژاﻧــﻪوﻩ ;gotin to say ﮔــﯚــﻦ ;lashkirkeshî mobilization ﺷــﮑــﺮﮐــــﺸــﯽ ;hâna provocation .biřrânawa to be stopped, to cease اﻧﻪوﻩ ;kûzhânawa to be extinguished ;khoshawîstî love ﺧـــﯚﺷـــﻪوـــﺴــــــﱴ ;Farhâd Farhad ﻓـــﻪرﻫـــﺎد ;ranj pain, suffering رﻩﱋ١ Shîrîn Shirin, Armenian princess and wife of the ﺷـﲑـﻦ ;banâwbâng famous ﺑـﻪوـﮓ paydâ-bûn to come into ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ﺑـﻮون ;Parwez Parvez ﭘـﻪروـﺰ ;Sassanian Chosroës Parvez dwân la to دوان ;(Nîzâmî Nizami of Ganja, Persian poet (1141–1209 ﻧــــﲒاﻣــــﯽ ;being afsâna ﺋـﻪﻓـﺴـﺎﻧـﻪ ;rey te-dache ka (+ subj.) it is possible that رـﯽ دﻩﭼـ ﮐـﻪ ;speak about war-girtin la to take وﻩرﮔـــﺮـــﻦ ;darbâra concerning دﻩررﻩ ;kon ancient ﮐـــﯚن ;legend from (for the past subjunctive, see §31). -kun ـﻮن ـﺮدن ;Besitûn Bihistun ﺑــﺴــﺘـﻮون ;newân between ﻧــﻮان ;chashn manner ـﻪﺷـﻦ٢ -farmân order, com ﻓــــﻪرﻣــــﺎن ;biřyâr-dân to decide ــــر دان ;kirdin to tunnel through دـﻨـﻴـﺎ ;qâyil bûn ba to agree to ﻗـﺎﯾـﻞ ﺑـﻮون ﺑـﻪ ;ba je henân to carry out ﺑـﻪ ﺟـ ﻫــﻨـﺎن ;mand âgâdâr-kirdin to ﺋـــﮔـــﺎدار ـــﺮدن ;kirân ba to be done by ـــﺮان ﺑـــﻪ ;diłnyâ la convinced of kharîk-bûn (+ present ـﻪرـﮏ ﺑـﻮون ;èk i wâ such a- ــﮑـﯽ وا ;diłdâr beloved دـﺪار ;inform nârdinà (ner-) lâ ردﻧـﻪ ﻻ (ﻧــﺮ) ;pîrezhin old woman ﭘـﲑـﮋن ;.tense) to be busy doing s.th kushtin kûzh- to ـــﻮﺷـــﱳ (ـــﻮوژ) ;la dâkhân out of grief داـــﺎن ;diro lie درۆ ;to send to kill. ;zhyân life ژن ;(gutrân to be said (see §34 ﮔـﻮـﺮان ;kas person ﮐـﻪس ;estâ now ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ٣ 99 SORANI KURDISH * * * «ﻣﺎدام ﻧﻪوﺷﲑوان ﰼ و ﺑﻪﺧﻪك وﻩزﺮى، ﺳﻪد ﻛﻪﻻوﻩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮوﻚ» ﺋـﻪم ﭘـﻪﻧـﺪاﻧـﻪ دژى ـﻪوﺳـﺎﻧـﺪﻧـﻪوﻩى ﻧـﻪوﺷـﲑواﱏ ﺳـﺎﺳـﺎﱏ (۵٣١-۵٧٩) ﺑـﻪم ـﻪﺷــﻨـﻪ ﭘﻪﯾﺪا ﺑﻮوﻩ:١ ﻧـﻪوﺷـﲑوان ﺳـﻪرﻩى ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎـﺮﻩواﯾـﻴـﺪا ﰷرﺑـﻪدﻩﺳـــﲃ دـﺮﻩق و زۆردار ﺑـﻮوﻩ. ـﺎرـﻚ ﮔـﻪڵ ﺑـﻪﺧــﻪﰽ وﻩزـﺮى ـﺪا ﭘـﻴـﺎﺳـﻪن دﻩـﺮد. ﺑـﻴـــﺎن دوو ﯾـﻘـﻮوش ﺳـﻪر دﯾـﻮارى ﻛـﻪﻻوﻩى ﻛـﯚﺷـﻜــﲃ روـﺎودا ﻫـﻪـﻨــﺸــﺘـﻮون. ﺑـﻪﺧــﻪك ﻛـﻪ ﮔـﻮاﯾـﻪ زﻣـﺎﱏ ـﺪاراﱏ دﻩزاﱏ، ﮔـﻮـﻰ ﻗـﺴـﻪى ﯾـﻘـﻮوﺷـﻪﰷن ﺑـﻮو. ﯾـﻪـﻴـﺎن ﺧـﻮازﺑــﲎ ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ـﺮﱏ ﺑـﯚ ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪى دﻩـﺮد. ﺋـﻪوـﺶ ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﺎرﻩﱙ داواى ﻛـﻪﻻوﻩﯾـﻪﰽ ـﺮد. ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪﻣــﺎن وﻩﱉ داﯾـﻪوﻩ ﻛـﻪ «زۆر ﺋـﺎﺳـﺎﻧـﻪ دوو ﺋـﻪوﻩﻧـﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪﻻوﻩى ﺑـﯚ ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ـﲀ، ﺑـﻪو ﻣـﻪرـﻪى ﻫـﻪﻣـﺎن ﺷـﺎى ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﲟ.»٢ وﻩزـﺮ ﻗـﺴـﻪى ﯾـﻘـﻮوﺷـﻪﰷن ﺑـﯚ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ دﻩﮔـــﺘـﻪوﻩ و ﺋـﻪوـﺶ ـر دﻩدا ﺑـاى ﺑـاى ﻪراﭘﻪ ﻧﻪﰷ و واز زۆردارى ﲠ ﺑﻪراﻣﻪر ﮔﻪﻛﻪﯾﺪا.٣

رﻩﱋ ;tekoshân effort ﺗــــﮑــﯚﺷــﺎن ;hawł toil ﻫــﻪوڵ ;biretî la …dâ consisting of ــﺮــﱴ …دا .dasgîr-bûn to be attained دﻩﺳﮕﲑ ﺑﻮون ;kachî but ﮐﻪﭼﯽ ;ranj-dân to suffer دان Nawshîrwân Anosharwan, Sassanian shah of ﻧــــﻪوﺷــــﲑوان ;mâdâm as long as ﻣــــﺎدام١ wazîr وﻩزـــﺮ ;Bakhtak Bakhtak, Anosharwan’s vizier ﺑـــﻪﺧــــــﻪک ;ḥâkim ruler ـــﰼ ;Iran ـــﻪوﺳـــﺎﻧـــﺪﻧـــﻪوﻩ ;la dizh i vis-à-vis زژی ;pûł pittance ﭘـــﻮوڵ ;kalâwa ruin ﮐـــﻪﻻوﻩ ;vizier .Sâsânî Sassanian ﺳﺎﺳﺎﱏ ;chawsândinawa tyranny -kârbadast au ﰷرﺑــﻪدﻩﺳــﺖ ;farmânrawâî reign ﻓــﻪرﻣــﺎــﺮﻩواﱙ ;saratâ beginning ﺳــﻪرﻩ٢ -pyâsa ﭘـﻴـﺎﺳـﻪ ـﺮدن ;bâgh garden غ ;zordâr oppressive زۆردار ;diłraq cruel دـﺮﻩق ;thority روـﺎو ;dîwâr wall دﯾـﻮار ;bâyqûsh owl ﯾـﻘـﻮوش ;bînîn to see ﺑـﻴــﲔ ;kirdin to take a stroll ;zimân language زﻣــﺎن ;hał-nîshtin to perch ﻫــﻪــﻨــــﺸــﱳ ;rukhâw ruined, tumbled-down khwâzben-kirdin bo to ﺧـﻮازﺑــﻦ ـﺮدن ﺑـﯚ ;qsa speech ﻗـﺴـﻪ ;gwe ear ﮔـﻮێ ;bâłdâr bird ـﺪار dâwâ i داوای … ــــﺮدن ;mâraî wedding gift for the bride ﻣــــﺎرﻩﱙ ;arrange a marriage for dû awanda دوو ﺋــﻪوﻩﻧــﺪﻩ ;âsân easy ﺋــﺎﺳــﺎن ;wałâm-dân to reply وﻩم ;kirdin to ask for … b’ aw marjáî on condition ﺑــﻪو ﻣــﻪرــﻪی ;paydâ-kirdin to find ﭘــﻪﯾــﺪا ــﺮدن ;twice as many .mân (men-) to remain ﻣﺎن (ﻣﻦ) ;hamân that very ﻫﻪﻣﺎن ;that ;bibiřây-bibiřây (+ negative) never ever ﺑــاﱙ ﺑــاﱙ ;geřânawa to translate ﮔــــاﻧــﻪوﻩ٣ barâmbar ﺑـﻪراﻣــﻪر ;wâz-henân la to cease واز ﻫــﻨـﺎن ;kharâpa-kirdin to do evil ـﻪراﭘـﻪ ـﺮدن .gal flock, subjects ﮔﻪل ;with regard to, toward 100 READINGS (٢) ﺧﻮﻦ و ﺳﻴﻜﻪﺗﯚرﻩ١ ﳏﻪﻣﻪد رﻩﻣﻪزاﱏ ڵ ـﻮرت و ڵ درـﮋ، دۆﺳــﱴ ﮔـﻴـﺎﱏ ﮔـﻴـﺎﱏ ﺑـﻮو. ﻧـﻪﺳــﻴـﺎوـﻚ ﺑـﻴـﺪﯾـﺒـﺎن، ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪر دووﻴﺎﱏ دﻩﮔﯚت ﭼﯚﻪﻛﻪ، ﻫﻴﭽﻰ دﻜﻪ.٢ رۆژێ رۆژان ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈﱏ ﺳـﺎﻣـﺎـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻮون، ـﺮﺳــﻴـﻪﰏ ـﺮﺳــﱴ ﻫـﻪر دووـﻴـﺎن ﺳﻪﻧﺪﺑﻮو. ڵ ﻮرت ﺑﻪ دﺘﻪﮕﻰﯾﻪوﻩ ﮔﯚﰏ: — ﺑـﻨــﺸـــﻪوﻩ م دﻩﺷـﺖ و ﺳـﻪﺣـﺮاﯾـﻪ. ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ـﻪﺷــﻨـﻪ ﮔـﻴـﺎﯾـﻪك رواوﻩ. ﻫـﻪر ﻧﻪ ﺮووﺷﻪﯾﻪك دﻩﻛﻪﻦ؟ ﻣﻦ ﺋﻪوﻩ ﺮﺳﺎ دﻩﻣﺮم.٣ ڵ درﮋ ﮔﯚﰏ: — ، ﺧـﯚ رﮔـﺮﻩ، ـﮕـﻪﯾـﻨـﻪ ﺋـﻪو ﻛــﻮاﻧـﻪ. زﮔـﻰ ـﺮﳻ وا ﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪرزاﱙ ﺗــﺮ . م دﻩﺷﺖ و ﺳﻪﺣﺮاﯾﻪ ﺋﺎدﻩﻣﲒادى ﮕﺮﺲ ﻫﻦ ﻫﻴﭽﲈن وﻩ ﮔﻴﺎن ﻛﻪوێ.٤ ڵ ـﻮرت ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎﯾـﻪﰽ ﺋـﻪو ﻛــﻮﻩ دووراﻧـﻪى ـﺮد و ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻴـﻮاـاوى ﮔـﯚﰏ: «ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﻪرﮔـﲒ ـﮕـﻪﻣـ.» دۆﺳــﺘـﻪﻛـﻪى ﻫـﻪـا و ـﺰم ﺑـﻮوﻩ. ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩ ـﺰم ﺑـﻮوﻩ ﺳـــﻪرى ـﻪرز دﻩﺧـﺸـﺎ. ـﺎدﻩﯾـﻪك وﻩك ﻣـﺎرى ﻧـﻮﺳــﺘـﻮو ﺑـﻪ ﺳـــﻪى دﻩﺷــﺘـﻪﻛـﻪدا درـﮋ ﺑـﺒـﻮوﻩ.

١ «ﴎوﻩ» ٧ (١٣٧٠): ٢٧ وﻩرﮔﲑاوﻩ. -Bâłdrezh “Long ـﺪرـﮋ ;”Bâłkurt “Shortwing ـﮑـﻮرت ;sîkatora gizzard ﺳــﻴـﮑـﻪﺗـﯚرﻩ٢ ﻧـﻪﺳــﻴـﺎو ;dost i gyânî-gyânî bosom friends دۆﺳــﱴ ﮔـﻴـﺎﱏ ﮔـﻴـﺎﱏ ;dost friend دۆﺳـﺖ ;”wing -biydîbân for the past con ﺑـﻴـﺪﯾـﺒـﺎن ;nanâsyâw unfamiliar, someone who doesn’t know .hîch i dîka nothing else ﻫﻴﭽﯽ دﮑﻪ ;chołaka sparrow ﭼﯚﻪﮐﻪ ;ditional tense see §33 ;sâmâł clear, blue ﺳــﺎﻣــﺎڵ ;âsmân sky ﺋــﺎﺳــﲈن ;rozhè la rozhân one day رۆژێ رۆژان٣ -biřist-sandinawa la to take hold of powerful ـﺳـﺖ ﺳـﻪﻧـﺪﻧـﻪوﻩ ;birsiyatî hunger ـﺮﺳــﻴـﻪﰏ -saḥ ﺳـﻪﺣـﺮا ;dasht plain دﻩﺷـﺖ ;nîshtin (nîsh-) to sit, to land ﻧــﺸـﱳ (ﻧــﺶ) ;ly; bâ c’mon har nabe ﻫـﻪر ﻧـﻪ ;(riwân to be green (of a field, the earth روان ;giyâ plant ﮔـﻴـﺎ ;râ field la birsâ ــﺮﺳــﺎ ﻣــﺮدن ;prûsha-kirdin to nibble ــﺮووﺷــﻪ ــﺮدن ;subj.) shouldn’t we just +) mirdin to die of hunger. birsî ــﺮﳻ ;zig belly زگ ;kho râ-girtin (gir-) to control oneself ﺧــﯚ رﮔــﺮــﻦ ;nâ no ٤ -ter-bûn to be satis ﺗــــﺮ ﺑــﻮون ;barzâî height, high place ﺑــﻪرزاﱙ ;bâsh good ش ;hungry ﻫــﺸـﱳ (ﻫــ) ;nigrîs evil, mean ـﮕـﺮـﺲ ;âdamîzâd human being ﺋـﺎدﻩﻣـﲒاد ;fied, to get full .wa gyân kawtin to escape alive وﻩ ﮔﻴﺎن ﮐﻪوﻦ ;(.heshtin (heł-) to allow (+ subj 101 SORANI KURDISH ﻣـﺎﺷـــــﻚ ﺑـﻪ ـو، ﺑـﻪرﻩو رووى ڵ ـﻮرت دﻩﻫـﺎت. ڵ ـﻮرت ﻓـﺮ ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪوت ﺧـﯚ ﻻ دا و ﺧـﯚى ﺷـﻮوﺷـﻪﺑـﻪﻧـﺪى ﭘــﺸـﻪوﻩى ﻣـﺎﺷـــﻪﻛـﻪ ﴎﻩواﻧـﺪ و ت و ﭘـﻪت ﺑـﻮو و ﭘـﻪڕ و ﭘﯚى ﺮدى و ﺗﻪﻧﻴﺎ دﯚﭘﻪ ﺧﻮﻚ و ﺳﻴﻜﻪﺗﯚرﻩﯾﻪﰽ ﺮﳻ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮوﺷﻪﻛﻪوﻩ ﺑﻪﺟ ﻣﺎ.١ و ﻣـﺎﺷـــﻪﻛـﻪ، ﺷـﺎـﲑـﲃ ﺗـﻴـﺎ ﺑـﻮو ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﻪرى ﻗـﻪـﻪﻣـﻪﻛـﻪن ﺷـﲀﻧـﺪﺑـﻮو. ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﻮوﱏ ﻗـﻪـﻪﻣـﻪﻛـﻪى دﻩﻓــﻪرﻩﻛـﻪى ـﻪـﻴـﺎ ﻧـﻮوﳻ: «ﻣـﻪرگ ـﺰﻣـﺎﯾـﻴـﺪا ﭘـﲑۆز ﻧـﻴـﻪ، ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪرﭼـﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﻦ و ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻪﺗﯚرﻩﯾﻪﰽ ﺮﳻ ﺮازﺘﻪوﻩ.»٢

(٣) رﻮى ﺗﻪﻣﻪڵ ﳏﻪﻣﻪد ﺣﻮﺳﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﻴﺎر زﻩﻣـﺎﱏ ﻗـﻪدﱘ، ـﻪـﮕـﻪــﲃ ﺳـﻪوز و ـ داردا رـﻮىﯾـﻪﰽ ﺗـﻪﻣــﻪڵ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻪﱏ دﻩژ. ﻣـﺎم رـﻮى ـﻪوـﻪوى ﺑـﻮو. رۆژ ﻫـﻪ ﺋــﻮارﻩ دﻩﻧـﻮﺳـﺖ. ﺋـﮔـﺎى دﻩور و ﺑـﻪرى ﺧـﯚى ﻧـﻪﺑـﻮو. ﺎرى وا ﺑﻮو ﺮﺳﺶ دﻩﺑﻮو ﻮﻧﻪﻛﻪى ﻧﻪدﻩﻫﺎﺗﻪ دﻩر.٣

-hîwâbiřâwî de ﻫــﻴــﻮاــاوی ;dûr distant دوور ;tamâshâ-kirdin to look at ﺗــﻪ ﻣــﺎﺷــﺎ ــﺮدن١ -hał ﻫـﻪـان ;gayshtinà (ga-) to reach ﮔـﻪـﺸـــﻪ (ﮔـﻪ) ;hargîz (+ neg.) never ﻫـﻪرﮔـﺰ ;spair arz‘ ــﻪرز ;sebar shadow ﺳــــــﻪر ;nizim-bûn to descend ــﺰم ﺑــﻮون ;biřrân la to part from sîna ﺳـــﻪ ;mâr snake ﻣـﺎر ;wak like وﻩک ;jâda road ـﺎدﻩ ;khishân to crawl ﺧـﺸـﺎن ;earth ﺑـﻪرﻩو ;piřtâw haste ـو ;mâshen car ;ﻣـﺎﺷــﻦ drezh-bûn to stretch out درـﮋ ﺑـﻮون ;breast ;(firyâ-kawtin to come in time (+ subj. to ﻓـﺮ ﮐـﻪوـﻦ ;baraw rû i opposite, toward رووی -shûsha ﺷـﻮوﺷـﻪﺑـﻪﻧـﺪی ﭘــﺸـﻪوﻩ ;shûsh glass ﺷـﻮوش ;kho lâ-dân to come to assist ﺧـﯚ ﻻ دان ت و ﭘــﻪت ;sirawândin la to collide with ﴎﻩواﻧــﺪن ;band i peshawa front windshield po dust; bâ ﭘـــــﯚ ;pař feather ﭘـــــﻪڕ ;lat u pat bûn to be smashed to smithereens ﺑـــــﻮون .ba je mân to remain behind ﺑﻪ ﺟ ﻣﺎن ;diłop drop دﯚپ ;tanyâ only ﺗﻪﻧﻴﺎ ;wind qałam ﻗـﻪـﻪم ;tey’â) bû there was ﺗـــﺎ =) tyâ ﺗـﻴـﺎ ﺑـﻮو ;shâ‘îr poet ﺷـﺎـﲑ ;nâw inside و٢ daftar دﻩﻓــﻪر ;qûn i qałam butt of a pencil ﻗـﻮوﱏ ﻗـﻪم ;shikândin to break ﺷـﲀﻧـﺪن ;pencil ﭘـــﲑۆز ;nizimâî ignobleness ـــﺰﻣـــﺎﱙ ;marg death ﻣـــﻪرگ ;bâkhał breast ـــﻪڵ ;notebook .râzânawa to be adorned رازاﻧﻪوﻩ ;agarchî even if ﺋﻪﮔﻪرﭼﯽ ;piroz victory -jan ـﻪـﮕـﻪڵ ;qadîm olden ﻗـﻪدﱘ ;zamân time زﻩﻣـﺎن ;tambał lazy ﺗـﻪﻣــﻪڵ ;rewî fox رـﻮی٣ ژن ;ba tanî alone ﺑــﻪ ﺗــﻪﱏ ;dâr tree دار ;piř la full of ــ ;sawz green ﺳــﻪوز ;gał forest nustin ﻧــﻮﺳــﱳ (ﻧــﻮو) ;khawkhawî sleepy-head ــﻪوــﻪوی ;mâm uncle ﻣــﺎم ;zhyân to live ;kun hole ـﻮن ;dawr u bar surroundings دﻩور و ﺑـﻪر ;âgâ la aware of ﺋـﮔـﺎ ;nû-) to sleep) .hâtinà dar la to come out of ﻫﺎﺗﻨﻪ دﻩر 102 READINGS ﺋــﻮارﻩﯾـﻪﰽ ﻛـﻪ ـﺮﺳــﱴ ﻫــﺮﳽ ﺑـﯚ ﻫــﻨـﺎ ـﻮن ﻫـﺎﺗـﻪ دﻩر. ﻧــﻮ ـﻪـﮕـﻪـﺪا دﻩﺳــﱴ ـﺮد ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﻞ و ﻣـﯚ ـﺮدن. ـ ﮔـﻮـﻰ دﻩـﮕـﻰ ﭘـــﻪك ﺑـﻮو. ﺳـﻪرى ﻫـﻪــﻨـﺎ، دﯾـﱴ راوﭼـﻰﯾـﻪك ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩى ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎوﻩ ﺑـﻴـﮕـﺎ. ـﺮﺳـﺎن و ﺗـﻪﻣــﻪـﻴـﺎن ﻧـﻪﯾـﺘـﻮاﱏ را ـﲀ. ﻓـﻜـﺮى ـﺮدﻩوﻩ و ﮔـﯚﰏ «وا ﺷـﻪ ﺧـﯚم ﲟـﺮـﲌ.» ــﺮا رـﺸـﺎ و ﺧـﯚى ﻣـﺮاﻧـﺪ. راوﭼـﻰ ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﺳـﻪرى. ﻧـﻮوﻛـﻪ ﺷـﻪﭘــﲃ ـﻮ و ﮔـﯚﰏ «ـﻪﯾـﻒ، ﺗـﯚﭘـﻴـﻮﻩ. دﻩ، ﻫـﻪر ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﻛـﻪوـﻢ دﻩـﺮد.» دواﯾـﻪ ـﻪﻗـﯚﯾـﻪﰽ ﺗـى دﻩرﻫــﻨـﺎ و ﺑـﯚ دﮔـﺎر ﻫـﻪر دووك ﮔـﻮـﻰ ـى و ﺑـﻪ ﺟــﻰ ﻫــﺸـﺖ. ﻣـﺎم رـﻮى ﺋــﴙ زۆر ﭘـ ﮔـﻪـﺸـﺖ، ﺑـﻪم ﺟـﻮوـﻪى ﻧـﻪـﺮد. دـﻰ ﺧـﯚىدا ﮔﯚﰏ «ﻫﻪر ﻧﻪﻣﺮم، ﮔﻮﺸﻢ ﻧﻪ، ﻗﻪﯾﺪێ ﰷ.»١ راوﭼـﻰ ﻫـﻪوﻩـﻰ ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩ دوور ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪوﺗـﺒـﻮوﻩ، راوﭼـﻰﯾـﻪﰽ دـﻜـﻪى ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﺳـﻪر. ﻣـﺎم رـﻮى دـﺴـﺎن ﺧـﯚى ﻣـﺮاﻧـﺪ و ـﺎوى ﻫـﻪـﻨـﻪﻫــﻨـﺎن. ﰷـﺮاى راوﭼـﻰ دﻩﺳـــﲃ ﺑـﻪ ـﺸــﱴدا ﻫــﻨـﺎ و ﮔـﯚﰏ «ـﻪﯾـﻒ، ﺋـﻪو رـﻮىﯾـﻪ ﺗـﯚﭘـﻴـﻮﻩ. ﮔـﻮـﻰ ـاوﻩ.» ﺋـﻪوـﺶ ـﻪﻗـﯚى دﻩرـﻨـﺎ و ﳇـﲃ ﺧـﺸـﺖ ـى. ﻣـﺎم رـﻮى و ﺋــﺶ و ﺋـﺎزار وﻩﺧـﺖ ﺑـﻮو ـﺰﯾـﻘــ، ﺑـﻪم ﻫـﻪر ﭼﯚﻧﻚ ﺑﻮو ﺧﯚى رﮔﺮت و ﺟﻮوﻪى ﻧﻪﺮد. ﰷﺮا ﳇﲃ ﻫﻪﮕﺮت و رۆﺸﺖ.٢ mił u mo kirdin to sniff around for ﻣـ و ﻣـﯚ ـﺮدن ;dast-kirdin ba to start دﻩﺳـﺖ ـﺮدن ﺑـﻪ١ sar ﺳـﻪر ﻫـﻪـﻬــﻨـﺎن ;(pe foot(step ﭘـ ;dang sound دﻩـﮓ ;la piř all of a sudden ـ ;food biygâtè ﺑـﻴـﮕـﺎ ;henda namâwa (+ subj.) almost ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩ ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎوﻩ ;hał-henân to raise the head ﺗـﻮاﻧـﲔ (ﺗـﻮان) ;la tambałîân out of laziness ﺗـﻪﻣــﻪـﻴـﺎن ;la tirsân in fright ـﺮﺳـﺎن ;see §35 -fikr ﻓـــﮑـــﺮ ـــﺮدﻧـــﻪوﻩ ;râ-kirdin to run away رـــﺮدن ;(twânîn (twân-) to be able (see §21 râ-kishân to رـــﺸـــﺎن ;kho mirândin to play ’possum ﺧـــﯚ ﻣـــﺮاﻧـــﺪن ;kirdinawa to think ḥayf too ـﻪﯾـﻒ ;nûk a shap te-kutân to give a sharp kick ﻧـﻮوﮐـﻪ ﺷـﻪپ ﺗــﮑـﻮن ;stretch out ﮐـــﻪوڵ ـــﺮدن ;danâ otherwise دﻩ ;(topîn to be dead (of animals ﺗـــﯚﭘـــﲔ ;bad, what a pity ;chaqo knife ـﻪﻗـﯚ ;dwâya then دواﯾـﻪ ;har estâ right now ﻫـﻪر ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ;kawł-kirdin to skin biřîn to cut ـ ـﻦ ;yâdgâr souvenir دﮔـﺎر ;dar-henân to take out دﻩرﻫــﻨـﺎن ;tîzh sharp ﺗـ -jûła ﺟـﻮوـﻪ ـﺮدن ;esh pain ﺋــﺶ ;ba je heshtin (heł-) to leave alone ﺑـﻪ ﺟـ ﻫــﺸـﱳ (ﻫــ) ;off qaydè ﻗـﻪﯾـﺪێ ﰷ ;la dił i kho’dâ gotin to say to oneself دـﯽ ﺧـﯚدا ﮔـﯚـﻦ ;kirdin to budge nâkâ it doesn’t matter. châw ـﺎو ;dîka other دـﮑـﻪ ;dûr-kawtinawa to go far دوور ﮐـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪوﻩ ;hawałî first ﻫـﻪوﻩـﯽ٢ ;kilk tail ﳇـﮏ ;biřrân to be cut off ـان ;châw hał-henân to lift the eyes ـﺎو ﻫـﻪـﻬــﻨـﺎن ;eye زﯾـﻘـﺎﻧـﺪن ;wakht bû (+ subj.) almost وﻩﺧـﺖ ﺑـﻮو ;tâ u esh u âzâr sharp pain و ﺋــﺶ و ﺋـﺎزار -hał ﻫــﻪــﮕــﺮــﻦ ;har chonèk bû somehow or other ﻫــﻪر ﭼــﯚﻧــــﮏ ﺑــﻮو ;zîqândin to scream girtin to take. 103 SORANI KURDISH رـﻮى ﮔـﯚﰏ «ﳇـﻚ و ﮔـﻮـﻢ ـاوﻩ، ﺑـﻪم ـﺎﻧـﻴـﻪ زﯾـﻨـﺪووم.» ﺑـﻪر ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪـﻰ ﺟــﻰ ﺧـﯚى ﻫـﻪـﻨـﻪﺳــﺘـﺎ و ﻫـﻪروا وێ ﲣــ ﺑـﻮو. ﰷـﺮاى ﳇـﻚـ زۆر دوور ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪوﺗـﺒـﻮوﻩ ﻛـﻪ دوو راوﭼـﻰ دـﻜـﻪ ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ﺑـﻮون. ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﻣـﺎم رـﻮى. ﯾـﻪـﻴـﺎن ﮔـﯚﰏ «ـﻪﯾـﻒ ﺋـﻪو رـﻮﯾـﻴـﻪ ﺗﯚﭘﻴﻮﻩ. ﳇﻚ و ﮔﻮﻰ اوﻩ. دﻩ، ﻫﻪر ﺋﺴﺘﺎ ﻟﲈن دﻩﺮدﻧﻪوﻩ.»١ ﺋـﻪوى دـﻜـﻪن ﮔـﯚﰏ«دﻩى ـﺎ ﳇـﻚ و ﮔـﻮـﻰ ـاوﻩ. ﺧـﯚ ﭘــﺴــﺘـﻪﻛـﻪى ﻣـﺎوﻩ. وﻩرﻩ ﻛﻪوﻰ ﻛﻪﻦ.» ﻣـﺎم رـﻮى ﺗـﻪﻣــﻪڵ ﻫـﻪرﻛـﻪ ﮔـﻮـﻰ و ﻗـﺴـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻮو زاﱏ ﺋـﻴـﺪى ﰷرى ﺗـﻪواوﻩ. راﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻮوﻩ و ﻫـﻪت، ﺑـﻪم ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩ دوور ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪوﺗـﺒـﻮوﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻪ ﺑـﻪر ﮔـﻮى راوﭼـﻰﯾـﻪﰷن و ﺗﯚز و ﺧﯚڵ ﮔﻪوزا. ﺑـﻪـ، ﻣـﺎم رـﻮى ﺗـﻪﻣــﻪڵ، ﮔـﻮـﻴـﺎن ـى، ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻰ ﻧـﻪـﺮد. ﳇـﻜــﺎن ـى، ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻰ ﻧـﻪـﺮد. ﺋﺎﺧﺮﺶ ﻮﺷﺎن! ﺋﻪرێ، ﺋﻪﮔﻪر ﻣﺎم رﻮى ﺗﻪﻣﻪڵ ﻧﻪ، ﺋﺎواى ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪر دﻩﻫﺎت؟٢

(۴) ﺑﻮﻟﺒﻮل و ﺋﻮارﻩى ﻣﺎﺗﻪم٣ ﺋﻪﻧﻮﻩر رﻩوﺷﻪن ﺋــﻮارﻩﯾـﻪ، دـﺘـﻪـﮕـﻰ، ﻛـﺰى، دﻩـﮕـﻰ، ﺑـﻪ ـﺎرـﻚ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﺷـﻮـــﻜــﺎن دﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻮوﻩ. ﻫــﻪورــﲃ ــﻪﻣــﮕــــﲎ ﺑــﻪﺳــﺎم ﺋــﺎﺳــﲈﱏ ﺷــــﲎ رﻩــﮓ ــﺮدووﻩ و دﳝــﻪﱏ ﺋــــﻮارﻩى ﻣـﺎﺗـﻪﻣـﺰﻩدﻩى ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻪﱉ ـﻪم داﭘـﯚﺷــﻴـﻮﻩ. ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈن ـﻪﻣــﺎرﻩ، ﭼــﺎ ـﻪﻣــﺎرﻩ، دﻩﺷـﺖ و ﭘـ

= hałnastâ ﻫـﻪـﻨـﻪﺳــﺘـﺎ ;tamałî laziness ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪـﯽ ;zîndû alive زﯾـﻨـﺪوو ;châ niya at least ـﺎ ﻧـﻴـﻪ١ ﳇـﮑـ ;tikheł prostrate ﲣــ ;hał-wastân to get up ﻫـﻪـﻮﻩﺳــﺘـﺎن ;hałnawastâ ﻫـﻪـﻨـﻪوﻩﺳــﺘـﺎ le-kirdinawa to skin ﻟﮑﺮدﻧﻪوﻩ ;kilkbiř tail-cutter îdî ﺋــﻴــﺪی ;(wara come (imperative وﻩرﻩ ;pest skin ﭘــــﺴــﺖ ;day jâ hey, c’mon دﻩی ــﺎ٢ ﻫـــﻪـــﻦ ;râst-bûn to get up راﺳـــﺖ ﺑـــﻮون ;kârî tawâw a he’s done for ﰷری ﺗـــﻪواوﻩ ;now gulla ـﻮ ;kawtinà bar to encounter ﮐـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪ ﺑـﻪر ;hał-hâtin to run away ﻫـﻪـﻬـﺎـﻦ = hałâtin âkhir ﺋـﺎﺧـﺮ ;bałe yes ﺑـﻪـ ;gawzân to roll over ﮔـﻪوزان ;khoł dirt ﺧـﯚڵ ;toz dust ﺗـﯚز ;bullet .ba sar hâtin to happen to ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪر ﻫﺎﻦ ;âwâ thus ﺋﺎوا ;are yes ﺋﻪرێ ;finally ٣ «ﴎوﻩ» ٧ (١٣٧٠): ٢٨-٢٩ وﻩرﮔﲑاوﻩ. This piece was written after the Baathist attack on with chemical weapons in March, 1988. 104 READINGS دﻩﺷـﺖ ـﻪﻣــﺎرﻩ. ﺗـﻪﻧـﻪت ﺷـﻪﻗـﻪى ﺷـﺎـﻰ ـﺪارﻩﰷﻧــﺶ دﻩـﮕـﻰ ـﻪﱉ ﻟـ دﻩﺑــﺴـﱰێ. ﺳــﭙـﺎى ـﻪم و ﺋـﻮﻣــﺪى ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو وﰏ دﮔـﲑ ـﺮدووﻩ. ﻫـﻪوى زـﺰ و ﺗـﲔ ـﺎر و ر ﺳـﻮوﭼــﲃ ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈﻧـﻪوﻩ ژـﺮ رﻩﺷـﻪ ﻫـﻪورى ﺑـﻪﺳـﺎﻣـﻪوﻩ ﺧـﯚ دﻩﻧـﻮـ، ﺑـﻪم ﻫـﻪور ﭘــﴙ ﭘـ دﻩﮔـﺮێ و ﻛـۆـﻪى ﺟـﻮاﱏ ﻫـﻪو ﺗـﻮاى ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﻧـﻴـﻪ ﺑـﻪرﮔـﻰ زـﯾـﲎ ـﻪم ﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻮوى ﺧﯚى ﺑﻪ زﯾﻨﻪوﻩراﱏ ﺳﻪرزﻩوى ﺑﻨﻮ.١ ﺷـﻪو ﻧـﲒﯾـﻚ ﺑـﯚﺗـﻪوﻩ و ﻫـﻪو زۆر ﻫـﻪﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎﱙ دﻩﰷ؛ ﺧـﯚى ﺋـﻪوﯾـﻨـﺪارﻩﰷﱏ ﻟــﻜـاو دﻩﺑــ؛ ـﺮﺳــﱴ ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎوﻩ ﺑـﻪ دﻩرووﱏ ــﻪﻣـﻪوﻩ ﻫـﻪوـﻰ ﺧـﯚ ﻧـﻮاﻧـﺪن دﻩدا، ﺑـﻪم دﺴﺎن ﻫﻪورى ﻣﻠﻬﻮڕ ﺑﻪرى دﻩﮔﺮێ.٢ ﻫـﻪورى رووﮔـﺮژ دﻩرووﱏ ـﻩ ـﺮـﻦ و ﺳـﯚر؛ ﭘـﻪژارﻩى زۆرﻩ؛ ﻧــﻮـﺎواﱏ ـﻩ ﲑۆﰽ ﻪم.٣ ـﻪﱉ زﻩرد ﺑـﻮوﱏ ﮔـﻮ و ﺑـﻪﯾـﺒـﻮون، ﺋــﴙ ﺳــﺲ ﺑـﻮوﱏ ﺷـﻠـﻠـﲑ و ﻫـﻪـﺰ و ﻫــﺮۆ،

ﮐـﺰی ;diłtangî loneliness دـﺘـﻪـﮕـﯽ ;mâtam bereavement ﻣـﺎﺗـﻪم ;bulbul nightingale ﺑـﻮﻟـﺒـﻮل١ -dâ دﮔــﺮــﻦ ;ba jârèk all at once ﺑــﻪ ــﺎرــﮏ ;bedangî silence ﺑــــﺪﻩــﮕــﯽ ;kizî despondency ﺷــﲔ ;basâm terrible ﺑــﻪﺳــﺎم ;ghamgîn sad ــﻪﻣــﮕــﲔ ;hawr cloud ﻫــﻪور ;girtin to envelope ;dîman aspect, mien دﳝـــﻪن ;berang-kirdin to make colorless ﺑــــــﺮﻩـــﮓ ـــﺮدن ;shîn blue -dâ داﭘـﯚﺷـﲔ ;gham grief ـﻪم ;tam mist ﺗـﻪم ;mâtamzada bereaved, in mourning ﻣـﺎﺗـﻪﻣـﺰﻩدﻩ ﭘــﺪﻩﺷـﺖ ;chyâ mountain ﭼــﺎ ;ghambâr raining down grief ـﻪﻣــﺎر ;poshîn to cover over shaq rustle of a bird’s wing in ﺷـــــﻪق ;tanânat especially ﺗـــــﻪﻧـــــﻪت ;pedasht foothills ,sipâ army ﺳــﭙـﺎ ;bîstrân to be heard ﺑــﺴـﱰان ;bałdâr bird ـﺪار ;shâbâł wing ﺷـﺎڵ ;flight dâgîr-kirdin to دﮔـﲑ ـﺮدن ;nâumedî despair, hopelessness ﺋـﻮﻣــﺪی ;gham grief ـﻪم ;host jâr u bâr ــﺎر و ر ;betîn weak ﺑــــــﲔ ;zîz unhappy, angry زــﺰ ;hatâw sun ﻫــﻪو ;invade kho nwândin to show ﺧـــﯚ ﻧـــﻮاﻧـــﺪن ;rash black رﻩش ;sûch corner ﺳـــﻮوچ ;now and again ﺟــﻮان ;kîzhoła young girl ﮐــۆــﻪ ;pesh-girtin ba to get in front of ﭘــــﺶ ﮔــﺮــﻦ ﺑــﻪ ;oneself ـــﻪﻣـــﮕـــ ﺗﺮـــﻮو ;zeřîn golden زـــ ـــﻦ ;barg raiment ﺑـــﻪرگ ;twânâ power ﺗـــﻮا ;jwân pretty ﻧــﻮاﻧــﺪن ;sarzawî the earth ﺳــﻪرزﻩوی ;zînawar living thing زﯾــﻨــﻪوﻩر ;ghamgirtû bereaved nwândin to show. -hast ﻫـﻪﺳـﺖ ـﺮدن ﺑـﻪ ;(bûwatawa (see §42 ﺑـﻮوﻩﺗـﻪوﻩ = botawa ﺑـﯚﺗـﻪوﻩ ;nîzîk near ﻧـﲒـﮏ٢ lekbiřrâw cut ﻟــﮑـاو ;awîndâr lover ﺋـﻪوﯾـﻨـﺪار ;tanyâî loneliness ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎﱙ ;kirdin ba to feel -hawł ﻫـﻪوـﺪان ;piřgham full of grief ــﻪم ;darûn interior دﻩروون ;biřist force ـﺳـﺖ ;off .bar-girtin to block ﺑﻪرﮔﺮﻦ ;milhuř bully ﻣﻠﻬﻮڕ ;dân to try pazhâra ﭘــﻪژارﻩ ;nâsor infection ﺳــﯚر ;birîn wound ــﺮــﻦ ;rûgirzh frowning رووﮔــﺮژ٣ .newchâwân forehead ﻧﻮﺎوان ;sorrow 105 SORANI KURDISH ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﯚى ـﻪﰽ ـــﻤـﻴـﺎوى ﻧدڕـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻪﻋـﴗﯾـﻪﰷﻧـﻪوﻩ، زـﺰ و ﻣـﻞﻛـﻪچ ـﻪرـﲃ ﮔـﻴـﺎن ﺋﻪﺳﭙﺎردﻦ.١ ﻫــﻪم و ﺗــﻪﱉ ﻧــــﻮــﺎواﱏ ﻫــﻪورى رووڵ ــﲑۆﰽ زۆرى دﻩﮔــــاوﻩ. داﺳــــﺘــﺎﱏ ﺑـﻪﻫـﺎرـﲃ س دﻩـﺮد ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﯚ ﮔـﻮﱏ زﻩ ﺷـﲔ ﺑـﻮوى ﻛــﻮ و دﻩﺷــﺘـﻪﰷن ﺑـﺒـﻮو ﺑـﻪ وﻩرزى ـﻪزان، وﻩرزى ﺗـﻴـﺎﭼـﻮون و ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎن. ﺗـﻴـﺎﭼـﻮوﱏ زﻻوان و ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎﱏ ژن ﺑـﯚ ﮔـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﻪراﱏ ـﻮردﺳــﺘـﺎن. ﺑـﻮﻟـﺒـﻮﻟــﲃ ـﻪﻣــﺎر ﺑـﻪ دﯾــﲎ ﺋـﻪم ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﭘـﻪژارﻩﯾـﻪ ـﻮـﻰ دـﻰ ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻪ ﺧـﻮرۆﺷـﲔ، ﮔـﻪرووﻩ ـﻜـﯚﻧـﻪﻛـﻪﯾـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪ دﻩـﮕـﻰ ﺧـﯚﳽ ـ ـﻪﻣـﻪوﻩ ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻪ ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪن. ﻫـﻪر دﻩـﮕــﲃ، ﺋـﺎﻫـﻪـﮕـﻰ ﺷــﻴـــﲃ دﻩﮔــا، دﻩـﮕـﻰ ﺧـﯚﳽ ﺳـﻪﻣـﻔـﯚﱏﯾـﻪﰽ ﺑـﻪرز ﺑـﻮو ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﯚ دﳝـﻪﱏ ﺷـﺎﻧـﯚى ﺋــﻮارﻩى ـﻪم ﺑـو دﻩﺑـﻮوﻩ. ﺟـﺮﯾـﻮﻩى ﺧـﯚﳽ ﺑـﻮﻟـﺒـﻮل ﭼــﺎ و دۆڵ، دﻩﺷـﺖ و ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈن، ـﺎﻧـﻮوﻩ رـﻜـﻪﰷن دﻩـﮕـﻰ دﻩداﯾـﻪوﻩ. ﺋـﺎﻫـﻪـﮕـﻰ ﺑـﻮﻟـﺒـﻮل ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻠـﻨـﺪ ﺑـﻮو ﻛـﻪ دﻩـﮕـﻰ ﺧـﯚﳽ ـﺷــﲎ دﻩﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﮔـﻮـﻰ ﻫـﻪورى ـﻪﻣــﺎر. دﻩـﮕــﻚ ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﺒـﻪﺳــﱴ ﺧـﯚش و دـﺘـﻪزـﲎ دﻩﮔـﯚت ﺑـﯚ دﻩﺷـﺖ و ﭼــﺎ، ﺑـﯚ ﻫـﻪو و ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈن، ﺑـﯚ ﮔـﮋ و ﮔـﻴـﺎى زﻩرد ﻫـﻪـﮕـﻪڕاوى ﺷـﺎـﻪﰷن، ﺑـﯚ ﮔـﻴـﺎنﻛـﻪـﺸــﱴ ﻣــﺪان و زﻩﻻوان و ژﱏ وان.٢ sîs-bûn to ﺳــﺲ ﺑـﻮون ;baybûn camomile ﺑـﻪﯾـﺒـﻮون ;gułâła tulip ﮔـﻮ ;zard yellow زﻩرد١ ﻫــــﺮۆ ;hałiz a plant with needle-like leaves ﻫــﻪــﲒ ;shiller a type of tulip ﺷــﻠــﻠــــﺮ ;wither -diřinda sav ﻧدڕـﺪﻩ ;kîmîâwî chemical ـــﻤـﻴـﺎوی ;chak weapon ـﻪک ;hero marshmallow ﮔـﻴـﺎن ﺋـﻪﺳــﭙـﺎردن ;milkach with bowed head ﻣـﻞﮐـﻪچ ;zîz angry زـﺰ ;ba‘sî Baathist ﺑـﻪﻋـﴗ ;age gyân-aspârdin to give up one’s life. chîrok geřân to ـﲑۆک ﮔــان ;rûtâł frowning رووڵ ;ham u tam dark cloud ﻫـﻪم و ﺗـﻪم٢ ﮔــﻮڵ ;dâstân bâs-kirdin to tell a story داﺳــــﺘــﺎن س ــﺮدن ;bahâr spring ﺑــﻪﻫــﺎر ;tell a story وﻩرزی ــﻪزان ;(shîn-bûn to be green (of vegetation ﺷــﲔ ﺑــﻮون ;tâza fresh زﻩ ;guł flower namân to cease to ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎن ;tyâ-chûn to go away ﺑـﻴـﺎ ﭼـﻮون ;warz i khazân autumn harvest la barân i throughout the ﺑــــــــــــﻪراﱏ ;nâzlâw tender shoot زﻻو ;exist, to be no more khuroshîn to scream, cry ﺧـــﻮرۆﺷـــﲔ ;dił heart دڵ ;kuł rage ـــﻮڵ ;length and breadth of ﮐـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪ ;dang-khwendin to sing دﻩـﮓ ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪن ;bichkoł infant ـﮑـﯚڵ ;garû throat ﮔـﻪروو ;out âhang-geřân to ﺋــﺎﻫــﻪــﮓ ﮔــان ;har …èk every ﻫــﻪر …ــﮏ ;kawtinà (+ inf.) to start to ﺑــﻪرز ;samfonî symphony ﺳــﻪﻣــﻔــﯚﱏ ;khosh pleasant ﺧــﯚش ;shîn lament ﺷــﲔ ;sing a tune ;biłâw-bûn to be broadcast ﺑـو ﺑـﻮون ;shâno stage ﺷـﺎﻧـﯚ ;barz-bûn to arise, be loud ﺑـﻮون bilind ﺑــﻠــﻨــﺪ ;târîk dark رــﮏ ;khânû home ــﺎﻧــﻮو ;doł valley دۆڵ ;jirîwa cooing ﭼــﺮﯾــﻮﻩ -khosh happy, come ﺧـﯚش ;hałbastî poetry ﻫـﻪـﺒـﻪﺳــﱴ ;piřshîn full of lament ـﺷـﲔ ;loud 106 READINGS ـﻪى ﺑـﻮﻟـﺒـﻮل ﰷرى ـﺮدﻩ ﺳـﻪر ﻫـﻪور، و ﺳـﯚرى دﻩرووﱏ ﺗـﻪﺷـﻪ ـﺮد. ﰷو ﴍﳜـﺎﻧـﺪى و ﺑـﻪ زﮔـﻪ ـﺮﻛـﻪوﻩ ـﻣـﻪى ﮔـﺮﱏدا و ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮڕ ﺋـﻪﴎﯾـﲎ داراﻧـﺪ، ﺋـﻪﴎـﻦ ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪو ﺷـﺎﻧـﯚﯾـﻪ، ﺑـﯚ ﺗـﻴـﺎﭼـﻮوﱏ ﺑـﻪ واﱏ ﺋـﻪو ﴎوﺷــﺘـﻪ ﺟـﻮاﻧـﻪ. وێ ران ﻧـﻪـاﯾـﻪوﻩ، دﻩـﮕـﻰ ﺑـﻮﻟـﺒـﻮل ﻧـﻪـﻮوژاﯾـﻪوﻩ. ﺋـﻪو دﻩـﮕـﻪى ﮔـﻪڵ ﺋـﻪوﻩﯾـﺪا ﻛـﻪ ﭘـﻪژارﻩى ﻟـ دﻩرێ، ﺑـﻪم ـ ﻫـﻴـﻮا و ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎﱋ ﺑـﻮو. دﻩـﮕـﯚت: دﻩﺳــﺘـﻪو ﺋـﻪ ﻧژـﯚ داﻣـﻪﻧــﺸـﻦ! ﻫـﻪرـﻪﻧـﺪ ـﻪم زۆرﻩ، وﻩرن ﭘﻜﻪوﻩ دﺴﺎن ﺑﻪﻫﺎرﲃ ﻧﻮێ ﺧﯚﳽ و ﺳﻪرﺑﻪﺳﱴ ﺑﻪ دى ﺑﲔ.١ ﻫـﻪور ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩ ﮔـﺮ و ﺋـﻪﴎﯾـﲎ داراﻧـﺪ؛ ﺑـﻮﻟـﺒـﻮﻟــﺶ ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩى ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪ ـﻪﱉ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو دن راﻧـﺪ. ران، ژارى ﻣـﻪرﮔـﻰ دۆڵ و ﭼــﺎ و ﻟــﺮﻩ وارﺷــﺘـﻪوﻩ، ﻧــﻮـﺎواﱏ ﻫـﻪور ـﺮاﯾـﻪوﻩ و ﺑـﻪ رﻩـﮕـﻰ ﺳـــﻮ ﮔـﻪواڵ ﮔـﻪواڵ ﺑـﻮو. ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈﱏ ﺷـﲔ دـﺴـﺎن دﻩرﻛـﻪوت. ﻫـﻴـﻮا و ﺷـﺎدﱙ ﻟـ دﻩرێ. ﻫـﻪو ﺑـﯚ ـﺎرـﲃ دـﻜـﻪ و ﺋــﻮارﻩﯾـﻪدا ﺑـﻪ ﺗـــﻪوﻩ ﺗــﺸـﲃ زـﯾـﲎ ﺧـﯚى، ﻛـﻪ ـﻩ ﺷـﺎدى، ﺑـﻪﺳـﻪر ﺟـﳱـﺎﻧـﺪا ﺑـو دﻩﰷﺗـﻪوﻩ و ﺑـﻪرﮔـﻰ دـﺘـﻪـﮕـﻰ دادﻩر. ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﮔـﻴـﺎنﺑـﻪران ﺑـﻪو ﮔـﺰـﮕـﻪ ﺟـﻮاﻧـﻪ دﻩﺑـﻮوژـﻨـﻪوﻩ و دﻩﻛـﻪوﻧـﻪ ﺧـﯚ رازاﻧـﺪﻧـﻪوﻩ دـﺴـﺎن ﺑـﻨـﺎـﻪى ﺑـﻪﻫـﺎرـﲃ ﺷـﺎد و ـ ﮔـﻮڵ و وﻩرزﻩﯾـﻪﰽ ﺧـﯚش ﺑـﯚ ژن داـﺮـﮋن. ﺑـﯚ ـﺎرـﲃ دـﻜـﻪ ﴎوﺷـﺖ دـﺘـﻪـﮕـﻰ و ﻛـﺰى وﻩ دﻩر ﻫـﺎت. دﻩﺷـﺖ و دۆڵ و ﭼــﺎ و ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈن دواﺳـﺎﰏ ﺋـﻪو رۆژﻩدا ﺑـﻪ دﻩـﮕـﻰ ـﺰوـﻨـﻪرى ﺑـﻮﻟـﺒـﻮل ﺑـﻪرﮔـﻰ ﻫـﻴـﻮا و ﺷـﺎدﯾـﻴـﺎن ـﺮدﻩوﻩ ﺑـﻪر، و ﺷـﺎن ﺑـﻪﺷـﺎﱏ ﺋـﻪو ـﻨـﺪﻩ دﻩـﮓﺧـﯚﺷـﻪ ـﻜـﯚـﻪ دڵ ـ ﻫـﻴـﻮاﯾـﻪ ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪ ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪﱏ ﴎوودى ﺷـﺎدى و ﺋـﻪوـﻦ، ﴎوودى ﻫـﻴـﻮا ﺑـﯚ ﮔـﻪـﺸــﲎ دورﻩى ﺑـﻪﻫـﺎرى

-zard زﻩردﻫـﻪـﮕـﻪڕاو ;gizh u giyâ plants and vegetation ﮔـﮋ و ﮔـﻴـﺎ ;diłtazen tragic دـﺘـﻪزـﻦ ;dic ;mindâł child ﻣــﺪاڵ ;gyânkanisht the moment of death ﮔـﻴـﺎـﮑـﻪـﺸـﺖ ;hałgařâw yellowed .betâwân innocent ﺑﺎوان ;zhin woman ژن ;tâzalâw adolescent زﻩﻻو tashanâ-kirdin to ﺗــﻪﺷــﻪ ــﺮدن ;kâr-kirdinà sar to affect ﰷر ــﺮدﻧــﻪ ﺳــﻪر ;nâła wail ــﻪ١ nirka ـﺮﮐـﻪ ;zig belly زگ ;shîrîkhândin to roar ﺷـﲑﳜـﺎﻧـﺪن ;la nâkâw suddenly ﰷو ;heal ;asrîn tear ﺋــﻪﴎــﻦ ;khuř flood ﺧــﻮڕ ;giryân to cry ﮔــﺮن ;piřma snivel ــﻣــﻪ ;rumbling ;biřrânawa to stop ـاﻧـﻪوﻩ ;tâwè bârân a torrent of rain وێ ران ;sirusht nature ﴎوﺷـﺖ âmânj ﺋــﺎﻣــﺎﱋ ;hîwâ hope ﻫــﻴــﻮا ;bârîn to rain down رــﻦ ;kûzhânawa to cease ــﻮوژاﻧــﻪوﻩ harchand no ﻫـﻪرـﻪﻧـﺪ ;dastaw azhno dâ-nîshtin to grieve دﻩﺳــﺘـﻪو ﺋـﻪ ﻧژـﯚ داﻧــﺸـﱳ ;aspiration ﺧــﯚﳽ ;nwe new ﻧــﻮێ ;pekawa together ﭘــــﮑــﻪوﻩ ;warin come وﻩرن ;matter how much .ba je henân to bring forth ﺑﻪ ﺟ ﻫﻨﺎن ;sarbastî freedom ﺳﻪرﺑﻪﺳﱴ ;khoshî happiness 107 SORANI KURDISH ژﻦ.١

(۵) ﮔﺎﺷﻪ ﺑﻪرد٢ ﻪﻻل ﻣﻪﺸﺎ داوـﲎ ﭼــﺎﯾـﻪﰽ ﺑـﻪرز و ﺳـﻪرﻛـﻪﺷـﺪا، ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪـﲃ ﮔـﭽـﻜـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﻜـﻪوﺗـﺒـﻮو. ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪردـﲃ زﻩﻻم و زﻩﺑـﻪﻻح ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪﻩﻛـﻪدا دﻩـواﱏ. رـﺰى ﻣـﺎـﻪﰷن وﻩـﻮو زۆرﺑـﻪى ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪﻩﰷﱏ ـﻮـﺴــﺘـﺎن، ﺳـﻪر ﯾـﻪك ﭼـ ـﺮاﺑـﻮون. ﺳـﻪرﱏ ﻫـﻪر ﻣـﺎــﻚ ـﻪوﺷـﻪى ﻣـﺎــﲃ ـﺮ ﺑـﻮو. ﻫﻪﻣﻮو ﯾﻪك ﳖﯚﱉ و ﺑﻪرد ﺳﺎز ﺮاو…٣ ﺑـﻨـﺎرى ﭼــﺎدا ـﻪـﲃ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ ﻣـﻪﻻـﮕـﺪاﻧـﻪوﻩ ﻫـﻪ ﺧـﯚرﺋـﺎوا، وـﺎن، ﻣـﻮوـﻪ و ﻣـﻪزرا ﻫـﻪوـﻴـﺎن دﻩدا، ـﺎرﻩﻗــﺎن دﻩڕﺷـﺖ و ﺳـﻪر زﻩوﯾـﲎ ﺑـﻪردﻩﱏ ژﱏ ﺧـﯚن ﺑـﻪرـﻮﻩ دﻩـﺮد. ﺋـﻴـﱰ ﺟـﮕـﻪ ﰷر و ﰷر و ﰷر، ﺑـﲑن ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﻧـﻪدﻩـﺮدﻩوﻩ و ﺋـﺎﺳـﯚى ﺑـﲑ و

راﻧـﺪن ;kham grief ـﻪم ;(.dâ-bârândin to rain down (trs داراﻧـﺪن ;giryâ weeping ﮔـﺮ١ ;wâ-rishtinawa to wash away وارﺷــــــــــــــــــﻪوﻩ ;zhâr poison ژار ;târândin to drive away ;rang color رﻩـﮓ ;newchâwân kirânawa for a forehead to be smoothed ﻧــﻮـﺎوان ـﺮاﻧـﻪوﻩ bârân to ران ;shâdî rejoicing ﺷـﺎدی ;gawâł-gawâł wispy ﮔـﻪواڵ ﮔـﻪواڵ ;spîw white ﺳـــﻮ ﺟــﳱــﺎن ;zeřîn golden زــ ــﻦ ;tîshk ray ﺗــــﺸــﮏ ;ba tînawa powerfully ﺑــﻪ ﺗــــــﻪوﻩ ;(.rain (int ,dâ-rinân to shed (skin دارن ;biłâw-kirdinawa to spread ﺑــو ــﺮدﻧــﻪوﻩ ;jîhân the world ﺑــﻮوژاﻧــﻪوﻩ ;gizing first rays of dawn ﮔــﺰــﮓ ;gyânlabar living thing ﮔــﻴــﺎنﺑــﻪر ;(clothes ﺑــﻨــﺎــﻪ دارﺷــﱳ ;kho râzândinawa to bedeck onself ﺧــﯚ رازاﻧــﺪﻧــﻪوﻩ ;bûzhânawa to flourish -warza har وﻩرزﻩ ;shâd happy ﺷـﺎد ;binâgha dâ-rishtin (rezh-) to lay a foundation (رـﮋ) ــﺰوــﻨــﻪر ;dwâsât aftermath دواﺳــﺎت ;wa dar hâtin la to emerge from وﻩ دﻩر ﻫــﺎــﻦ ;vest shân ba ﺷـﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺎﱏ ;(kirdinawa bar to put on (clothing ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪر ;bizwenar warbling ;dangkhosh melodious دﻩـﮕـﺨـﯚش ;bâłinda bird ـﻨـﺪﻩ ;shân i shoulder to shoulder with .zhîn life ژﻦ ;awîn love ﺋﻪوﻦ ;sirûd anthem ﴎوود ٢ «ﴎوﻩ» ٣ (١٣٧٠): ٣٠-٣٣ وﻩرﮔﲑاوﻩ. dâwen foot داوـﻦ ;gâshabard boulder ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪﺑـﻪرد ;bard rock ﺑـﻪرد ;gâsh big, huge ﮔـﺎش٣ ﻫـﻪـﮑـﻪوـﻦ ;gichka tiny ﮔـﭽـﮑـﻪ ;gund village ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ ;sarkash lofty ﺳـﻪرﮐـﻪش ;(of a mountain) رواﻧـــﲔ ﺑـــﻪ ﺳـــﻪر ;zabalâḥ enormous زﻩﺑـــﻪﻻح ;zalâm huge زﻩﻻم ;hał-kawtin to be situated zorba i زۆرﺑـﻪی ;wakû like وﻩـﻮو ;mâł house ﻣـﺎڵ ;rîz line رـﺰ ;rwânîn ba sar to loom over la sar yek on top of each ﺳــﻪر ﯾــﻪک ;kwestân mountainous region ــﻮــﺴــــﺘــﺎن ;most of ﳖـﯚم ;ḥawsha courtyard ـﻪوﺷـﻪ ;sarbân roof ﺳـﻪرن ;che-kirân to be built ﭼـ ـﺮان ;other .sâz-kirân to be made ﺳﺎز ﺮان ;nihom story, floor 108 READINGS ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪـﺸـﻪن ﻫـﻪ ﺋـﻪو ﭘـﻪڕى ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ و ﻣـﻮوـﻪﰷﻧـﻴـﺎن ﺗـــﻪڕى ﻧـﻪدﻩـﺮد. ب و ﭘـﲑاﻧـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﻪو ﺟـﻮورﻩ ژﺑـﻮون. وك ﭘـﲑ دﻩﺑـﻮو، ـﻮڕ ﺟــﮕـﺎى دﻩﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻪوﻩ. ـﻮڕ ﭘـﲑ دﻩﺑـﻮو، و ﺷــﻴـى ﮔـﻴـﺎﱏ ﺑـﻪﮔـﻪرووى زﻩوﯾـﻨـﺪا دﻩـﺮد و ﻧـﻪوﻩى ﻧـﻮێ ﰷرﻩﻛـﻪى درـﮋﻩ دﻩدا. وﻩك ﺑـــﯽ ﺎوﻩﻧﻮوﺳﻴﺎن ﻫﻪر ﺋﻪوﻩ ﺑﻮو، وﻩك ﺎﻣﻪﯾﻪك ﺑﻪ ن اﺑﻮو.١ ﺷـﻪوـﻚ ــﲀ، ـﻪـﲃ ﺋـﺎواﱙ ﺑـﻪ ﺑــﺴــﲎ ﮔـﺮم و ﻫـﯚڕـﲃ ـﺮﺳـــﻪر و ﺳـﺎﻣــﺎك ـﻪو راﺑـﻮون و ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﻪﺷـﯚﰷوى رژاﻧـﻪ ﻧــﻮ ـﻮوـﻪ و ﻛـﯚن. ﺑـﻮوﻣـﻪ رزﻩﯾـﻪك زﻩوﯾـﲎ راﺷـﻪﰷﻧـﺪﺑـﻮو. ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪردى زﻩﻻم ﺟــﮕـﺎى ﺧـﯚى ﻫـﻪـﻘـﻪﻧـﺪراﺑـﻮو و ﻛـﻪﻣـﻪرﭼــﲎ ﭼــﺎ، ﺳــﻪر ﺧــﻛــﻪــﺮدﻩﰷن، ﺑــﻪ ﺟــﯚرــﲃ ﺳــﺎﻣــــﺎك، وﻩك ﻫــﻪرﻩﺷــﻪ ﺋــﺎواﱙ ــﲀت، راوﻩﺳــﺘـﺎﺑـﻮو. ﭼـﻮوﻛـﻪﺗـﻪوژﻣــﻚ ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪى ﭘـﺎڵ ﭘــﻮﻩ دﻩ و ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪﻩﻛـﻪى ـﺎﭘـﻮور دﻩـﺮد. ـﻪـﻚ ﺋـﻴـﱰ ﺋـﻪـﺮﻩﺷــﻴـﺎن ﭼـﻮوﺑـﻮو و ﻧـﻪﻧـﺪﻩوـﺮا ﻧـﲒـﲃ ﻣـﺎـﻪﰷﻧـﻴـﺎن ﺑـــﻪوﻩ. ﺟــﻰ ﻣـﻧـﻪ ﻧـﻪﺑـﻮو. ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪرد ﻫـﰷ ﺑـﻪر ﺑـــﻪوﻩ، ـﻪـﻚ ﺋـﻴـﱰ دﻩﺳـﺖ و دـﻴـﺎن ﯾـﻪﰽ ﻧـﻪدﻩﮔـﺮت. ردـﻦ ﺳــﭙـﻰ و ﮔـﻪورﻩﭘـﻴـﺎوان ﭘـــﺎن واﺑـﻮو، ﻫـﻪ و ﻧـﻪ ﺋـﻪم ﺑـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺋـﰷﱉ ـﺮدﻩوﻩﰷﱏ ﺧـﯚﻧـﻪ. ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪردى زﻩﺑـﻪﻻح ﺳـــﻪرى ﮔـﺮاﱏ ﺳـﺎم و ﭘـﻪﰽ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪا ﻛــﺸـﺎﺑـﻮو. ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪك راﺑـﻮارد، ﺑـﻪم ﺑـﻪرد ﺋـﻴـﱰ ﺟــﮕـﺎى ﺧـﯚى ﻧـﻪـﺰووت. ـﻪـﻚ ﺋـﯚﺧـ ﻧﮋـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﻪ د ﻫـﺎت و ﻧـﻮـﮋى ﺷـﻮـﺮن ﺑـﻪ ﺟـ ﻫــﻨـﺎ و ﮔـﻪڕاﻧـﻪوﻩ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ و ژﱏ ﺋـﺎﺳـﺎﱙ ﺧـﯚن دﻩﺳـﺖ ﭘــﻜـﺮدﻩوﻩ، ﺑـﻪم ﻫـﻪر ﻣـﻪ ـﺮﺳــﻴـﺪا ﺑـﻮون و ﺷـﻪو ـﻪون ﻟـ ﻧـﻪدﻩﻛـﻪوت ﭼـﻮوـﻜـﻪ

;hatâ until ﻫـﻪ ;malâbângdân dawn ﻣـﻪﻻـﮕـﺪان ;khałk people ـﻪـﮏ ;binâr foot ﺑـﻨـﺎر١ ﻣــﻪزرا ;mûcha farm ﻣــﻮوــﻪ ;be wichân without cease وــﺎن ;khorâwâ sundown ﺧــﯚراوا ;âraq-rishtin (rezh-) to sweat‘ ـﺎرﻩق رﺷـﱳ (رـﮋ) ;hawł-dân to toil ﻫـﻪوڵدان ;mazrâ field zhyân i kho ba rewa ژﱏ ﺧــﯚ ﺑــﻪ رــﻮﻩ ــﺮدن ;bardałânî rocky ﺑــﻪردﻩﱏ ;zawîn soil زﻩوــﻦ -bîr ﺑــﲑ ــﺮدﻧــﻪوﻩ ;kâr work ﰷر ;îtir jiga other than ﺋــﻴــﱰ ﺟــﮕــﻪ ;birdin to eke out a living ﭘـﻪڕ ;andesha idea ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪـﺸـﻪ ;bîr thought ﺑـﲑ ;âso horizon ﺋـﺎﺳـﯚ ;kirdinawa la to think of -bâpîr grand ﭘـﲑ ;bâb father ب ;tepař-kirdin to go beyond ﺗـــﻪڕ ـﺮدن ;pař edge, side jegâ i … girtin to ﺟــﮕـﺎی … ﮔـﺮـﻦ ;pîr old ﭘـﲑ ;bâwk father وک ;jûr manner ﭼـﻮور ;father shîla i gyân ba garû i zawîn’dâ ﺷــــﻴــی ﮔــﻴــﺎن ﺑــﻪ ﮔــﻪرووی زﻩوﯾــﻨــﺪا ــﺮدن ;take the place of nawa ﻧـــــــــﻪوﻩ ;kirdin to pour the fluid of one’s life down the throat of the earth, to die وﻩک ;kâraká i … drezha-dân to carry on the work of ﰷرﻩﮐـــﻪی … درـــﮋﻩ دان ;generation jâma ـﺎﻣـﻪ ;châwanûs fate ـﺎوﻩﻧـﻮوس ;wak biłey as you might say, it was as though ﺑـــﯽ .ba bâłâ biřrân to be cut to fit ﺑﻪ ان ;clothing 109 SORANI KURDISH دﻩﮕﲃ ﺋﺎﺳﺎﱙ ﻫﻪﻣﻮوى ﻣﺎڵ و ﮔﻮﻧﺪ دﻩردﻩﭘﻪڕاﻧﺪ.١ رۆژـﻚ ﯾـﻪﻛــﻚ ﭘـﲑﻩﭘـﻴـﺎواﱏ دێ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪر دووك ـﺎوى ﺧـﯚى دﯾـــﻮوى دوو ﻣـﺎرى زﻩـﮕـﻰ ژـﺮ ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪردﻩوﻩ دﻩرﻫـﺎـﻦ و ﻫــﻨـﺪى ﺑـﻪ دﻩور ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪدا ﮔـﻪڕان و ﻫـﻪﻣــﺴـﺎن ﮔـﻪڕاﻧـﻪوﻩ ژـﺮ ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪ. ﺋـﻴـﱰ ـﻪـﻚ وان دﻩزاﱏ: ﺑـﻪرد ﺑـﻪى ﺧـﻮداﱙﯾـﻪ، دوو ﻣـﺎرﻩﻛـﻪﺷــﻴـﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺧــﻮى ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪ دﻩزاﱏ و ﺳـﻪر ﻓــﻮاى ﮔـﻪورﻩﭘـﻴـﺎواﱏ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ ـر درا ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو رۆژـﻚ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﯚﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺎــﻚ ﺧـﯚراك ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﺎرﻩﰷن ﺑـﺒـﺎت. ﺋـﻪم ﰷرﻩ دﻩﺑـﻮوﻩ ﻫـﯚى دڵﻧـﻪ ِرﱉ ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪ. ـﻦ ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪدا دوو ﺳـﻪﻛـﯚن ﭼـ ـﺮد و ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﯚﺑـﻪ ژﻩﻣـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﺎرﻩﰷن دﻩـﺮد. ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﻜـﻪوت ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﻛـﻪﺳـ ﺋـﻪم ﺋـﻪرﻛـﻪى ﺑـﲑ ﭼـﻮوﯾـﻪ، ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪرد ﺳﻪر ﺧﻛﻪ و ﺰﻩن ﻫﻨﺪى دﻩﺧﴙ و ﺋﻪرﻛﻪﻛﻪى وﻩ ﺑﲑ دﻩﻫﻨﺎﻧﻪوﻩ.٢ bîstin (bîs-) to ﺑــــﺴــﱳ (ﺑــــﺲ) ;âwâî village ﺋــﺎواﱙ ;la piřek’â all of a sudden ــــﲀ١ sâmnâk ﺳــﺎﻣــــﺎک ;tirsenar frightening ــﺮﺳــــــﻪر ;girm u hoř loud noise ﮔــﺮم و ﻫــﯚڕ ;hear ba pashokâwî with ﺑـــﻪ ﭘـــﻪﺷـــﯚﰷوێ ;la khaw râ-bûn to wake up ـــﻪو را ﺑـــﻮون ;dreadful bûmalarz ﺑـﻮوﻣـﻪرز ;kołân street ﮐـﯚن ;kûcha lane ـﻮوـﻪ ;rizhânà to pour into رژاﻧـﻪ ;terror ;hał-qandrân to be uplifted ﻫـــﻪـــﻘـــﻪﻧـــﺪران ;râ-shikândin to split راﺷـــﲀﻧـــﺪن ;earthquake ﻫـﻪڕﻩﺷـﻪ ـﺮدن ;jor manner ﺟـﯚر ;khiřkabard gravel ﺧـﮐـﻪﺑـﻪرد ;kamarchîn edge ﮐـﻪﻣـﻪرـﲔ chûkatawizhm ﭼــﻮوﮐــﻪﺗــﻪوژم ;râ-wastân to stop را وﻩﺳــــﺘــﺎن ;hařasha kirdin la to threaten ;khâpûr-kirdin to destroy ـﺎﭘـﻮور ـﺮدن ;pâł pewa nân to push ﭘـﺎڵ ﭘـﯽوﻩ ن ;slight pressure atrashyân chûbû they had lost the gall (+ subj., to ﺋـﻪـﺮﻩﺷــﻴـﺎن ﭼـﻮوﺑـﻮو ;atrash gall ﺋـﻪـﺮﻩش bar-bûnawa ﺑـﻪر ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ ;hâkâ thus ﻫـﰷ ;mitmâna safe ﻣـﻧـﻪ ;werân to dare وـﺮان ;(.do s.th دﻩﺳـــﺖ و دڵ ﯾـــﻪک ;(’to fall (gâshabard hâkâ barbetawa ‘with the boulder about to fall -gawrapyâw dig ﮔـﻪورﻩﭘـﻴـﺎو ;ridenspî elder ردــﺴــﭙـﯽ ;dast u dił yek-girtin to be calm ﮔـﺮـﻦ habe u nabe one way or ﻫـــﻪ و ﻧـــﻪ ;peyân wâ bû they thought ﭘـــــــــﺎن وا ﺑـــﻮو ;nitary ﺳـــﻪر ﮐــﺸـﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ;kirdawa deed ـﺮدﻩوﻩ ;âkâm result ﺋـﰷم ;bałâ calamity ﺑـﻪ ;another sâm ﺳـﺎم ;girân burdensome ﮔـﺮان ;separ keshân ba sar …dâ to cast a shadow over …دا îtir…na no ﺋـﻴـﱰ … ﻧـﻪ ;(râ-bwârdin to pass (of time راﺑـﻮاردن ;pak helplessness ﭘـﻪک ;terror ﻧـﻮـﮋی ﺷـﻮـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـ ﻫــﻨـﺎن ;okhizhn calm ﺋـﯚﺧـﮋن ;bizûtin to budge ـﺰووـﻦ ;more, no longer gařânawa to ﮔـــﻪڕاﻧـــﻪوﻩ ;nwezh i shukr ba je henân to perform prayers of thanksgiving ــﺮﳻ ;dast pe-kirdinawa to take up again دﻩﺳــﺖ ﭘــ ــﺮدﻧــﻪوﻩ ;âsâî usual ﺋــﺎﺳــﺎﱙ ;return ;khawyân le nadakawt they couldn’t get to sleep ـــﻪون ﻟـــ ﻧـــﻪدﻩﮐـــﻪوت ;tirsî la fear of dar-pařândin la to دﻩرﭘـــﻪڕاﻧـــﺪن ;hamûy constantly ﻫـــﻪﻣـــﻮوی ;nââsâî unusual ﺋـــﺎﺳـــﺎﱙ invade. ;mâr snake ﻣـــﺎر ;hardûk both ﻫـــﻪردووک ;de village دێ ;pîrapyâw old man ﭘـــﲑﻩﭘـــﻴـــﺎو٢ ﺑـﻪ دﻩور ﮔـﻪڕان ;hendè for a while ﻫــﻨـﺪێ ;dar-hâtin to come out دﻩرﻫـﺎـﻦ ;zangî black زﻩـﮕـﯽ -khudâî God ﺧـــﻮداﱙ ;hamîsân once again ﻫـــﻪﻣــــــﺴـــﺎن ;ba dawr gařân to circle around 110 READINGS * * * ﺳـﺎـﮕـﺎرـﻚ راﺑـﻮارد. ﭘـﲑﻩﭘـﻴـﺎوان و ﺑـﻪﺳـﺎﭼـﻮان ﮔـﻪڵ ﻫـﻮوﺷـﻪ و ﻓــﺸـﻪى ﻣـﺎرﻩﰷن و ﺧـﺸـﻜـﻪ و ـﺸـﻜـﻪى ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪرددا راﻫـﺎﺗـﺒـﻮون، ﺑـﻪم ﻧـﻪوﻩى ﻧـﻮێ م ر و دۆـﻪ ڕازى ﺑـﻮون. ﭘــﻜـﻪوﻩ دادﻩﻧــﺸـﱳ، ﺑـﻪ ﭼــﻪ و ﺗﴎـﻪ دﻩـﮕـﻰ ڕﻩزاﯾـﻪﰏ ﺧـﯚن ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﻮـﻰ ﯾـﻪﻛـﱰدا دﻩﭼﺮﭘﺎﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﻦ رﮕﺎى ﺎرﻩﺳﻪرﺮدﱏ ﺋﻪو ﺑﻪﯾﻪدا دﻩﮔﻪڕان. دﻩﮕﯚت:١ ـــ ﺋـﺎﺧـﺮ، ﻛـﻪى ژـﺮ ﺳـــﻪرى ﻣـﻪرگ و ـﺮﺳـﺪا ـﮋـﻦ؟ ﻛـﻪى ﺑـﻪرﻫـﻪﱉ ﰷر و رﻩﳒﲈن ﮔﻪرووى ﺋﻪو ﻣﺎرﻩ زﻩﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻪﻦ؟ و… ـﻪﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪﺳـــﻜــﺎن ـﻮـﺮﻩﺳـﻪوادـﻜــﺎن ﻫـﻪﺑـﻮو، دﻩورﺑـﻪر ﮔـﻪڕاﺑـﻮون، ﺳـﻪرﺑـﻪﺳــﱴ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪﻩﰷﱏ ـﺮن دﯾـﺒـﻮو و دﻩﻧـﻮـﺴـﺖ ـﻮت و زﳒـﲑى ﺋـﻪم ﺳـﺎم و ـﺮﺳـﻪ دﻩﺳـﺖ و ﭘـ و ﮔـﻪردن ﺑــﺴـــﲍ. ـﻮو ﺳـﻪر ﺋـﻪﳒـﺎم، ﯾـﻪﻛــﻚ ﻻوﻩﰷن، ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﯚ ﻓـﺮۆﺷــﲎ ﺑـﻪرﻫـﻪم ﭼـﻮوﺑـﻮوﻩ ﺷـﺎر، ﮔـﻪڕاﯾـﻪوﻩ و ﻣـﺰﮔــﲎ ﭘـ دان: رـﮕـﺎى رزﮔـﺎرى دﯾـﺘـﯚﺗـﻪوﻩ. ﺷـﺎردا ﭘـﺎـﻪواﻧــﲃ دﯾـــﻮو. ﺷـﺎﱏ وا، ـﻰ وا، ﮔـﻮﭘـﺎـﻰ وا!! زﳒـﲑ دﻩـﺴــ، ﻣـﺎر ﺋـﻪﻓـﺴـﻮون دﻩﰷت، و رۆﺳﺘﻪﻣﻜﻪ و رﯾﻒ ﯾﻪ…٢ biřyâr-dirân for a decision to be ـــر دران ;fitwâ decision ﻓــــــﻮا ;khew lord ﺧــــــﻮ ;sent bin ـﻦ ;diłnarmî placation دـﺮﻩرﻣـﯽ ;khorâk food ﺧـﯚراک ;ba noba by turns ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﯚﺑـﻪ ;made ﺑــﻪ ;zhaman food ژﻩﻣــﻪن ;che-kirdin to build ﭼــ ــﺮدن ;sako bench ﺳــﻪﮐــﯚ ;foot, bottom ﺧـﮐـﻪ ;la bîr chûn to forget ﺑـﲑ ﭼـﻮون ;ark duty ﺋـﻪرک ;ba hałkawt by chance ﻫـﻪـﮑـﻪوت wa bîr وﻩ ﺑــﲑ ﻫــــﻨــﺎﻧــﻪوﻩ ;khishîn to creep ﺧــﺸــﲔ ;khezałân sand ــــﺰﻩن ;khiřka gravel henânawa to remind. khishka ﺧـﺸـﮑـﻪ و ـﺸـﮑـﻪ ;hûsha u fîsha hissing ﻫـﻮوﺷـﻪ و ﻓــﺸـﻪ ;basâłâchû elder ﺑـﻪﺳـﺎﭼـﻮو١ bâr ر و دۆخ ;râ-hâtin lagał to become accustomed to راﻫــﺎــﻦ ﮔــﻪڵ ;u pishka creeping -dâ داﻧــﺸـﱳ ;pekawa together ﭘــﮑـﻪوﻩ ;nâřâzî la discontent with رازی ;u dokh burden -nâřazâyatî discon ڕﻩزاﯾــﻪﰏ ;chipa u sirta whispering ﭼــــﻪ و ﺗﴎــﻪ ;nîshtin to sit down ba gwe yektir’dâ chirpândin to whisper into each other’s ﺑــﻪ ﮔــﻮێ ﯾــﻪﮐــﱰدا ﭼــﺮﭘــﺎﻧــﺪن ;tent chârasar-kirdin to ـﺎرﻩﺳـﻪر ـﺮدن ;ba shwen regâ i going in search of ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﻦ رـﮕـﺎی ;ears remedy. ـﺮس ;marg death ﻣـﻪرگ ;sebar shadow ﺳـــﻪر ;tâ kay how long ﮐـﻪی ;âkhir alas ﺋـﺎﺧـﺮ٢ barham i kâr u ranjmân the ﺑـــﻪرﻫـــﻪﻣـــﯽ ﰷر و رﻩﳒـــﲈن ;zhîn zhî- to live ژـــﻦ (ژی) ;tirs fear ;la garû i … kirdin to put down the throat of ﮔـــــﻪرووی … ـــــﺮدن ;fruits of our labors دﻩورﺑـﻪر ;kwerasawâd semi-literacy ـﻮـﺮﻩﺳـﻪواد ;chand kasèk several people ـﻪﻧـﺪ ﮐـﻪﺳـــﮏ ﮐـﯚت ;sarbast i gund village boundary ﺳـﻪرﺑـﻪﺳــﱴ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ ;dawrbar-gařân to go about ﮔـﻪڕان 111 SORANI KURDISH ﺳـﻪرﻩ، ردـﻦ ﺳــﭙـﻰ و ﮔـﻪورﻩﭘـﻴـﺎواﱏ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ دژى ﺋـﻪم ﻗـﺴـﺎﻧـﻪ رادﻩوﻩﺳــﺘـﺎن و ﺑـﻪ ﺗــﻮﻧــﺪى ﻻوﻩﰷﻧــﻴــﺎن دﻩﻣــﻜــﻮت دﻩــﺮد، ﺑــﻪم ﺷــﻪوــﻚ ﮔــﺎﺷــﻪ ﺑــﻪرد، ﺑــﻪ ﮔــﺮم و ﻫــﯚڕ، ﻫﻪﻣﺴﺎن ﻪﻧﺪ ﻣﱰﻚ ﺧﺰاﯾﻪ ﭘﺶ. ﺋﻴﱰ ر درا ﺑﻪ دواى ﭘﺎﻪواندا ﻦ.١ * * * ﻻواﱏ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ، ﭘـﺎـﻪواﻧـﻴـﺎن ﮔـﯚﺷـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ ﺷـﺎردا دﯾـﺘـﻪوﻩ. ـﻪـﻚ دﻩورﻩن داﺑـﻮو. ﭘـﺎـﻪواﱏ ﭼـﻰ؟ ى ﺑـﻪرز و ﺳـــﮕـﻰ ﺋـﻪﺳــﺘـﻮور، دوو ﺳـﲃ وﻩك دوو ﻛـﯚـﻪﻛـﻪ و ﻫـﻪر ﻻﻗــﲃ ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﻪدﻩر ﺳـﺎﻗـﻪﰏ دارﻩ ﭘـﻪـﻜــﻚ. ژـﺮ ﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪردـﻜـﺪا رـﺸـﺎﺑـﻮو. ﺳـ ﻻوى ﺑـﻪﻫــﺰ، ﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪن ﺑـﻪ ـﻮﺗـﻚ ﺳـﻪر ﺳـــﮕـﻰ دﻩﺷـﲀﻧـﺪ. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﺳـﻪر ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻮاﻧـﻪ ﻫـﻪﺳــﺘـﺎ، رﺷــﺘـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ زﳒـﲑى ﺑـﻪ دﻩور ﺧـﯚﯾـﺪا ﺋـﺎﻧـﺪ. ﺧـﯚى ﺑـﯚ ﮔـﺮﻣـﯚـﻪ ـﺮد و ﺳـﻪرى ﻫـﻪـى. ﻫـﺎوارـﲃ ـﺮد و زۆرى ﺑـﯚ ﺧـﯚى ﻫــﻨـﺎ. دﻩﻣـﺎرﻩﰷﱏ وﻩك ﺳـﻮـﻪﻣـﺎر دﻩرﭘـﻪڕى ﺑـﻮون. ـﻪـﻚ ـﻪﭘــﻪن ﺑـﯚ ﻟــﺪا و ﻫـﻪر ﻻﯾـﻪﻛـﻪوﻩ ﺳـﻜـﻪى ﭘـﻮوـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﯚ ﻫـﺎوـﺸـﺖ. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﺷـﮔـﻪﺷـﻜـﻪ ﺑـﺒـﻮو. ﭘـﻮوـﻪﰷﱏ ﻛـﯚ دﻩـﺮدﻩوﻩ و دوـﺎى ــﺮى ﺑـﯚ ـﻪـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪ دﻩـﺮد. ﻻواﱏ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ زـﺮ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﻛـﻪس ﭘـﻮوـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﭘـﺎـﻪواﻧـﺪا راﻧـﺪ. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﺗـﻪﰷﻧــﲃ ﺑـﻪ ﺧﯚ دا و زﳒﲑﻩﻛﻪى ﭘﭽاﻧﺪ…٢

ـﻮو ;pisândin to break ـﺴـﺎﻧـﺪن ;gardin neck ﮔـﻪردن ;kot u zinjîr bonds and chains و زﳒـﲑ firoshtin ﻓـﺮۆﺷـﱳ ;lâw youth ﻻو ;sar anjâm finally ﺳـﻪر ﺋـﻪﳒـﺎم ;tâkû this continued until mizgen dân ba to give good ﻣـﺰﮔــﻦ دان ﺑـﻪ ;shâr city ﺷـﺎر ;barham produce ﺑـﻪرﻫـﻪم ;to sell -dîtûwa دﯾـﺘـﻮوﻩﺗـﻪوﻩ = dîtotawa دﯾـﺘـﯚﺗـﻪوﻩ ;rizgârî salvation رزﮔـﺎری ;regâ way رـﮕـﺎ ;news to ﺋـﻪ ;gopâł club ﮔـﯚﭘـﺎڵ ;bâł arm ڵ ;shân shoulders ﺷـﺎن ;pâławân strong man ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ;tawa ;Rostam Rustam, a legendary champion رۆﺳــﺘـﻪم ;afsûn-kirdin to charm ﻓـﺴـﻮون ـﺮدن .la târîf nahâtin to be indescribable رﯾﻒ ﻧﻪﻫﺎﻦ ;dizh i … râ-wastân to take a stance against زژی … راوﻩﺳــﺘـﺎن ;saratâ initially ﺳـﻪرﻩ١ girm u hoř ﮔـﺮم و ﻫـﯚڕ ;damkut-kirdin to silence دﻩﻣـﮑـﻮت ـﺮدن ;ba tundî roughly ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻮﻧـﺪی ba ﺑــﻪ دوای … ﭼــﻮون ;khizânà pesh to creep forward ﺧــﺰاﻧــﻪ ﭘــــﺶ ;mîtr meter ﻣــــﱰ ;boom dwâ i … chûn to go in search of. sîng ﺳــــــﮓ ;dawra-dân to encircle; bâłâ stature دﻩورﻩ دان ;gosha corner ﮔــﯚﺷــﻪ٢ ;lâq leg ﻻق ;kołaka column ﮐـﯚـﻪﮐـﻪ ;bâsik upper arm ﺳـﮏ ;astûr thick ﺋـﻪﺳــﺘـﻮور ;chest -râ رـﺸـﺎن ;pałk plane tree ﭘـﻪـﮏ ;sâqat tree trunk ﺳـﺎﻗـﻪت ;ba qadar as much as ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﻪدﻩر shikândin to ﺷـــﲀﻧـــﺪن ;kutik blow ـــﻮـــﮏ ;bahez strong ﺑـــﻪﻫــــــﺰ ;kishân to stretch out ;hałwastâ ﻫـﻪـﻮﻩﺳــﺘـﺎ = hastâ ﻫـﻪﺳــﺘـﺎ ;sarkawtûâna triumphantly ﺳـﻪرﮐـﻪوﺗـﻮواﻧـﻪ ;shatter ba dawr khoy’dâ ﺑـﻪ دﻩور ﺧـﯚﯾـﺪا ﺋـﺎﻧـﺪن ;rishtayèk i zinjîr a piece of chain رﺷــﺘـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ زﳒـﲑ 112 READINGS دواى ﺋــﻪوﻩ، دﻩرﻛــﻪى ﺳــــﻨــﺪووﻗــــﲃ ــﺮدﻩوﻩ، دوو ﻣــﺎرى زﻩــﮕــﻰ ﺳــﻪرن ﺳــﻨـﺪووﻗـﻪﻛـﻪوﻩ دﻩرﻫــﻨـﺎ و ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪر و ﮔـﻴـﻒ، ـﻪرد ﺧـﺸـﺎن. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ـﻪﺗــﲃ ﺑـﻪ دﻩورﻧـﺪا ﻛــﺸـﺎ، وـﺮدـﲃ ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪ. ﻣـﺎرﻩﰷن وﻩك ـﺰﻣـﺎر ـﺮاـﻦ، ﺟــﻰ ﺧـﯚن ـﻪﻗـﲔ و ﭘﻪﻜﻪن ﺑﻪﺳﺖ.١ ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ـﻪﻧـﺪ ـﻪﴰـﻪى ـﺮى ﮔــا. ﭘـﻮوــﲃ ـﺮى ﻛـﯚ ـﺮدﻩوﻩ، و ﻣـﺎڵﺋـﺎواﱙ ـﻪـﻚ ـﺮد. ـﻪـﻚ ﺑـوﻩن ـﺮد. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﻛـﻪل و ﭘـﻪﻛـﻪى ﻛـﯚ ـﺮدﻩوﻩ و ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﯚـﻴـﺪا دا و وﻩ رێ ﻛـﻪوت. ﻻوﻩﰷن ﺷـﻮـﲎ ﻛـﻪوـﻦ. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان رووى ـﺮدﻩ ﺑـﻴـﺎن، ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﻣـﺎـﻪ رووـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪك. ﻻوﻩﰷن ﺧـﯚن ﮔـﻪﻧـﺪێ. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﻫـﻪر ﻛـﻪ ﺋـﻪواﱏ دﯾـﺖ، ـﺮﺳـﺎن زﱏ ﺑـﻪﺳـﱰا. ﭘــﻰ وا ﺑـﻮو دز و رـﮕـﺮن و ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎن ﭘـﻮوـﻪﻛـﻪى ـﺮدووﻩ. ﻫـﺎت ﻫـﻪـﻰ، ﺑـﻪم ﻻوﻩﰷن ﺳـﻪر رﮕﺎى ﻪﻗﲔ. ﺑﻪ رﻩﮓﻫﻪﱫرﰷوى ﮔﯚﰏ:٢

ﻫــﻪــ ــﻦ ;girmoła-kirdin to twist and turn ﮔــﺮﻣــﯚــﻪ ــﺮدن ;âłândin to wrap around oneself zor bo زۆر ﺑـﯚ ﺧـﯚی ﻫــﻨـﺎن ;hâwâr-kirdin to shout ﻫـﺎوار ـﺮدن ;hał-biřîn la to get free from ;sujamâr serpent ﺳــــﻮــــﻪﻣــــﺎر ;damâr vein دﻩﻣــــﺎر ;khoy henân to make a great effort ﻫـﻪر ;chapła le-dân bo to applaud for ـﻪﭘــﻪ ﻟـ دان ﺑـﯚ ;dar-pařîn to pop out دﻩرﭘـﻪڕـﻦ ﻫـﺎوـﺸـﱳ (ﻫـﺎوـﮋ) ;sika i pûł coin ﺳـﮑـﻪی ﭘـﻮوڵ ;la har lâyèkawa from every side ﻻﯾـﻪﮐـﻪوﻩ ko-kirdinawa to ﮐـﯚ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;shâgashka overjoyed ﺷـﮔـﻪﺷـﮑـﻪ ;hâwîshtin hâwezh- to toss ziyâtir la زـﺮ ;du‘â i kher kirdin bo to say thank-you to دوـﺎی ــﺮ ـﺮدن ﺑـﯚ ;gather up takân ba kho dân to shake ﺗـــﻪﰷن ﺑـــﻪ ﺧـــﯚ دان ;bârândin to rain down راﻧـــﺪن ;more than .pichiřândin to break apart ﭘﭽاﻧﺪن ;oneself sar ﺳـﻪر دﻩرﻫــﻨـﺎن ;kirdinawa to open ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;sindûq chest ﺳــﻨـﺪووق ;darka lid دﻩرﮐـﻪ١ ard‘ ــــﻪرد ;ba har u gîf threatingly ﺑــــﻪ ﻫــــﻪر و ﮔــــﻴــــﻒ ;dar-henân to stick the head out wîrd khwendin to recite a وـﺮد ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪن ;keshân to draw ﮐــﺸـﺎن ;khat line ـﻪت ;ground ;chaqîn to sink to the ground ــﻪﻗــﲔ ;bizmâr-kirân to be nailed down ــﺰﻣــﺎر ــﺮان ;spell .papka-bastin to coil up ﭘﻪﮑﻪ ﺑﻪﺳﱳ mâłâwâî-kirdin la to ﻣـﺎواﱙ ـﺮدن ;chashma-geřân to perform a trick ـﻪﺷــﻨـﻪ ﮔــان٢ -kal u pal parapher ﮐـــﻪل و ﭘـــﻪل ;biłâwa-kirdin to disperse ﺑـــوﻩ ـــﺮدن ;say good-bye to wa re kawtin وﻩ رێ ﮐـﻪوـﻦ ;ba koł’dâ dân to sling over the shoulders ﺑـﻪ ﮐـﯚـﺪا دان ;nalia ﺑـﻴـﺎن ;rû-kirdinà to set out for روو ـﺮدﻧـﻪ ;shwen kawtin to follow ﺷـﻮـﻦ ﮐـﻪوـﻦ ;to set out kho gayândinà ﺧـﯚ ﮔـﻪﻧـﺪﻧـﻪ ;rûkhâw ruined, tumbled-down رووـﺎو ;biyâbân wilderness pey wâ ﭘــﯽ وا ﺑـﻮو ;zibân bastrân for the tongue to be tied زن ﺑـﻪﺳـﱰان ;to get oneself to tamâ-kirdin la ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎ ـﺮدن ;regir robber رـﮕـﺮ ;diz thief دز ;bû he thought, he imagined la sar regâ i ﺳـﻪر رـﮕـﺎی … ـﻪﻗـﲔ ;hał-hâtin to run away ﻫـﻪـﻬـﺎـﻦ ;to have designs on ba ranghałbizirkâwî with the color ﺑـــﻪ رﻩـــﮕـــﻬـــﻪـــﱫرﰷوی ;chaqîn to block s.o.’s way … 113 SORANI KURDISH ــــ ﭼﺘﺎن دﻩوێ؟ ﯾﻪﻛﻚ ﻻوﻩﰷن ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ ﺋـﻪى ﭘـﺎـﻪواﱏ ـﺎوﻩن ﺷـﻜـﯚ! ﺋــﻤـﻪ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪـﲃ دوورﻩوﻩ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوﯾـﻨـﻪ ﺧـﺰﻣـﻪﺗـﺖ. ﻫﻴﻮادارم ﺋﻮﻣﺪﻣﺎن ﻧﻪﻛﻪى!١ ﯾﻪﰽ ﺮن ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ ﺗﻮوﳽ ﺑﻪﯾﻪك ﺑﻮوﻦ. ﺗﻪﻧﻴﺎ ﺗﯚ دﻩﺗﻮاﱏ رزﮔﺎرﻣﺎن ﻜﻪى! ﭘﺎﻪوان ﭘﻰ وا ﺑﻮو ﺗﺎﻰ ﭘﻰ دﻩﻛﻪن. ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ ﻟﻢ ﮔﻪڕﻦ، ﺑﻪ. ﺧﯚ ﻣﻦ رﺷﻘﻪﳒﺎرى ﺋﻮﻩ ﻧﲓ. دﻩﺳﱲ ﻟ ﻫﻪﮕﺮن!٢ ﻻوﻩﰷن ﯾﻪﻛﺪﻩﮓ ﮔﯚﺗﻴﺎن: ــــ ﺋـﻪى ﭘـﺎـﻪواﱏ ﻫـﺎو، ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪزار ﻫـﻴـﻮا و ﺋـﺎواﺗـﻪوﻩ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوـﻦ. ـﻪـﲃ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪﻩﻛـﻪﻣـﺎن ـﺎوﻩڕواﱏ ـﻪﺑـﱳ و ﺋــﻤـﻪ ﻧـﻮـﻨـﻪرى ﺋـﻪواﻧـﲔ. دﻩﺳـﺖ ﻣـﻪ ﺑـﻪ رووﻣـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ! دـﲈن ﻣﻪﺷﻜﻨﻪ!٣ ﭘﺎﻪوان ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ ﺑﻴﻜﻪن ﺑﻪ ﺎﺮى ﺧﻮدا. ﺋﺎزارم ﻣﻪدﻩن. ﻫﺎ، ﻫﻪر ﻫﻪﯾﻪ، ﺑﯚ ﺋﻮﻩ. ﺋـﻪﳎـﺎر، ﯾـﻪﰽ ﻻوﻩﰷن ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪراﻧـﺒـﻪرى ﭘـﺎـﻪواندا راوﻩﺳــﺘـﺎ و ـﺎڵ و ـﻪﰷﯾـﻪﰏ ﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪرد و ﻣـﺎرﻩﰷﱏ ﮔــاﯾـﻪوﻩ. ﺋـﻴـﱰ ﭘـﺎـﻪوان دـﻨـﻴـﺎﺑـﻮو: زاﱏ ﺑـﻪﺧـﺖ رووى

drained from the face. hâtinà khizmat to come to ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ ﺧـﺰﻣـﻪت ;khâwanshiko master ـﺎوﻩـﺸـﮑـﯚ ;ay O ﺋـﻪی١ .nâumed-kirdin to dash someone’s hopes ﺋﻮﻣﺪ ﺮدن ;hîwâdâr hopeful ﻫﻴﻮادار ;see رزﮔـﺎر ;tanyâ only ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ ;bałâ calamity ﺑـﻪ ;tûsh i … bûn to be beset by ﺗـﻮوﳽ … ﺑـﻮون٢ gařân la ﮔـﻪڕان ;tîtâł-kirdin ba to play a trick on ﺗـــﺎڵ ـﺮدن ﺑـﻪ ;rizgâr-kirdin to save ـﺮدن dast دﻩﺳـﺖ ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺮـﻦ ;rishqanjâr butt of a joke رﺷـﻘـﻪﳒـﺎر ;bâba fellow ﺑـﻪ ;to leave alone hał-girtin la to let go. ;âwât expectation ﺋـﺎوات ;behâwtâ peerless ﺑــﻬـﺎو ;yekdang with one voice ﯾـﻪﮐـﺪﻩـﮓ٣ -nwenar repre ﻧـﻮـﻨـﻪر ;janâbit your excellency ـﻪﺑـﺖ ;châwařwân i expecting ـﺎوﻩڕواﱏ dił-shikândin دڵ ﺷـﲀﻧـﺪن ;dast nân ba rû’awa to turn away دﻩﺳـﺖ ن ﺑـﻪ رووﻩوﻩ ;sentative to break the heart. 114 READINGS ﺗﻜﺮدووﻩ. ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ زۆر ﺷﻪ. زۆر ﺷﻪ… ﻣﻦ ﺑﯚ ﺧﺰﻣﻪت ﺋﺎﻣﺎدﻩم. ﺎ، رێ ﻛﻪون، ۆﻦ!١ * * * ورد و درﺷـﺖ، ژن و ﭘـﻴـﺎو، ـﻮڕ و ﰷڵ، ﺑـﻪﺗــﻜـﺮاﱙ ـﻪـﲃ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ ﺑـﯚ ﭘــﺸـﻮازى ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﭼـﻮوﺑـﻮون. دﻩول و زورن ﻟــﺪﻩدا، ﺑـﻪ ـﻪﭘــﻪرـﺰان و ﺷـﺎدى، ﭘـﺎـﻪواﻧـﻴـﺎن ﻫــﻨـﺎﯾـﻪ و ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ. ﻣـﻪڕـﻜــﺎن ﺑـﻪر ﭘــﻰ ﭘـﺎـﻪواﻧـﺪا ﻗـﻮرﱏ ـﺮد و ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮـﻨـﻪﻛـﻪى دﻩر و دﯾـﻮارى ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪن ﻧـﻪﺧـﺸـﺎﻧـﺪ. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪرﺳـﻮڕﻣـﺎن و وﻩڕىﯾـﻪوﻩ و ﮔـﯚﺑـﻪﻧـﺪ و ﺷـﺎﱙﯾـﻪى دﻩڕواﱏ و ﺧـﯚﺷــﻴـﺎن ﭘـﺎى وﻩ ـﻪرز ﻧـﻪدﻩﻛـﻪوت. ﻫـﻪ ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﻫـﻪرﮔـﲒ رـﺰى واى ﻟـ ﻧـﻪﮔـﲑاﺑـﻮو. ﺷـﮔـﻪﺷـﻜـﻪ ﺑـﺒـﻮو. ﺑـﻪ ﻓـﲒ و ﺧـﯚﱙ، دﻩﺳـــﲃ ﻛـﻪﻛـﻪى ﺑـﻮو و ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﺪﱏ ﺳﻪر و ﺰووﺗﲎ ﻗﺎﻣﲃ ﺟﻮاﰉ ﻪﲃ دﻩداﯾﻪوﻩ.٢ ﭘـﺎش ـﻮ ﺗرـﻪ وـﺎﻧــﻚ ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﭘــﺶ، ـﻪـﻚ ﺑـﻪ دواﯾـﺪا، ﺑـﻪرﻩو ﻻى ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪرد وﻩ رێ ﻛـﻪوـﻦ. ﰷ ﮔـﻪـﺸـــﻪ ﻧـﲒـﲃ ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪ ـﻪـﻚ ﺑـﻪ رـﺰ راوﻩﺳــﺘـﺎن. ﻫــﻨـﺪى دﻩﺳـــﺎن ﺑـﻪرﻩو ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈن ﻫـﻪـﯾـﺒـﻮو و دوـﺎن دﻩـﺮد. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪك ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪى رواﱏ. ﺋـﻪﳎـﺎر

âzâr-dân to ﺋـﺎزار دان ;biykan ba khâtir i khudâ leave it to God ﺑـﻴـﮑـﻪن ﺑـﻪ ـﺎـﺮی ﺧـﻮدا١ ba adabawa ﺑــــﻪ ﺋــــﻪدﻩﺑــــﻪوﻩ ;amjâr at this point ﺋــــﻪﳎــــﺎر ;hâne here, take it ﻫــــﺎ ;bother ;ḥakâyat story ــﻪﰷﯾــﻪت ;ḥâl situation ــﺎل ;la barâmbar i before ﺑــﻪراﻣــــﻪری ;politely ;bakht rû-kirdin ba for fortune to smile on ﺑــﻪﺧــﺖ روو ــﺮدن ﺑــﻪ ;diłnyâ convinced دــﻨــﻴــﺎ re-kawtin to hit the road, get رێ ﮐــﻪوــﻦ ;âmâda ready ﺋــﺎﻣــﺎدﻩ ;khizmat service ﺧــﺰﻣــﻪت under way. ba ﺑــﻪ ﺗــــﮑــﺮاﱙ ;kuř u kâł boys and girls ــﻮڕ و ﰷڵ ;dirisht large درﺷــﺖ ;wird small ورد٢ dawl u zuřnâ دﻩول و زور ﻟــ دان ;peshwâzî la greeting ﭘــــﺸــﻮازی ;tekrâî i together with -shâdî re ﺷــﺎدی ;chapłarezân applause ــﻪﭘــــﻪرــﺰان ;le-dân to play drums and clarions nakhshândin ﻧـﻪﺧـﺸـﺎﻧـﺪن ;qurbânî-kirdin to slaughter ﻗـﻮرﱏ ـﺮدن ;mař sheep ﻣـﻪڕ ;joicing -go ﮔــﯚﺑــﻪﻧــﺪ ;nâbâwařî disbelief وﻩڕی ;sarsuřmân perplexity ﺳــﻪرﺳــﻮڕﻣــﺎن ;to smear on ﭘـﺎی ;la khoshîân out of glee ﺧـﯚﺷــﻴـﺎن ;rwânîn la to look at رواﻧـﲔ ;band celebration ﻫـﻪرﮔـﲒ ;pây wa ‘arz nadakawt he couldn't keep his feet on the ground وﻩ ـﻪرز ﻧـﻪدﻩﮐـﻪوت -shâ ﺷـﮔـﻪﺷـﮑـﻪ ;rêz gîrân la for respect to be paid to رـﺰ ﮔــﺮان ;hargîz (+ neg.) never دﻩﺳـــﮏ ﮐـﻪ ;la khobâî puffed up with pride ﺧـﯚﱙ ;fîz pride ﻓـﲒ ;gashka overjoyed ﺳـﻪر ﻗـﺎﻧـﺪن ;dastèk la kalaká nân to put a hand on the head, to be flabbergasted ﮐـﻪ ن ﺟــﻮاب دان ;qâmik finger ﻗــﺎﻣــﮏ ;bizûtin to wag ــﺰووــﻦ ;sar laqândin to shake the head jwâb-dân to reply. 115 SORANI KURDISH ﺑﻪ ﻪﻧﺪ ﺷﻪﻗﺎو ﺧﯚى ﮔﻪﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﺎڵ ﮔﺎﺷﻪ ﺑﻪرد. ﯾﻪﰽ ﻫﺎوارى ﺮد:١ ــــ ﭘﺎﻪوان، ﺋﮔﺎت ﻣﺎرﻩﰷن . ﯾﻪﰽ ﺮ ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ ﺧﻮدا ﺸﺖ و ﭘﻪت !٢ ﻻى ﺋــﻮارﻩ ﺑـﻮو. ﻣـﺎرﻩﰷن ﺑـﯚ ﺧـﻮاردﱏ ژﻩﻣـﻪن ـﻮن وﻩ دﻩر ﻛـﻪوﺗـﺒـﻮون. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﺑـﻪ دﯾــﲎ ﻣـﺎرﻩﰷن ﺑـﻪزﻩﱙﯾـﻪﰽ ﻫـﺎ. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﺋـﻪم ﻻ و ﺋـﻪو ﻻى ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪرﻩﻛـﻪ ﮔـﻪڕا. دﻩﺳـــﲃ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ژﺮ ﮔﺎﺷﻪ ﺑﻪرد و ﺳﻮوﻛﻪ زۆرﲃ ﺮد… ﺑﻪر ﺧﯚﯾﻪوﻩ ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ ﻪﻧﺪﻩ ﺳﺎوﯾﻠﻜﻪن!٣ ـﻪرﯾـﻚ ﺑـﻮو دﻩم ـﲀﺗـﻪوﻩ و رـﮕـﺎى و ـﺮدﱏ ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ـﻪـﻚ ﺑــ، ﺑـﻪم ژﱏ ڵ و ـﻪرى ﺧـﯚى ﻫـﺎﺗـﻪوﻩ ﭘــﺶ ـﺎو… ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ و ﺋـﺎوارﻩ، ﻣـﺎڵ ﻛـﯚڵ، ﻫـﻪر رۆژﻩ ﺷـﺎرـﻚ، ﻧـﻪ ژﱏ، ﻧـﻪ ﻣــﺪاـﻰ، ﻧـﻪ ﻣـﺎـﻰ، ﻧـﻪ ـﮋﯾـﻮى، ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻰ ﻧـﻪﺑـﻮو. وﻩك ـﻪﻧـﺘـﻪرﻩﻛـﻪى ﻟـﯚﰏ ﺳـﺎـﺢ، ﺑـﯚ ـﻪـﻚ دﻩورى دﻩﮔــا. ـﻪـﻚ ﭘــﻰ ﭘــﺪﻩﻛـﻪﻧـﲔ، ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻮوﻛـﻪوﻩ ﻟــﯽ دﻩڕواﻧـﲔ. ﻫـﻪ ﭘـﻮوــﲃ رﻩﺷــﻴـﺎن ﺑـﯚ دﻩﻫـﺎوـﺸـﺖ. ـﺎرﻩﻗـﻪى رﻩش و ﺳـﻮورى دﻩردﻩدا. ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ـﺎر و ر ﺋـﺎـﻘـﻪى ﺣـﲓ ـﺮاوى زﳒـﲑﻩﻛـﻪ ﰷﰏ ﺧـﯚﯾـﺪا ﻧـﻪـﺮاﯾـﻪوﻩ، ﺋـﻴـﱰ ـﻪـﻚ دﻩورن ﭼـﯚڵ دﻩـﺮد و دﻩﺑـﻮاﯾـﻪ ﺳـﻪرى ﺷــﻴـﻮ ﺑـﻨـــﻪوﻩ، ﺑـﻪم ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﺋـﻪو ـﻪـﻜـﻪ ﺳـﺎوﯾـﻠـﻜـﻪ ﺋـﻪون ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎرﺰﻩر و رزﮔﺎرﻛﻪرى ﺧﯚن دﻩزاﱏ. ﺑﻪر ﺧﯚﯾﻪوﻩ ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ ﭘﺎﻪوان، ﺑﻪﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻰ ﺧﯚى ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﻩ، ﺑﻪ ﻓۆى ﻧﻪدﻩى.

ﺑــﻪ ;baraw lâ i toward ﺑــﻪرﻩو ﻻی ;wichân to rest وــﺎن ;(kurta short (in duration ــﻮ ﺗرــﻪ١ dast baraw âsmân دﻩﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪرﻩو ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈن ـ ـﻦ ;ba rîz râ-wastân to stand in a line رـﺰ راوﻩﺳــﺘـﺎن shaqâw ﺷـــﻪﻗـــﺎو ;du‘â-kirdin to pray دوـــﺎ ـــﺮدن ;hał-biřîn to raise the hands to heaven .hâwâr-kirdin to shout ﻫﺎوار ﺮدن ;pâł base ﭘﺎڵ ;step, pace khudâ pisht u panât be may ﺧـﻮدا ـﺸـﺖ و ﭘـﻪت ;âgât be la watch out for ﺋـﮔـﺎت ٢ God protect you. -wa dar kaw وﻩ دﻩر ﮐـﻪوـﻦ ;zhaman food ژﻩﻣـﻪن ;lâ i ewâra toward evening ﻻی ﺋــﻮارﻩ٣ am ﺋـﻪم ﻻ و ﺋـﻪو ﻻی ;bazaîekî hâtè he had a feeling of pity ﺑـﻪزﻩﺋـﻴـﻪﰽ ﻫـﺎ ;tin to come out ;dast khistinà zher to stick the hand under دﻩﺳــﺖ ﺧــﺴــــــﻪ ژــﺰ ;lâ u aw lâ i all around -sâ ﺳـﺎوﯾـﻠـﮑـﻪ ;labar khoyawa to himself ﺑـﻪر ﺧـﯚﯾـﻪوﻩ ;sûk-kirdin to deprecate ﺳـﻮوک ـﺮدن wîlka poor, miserable. 116 READINGS ﭘﺎﻪوان ﻫﻪﺳﺘﺎﯾﻪ ﺳﻪر ﭘ و رووى ﻪﻜﻪﻛﻪ ﺮد و ﮔﯚﰏ:١ ــــ ﺋﻪم ﺑﻪردﻩ دﻩﻣﺎرى ﻛﺪاﯾﻪ. ﻫﻪﻨﺎﻗﻪﻧﺪرێ. ﰷرى ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﻪ! ﻪﻚ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎراﻧﻪوﻩ ﮔﯚﺗﻴﺎن: ــــ ﭘـﺎـﻪوان، ﺋـﻪم ﺑـﻪردﻩ رـﺸـﻪﯾـﻪ. ﺳـﻪر ﺧـﻛـﻪ و ــﺰﻩﻧـﻪ. ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﺑـﺘـﻪوێ، دﻩﺗﻮاﱏ. ﭘﺎﻪوان ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ ، ﰷرى ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﻪ. ﯾﻪﻛﲃ ﺮ ﺑﺪۆزﻧﻪوﻩ. ﭘﺎﻪوان زۆرن. ﭘﺎﻪوان ﺑﻪ ﺋﺎﻧﻘﻪﺳﺖ ﻛﻪوﺗﻪ رێ ﺮوات. ﻪﻚ ﭘﺸﻴﺎن ﭘﮕﺮت و ﮔﯚﺗﻴﺎن: ــــ ﭘـﺎـﻪواﱏ ـﺎوﻩنﺷـﻜـﯚ! ﻫـﻴـﻮاى ﺋـﻪو ـﻪـﻜـﻪ ﻫـﻪژارﻩ ﺗـﯚى، ﺑـﻪ ﺟــﲈن ﻣـﻪﻫـــﻪ. ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ ﺗﯚ دﻩﺗﻮاﱏ م ﺑﻪﯾﻪ رزﮔﺎرﻣﺎن ﻜﻪى!٢ ﭘﺎﻪوان ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ ﻫــﺰـﲃ زۆرى دﻩوێ. ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪك ﻧـﻪﺧـﯚش ﺑـﻮوﻣـﻪ. ﻛـﺰ و ﻻواز ﺑـﻮوم. ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪك

;dam-kirdinawa to speak دﻩم ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;kharîk bûn (+ subj.) to be about to ـﻪرـﮏ ﺑـﻮون١ ;nâłabâr pitiful ـﻪر ;tâł bitter ڵ ;zhyân life ژن ;la nâw birdin to get rid of و ـﺮدن ﻣـﺎڵ ;âwâra homeless ﺋـﺎوارﻩ ;hâtinawa pesh châw to come to one’s vision ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪوﻩ ﭘــﺶ ـﺎو lotî luti, an ﻟـﯚﰏ ;antar monkey‘ ـﻪﻧـﺘـﻪر ;bizhîw substance ـﮋﯾـﻮ ;mâł la koł nomadic ﮐـﯚڵ -Lotî Sâłiḥ ap ﻟـــﯚﰏ ﺳـــﺎـــﺢ ;itinerant entertainer who usually has a performing monkey pe-kanîn ba to ﭘــﮑـﻪﻧـﲔ ﺑـﻪ ;dawr-geřân to cut flips دﻩور ﮔــان ;parently a proverbial lotî pûł ﭘـﻮوـﻪ رﻩش ;ba sûkawa rwânîn la to look upon with pity ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻮوﮐـﻪوﻩ رواﻧـﲔ ;laugh at âraqa i rash u sûr dar-dân to work up a‘ ـــﺎرﻩﻗـــﻪی رﻩش و ﺳـــﻮور دﻩردان ;a rash old coin âłqa i laḥîmkirâw i ﺋـﺎـﻘـﻪی ﺣـــﻤـﮑـﺮاوی زﳒـﲑ ;jâr u bâr from time to time ـﺎر و ر ;sweat choł-kirdin ﭼـــﯚڵ ـــﺮدن ;kât back of the neck ﰷت ;zinjîr the soldered links of the chain -sar beshîw nân to lay one’s head down without din ﺳـﻪر ﺑــﺸــﻴـﻮ ن ;to abandon, leave bakht ba pe ﺑـﻪﺧـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﭘـ … ﻫـﺎـﻦ ;rizgârkar savior رزﮔـﺎرﮐـﻪر ;pârezar protector ﭘـﺎرـﺰﻩر ;ner ﻫـﻪﺳــﺘـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﭘـ ;ba feřo dân to squander ﺑـﻪ ﻓــۆ دان ;i … hatin for fortune to smile on .rû-kirdin la to turn one’s face toward روو ﺮدن ;hastânà sar pe to stand up ﰷری ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﻴـﻪ ;hał-qandrân to be uprooted ﻫـﻪـﻘـﻪﻧـﺪران ;khâk earth ـﺎک ;damâr root دﻩﻣـﺎر٢ berîsha without رـﺸـﻪ ;ba pâřânawa pleadingly ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﺎڕاﻧـﻪوﻩ ;kâr i min niya I can’t do it la ﺋـﺎﻧـﻘـﻪﺳـﺖ ;dozînawa to find دۆزﯾـﻨـﻪوﻩ ;khezałân sand ــﺰﻩن ;khiřka gravel ﺧـﮐـﻪ ;roots -khâwanshiko mas ـﺎوﻩـﺸـﮑـﯚ ;pesh-girtin ba to block ﭘــﺶ ﮔـﺮـﻦ ﺑـﻪ ;ânqast deliberately .ba je heshtin (heł-) to abandon ﺑﻪ ﺟ ﻫﺸﱳ (ﻫ) ;hazhâr poor, miserable ﻫﻪژار ;ter 117 SORANI KURDISH ﻻزﻣﻪ ﻫﻪ ﻫﺰ و ﺗﻮام وﻩ دﻩﺳﺖ ﺑﳮﻪوﻩ. ﮔﯚﺗﻴﺎن: ــــ ﺑﻪ ﺟﲈن ﻣﻪﻫﻪ! ﺗﯚ ﭼﻰ ﺑﻰ؟ ﺳﻪرﻣﺎن رﺖ داﯾﻪ! ﭘﺎﻪوان ﮔﯚﰏ: ــــ ﻻﱏ ﻛـﻪم دﻩ ﯾـﻪك ﺳـﺎڵ ﲞـﯚم و ﺑـﻨـﻮوم ﻫـﻪ ﻫــﺰﻩﻛـﻪى ـﺎراﱎ وﻩ دﻩﺳـﺖ ﺑﳮﻪوﻩ.١ ـﻪـﻚ ﻣـﻪرـﻪﻛـﻪى ﭘـﺎـﻪواﻧـﻴـﺎن ﻗـﻪﺑـﻮوڵ ـﺮد و ـر درا ﻫـﻪر رۆژﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﯚﺑـﻪ ﯾـﻪﻛــﻚ ﺧـﯚرﰽ ﭘـﺎـﻪوان وﻩ ﺋـﻪﺳــﺘـﯚ ـﮕـﺮێ. ﺋـﻴـﱰ ﺑـﻪﺧــﻮ ـﺮدﱏ ﭘـﺎـﻪوان دﻩﺳــﱴ ﭘــﻜـﺮد. زﮔـﻰ ﭘـﺎـﻪوان، وﻩك ﻫـﯚڕـﲃ ـﻦ و ﻗـﻮوڵ، ﺗــﺮ ﻧـﻪدﻩﺑـﻮو. ﻫـﻪرﭼــﻴـﺎن ﺗــﻰ دﻩﺋـﺎﺧـﲎ ﻫـﻪر ﻗـﯚڕﻩى دﻩﻫـﺎت. ـﻪـﻚ ﭘـﻪﯾـﺘـﺎ ﭘـﻪﯾـﺘـﺎ ﺧـﯚرـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﯚ دﻩﻫــﻨـﺎ. دواى ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪك ﺗـﯚوى ﻣـﺮـﺸـﻚ و ﻛـﻪب ﺋـﺎواﱙ ـا. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان رۆژ ﮔـﻪڵ رۆژ ﻗـﻪـﻪوـﺮ دﻩﺑـﻮو و ى دﻩـﺮد. دﻩـﮕـﯚت ﻓـﻮوى دﻩدﻩن. ﺳـــﮕـﻰ ﺑـﺒـﻮو ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﻪد ﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪردـﻚ، دوو ﺳـﲃ وﻩك ﺳـﺎﻗـﻪﰏ درﻩﺧـﺖ. ﺋـﻴـﱰ ﭘـﺎـﻪوان و ﺋـﻪو ـﺎﻧـﻮوﻩ ﺑـﯚن ﺗـﻪرـﺎن ـﺮدﺑـﻮو ﻧـﻪدﻩﮔـﻮﳒـﺎ. ﻫـﯚدﻩﯾـﻪﰽ ﮔـﻪورﻩن ﺑـﯚ ﭼـ ـﺮد. دواى ﺷـﻪش ﻣـﺎـﮓ ﻧـﻪ ﭘـﻪز، ﻧـﻪ ـﺰن، ﻧـﻪ ﮔـﺎ… ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﻪ دﻩﺳــﺘـﻪوﻩ ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎ، و ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮون ـﺮد ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﻪرووى ﭘـﺎـﻪواندا. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان دﻩﳜـﻮارد و دﻩﻧـﻮﺳـﺖ. ﻫـﻪرﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ـﻪﺑـﻪر دﻩﻫﺎﺗﻪوﻩ دﻩﯾﻨﻪراﻧﺪ: ﺮﺳـﻤﻪ…ﺧﯚراك ﺑﲍ!٢

-lâzim neces ﻻزم ;lâwâz thin ﻻواز ;kiz limp ﮐــﺰ ;nakhosh ill ﻧــﻪﺧــﯚش ;hez power ﻫــــﺰ١ ﺳـﻪری ﮐـﻪﺳـــﮏ ;wa dast henânawa to get back وﻩ دﻩﺳـﺖ ﻫــﻨـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ ;twânâ ability ﺗـﻮا ;sary sâł ﺳـــــﺎڵ ;lân i kam at least ﻻﱏ ﮐـــــﻪم ;.sar i kasek la re dân to disappoint s.o رێ دان .jârân former ﺎران ;year وﻩ ﺋـﻪﺳــﺘـﯚ ;asto neck ﺋـﻪﺳــﺘـﯚ ;qabûł-kirdin to agree to ﻗـﻪﺑـﻮوڵ ـﺮدن ;marj stipulation ﻣـﻪرج٢ bakhew-kirdin to look after, to take ﺑـﻪﺧــﻮ ـﺮدن ;wa asto girtin to assume a burden ﮔـﺮـﻦ -ter ﺗــﺮ ﺑـﻮون ;qûł deep ﻗـﻮوڵ ;bebin bottomless ﺑــﱭ ;hoř sack ﻫـﯚڕ ;zig belly زگ ;care of qořa ﻗــﯚڕﻩ ;âkhnîn da to stuff into ﺋــﺎﺧــــﲔ دﻩ ;harchî whatever ﻫــﻪرﭼــﯽ ;bûn to get full ﮐــﻪﻻب ;tow i mirîshik egg ﺗــﯚوی ﻣــﺮــﺸــﮏ ;paytâ-paytâ constantly ﭘــﻪﯾــﺘــﺎ ﭘــﻪﯾــﺘــﺎ ;rumble rozh lagał rozh day by رۆژ ﮔـــــﻪڵ رۆژ ;biřrân to cease to exist ـــــان ;kalabâb rooster ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﻪد ;fû-dân to blow up ﻓـﻮو دان ;bâłâ-kirdin to get taller ـﺮدن ;qaław fat ﻗـﻪـﻪو ;day tarkhân-kirdin to set aside for ﺗــــﻪرــــﺎن ــــﺮدن ;dirakht tree درﻩﺧــــﺖ ;ba qad the size of -che ﭼــ ــﺮدن ;gawra large ﮔــﻪورﻩ ;hoda room ﻫــﯚدﻩ ;gunjân to fit ﮔــﻮﳒــﺎن ;exclusive use 118 READINGS ﺳـﻪر ﺋـﻪﳒـﺎم ﭘـﺎـﻪوان واى ﻟــﻬـﺎت ﻣــﭽـﻰ ژوورﻩﻛـﻪى رووـﺎﻧـﺪ و ﺳـﻪرى وﻩ دﻩر ﻛـﻪوت. ﺋـﻪوﻩﻧـﺪﻩ زل و ﺑـﻪرز ﺑـﺒـﻮو، ـﻪـﻚ ژـﺮ ﭘـــﺪا ﺑـﻮون. ﻟــﻰ دﻩـﺮﺳـﺎن و زاﰏ ﻧـﲒﯾـﻚ ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩن ﻧـﻪﺑـﻮو. ﺳـﻪر ﺋـﻪﳒـﺎم، ﯾـﻪك ﺳـﺎڵ دواﱙ ﻫـﺎت. ـﻪـﻚ ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﻪ دﻩﺳﺘﻪوﻩ ﻧﻪﻣﺎﺑﻮو. زﮔﻴﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺸﺎﻧﻪوﻩ ﻧﻮوﺳﺎﺑﻮو.١ ــــ ﺋﻪى ﭘﺎﻪواﱏ ﺎوﻩنﺷﻜﯚ! ﺋﻪى ﭘﺎﻪواﱏ ﭘﺎﻪوان! ﺋﻴﱰ ﺋﻪﻟﻮﻩﺪﻩ ﺋﻪﻟﻮﻩﻓﺎ!٢ ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﭘــﻜـﻪﱏ. دۆڵ و دﻩﺷـﺖ و ﭼــﺎ دﻩـﮕـﻰ داﯾـﻪوﻩ. دواى ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﺧـﯚى راﺗـﻪﰷﻧـﺪ. ﻫـﻪﺳــﺘـﺎﯾـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﭘـ. زﻩوى ژـﺮ ﭘـــﺪا دﻩرزى. ﻫـﻪ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ وﻩ دﻩر ﻛـﻪوت، ـﻪﻧـﺪ ـﺎﻧـﻮوى رﻣـﺎﻧـﺪ، ـﻪﻧـﺪ ژن و زاروك ژـﺮ ﭘــﻰدا ﺗـﻗـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ. ـﻪـﻚ وﻩ دواى ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﻛـﻪوـﻦ. ﰷ ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﭘـﻪى ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪ، ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻮوﰽ ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪى رواﱏ. ﻣـﺎرﻩﰷن ﺳـﻪرن دﻩرﻫــﻨـﺎﺑـﻮو. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻮوڕﻩﱙﯾـﻪوﻩ ﻫـﻪر دوو ﻣـﺎرﻩﻛـﻪى ﮔـﺮـﻦ و ﺧـﻮاردﱏ. دﻩـﮕـﻰ دﻩول و زور و ـﻪﭘــﻪ و ﺷـﺎدى ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﻻﯾـﻪﻛـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪرزﻩوﻩ ﺑـﻮو. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان دﻩﺳــﱴ ﺧـﺴــﺘـﻪ ژـﺮ ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪرد و ـﺮﰷﻧـﺪى. دﻩﺷـﺖ و ﭼــﺎ ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻪ رزﻩ. ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪردى ﻫــﻪ ﺳــﻪرﺳــﻪرى ﻫــﻪــى و دۆــــﲃ ﻗــﻮوــﻰ ﻫــﺎوــﺸــﺖ. ــﻪــﻚ ﺷــ ِﺎدى ﺋــﻪو ﺳـﻪرﻛـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪدا ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﭘـﻪڕـﻦ. ﭘـﺎـﻪوان، دﻩﺳـــﲃ ﺑـﻪ زﮔـﻴـﺪا ﻫــﻨـﺎ. ﻫـﻪﺳــﱴ ﺑـﻪ ـﺮﺳــﱴ ـﺮد. ﺟــﮕـﺎى ﺑـﻪـﻰ ﮔـﺎﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪردﻩﻛـﻪدا داﻧــﺸـﺖ. ﻣـﺎﻧـﺪوو ﺑـﺒـﻮو. وﺷـﻜــﲃدا. دوو ﻣـﺎرﻩ زﻩﮕﻰﯾﻪﻛﻪ ﺳﻪرن زارى دﻩرﻫﻨﺎ. ﭘﺎﻪوان ﻧﻪراﻧﺪى:٣ gâ ﮔـﺎ ;bizin goat ـﺰن ;paz sheep ﭘـﻪز ;mâng ﻣـﺎـﮓ ;shash six ﺷـﻪش ;kirdin to build harka ﻫـﻪرﮐـﻪ ;ba garû i …dâ kirdin to stuff down the throat of ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﻪرووی …دا ـﺮدن ;cow ﻧـﻪڕاﻧـﺪن ;.ba khabar hâtinawa to come to enquire after s.o ﺑـﻪ ـﻪﺑـﻪر ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪوﻩ ;anyone who .birsîm a I’m hungry ﺮﺳـﻤﻪ ;nařândin to yell zil زل ;rûkhândin to destroy رووــــﺎﻧــــﺪن ;zhûr room, chamber ژوور ;mîch roof ﻣــــــــﭻ١ zât i … bûn to زاﰏ … ﺑـﻮون ;tirsân la to be afraid of ـﺮﺳـﺎن ;bâłâbarz tall ﺑـﻪرز ;huge zig ba pishtawa زگ ﺑــﻪ ــﺸــــﺘــﻪوﻩ ﻧــﻮوﺳــﺎن ;dwâ hâtin to come to an end دوا ﻫــﺎــﻦ ;dare to nûsân for the belly to be stuck to the back, to be skin and bones. ”.it’s time to keep your promise“ (اﻟﻮﺪة اﻟﻮﻓﺎء .al-wa‘da al-wafâ (Ar ﺋﻪﻟﻮﻩﺪﻩ ﺋﻪﻟﻮﻩﻓﺎ٢ -dang دﻩــﮓ داﻧــﻪوﻩ ;dasht plain دﻩﺷــﺖ ;doł valley دۆڵ ;pe-kanîn to laugh ﭘــــﮑــﻪﻧــﲔ٣ ;larzîn to tremble رزـﻦ ;kho râ-takândin to shake oneself ﺧـﯚ راﺗـﻪﰷﻧـﺪن ;dânawa to echo ;tiłaqânawa to be shaken up ﺗــــﻪﻗــﺎﻧــﻪوﻩ ;zârok child زارۆک ;rimândin to collapse رﻣــﺎﻧــﺪن ba sûkî ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻮوﰽ رواﻧـﲔ ;panâ shelter ﭘـﻪ ;kawtin wa dwâ i to fall in after ﮐـﻪوـﻦ وﻩ دوای 119 SORANI KURDISH ــــ ﺮﺳـﻤﻪ… ، زوو ﻛﻪن… ﺧﯚراك…ﺧﯚراك.١

(۶) ﳻ ﺋﻪدﻩﰉ: ﭘﻪﺧﺸﺎن٢ ﯾﻮﺳﻒ ﺑﻪﺮى ﮔـﻮﻣـﺎن ﻛـﻪم ﻛـﻪس ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪﱏ ﻣــﺪاـﻰ ﺧـﯚﯾـﺪا ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪﺗـﻪ ﻛـﯚن و ﻣــﮋﯾـﻨـﻪﰷﱏ ـﻮردى داﯾـﻪﭘـﲑﻩ و ب و داﯾـﻚ و ﻛـﻪس و ﰷرى ﺧـﯚى ﻧـﻪﺑــﺴــ و ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎش زۆرى ﺑـﲑ ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎـﻦ. ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑـﻴـﺎﰏ ـﺎندا ﻣــﮋوى ﻣــﮋﯾـﻨـﻪى ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ و ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑـﻴـﺎﰏ ـﻮردىدا ﻫـﻪروﻩـﺮ. زۆرﺑـﻪى زۆرى ﺋـﻪم ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪﻧـﻪ ﻧـﻪﻧـﻮوﴎاوﻧـﻪوﻩ و دﻩس ﭼـﻮون. ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﻣـﺎوـﺸـﻪ ﺳـــﮓ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـــﮓ و دﻩﺳــﺘـﺎودﻩﺳـﺖ ﮔـﻪﯾـﻴـﻮﻩﺗـﻪ ﺑـﻪرﻩى ﺋـﻪﻣـۆ. درﻩ و دﻩﺳــﺘـﺎودﻩﺳــﱴ و ﺋــﺮﻩ و ﺋـﻪوێ ـﺮدﻧـﻪدا ﺋـﺎـﻮﮔـﯚڕى زۆرن ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪردا ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوﻩ و ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﭼـﻰ دـﻜـﻪ ﺳـﻪروﮔـﻮـﻼـﻴـﺎن ﺗــﻚ ﻧـﻪﺷـﻜـ، ﭘــﻮـﺴــﺘـﻪ ﺑـﻨـﻮوﴎـﻨـﻪوﻩ و ـﺎپ درـﻦ و ﺑـو ـﻜـﺮـﻨـﻪوﻩ. ﺋـﻪوﻩش ﭘــﺪاوـﺴــﱴ ﺑـﻪ ﰷر و ﺗــﻜـﯚﺷـﺎن و ﻟــﻜـﯚﻟـﻴـﻨـﻪوﻩى دـﺒـﻪﻧـﺪاﱏ ﺋـﻪدﻩﰉ ﻮردى ﻫﻪﯾﻪ.٣ dawl u zuřnâ drums دﻩول و زوڕ ;tûřaî anger ﺗــــــﻮوڕﻩﱙ ;rwânîn la to look deprecatingly ,barzawa bûn to be raised (voice ﺑـــﻪرزﻩوﻩ ﺑـــﻮون ;chapła applause ـــﻪﭘـــ ;and clarions nirkândin to ـﺮﰷﻧـﺪن ;dast khistinà zher to stick the hand under دﻩﺳـﺖ ﺧـﺴـــﻪ ژـﺮ ;(sound ;hatâ sarsarî altogether ﻫـﻪ ﺳـﻪرﺳـﻪری ;kawtinà larz to start to shake ﮐـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪ رز ;grunt ;hâwîshtin (hâwezh-) to toss ﻫــﺎوــﺸــﱳ (ﻫــﺎوــﮋ) ;hał-biřîn to cut loose, uproot ﻫــﻪــ ــﻦ ;hał-pařîn la shâdî’dâ to jump for joy ﻫـﻪـﭙـﻪڕـﻦ ﺷـﺎدﯾـﺪا ;sarkawtin success ﺳـﻪرﮐـﻪوـﻦ batâł ﺑـﻪڵ ;birsîyatî) hunger ـﺮﺳــﻴـﻪﰏ =) birsetî ـﺮﺳــﱴ ;hast-kirdin to feel ﻫـﻪﺳـﺖ ـﺮدن bâwishk-dân to وﺷــﮏ دان ;mândû tired ﻣــﺎﻧــﺪوو ;dâ-nîshtin to sit down داﻧــــﺸــﱳ ;empty .narândin to yell ﻧﻪراﻧﺪن ;zâr mouth زار ;yawn .zû-kirdin to be quick زوو ﺮدن ;yâłłâ c’mon ١ ٢ «ﴎوﻩ» ۴:٣٢ (١٣٦٧): ١٠-١١ وﻩرﮔﲑاو. begumân ﺑــﮕـﻮﻣـﺎن ;pakhshân prose ﭘـﻪﺧـﺸـﺎن ;adabî literary ﺋـﻪدﻩﰉ ;bâs discussion س٣ ;taman age ﺗــﻪﻣــﻪن ;kam kas haya there are few people ﮐــﻪم ﮐــﻪس ﻫــﻪﯾــﻪ ;without doubt ;lamezhîna ancient ﻣــﮋﯾـﻨـﻪ ;kon old ﮐـﯚن ;ḥikâyat tale ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت ;mindâłî childhood ﻣــﺪاـﯽ ﺑـﲑ ;kas u kâr people, kin ﮐـﻪس و ﰷر ;dâyapîr grandmother داﯾـﻪﭘـﲑ ;kurdî Kurdish ـﻮردی jihân the ــﺎن ;adabiyât literature ﺋــﻪدﻩﺑــﻴــﺎت ;la bîr mân to remain in the memory ﻣــﺎن zorba i zor the زۆرﺑـﻪی زۆر ;harwatir even more so ﻫـﻪروﻩـﺮ ;mezhû history ﻣــﮋوو ;world la das chûn to دﻩس ﭼــﻮون ;nûsrânawa to be written down ﻧــﻮوﴎاﻧــﻪوﻩ ;great majority 120 READINGS ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪ و ﯾـﺒـﻪﲤـﻪﻧـﺪىﯾـﻪﰷﱏ ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت. ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪﺗـﺪا رووداوى ﺳـﻪـﺮ و ﺳـﻪﻣـﻪرﻩ دﻩﺑــــــﺪرێ ﻛــﻪ واﻗــﻌــﻰ ژن زۆر ﺑــﻪ دوورن. ﺑــﯚ وــﻨــﻪ، دﻩﺗــﻮاﻧــﲔ ﻗــﺴــﻪ ــﺮدن ﺑــﯚ دﻩﺳـﻪﺗـﺪارى ـﻨـﺪﻩ و ﮔـﻴـﺎﻧـﺪارى دـﻜـﻪ دﻩﺳـﺖ رﻛــﺸـﲔ. ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪﺗـﺪا ﻗـﺎرﻩﻣـﺎﻧــﲃ درــﻜــﺮاو رووداوــﲃ ﯾــﺒــﻪﰏ ﻛــﻪﻣــﱰ دــﺘــﻪ ﮔــﯚڕێ. رووداو و ﻗــﺎرﻩﻣــﺎﻧــﻪﰷن زۆر ﺟـﯚراوﺟـﯚر و ﺟــﺎوازن. زﻣـﺎﱏ ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت زﻣـﺎﱏ ﺋـﺎﺳـﺎﱙ ـﻪـﻜـﻪ، و ﻗـﺎرﻩﻣـﺎﻧـﻪﰷﻧــﺶ ﺑـﻪ زﱏ ـﻪـﻚ دﻩدوـﻦ و راﺳـــﺪا وت و وـﮋى ﻛـﻪﺳـﻪﰷﱏ ﻧــﻮ ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت ﻫـﻪﻣـﺎن وت و وـﮋى رۆژاﻧﻪى ﻪﻜﻪ ﻛﯚﻣﻪﮕﺎى ژﻧﺪا.١ زﱏ ﺋـﺎﺳـﺎﱙ دﻩﺑـــﻪ ﻫـﯚى ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﻛـﻪس ﭘـﻪﻧـﺪ و رازى ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت ـﮕـﺎ و ﻛـﻪـﻜــﺎن ﻟـ وﻩرﮔـﺮێ. ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪﺗـﺪا زۆرـﺮ ﭘـﻪﻧـﺪ و ﻣـﻪﺗـﻪﱃ ﻛـﯚن ﻛـﻪ وﻩردﻩﮔـﺮێ و ﺳـﻪر ﯾـﻪك دﻩﺗـﻮاﻧـﲔ ﺑـــﲔ ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت زﻣـﺎﱏ ـﺎـﻰ ـﻪﻣــﻮورﻩى ـﻪـﻜـﻪ و زﻧـﻪﻛـﻪﳽ زﱏ ﭘﻪرﻩﺳﻪﻧﺪووى ﻧﻮ ﻛﯚﻣﻪﻪ.٢ dastâwdast hand to دﻩﺳــﺘـﺎودﻩﺳـﺖ ;sîng ba sîng breast to breast ﺳـــﮓ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـــﮓ ;be lost ;dyâr obvious در ;gayînà bara i amřo to come down to today ﮔـﻪﯾـــﻪ ﺑـﻪرﻩی ﺋـﻪﻣـۆ ;hand ﺗــﮏ ﺷـﲀن ;sarugwelâk form, shape ﺳـﻪروﮔـﻮـﻼک ;âługoř change, transformation ﺋـﺎـﻮﮔـﯚڕ -biłâw ﺑـو ـﺮاﻧـﻪوﻩ ;la châp dirân to be printed ـﺎپ دران ;tek-shikân to be broken apart te-koshân to make an ﺗــﮑـﯚﺷـﺎن ;pedâwîst necessary ﭘــﺪاوـﺴـﺖ ;kirânawa to be published adab ﺋــﻪدﻩب ;diłband i interested in دــﺒــﻪﻧــﺪی ;le-kolînawa to collect ﻟــــﮑــﯚﻟــﻴــﻨــﻪوﻩ ;effort literature. ﺳـﻪـﺮ ;rûdâw event رووداو ;tâybatmandî characteristic ﯾـﺒـﻪﲤـﻪﻧـﺪی ;nîshâna sign ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪ١ la wâqi‘ i واﻗـﻌـﯽ ژن ;bîndrân to be seen ﺑـــﺪران ;samara amazing ﺳـﻪﻣـﻪرﻩ ;sayr strange dasałâtdâr دﻩﺳـــﻪﺗـــﺪار ;wena illustration وـــﻨـــﻪ ;ba dûr rare ﺑـــﻪدوور ;zhyân in real life دﻩﺳــﺖ ;dîka other دــﮑــﻪ ;gyândâr animal ﮔــﻴــﺎﻧــﺪار ;bâłinda bird ــﻨــﺪﻩ ;authority figure ;dyârîkirâw clear-cut درـﮑـﺮاو ;qâramân hero ﻗـﺎرﻩﻣـﺎن ;dast râ-keshân to point to رﮐــﺸـﺎن hâtinà gořè to come to the fore, to ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ ﮔـﯚڕێ ;kamtir less ﮐـﻪﻣـﱰ ;tâybatî special ﯾـﺒـﻪﰏ -zimân lan زﻣــﺎن ;jyâwâz different ﺟــــﺎواز ;jorâjor varied ﺟــﯚراﺟــﯚر ;be under discussion ;dwân (dwe-) to speak دوان (دوێ) ;zibân language زن ;âsâî usual ﺋـــــــﺎﺳـــــــﺎﱙ ;guage ;hamân that very ﻫـﻪﻣـﺎن ;wit u wezh conversation وت و وـﮋ ;la râstî’dâ in truth راﺳـــﺪا .komałga i zhyân living society ﮐﯚﻣﻪﮕﻪی ژن ;rozhâna every-day رۆژاﻧﻪ pand u râz i ḥikâyat ﭘـﻪﻧـﺪ و رازی ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت ;hamûkas everyone ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮوﮐـﻪس ;ho reason ﻫـﯚ٢ la ﺳــﻪر ﯾــﻪک ;kalk war-girtin la to benefit from ﮐــﻪــﮏ وﻩرﮔــﺮــﻦ ;the moral of a story jambûra i khałk ــﻪﻣــــﻮورﻩی ــﻪــﮏ ;zimân i ḥâł exponent زﻣــﺎﱏ ــﺎڵ ;sar yek altogether .komał society ﮐﯚﻣﻪڵ ;parasandin to be in general use ﭘﻪرﻩﺳﻪﻧﺪن ;ordinary people 121 SORANI KURDISH ﻧــﻮﻩرۆﰽ ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت زۆر ﻗـﻮرس و ﭘـﺘـﻪو ﻧـﻴـﻪ و رى زاﻧـﻴـﺎرىﯾـﻪوﻩ ﻛـﻪـﻪوـﻨـﻪ و زۆرـﺮ ﺳـﻪر ژن و ﰷر و ﺋـﰷرى ـﻨـﺪﻩ و زﯾـﻨـﺪﻩوﻩردا ﺳـﺎغ ﺑـﯚﺗـﻪوﻩ. ـﻨـﺪﻩ و ﮔـﻴـﺎﻧـﺪارى دـﻜـﻪ ﻗـﺎرﻩﻣـﺎﱏ ﺳـﻪرﻩﻛـﲔ. ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ـﺎر و ر ﺋـﺎدﻩﻣـﲒادـﻚ رـﻰ دﻩ رووداوﻩﰷﱏ ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت ﻛـﻪوت، ﻧـﻪﺧـﴙ دﻩرﻩـﻪ دوو ﺳـــﻰ ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ. ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪﺗـﺪا ﻫـﻪﻣــﺸـﻪ ﺑـﻪرﻫـﻪﻣــﲃ ﻛـﯚﻣـﻪﯾـﻪﰏ ﺋـﻪـﻼﰵ ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ ﻛـﻪ دﻩ ﯾـﻪﻛــﻚ ﻗـﺎرﻩﻣـﺎﻧـﻪﰷﻧـﻴـﺪا رﻩـﮓ دﻩداﺗـﻪوﻩ و دﻩﺑـــﻪ ﺳـﻪرﻣـﻪﺷـﻖ. ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت ﺑـﯚ ﻣــﺪان زۆر ﺳـﻪرﳒـﺮﻛــﺸـﻪ و دﻩﺗـﻮاﻧـﲔ وﻩك ﺋـﺎﻣـﺮازـﲃ رﻫــﻨـﺎن ﻛـﻪـﲃ ﻟـ وﻩرﮔـﺮـﻦ. ﮔـﻴـﺎﻧـﺪارى ﻧــﻮ ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت ﻫـﻪر ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪى ﳕـﻮوﻧـﻪى ـﻪﺷــﻨـﻪ ﺋـﻪـﻼق و ﺋـﰷرن: رـﻮى ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪى ﻓـــﺒـﺎزى، ـﺸــﻴـ ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪى ﺳــﭙــﻪﱙ و ﰉﺳـﻔـﻪﰏ و ﺳـﻪگ ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪى وﻩﻓـﺎدارى و ﺑـﻪﺋـﻪﻣـﻪﮔـﻴـﻪ. ﺣـﲀﯾـﻪت ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪازﻩ و رﺳــﺘـﺎﱙ درـﻜـﺮاوى ﻧـﻴـﻪ و ﻮرﰏ و درﮋىﯾﻪﻛﻪى ﺑﻪ دﻩﺳﺖ دارﮋﻩرﻩﻛﻪﯾﻪﰏ.١

(٧) ﺗﻪرم٢ ﻓﻪرﻫﺎد ﺷﻛﻪﱃ زﯾﻨﺪاﱏ ﺗﻪﳖﺎﯾـﻤﻪوﻩ ﺎو ﰷت دﻩﺷﱴ ﺑﻜﻪرى ﺑﺪﻩﮕﻴﻪ. ﺑﻪﻓﺮ ﮔﺮﺗﻮوﯾﻪﰏ. la bâr i for the ری ;pitaw firm ﭘـﺘـﻪو ;qurs fixed ﻗـﻮرس ;newarok contents ﻧــﻮﻩرۆک١ âkâr ﺋـــﰷر ;kamhawen unproductive ﮐـــﻪـــﻪوـــﻦ ;zânyârî science زاﻧـــﻴـــﺎری ;purpose of ﺳــﻪرﻩﰽ ;sâgh sound ﺳــﺎغ ;zînawar animal زﯾــﻨــﻪوﻩر ;bâłinda bird ــﻨــﺪﻩ ;conduct, morals ;daraja class دﻩرﻩـﻪ ;nakhsh role ﻧـﻪﺧـﺶ ;âdamîzâd human being ﺋـﺎدﻩﻣـﲒاد ;sarakî main ﺋـﻪـﻼﰵ ;komałâyatî social ﮐـﯚﻣـﻪﯾـﻪﰏ ;barham produce ﺑـﻪرﻫـﻪم ;hamîsha always ﻫـﻪﻣــﺸـﻪ ;sarmashq lesson ﺳـــــﻪرﻣـــــﻪﺷـــــﻖ ;rang-dânawa to color رﻩـــــﮓ داﻧـــــﻪوﻩ ;akhlâqî moral رﻫــﻨـﺎن ;âmřâz instrument, tool ﺋـﺎﻣـاز ;wak as وﻩک ;sarinjrâkesh attractive ﺳـﻪرﳒـﺮﮐــﺶ ;kalk war-girtin la to benefit from ﮐــﻪــﮏ وﻩرﮔــﺮــﻦ ;bârhenân upbringing, education fełbâzî ﻓـــﺒـﺎزی ;akhlâq morals ﺋـﻪـﻼق ;nimûna example ﳕـﻮوﻧـﻪ ;gyândâr animal ﮔـﻴـﺎﻧـﺪار sag ﺳـﻪگ ;besifatî disloyalty ﺑــﺴـﻔـﻪﰏ ;sipłaî infidelity ﺳــﭙــﻪﱙ ;pishîla cat ـﺸــﻴـ ;trickery ;andâza length ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪازﻩ ;baamagî faithfulness ﺑـﻪﺋـﻪﻣـﻪﮔـﯽ ;wafâdârî fidelity وﻩﻓـﺎداری ;dog درـﮋی ;kurtî shortness ـﻮرﰏ ;dyârîkirâw set, determined درـﮑـﺮاو ;bâristâî size رﺳــﺘـﺎﱙ .dârezhar formulator دارﮋﻩر ;drezhî length ٢ ﻓﻪرﻫﺎد ﺷﻛﻪﱃ، «ﺑﯚﱏ رﲃ» (Spånga, Sweden: APEC, 1997)، ٩٣-٩٩ وﻩرﮔﲑاو. 122 READINGS ﺑﻪم ﺷﻪوﮔﺎرﻩ ﻫﺎوارێ وﻩك ﻟﻮورﻩ دﻩﮓ دﻩداﺗﻪوﻩ. ﻫﺎوارى ﺑﻪﻧﺪﯾﻴﻪﻛﻪ ك و ﺗﻪﻧﻴﺎ.١

ﺋـﻪو ـﻪﻧـﺪ رۆژﻩى ﺳـﻪرﻩ ﺷـﱰ ﺑـﻮو، ﺑـﻪم ﺋـﻪوﻩ م ﺑـﻪﻧـــﻪوﻩ ﺗـﻪرﻣـﻪﻛـﻪى وﰼ ﺑــﯚﱏ ــﺮدووﻩ. زۆر ﺧــﯚﺷــﻪ، زۆر زﻩﲪــﻪﺗــﻪ ﺑــﻪو ﺷــــــﻮﻩﯾــﻪ ﳻ وﰼ ــﻜــﻪم، ﳻ ﺗـﻪرﻣـﻪﻛـﻪى ـﻜـﻪم، ﺑـﻪم ﭼـﻰ ـﻜـﻪم؟ واﯾـﻪ. ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﺋـﻪو ﺗـﻪرﻣــﻜـﻪ ﺑـﯚﻧــﴙ ـﺮدووﻩ. ﺑـﯚﻧـﻪﻛـﻪى ﱓ ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﻧـــﻪ ﭘـﻴـﺎو ﺧـﯚى ﻟـ ﻧـﻪن ـﲀت و ﮔـﻮـﻰ ﻧـﻪدا. ﺑـﯚﻧــﲃ ﺗـ و ﻟـﻴـﻨـﺞ و ﻗـــﻮرﺳـــﻪ. وا ﻫـــﻪﺳـــﺖ دﻩﻛـــﻪم ﮔـــﻪرووﱉ ﻟـــ ـــ ﺑـــﻮوﻩ و ﺑـــﻪ و دﻩﻣـــﺎر و رﻩگ و ﻣـﺎﺳـﻮوـﻜـﻪﰷﻧــﺸـﻤـﺪا ﭘـﻪﺧـﺶ دﻩﺑــﺖ. ﻣـﻦ دـﻨـﻴـﺎم ﺋـﻪم ﺑـﯚﻧـﻪ ﺑـﯚ ﻛـﻪﺳـــﲃ ـﺮ زۆر ﻗـﻮرﺳـﱰﻩ، زۆر ﺧـﯚﺷـﱰﻩ. ﻣـﻦ ﺑـﻪر ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﺗـﻪرﱉ وﳈـﻪ، ﺗـﻮاﱎ، وـﺮم دـﻪوﻩ ـﺑــﻢ ﺑـﯚﻧـﻪﻛـﻪى واﯾـﻪ. ﺑــﺠـﮕـﻪ وﻩش ﻣـﻦ ـﺎرم ﮔـﻪڵ ﺋـﻪم ﺑـﯚﻧـﻪدا، ﮔـﻪڵ ﺋـﻪم ﺗـﻪرﻣـﻪدا ـﮋﱘ، ﺑـﻪم ﻛـﻪﺳـــﲃ ـﺮ دﻩﺗـﻮا ﻟــﻰ دوورـﻜـﻪوـﺘـﻪوﻩ و ﺧـﯚى رزﮔـﺎر ـﲀت. ﻛـﻪس ﺑـﻪ زۆر ﺧﯚى ﺑﻪ ﺑﯚﻧﲃ وا وڕ و ﰷس ﲀت.٢ ﺳـﻪرﻩدا ﻫـﻪر ﺗـﻪرﻣــﻚ ﺑـﻮو، ﺗـﻪرﻣــﲃ وﺷـﻚ و رﻩق، ﻛـﻪ دﻩﻫـﺎت ﻗـﻮرﺳـﱰ tâ châw ـﺎو ـ ﰷت ;tanhâî loneliness ﺗـﻪﳖـﺎﱙ ;zîndân prison زﯾـﻨـﺪان ;tarm corpse ﺗـﻪرم١ ;bedangî silence ﺑــــﺪﻩــﮕــﯽ ;bekanâr unlimited ﺑــــﮑــﻪر ;biř kât as far as the eye can see hâwâr ﻫــﺎوار ;shawgâr nighttime ﺷــﻪوﮔــﺎر ;.bafr girtin for snow to cover s.th ﺑــﻪﻓــﺮ ﮔــﺮــﻦ .tâk solitary ک ;bandî prisoner ﺑﻪﻧﺪی ;lûra growl ﻟﻮورﻩ ;cry ﺑــﯚن ــﺮدن ;bayânî morning ﺑــﻪﱏ ;awatâ there, voilà ﺋــﻪوﻩ ;saratâ beginning ﺳــﻪرﻩ٢ shewa ﺷـــﻮﻩ ;zaḥmat difficult زﻩﲪـﻪت ;nâkhosh unpleasant ﺧـﯚش ;bon-kirdin to smell -nabân ﻧـــﻪن ـــﺮدن ;hî really ﻫـــﯽ ;.bâs i … kirdin to discuss s.th ﳻ … ـــﺮدن ;manner ;lînj cloying ﻟـﻴـﻨـﺞ ;tîzh sharp ﺗـ ;gwe-dânà to pay attention to ﮔـﻮێ داﻧـﻪ ;kirdin to ignore ;damar vein دﻩﻣـﻪر ;garû throat ﮔـﻪروو ;hast-kirdin to feel ﻫـﻪﺳـﺖ ـﺮدن ;qurs heavy ﻗـﻮرس pakhsh-bûn ba nâw to spread ﭘـﻪﺧـﺶ ﺑـﻮون ﺑـﻪ و ;mâsûlka sinew ﻣـﺎﺳـﻮوـﮑـﻪ ;rag artery رﻩگ وــﺮان ;labar awaî because of the fact that ﺑــﻪر ﺋــﻪوﻩی ;diłnyâ convinced دــﻨــﻴــﺎ ;through ’bejiga l ﺑــــﺠــﮕــﻪ وﻩش ;la diława gotin to say to oneself دــﻪوﻩ ﮔــﯚــﻦ ;werân to dare دوور ;zhîn (zhî-) to live ژـﻦ (ژی) ;nâchâr (+ subj.) obliged to ـﺎر ;awa’sh nonetheless kas ﮐـﻪس ﯾـﻪ ﺑـﻪ زۆر ;rizgâr-kirdin to save رزﮔـﺎر ﮐـﺪرن ;dûr-kirdinawa to get rid of ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ .kâs faint ﰷش ;wiř dizzy وڕ ;nâye ba zor (+ subj.) no one could be forced to 123 SORANI KURDISH وﮔـﺮاﻧـﱰ دﻩﺑـﻮو و ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺮـﻦ ﻧـﻪدﻩﻫـﺎت. زۆرى ﻣـﺎﻧـﺪوو ـﺮدم، ﻣـﻪرﮔـﻢ ﺑـﻪ ـﺎوى ﺧـﯚم ﺑــﲎ، ﺑـﻪم ﻫـﻪر ﭼـﯚﻧــﻚ ﮔـﻪﻧـﺪﻣـﻪ ﺋــﺮﻩ، ﮔـﻪﻧـﺪﻣـﻪ ﺋـﻪم ﺟــﮕـﺎﯾـﻪ. ﺋـﻪى ﺋــﺴــﺘـﻪ ﺑـﻪ دواوﻩ ﭼﻰ ﻜﻪم؟ ﭼﻰ و ﻜﻪم و ﺧﯚم ﭼﻰ ﻜﻪم؟؟١ ﺋـﻪو ﺋــﻮارﻩى ﻛـﻪوﺗـــﻪ رێ وﰼ رـﻚ و ﺳـﭗ و ﺳـﺎغ ﺑـﻮو. ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ ﻧـﻪﺧـﯚﳽ و ﻣـﺎﻧـﺪدوﺑـﻮوﱏ ﭘــﻮﻩ در ﻧـﻪﺑـﻮو. ﺧـﯚى ﻫـﻪﺳــﱴ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﻧـﻪدﻩـﺮد و ﻣـــﺶ ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻰ وام ﺗـﻴـﺎ ﺑـﻪ دى ﻧـﻪـﺮد. زاﱎ ﺑـﯚ ﭼـﻰ ﭘــﻰ ﺧـﯚش ﺑـﻮو ﺳـﻪر ﺋــﻮارﻩ ـﻜـﻪوﯾـﻨـﻪ رێ. ﻣـﻦ ـﻪزم دﻩـﺮد ﺑـﻪر ﺑـﻪﻧـــﻪﰽ زوو دﻩرـﲔ و ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪم رۆژﻩﻛـﻪﻣـﺎن رۆژـﲃ درـﮋ ﺑــﺖ و ـﻪﻧـﺪ ﻗـﯚﺧــﲃ ش ﺑـ ـﻦ. ﺋـﻪو ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﯚرـﲃ دـﻜـﻪ ﺑـﲑى ﻟـ ـﺮدﺑـﻮوﻩوﻩ. ﻧـﻪﺧـﺸـﻪﻛـﻪى ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﯚرـﲃ دـﻜـﻪ داﺑـﻮو. دﻩﯾـﻮـﺴـﺖ ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪم رۆژ زۆر ﻣـﺎﻧـﺪوو ﻧـﻪﺑـﲔ، ﺋــﻮارﻩﻛـﻪى ـﻜـﻪوﯾـﻨـﻪ رێ و دواى ﭘـــﺞ ﺷـﻪش ﺳـﻪـﺎﰏ ﺧـﯚﻣـﺎن ـﮕـﻪﯾـﻪﻧـــﻪ ﺋـﻪﺷـﻜـﻪوﺗـﻪﻛـﻪ. ﺋـﻪو ﺷـﻪوﻩ وێ ﺑـﺒـﻪﯾـﻨـﻪ ﺳـﻪر. ﺋـﻪو ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪم رۆژى ﺑـﯚ ﺧـﯚراﻫــﻨـﺎن، ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﻪﺷـﻖ داﺑـﻮو، ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﭘـ و ﭘـﻠـﲈن راﺑــﺖ و ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو رووﯾــﻜـﻪوﻩ ﺧـﯚﻣـﺎن ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪو رـﮕـﻪ دوور و درـﮋﻩ ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎدﻩ ـﻜـﻪـﻦ. ـﺎ ﺑـﻪ راﺳــﱴ ﺷــﴙ ﺑـﯚ ﭼـﻮوﺑـﻮو، ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻪ ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر واﻣـﺎن ﻧـﻪـﺮداﯾـﻪ، ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر وﻩك ﻣـﻦ ﺑـﲑم ﻟـ ـﺮدﺑـﻮوﻩوﻩ، واﻣـﺎن ـﻜـﺮداﯾـﻪ، دﻩﻓـﻪوـﻦ. ﻫـﻪر ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪم رۆژ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻪواوى ﻣـﺎﻧـﺪوو دﻩﺑـﻮوـﻦ و رـﮕـﻪﻛـﻪ ـﺎوـﺮﺳــﲎ دﻩـﺮدـﻦ، ﺑـﻪم ﺑـﲑﻩﻛـﻪى ﺋـﻪو ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻮو ﻛـﻪ ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪم رۆژ ﺧـﯚﻣـﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻪواوى ﻗـﻪرﻩى ﺳـﻪﺧـﱴ و زﻩﲪـﻪﺗـــﻪﻛـﻪ دﻩـﻦ، ـﲔ ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﮋ ﺋـﻪو رـﮕـﺎ درـﮋﻩ زراوﺗـﻮﻗــﻨـﻪدا، ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ ﺧـﯚﻣـﺎن ﰵ دﻩﻛـﻪﯾـﻨـﻪوﻩ و ـﺎو و ﻻق و دﻩﺳـﺖ و ـﺸــن، ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﮔﻴﺎﳕﺎن رادﻩﻫﻨﲔ و ﺧﯚﻣﺎن ﺑﯚ رۆژى دواﺮ و ﺑﯚ رۆژﻩﰷﱏ دواﺮ ﺋﺎﻣﺎدﻩ دﻩﻛﻪﻦ.٢ tâ dahât, …tir dabû as time دﻩﻫـــﺎت، …ـــﺮ دﻩﺑـــﻮو ;raq stiff رﻩق ;wishk dry وﺷـــﮏ١ ﻣـﺎﻧـﺪوو ;hał-girtin to pick up ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺮـﻦ ;girân heavy ﮔـﺮان ;… went on, it kept getting more har ﻫـﻪر ﭼـﯚﻧــﮏ ;bînîn to see ﺑـﻴــﲔ ;marg death ﻣـﻪرگ ;mândû-kirdin to make tired ـﺮدن .la esta ba dwâwa from now on ﺋﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ دواوﻩ ;chonèk be somehow or other sip u sâgh ﺳـﭗ و ﺳـﺎغ ;rek in order, all right رـﮏ ;kawtinà re to start out ﮐـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪ رێ٢ ba dî kirdin to ﺑـــﻪ دی ـــﺮدن ;tyâ in him ﺗـــﻴـــﺎ ;nakhoshî illness ﻧـــﻪﺧـــﯚﳽ ;hail and hearty ḥaz-kirdin to like (for the ـﻪز ـﺮدن ;sar la ewâra towards evening ﺳـﻪر ﺋــﻮارﻩ ;observe -bar bayân i zû early in the morn ﺑــــﻪر ﺑــــﻪﱏ زوو ;(use of the past progressive, see §32 ﺑـﲑ ;(qonâkh halt (on a journey ﻗـﯚخ ;drezh long درـﮋ ;dar-chûn to go out دﻩرﭼـﻮون ;ing nakhsha dâ-nân to make ﻧـﻪﺧـﺸـﻪ دان ;bîr-kirdinawa la to have an idea about ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ashkawt ﺋـﻪﺷـﮑـﻪوت ;kho gayândinà to get oneself to ﺧـﯚ ﮔـﻪﻧـﺪﻧـﻪ ;sa‘ât hour ﺳـﻪ ـﺎت ;plans 124 READINGS ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪـﺶ، ﺋـﻪم ﺑـﲑﻩـﺶ دادى ﻧـﻪداـﻦ. دـﺴـﺎن ﻫـﻪر ﺗـﻴـﺎ ﭼـﻮوـﻦ. دـﺴـﺎن ﻫـﻪر ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﺷـــﻜـﲈن ﻟـ ﺗــﻚ ﭼـﻮو. راﺳـــﺪا ﺋـﻪو ﺧـﯚى ﺗـﻴـﺎ ﭼـﻮو، ﻣـﻦ . ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﺑـﻪ ـﻪـﻰ ﻛـﻪﺳـﲈﻧـﺪا ﻧـﻪدﻩﻫـﺎت و ﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﺗـﺒـﻮو رووى دا. ﺑـﲑم ﻫـﻪر ﺷـــﻚ ـﺮدﺑـــﻪوﻩ، ﺑـﲑم ﻣـﺮدن، ﻣـﺮدﱏ وﰼ، ﻧـﻪـﺮدﺑـﻮوﻩوﻩ. دﻩــﻢ ﺋـﻪو ﺗـﻴـﺎ ﭼـﻮو، ﺑـﻪم ﺑـﻪ راﺳــﱴ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﺗـﻴـﺎ ﭼـﻮوﻩ ﻣـﲌ، ﻧـﻪك ﺋـﻪو. ﺋـﻪو ﻣـﺮد و رزﮔـﺎرى ﺑـﻮو، ﺑـﻪم ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﻣـﲌ ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻪرﭼـﻰ رى ﮔـﺮاﱏ ﺋـﻪم دﻧـﻴـﺎﯾـﻪ ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﺷـﺎﳕـﻪوﻩﯾـﻪ. ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﻣـﲌ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﻪرى دﻧـﻴـﺎم ﻟـ ﻫـﺎﺗـﯚﺗـﻪ ﯾـﻪك و زاﱎ ﭼـﻰ ـﻜـﻪم. ﺟــﺎوازﯾـﻴـﻪﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ روواـﻪت ﺋـﻪوﻩﯾـﻪ: ﺋـﻪو ﻣـﺮدووﻩ و ﻣـﻦ زﯾـﻨـﺪووم، ﺑـﻪم ﺳـﻪد ﺧـﯚزﮔـﻪم ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﯚى، ﺳـﻪد ﺧـﯚزﮔـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﻣـﺮدووﯾـﻪك، ﺑـﻪس ﻧـــﻪ ﯾـﻪــﺎرﻩ دﻩﻣـﺮﯾـﺖ و ﺗـﻪواو. ﻣـــﺶ ﺑـﻪ ــﺮى ﮔـﻴـﺎﱎ زﯾـﻨـﺪووم و دﻩژﱘ، ﻛـﻪﭼـﻰ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﻫـﻴـﻮا دـﲈ ﻧـــﻪ، ﺋـﻪوﻩى رووﰽ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻻﯾﻜﻪوﻩ ﺑﲌ و ﺑﻪ دى ﻛﻪم.١ وﰼ زۆر زوو ﻣـﺮد. وﻩڕم ﻧـﻪدﻩـﺮد ﻫـﻪروا زوو ﻣـﻪرگ ﺑـﻪرﺑــﲎ ـﮕـﺮێ و ﺗـﻪـﮕـﻰ ﭘـ ﻫـﻪـﭽـ. ﳻ ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪﱏ ﻛـﻪم، ﳻ ﺋـﻪوﻩ دﻩﻛـﻪم ﻛـﻪ زوو ﭘـﻪﻟـﻮﭘـﯚ ﻛـﻪوت و ﺗـﻪواو ﺑـﻮو. ﺑـﯚ ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪن ﺑـﻪﳽ ﺧـﯚى ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪﱏ ﻫـﻪﺑـﻮو. ﺷـﻪﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪرﻩو ژوور ﺑـﻮو. ﺳـﺎردى و ﮔـﻪرﻣـﲕ ژﻧــﴙ زۆر دﯾـــﻮو. ﺋـﻪم ـﺎرﻩ زۆر ﺑـﻪرﮔـﻪى ﻧـﻪﮔـﺮت. رۆژى ﭘــــﻪﳑـﺎن ﺑـﻮو. ﺑـﯚ kho râ-henân to get oneself into ﺧـﯚ راﻫــﻨـﺎن ;(birdinà sar to spend (time ـﺮدﻧـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ;cave -râ-bûn to become accus راﺑــﻮون ;pil toes ﭘــﻞ ;pe foot ﭘــ ;mashq practice ﻣــﻪﺷــﻖ ;shape ;ba râstî really ﺑـﻪ راﺳــﱴ ;âmâda-kirdin to make ready ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎدﻩ ـﺮدن ;rega road رـﮕـﻪ ;tomed ba ﺑــــﻪ ﺗــــﻪواوی ;fawtân to be exhausted ﻗــــﻪون ;bâsh chûn bo to go well for ش ﭼــــﻮون qara i ﻗــﻪرﻩی ;châwtirsen-kirdin to teach a lesson ــﺎوــﺮﺳــــﻦ ــﺮدن ;tawâwî completely ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﮋ ;kho dân la to subject oneself to ﺧـﯚ دان ;sakhtî hardship ﺳـﻪﺧـﱴ ;anywhere near ﰵ ـــﺮدﻧـــﻪوﻩ ;zirâwtoqîn galling زراوﺗـــﯚﻗـــﲔ ;ba gizh …dâ chûn to tangle with …دا ﭼـــﻮون .gyân body ﮔﻴﺎن ;pisht back ﺸﺖ ;lâq leg ﻻق ;tâqî-kirdinawa to test ,tyâ-chûn to go away ﺗــﻴــﺎ ﭼــﻮون ;dîsân again دــﺴــﺎن ;dâd-dân to work out for داد دان١ ﺑـــﻪ ;khayâł imagination ـــﻪڵ ;tek-chûn la to go wrong for ﺗــــــﮏ ﭼـــﻮون ;to be gone rû-dân to روودان ;ba khayâł i …dâ hâtin to occur to the mind of ـــــﻪـــــﯽ …دا ﻫـــــﺎـــــﻦ ;shân shoulders ﺷــﺎن ;dinyâ world دﻧــﻴــﺎ ;bâr load ر ;nak aw not him ﻧــﻪک ﺋــﻪو ;happen ﺟــﺎوازی ;sar i dinyâ hâtinà yek la for the world to collapse around ﺳـﻪری دﻧـﻴـﺎ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ ﯾـﻪک sad khozga “a great ﺳــﻪد ﺧــﯚزﮔــﻪ ;ba ruwâłat obviously ﺑــﻪ روواــﻪت ;jyâwâzî difference ;kachî but ﮐـﻪﭼـﯽ ;ba nâkher i gyân unwillingly ﺑـﻪ ــﺮی ﮔـﻴـﺎن ;bas enough ﺑـﻪس ;”pity .rûnâkî brightness رووﰽ 125 SORANI KURDISH ﺷـﻪوﻩﻛـﻪى وﰼ ﻣـﺮد. ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﺋـﻪو ﺷـﻪوﻩ ﲟـﺎﯾـﻪ و ـﮕـﻪـﺸــﺘـﺎﯾـﻪﺗـﻪ رۆژ، ﭘــﲈن دﻩﯾـﻪ رۆژى ﺷـﻪﺷـﻪم، ﺑـﻪم ﺋـﻪو ﺋـﻪو ﺷـﻪوﻩ ﺗـﻪواو ﺑـﻮو. ﻣـﺮدﻧـﻪﻛـﻪى ـﻮﺗـﻮـ ﺑـﻮو. رۆژاﱏ ﺳـﻪرﻩ زۆر ش ﺑـﻮو، زۆرـﺶ ﺑـﻪﮔـﻮڕ ﺑـﻮو. ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ دوا رۆژ، رۆژى ﭘــــﻪم، ﻣـﺎﻧـﺪوــﲕ ﭘــﻮﻩ در ﺑـﻮو. ﻫـﻪﺳــﱲ ـﺮد وﻩك ـﺎران ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺎو و ﭘــﺶ ﻛـﻪوێ. ـﺎرور رادﻩوﻩﺳــﺘـﺎ و ـﺸـﻮوﯾـﻪﰽ ﳽ دﻩدا و ﺋـﻪوـﺎ دﻩﻛـﻪوﺗـﻪوﻩ رێ. ﻣـﻦ ﺑـﻪر دـﻰ ﺋـﻪو ﭘــﴙ ﻧـﻪدﻩﻛـﻪوﰎ، ﻧـﻪﻣـﺪﻩوـﺴـﺖ ﻫـﻪﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪوﻩ ـﲀت ﻛـﻪ دﻩزاﱎ ﻣـﺎﻧـﺪووﻩ. ﻣـــﺶ ﺧـﯚﱈ دوا دﻩﺧـﺴـﺖ و ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺎوم ﺷـﻠـﱰ دﻩـﺮدﻩوﻩ. ﺧـﯚراواﯾـﻪﰽ درﻩـﮓ ﺑـﻮو. ﻻﻣـﺎن داﯾـﻪ ﺷــﻴـﻮـﲃ ﻗـﻮوڵ. ﺋـﺎﺳـﯚى ﺧـﯚرـﺸـﲔ ﺳـﻮوراﱙى ﻟـ ـاﺑـﻮو. دﻩﺑـﻮو راوﻩﺳــﺘـﲔ، دﻩﺑـﻮو ـﺎو ـﮕــ ـﻦ ﺑـﯚ ﺟــﮕـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ وا ﺷـﻪوﻩﻛـﻪى ﺗــﺪا ﺑـﺒـﻪﯾـﻨـﻪ ﺳـﻪر. رۆژاﱏ دـﻜـﻪش ﻫـﻪر واﻣـﺎن ـﺮدﺑـﻮو. ﺋـﻪو ﺋــﻮارﻩﯾـﻪ وﰼ وﻩك ـﺎران ﻧـﻪﺑـﻮو. رﻩـﮕـﻰ ﺗــﻜـﭽـﻮوﺑـﻮو. ﻛـﻪ ﭘـﻪى ﻛـﻪﻧـﺪاـﻪﻛـﻪدا داﻧــﺸــﺘـﲔ ﻫـﻪﺳـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ ﻗـﻮوـﻰ ﻫـﻪـﻜــﺸـﺎ و ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻰ ﻧـﻪوت. دﻩﻣـﺰاﱏ ژان و ـﻪﻣــﲃ زۆر و ﮔـﻪورﻩ دڵ و دﻩرووﻧـﻴـﺪا ﭘـﻪـﮕـﻰ ﺧـﻮاردۆﺗـﻪوﻩ، ﺑـﻪم ﺋـﻪو واﻧـﻪ ﻧـﻪﺑـﻮو زﻩﺑـﻮوﱏ و ﺑــﺪﻩﺳــﺘـﻪﰏ ﲠــ ﺑـﻪ رووى ﺧـﯚﯾـﺪا. زۆر ﻫـﻪوـﻢ ﮔـﻪـﻰ دا ﭘـﺎرووﻩ ﻧــﻚ ﲞـﻮا، ﻗـﻮﻣـ ﺋـﺎو ﲞـﻮاﺗـﻪوﻩ. ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻰ ﻧـﻪوـﺴـﺖ. وﰏ «ﺗـﯚ ﱏ ﺧـﯚت ﲞـﯚ. ﻣـﻦ ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻢ ﭘـ ﺧـﻮرێ.» ﻧـﻪﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﺑـﻪﱏ. ﻫـﻪر ﺋـﻪو ﺷـﻪوﻩ و ﻫـﻪر و ﺟــﮕـﺎﯾـﻪدا ﻣـﺮد. ﻣـﺮدﻧـﻪﻛـﻪﳽ زۆر ﺳـﻪـﺮ ﺑـﻮو. ﻣـﻦ ﻛـﻪﰟ ﻧـﻪدﯾـﺒـﻮو وا ﲟﺮێ.١

;barben-girtin to grab by the throat ﺑــﻪرﺑــــﻦ ﮔــﺮــﻦ ;bâwař-kirdin to believe وﻩڕ ــﺮدن١ la ﭘـﻪﻟـﻮﭘـﯚ ﮐـﻪوـﻦ ;taman age ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪن ;tang hał-chinîn ba to squeeze tightly ﺗـﻪـﮓ ﻫـﻪـﭽـﻨـﲔ ﺑـﻪ ba aw zhûr la on the ﺑــــﻪ ﺋــــﻪو ژوور ;palupo kawtin to be unable to endure any longer sârdî u garmî i zhyân dîtin to experience ups ﺳـــﺎردی و ﮔـــﻪرﻣـــﲕ ژن دﯾـــﱳ ;other side of ﺑـﻪﮔـﻮڕ ;kutupiř quick, sudden ـﻮﺗـﻮـ ;barga-girtin to resist ﺑـﻪرﮔـﻪ ﮔـﺮـﻦ ;and downs in life ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺎو ن ;wak jârân as before وﻩک ـﺎران ;mândwetî exhaustion ﻣـﺎﻧـﺪوـﱴ ;baguř strong labar dił i in ﺑـﻪر دـﯽ ;pishû-dân to take a breath ـﺸـﻮو دان ;hangâw-nân to take a step ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺎو ;kho dwâ-khistin to keep behind ﺧـﯚ دوا ﺧـﺴـﱳ ;order not to hurt the feelings of درﻩــﮓ ;khorâwâ sunset ﺧــﯚراوا ;hangâw shil-kirdin to slow down one’s pace ﺷــﻞ ــﺮدن -khor ﺧـﯚرـﺸـﲔ ;âso horizon ﺋـﺎﺳـﯚ ;qûł deep ﻗـﻮوڵ ;lâ-dânà to camp in ﻻ داﻧـﻪ ;dirang late châw-geřân ـﺎو ﮔــان ;sûrâî le-biřân to take on a red tinge ﺳـﻮوراﱙ ﻟـ ـان ;nishîn sunset ;panâ shelter ﭘــﻪ ;tek-chûn to be changed, different ﺗــــﮏ ﭼــﻮون;bo to look around for witin (variant وـﻦ ;hanâsa hał-keshân to draw a sigh ﻫـﻪﺳـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﮑــﺸـﺎن ;kandâł hill ﮐـﻪﻧـﺪاڵ ﭘــــﻪــــﮓ ;darûn interior دﻩروون ;kham grief ــــﻪم ;zhân pain ژان ;gotin) to say ﮔــــﯚــــﻦ of 126 READINGS ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎش ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﭼـﻮار رۆژﻩ ﻣـﻦ ﮔـﻪڵ ﺗـﻪرﻣـﻪﻛـﻪى وﳈـﺪا دﻩژﱘ. ﺋـﻪﻣـۆ، ﺋـﻪم ﺋــﻮارﻩﯾـﻪ، ﺋـﻪﻣـﺸـﻪو ﭼـﻮار رۆژى ﺗـﻪواوﻩ، ﺑـﻪم ﻣـﻪﮔـﻪر ﻫـﻪر ﺧـﻮا ـﺰا ﭼـﯚن ﭼـﻮار رۆژـﻚ ﺑـﻮوﻩ. ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﺑـﻪﺳـﻪر ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوﻩ ﮔــاﻧـﻪوﻩ ﯾـﻪت و ﱓ ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﻧـــﻪ س ﻜﺮێ.١ ﻣـﻦ ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﲟـﺰاﻧـــﺎﯾـﻪ ﺋـﺎوﻫـﺎﻣـﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر دێ و رۆژم ﺑـﻪم رۆژﻩ دﻩﮔـﺎ، ﺋـﻪم رـﮕـﺎﯾـﻪم ﻧـﻪدﻩﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻪ ﺑـﻪر و ﺧـﯚم و وﻛــﺸـﻤـﻢ ﺗـﻮوﳽ ﺋـﻪم ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﺑـﻪدﺑـﻪﺧـﱴ و ﻣـﺎـﻮـﺮاﻧـــﻪ ﻧـﻪدﻩـﺮد. دﻩى ـﺎ ﭼـﯚﱎ زاﻧـــﺎﯾـﻪ؟ ﺧـﯚ ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﻪ ـﺎدووﮔـﻪرم و ﻧـﻪ ـﻪﯾـﱫان. وام زاﱏ دﻩ ﭘـﺎـﺰدﻩ رۆژـﻜـﲈن ﭘـ دﻩﭼـ و ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﯚﳽ دﻩﮔـﻪﯾـﻨـﻪ ﻣـﻪـﺰل. ﺑـﻪ راﺳــﱴ وﰼ ﻣـﻦ زـﺮ ـﻪزى دﻩـﺮد. ﻫـﻪر ﺧـﯚـﴙ ﺋـﻪم رـﮕـﺎﯾـﻪى ﻫـﻪـارد. ﻣـﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﻮـﺮاﯾـﻪـﲕ وﰼ راﻫـﺎﺗـﺒـﻮوم. ﻗـﺴـﻪى دﻩ ﻧرـﻪدﻩﭼـﻮوم، ﺑـﻴـﻮﯾـﻪ ـۆ و ﺑـﻪرزاﱙﯾـﻪ ﺧـﯚت ﲞـﻪ ﺧـﻮارﻩوﻩ، ﺧـﯚم دﻩﺧـﺴــﺘـﻪ ﺧـﻮارﻩوﻩ. ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ـﻪزم م ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ ﻧـﻪـﺮداﯾـﻪ، دﻩﻣــﻮاﱏ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﯚرـﻚ ﺗــﻰ ـﮕـﻪﯾــﲌ، ﺑـﻪم ﭘــﻢ ﺧـﯚش ﺑﻮو، ﺑﯚﯾﻪ ﻗﺴﻪم ﻗﺴﻪى وﳈﺪا ﻧﻪﺮد.٢ ﻫـﻪر ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪم ﺷـﻪو ﻛـﻪ ﻻﻣـﺎن داﯾـﻪ ﺋـﻪﺷـﻜـﻪوﺗـﻪﻛـﻪ، ﻫـﻪﺳــﱲ ـﺮد ﻫـﻪـﺴـﻮﻛـﻪوﰏ وﰼ وﻩك ـﺎران ﻧـﻴـﻪ. دﻩم و دووى ﮔـﯚڕاوﻩ و ﺑـﻪ ﺷـــﻮﻩﯾـﻪﰽ دـﻜـﻪ ﻗـﺴـﻪم ﮔـﻪڵ دﻩﰷ. ـﺎران ﻫـﻪر ـﻮڕ و وك ﺑـﻮوـﻦ. ـﻮڕ و وﻛــﻚ ﻛـﻪ ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪرﭼـﻰ زۆرـﺶ ﻧـﲒﯾـﻚ و ﺗــﻜـﻪڵ ﺑـﻮوـﻦ، ﺑـﻪم

-bedasta ﺑــﺪﻩﺳــﺘـﻪﰏ ;zabûnî misery زﻩﺑـﻮوﱏ ;pang-khwârdinawa to be pent up ﺧـﻮاردﻧـﻪوﻩ -hawł ﻫــﻪوڵ دان ;ba rû i kho’dâ henân to admit ﺑــﻪ رووی ﺧــﯚدا ﻫــــﻨــﺎن ;łâtî powerlessness ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻢ ;qumè âw a sip of water ﻗـﻮﻣـ ﺋـﺎو ;pârû a nân piece of bread ﭘـﺎرووﻩ ن ;dân to try .sayr strange ﺳﻪﺮ ;hîchim pe nâkhure I can’t eat anything ﭘ ﺧﻮرێ magar har khwâ bizâne “could even God ﻣــﻪﮔــﻪر ﻫــﻪر ﺧــﻮا ــﺰا ;amřo today ﺋــﻪﻣــۆ١ ;la geřânawa nâyet it can’t be told ﮔــاﻧـﻪوﻩ ﯾـﻪت ;?know,” who could possibly know .bâs-kirân to be talked about س ﺮان ;hî awa niya it’s not really anything ﻫﯽ ﺋﻪوﻩ ﻧﻴﻪ regâ girtinà bar to رـﮕـﺎ ﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻨـﻪ ﺑـﻪر ;ba sar hâtin to happen ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﻫـﺎـﻦ ;âwhâ thus ﺋـﺎوﻫـﺎ٢ ;badbakhtî misfortune ﺑـﻪدﺑـﻪﺧـﱴ ;tûsh i … bûn to meet with ﺗـﻮوﳽ … ﺑـﻮون ;take a road ;ghaybzân fortune teller ـﻪﯾـﱫان ;jâdûgar magician ـﺎدووﮔـﻪر ;mâłwerânî disaster ﻣـﺎـﻮـﺮاﱏ gweřâyałî i ﮔــﻮــاﯾــﻪــﯽ ;hał-bizhârdin to select ﻫــﻪــاردن ;manzil stopping place ﻣــﻪــﺰل ﺧـﯚ ;barzâî high place ﺑـﻪرزاﱙ ;râ-hâtin ba to be accustomed to راﻫـﺎـﻦ ﺑـﻪ ;submission to khosh-bûn ﺧـﯚش ﺑـﻮون ﺑـﻪ ;kho khistinà khwârawa to throw oneself down ﺧـﺴـــﻪ ﺧـﻮارﻩوﻩ qsa la qsa i ﻗـﺴـﻪ ﻗـﺴـﻪی … ـﺮدن ;bóya for that reason ﺑـﯚﯾـﻪ ;ba to be on good terms with …dâ kirdin to contradict. 127 SORANI KURDISH دـﺴـﺎﻧــﺶ ﺳــﻨـﻮورـﻚ ﻧــﻮاﻧـﺪا دﻩﻣـﺎﯾـﻪوﻩ، ﺳــﻨـﻮورـﻚ ﻛـﻪ ﻧـﻪ ﻣـﻦ دﻩﻣــﻮاﱏ ﻟــﯽ ﺑـﭙـﻪڕﻣـﻪوﻩ و ﻧـﻪ ﺋـﻪو دﻩﯾـﻮـﺴـﺖ ﻟــﯽ ﺑـــﻪ ﺋـﻪم دﯾـﻮﻩوﻩ. ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﻛـﻪ وﻩك ﺑـــﯽ وﰼ ﺋـﻪو ﺳــﻨـﻮورﻩى رﻩـﺎو ﻧـﻪدﻩـﺮد. وﻩك دۆﺳـــﻚ دﻩﯾـﺪواﻧـﺪم و ـﺮﳻ ﭘـ دﻩـﺮدم. ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﻪر ﯾـﻪـﺴـﻪر واى ﺑـﯚ ﭼـﻮوم ﻛـﻪ دﻩﯾـﻪوێ ﺗــﻢ ـﮕـﻪﯾـﻪ. ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﺋـﻴـﱰ دوو ﻫـﺎوﺳـﻪﻓـﻪرـﻦ، دوو رـﺒـﻮارـﻦ و دﻩ ﺧـﯚﳽ و ﺧـﯚﳽ وﻩك ﯾـﻪك ﺑـﻪش ـﻜـﻪـﻦ. ﺋـﺎى ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﻴـﺎن! ـﺮ ﻧـﻪك ﭘـــﺞ رۆژ، ﭘـــﺞ ﺳـﺎڵ ﭘــﻜـﻪوﻩ ﺳـﻪﻓـﻪردا ﺑـﻮوﯾـﻨـﺎﯾـﻪ. ـﺮ ﻫـﻪرﭼـﻰ زﻩﲪـﻪت و دﻩردـﺴـﻪرى ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺑـﻪر ﻣـﻦ ـﻜـﻪوﯾـﻪ و ﺗـﻪﳖـﺎ ﻫـﻪر ﺗـﯚ ﻧـﻪﻣـﺮدﯾـﺘـﺎﯾـﻪ. ـﻪﱉ ﻣـﻦ ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻪر ـﻪﻣــﻚ و دووان ﻧـــﻪ، ﻻﯾـﻪﻛـﻪوﻩ دﻩردى ﻫـﻪرﻩ ﮔـﺮاﱏ وك ﻣـﺮدن، ﻻﯾـﻪﻛــﺸـﻪوﻩ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﻛـﻪ وﰼ، ﺗـﻪرﱉ وﰼ، ﺑـﯚﺗـﻪ رـﲃ ﮔـﺮان و ﭼـﯚﺗـﻪ ﻛـﯚـﻢ. رزﮔـﺎرﺑـﻮوﻧــﺸـﻢ ﻧـــﻪ. ﭼـﲕ ﻟـ دﻩﻛـﻪم؟ ﺧـﯚ ـﺮێ ﻫـﻪروا م ﭼـﯚـﻪواﻧـــﻪدا ﺑـﻪ ﺟــﻰ ﲠـــﻢ. ﺑـﯚ ﻛــﻰ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـ ﲠـــﻢ و دواى ﭼـﻰ؟ زﻩ وﻩدا ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎوﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﻪﺷــﻧـﺒـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ ﺋـﻪم دﻩردﻩ ـﺎر ـﻜـﺮێ. ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﻫـﻪر رۆژى ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪﱉ ﺳـﻪﻓـﻪرﻩﻛـﻪﻣـﺎن ﲟـﺰاﻧـــﺎﯾـﻪ ﺋـﺎواﻣـﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر دێ، زۆر ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﺎﺳـﺎﱏ دﻩﮔـﻪڕاﯾـﻨـﻪوﻩ ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻪ ﻫــﺸــﺘـﺎ ـﺰﯾـﻚ ﺑـﻮوـﻦ، زۆر دوور ﻧﻪﻛﻪوﺗﺒﻮوﯾﻨﻪوﻩ.١ ﺑـﻪم ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﺋـﻪوا ﻧـﯚ رۆژﻩ ﺑـﻪ رـﻮﻩـﻦ و زۆر دوور ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻮوﯾـﻨـﻪﺗـﻪوﻩ. ﻧـﯚ رۆژﻩ ﺑـﻪ رـﻮﻩـﻦ! ﺑـﻪـ، راﺳــﺘـﻪ، ﻧـﯚ رۆژﻩ، ﺑـﻪم ﻧـﯚ رۆژﻩ رێ ﻧـــﻪ، ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ ﺋـﻪو ﭘـــﺞ رۆژﻩى ﭘــﻜـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻮوـﻦ، ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو رۆژێ، رۆژﻩرـﻴـﻪﻛـﲈن دﻩـى. ﺋـﻪوﻩﻧـﺪﻩ رـﮕـﻪﻣـﺎن دﻩـى

-dam u dû expres دﻩم و دوو ;hałsukawt behavior ﻫـﻪـﺴـﻮﮐـﻪوت ;ashkawt cave ﺋـﻪﺷـﮑـﻪوت١ sinûr ﺳــﻨـﻮور ;tekał together ﺗــﮑـﻪڵ ;agarchî even if ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪرﭼـﯽ ;gořân to change ﮔـﯚڕان ;sion hâtinà ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ دﯾـﻪوﻩ ;pařîn la to transgress ﭘـﻪڕـﻦ ;na…na neither…nor ﻧـﻪ…ﻧـﻪ ;boundary -rachâw kir رﻩـﺎو ـﺮدن ;wak biłey you might say وﻩک ﺑـــﯽ ;dîawa to become apparent ــﺮس ــﺮدن ﺑــﻪ ;dwândin to speak to دواﻧــﺪن ;dost friend دۆﺳــﺖ ;din to observe, maintain te-gayândin to ﺗــﮕـﻪﻧـﺪن ;yeksar immediately ﯾـﻪـﺴـﻪر ;pirs-kirdin ba to ask questions of ;rebwâr traveller رــﺒــﻮار ;hâwsafar traveling companion ﻫــﺎوﺳــﻪﻓــﻪر ;make understand ;(biryâ would that (see §33 ــﺮ ;ây oh ﺋــﺎی ;bash-kirdin to participate, share ﺑــﻪش ــﺮدن ﻫــﻪر …ــﮏ و ;u tanhâ if only و ﺗــﻪﳖــﺎ ;dard i sar headache دﻩردی ﺳــﻪر ;safar trip ﺳــﻪﻓــﻪر دﻩرد ;la lâyekawa on the one hand ﻻﯾـــﻪﮐـــﻪوﻩ ;…har …èk u dûân just one or two دووان la lâyekîshawa on the other ﻻﯾـﻪﮐــﺸـﻪوﻩ ;hara-girân very heavy ﻫـﻪرﻩ ﮔـﺮان ;dard pain زﻩ ;?dwâ i chî what for دوای ﭼــﯽ ;choławânî wilderness ﭼــﯚــﻪواﱏ ;koł back ﮐــﯚڵ ;hand châr-kirân ba to ــﺎر ــﺮان ﺑــﻪ ;pashîmânbûnawa regret ﭘــﻪﺷــــﻧــﺒــﻮوﻧــﻪوﻩ ;tâza moreover .heshtâ still ﻫﺸﺘﺎ ;gařânawa to change ﮔﻪڕاﻧﻴﻪوﻩ ;ba âsânî easily ﺑﻪ ﺋﺎﺳﺎﱏ ;remedy 128 READINGS ﻛـﻪ ﭘـﻴـﺎوـﻚ دﻩ ﺑـﻪ رۆژـﻚ ﺑـﻴـێ، ﺑـﻪم و رۆژﻩوﻩ ﻛـﻪ وﰼ ﻣـﺮدووﻩ ﻧـﻪﻣــﻮاﻧـﻴـﻮﻩ زۆر ـۆم. ﻛـﻪ ﭘــﻜـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻮوـﻦ ـﺎك دﻩرۆـﺸــﺘـﲔ و رـﮕـﻪﻣـﺎن دﻩـى. ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﻦ ـﺮێ ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎم. ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﺑـــﻢ ﺑـﻪر ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎم ش ڕۆم، رﻩـﮕـﻪ راﺳـﺖ ﻧـﻪ: ﻻﯾــﻜـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪر ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﭘـﻴـﺎو ﻛـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ ﺑــﺖ ﺳـﻪـﺘـﻪزﻩﻻم ، ﺳـﻮوﻛـﱰﻩ و دﻩ ﺷـﱰ ـوا و دوا ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪوێ؛ ﻻﯾــﲃ دـﻜـﻪﺷـﻪوﻩ ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ ﻧـﲓ، ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎش ﺧـﯚم و وﰼ ﭘــﻜـﻪوﻩـﻦ، ﻫـﻪر وﻩك رۆژى ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪم و وﻩك ﺋـﻪو ﭘـــﺞ رۆژﻩى ﭘــﻜـﻪوﻩ دﻩﻫـﺎﺗـﲔ، ﺑـﻪم ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﺋـﻴـﱰ وﰼ ﺧـﯚى ﻧـﻴـﻪ، ﺑـﻪـﻜـﻪ ﺗـﻪرﻣـﻪﻛـﻪﯾـﻪﰏ، ﺗـﻪرﻣــﻚ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﯚﻧــﴙ ـﺮدووﻩ و دﻩ ﻫـﻪــﺸـــﮕـﺮم دﻩـﮕـﻪﯾــﳮـﻪ ﺷـﻮـــﻚ، ﺟــﮕـﺎﯾـﻪك. ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﭼـﻮار رۆژﻩ ﻣـﻦ و ﺋـﻪم ﺗـﻪرﻣـﻪ رێ دﻩﻛـﻪـﻦ، ﭼـﻮار رۆژﻩ ﺑـﻪ رـﻮﻩـﻦ، ﺑـﻪم ﺋـﻪوﻩى م ﭼـﻮار رۆژﻩدا ـﯾـﻮﻣـﺎﻧـﻪ، ﭼـﻮار رۆژﻩرێ ﻧـــﻪ. رﻩـﮕـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮوى ﺋـﻪوﻩﻧـﺪﻩى رۆژﻩرـﻴـﻪك رـﮕـﻪﻣـﺎن ﻧـﻪـﯾـ. ، رﻩـﮕـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮوى ﺋـﻪوﻩﻧـﺪﻩى رۆژﻩرـﻴـﻪك رـﮕـﻪم ﻧـﻪـﯾـ. ﺋـﻪوﻩى رێ دﻩﰷ ﻫـﻪر ﻣـﲌ، ﻧـﻪك وﰼ. ﺋـﻪو زﻩ ﺗـﻪرﻣــﻜـﻪ و ﺗـﻮا رێ ـﲀ. ﺗـﻪرﻣــﻜـﻪ و ﺑـﯚﻧــﴙ ـﺮدووﻩ، ﺑـﻪم ﻣـﻦ دﻩ ﻫـﻪم ﺧـﯚم رێ ـﻜـﻪم، ﻫـﻪم ﺗـﻪرﻣـﻪﻛـﻪى وﻛــﺸـﻢ ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺮم و ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺎو ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺎو م ﺷـﻮـﻨـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪو ﺷـﻮـﲎ ﮕﻮﺰﻣﻪوﻩ.١

(٨) ﭘﺎﺷﺎى ﻪوت ﻮڕﻩ٢ ﶊﺪ ﻪﻣﻪ ﺻﺎﺢ ﺗﯚﻓﻖ دﻩﮔــ ﻧـﻪوﻩ ﻛـﻪ زﻩﻣـﺎﻧــﲃ زۆر ﻛـﯚﻧـﺪا ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎﯾـﻪك دﻩ. ﻧژـﻪﻛـﻪـﴙ رى ـﻪﻣـﲆ دﻩ. وا دـﺘـﻪ ﭘــﺸـﻪوﻩ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺳـﻪﻓـﻪرـﲃ دوور و درـﮋى دﻩﻛـﻪوـﺘـﻪ ﺑـﻪر. ﺑـﻪر ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪ ـﻮڕﻩ ﮔـﻪورﻩى ﺟــﺸــﲎ ﺧـﯚى دﻩـ: «ـﻮڕم، ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﺋـﻪم ﺳـﻜـﻪى داـﻜـﺖ ـﻮڕ ﺑـﻮو، ﺋـﻪوﻩ

ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﻦ ;châk well ـﺎک ;rozha re a day’s journey رۆژﻩرێ ;rega biřîn to travel رـﮕـﻪ ـ ـﻦ١ -sałtazalâm soli ﺳـﻪـﺘـﻪزﻩﻻم ;rang a it’s possible رﻩـﮕـﻪ ;ba min nâkire I can’t do it ـﺮێ ;ham…ham both…and ﻫــﻪم…ﻫــﻪم ;bałka rather ﺑــﻪــﮑــﻪ ;sûk light ﺳــﻮوک ;tary traveller gwâstinawa gwez- to ﮔـﻮاﺳـــﻪوﻩ (ﮔـﻮـﺰ) ;hangâw ba hangâw step by step ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺎو ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺎو move, transport. ٢ ﶊﺪ ﻪﻣﻪ ﺻﺎﺢ ﺗﯚﻓﻖ، «ﲑۆﰽ ﺑﻪر ﺋﮔﺮداﱏ ﻮردﻩوارى»ﯾﻪوﻩ وﻩرﮔﲑاوﻩ. 129 SORANI KURDISH ﺷـﻪوـﻪرﻩ و ﺋـﺎﻫـﻪـﮕــﲃ ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪازﻩى ﺑـﯚ ـﮕــن. ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﻛـﭻ ﺑـﻮو، ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﳖــﲎ ﺑـــﻪ ﺑـﯚ ﭼﯚﻪواﻧﻪك ﺑﻴﻜﻮژﻩ.»١ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺋـﻪم راﺳــﭙــﺮﯾـﻴـﻪ دﻩﰷ و دﻩڕوا. ﻧژـﻪﻛـﻪى ﭘـﺎش ﺗـﻪواو ـﺮدﱏ ﻧـﯚ ﻣـﺎـﮕـﻪ و ﻧـﯚ رۆژﻩ ﺳـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪى دادﻩ و ﻛـﭽــﲃ دﻩ. ـﻮڕى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪوﻩى راﺳــﭙـﺎردﻩﻛـﻪى وﰽ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـ ﺑــ، ﻣـﻪﻟـﯚـﻜـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﮔـﺮێ و روو دﻩﰷﺗـﻪ ﭼـﯚـﻪهواﱏﯾـﻪك. و وﻩدا ﺋـﺎﺷـــﻚ دﻩ و ﺑـﻪ رـﻜـﻪوت ژﱏ ﺋـﺎﺷـﻪواﻧــﺶ ﺋـﻪو ﺷـﻪوﻩ ﻣــﺪاــﲃ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺮدووﱙ دﻩ. ـﻮڕى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﻣــﺪاـﻪﻛـﻪ دﻩداﺗـﻪ ﻣـﺎـﻰ ﺋـﺎﺷـﻪوان و ﻧژـﻪﻛـﻪى ﺟــﺎﰏ ﻣــﺪاـﻪ ﻣـﺮدووﻩﻛـﻪى دﻩـﮕـﺮـﺘـﻪ ﺧـﯚى و ﺑﻪﺧﻮى دﻩﰷ.٢ ﺳـﺎڵ دێ و ﺳـﺎڵ دﻩڕوا. ﻛــﻪ ﮔـﻪورﻩ دﻩ و دﻩﮔـﺎﺗـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪﱏ ﺑـﻪﺷـﻮودان. رۆژـﻜــﺎن ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ دﻩﭼـ ﺑـﯚ راو و ﺷـﲀر و رـﻰ دﻩﻛـﻪوـﺘـﻪ ﮔـﻮزﻩرى ﺋـﻪو ﺋـﺎﺷـﻪ و وێ ـﺎوى ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﺋـﺎﺷـﻪوان دﻩﻛـﻪوێ. ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﭼـﻰ؟ ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩ ﺟـﻮان ﺑـﻮو، ﻧـﻪ ـﻜـﻪى ﻧـﻪ ﲞـﯚى ﻫـﻪر ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎى ﺳـﺎى ﮔـﻪردﱏ ـﻜـﻪى! ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ دﻩﺳــﺒـﻪﺟـ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﲑى ﺋـﻪﺷـﻘـﻰ ﻛــﻪ ﮔـﺮﻓــﺎر دﻩ و ﻫـﻪر وـﺪا ﺧـﻮازﺑــﲎ ﻛــﻪ ﺋـﺎﺷـﻪوان دﻩﰷ. ﻫـﻪر ـﻪﻧـﺪﻩوﻩ زـﺮودﻩﺳـﺖ و ﭘــﻮﻩﻧـﺪ دﻩﻧـﻪوێ ﭘـﻪﺷــﱏ ـﻜـﻪﻧـﻪوﻩ، ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﺳـﻮودى . ـﻮڕى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﻪﺳـﻪﻛـﻪ دﻩزا زۆر ﻫـﻪوڵ دﻩدا وﰽ م ﻛـﻪـﻜـﻪى ژن ﻫــﻨـﺎﻧـﻪ وازﺑــ و ﭘــﻰ دﻩـ «ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﯚ ﯾـﻪﰽ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ و ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎزادﻩ، ﭼــﺖ داوﻩ ﻣـﺎرﻩ ـﺮدﱏ ﻛــﻪ ﺋـﺎﺷـﻪواﻧــﻚ؟ ﻛـﻪى ﺋـﻪم ﰷرﻩ ﻻﯾـﻪﰵ ﭘـﺎﯾـﻪ و ﻣـﻪﻗـﺎﱉ ﺗـﯚﯾـﻪ!؟» ﺑـﻪم وﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﺷـــﻚ ـرى ﺧـﯚى ﻧـﻪﳞــﻨـﺎﯾـﻪ ﺧـﻮارﻩوﻩ و وﰏ «ﺧـﻮا ﯾـﻪﻛـﻪ و ﺑـﻪ دوو.

ری ـﻪﻣـﻞ ;zamân time زﻩﻣـﺎن ;ḥawtkuřa with seven sons ـﻪوتـﻮڕﻩ ;pâshâ king ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ١ -jenishîn suc ﺟـــﺸـﲔ ;hâtinà peshawa to happen ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ ﭘــﺸـﻪوﻩ ;bâr i ḥaml pregnancy ﺋــﺎﻫــﻪــﮓ ﮔــــان ;shawchara celebration ﺷــﻪوــﻪرﻩ ;sik child in the womb ﺳــﮏ ;cessor ﺑـﻪ ﳖــﲎ ;kich girl ﮐـﭻ ;beandâza unlimited ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪازﻩ ;âhang-geřân to hold a celebration .kushtin kuzh- to kill ﻮﺷﱳ (ﻮژ) ;ba nihenî in secret sik ﺳـﮏ دان ;mâng month ﻣـﺎـﮓ ;râsperî-kirdin to make a directive راﺳــﭙــﺮی ـﺮدن٢ ;ba je henân to carry out ﺑـﻪ ﺟـ ﻫــﻨـﺎن ;râspârd task, charge راﺳــﭙـﺎرد ;dâ-nân to give birth -âsha ﺋـﺎﺷـﻪوان ;ba rekawt by hapstance ﺑـﻪ رـﮑـﻪوت ;âsh mill ﺋـﺎش ;malotka infant ﻣـﻪﻟـﯚـﮑـﻪ la jyât i in ﺟــﺎﰏ ;mindâłek i ba mirdûî a stillborn child ﻣــﺪاﻟــﮑـﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺮدووﱙ ;wân miller .bakhew-kirdin to take care of ﺑﻪﺧﻮ ﺮدن ;place of 130 READINGS ﻫﻨﺎوﻣﻪ و دﻩﳞﲌ.»١ ـﻮڕﻩ ﭼـﻰ ـﲀ؟ ـﺎر ﳖــﲎ ﻣـﻪﺳـﻪﻛـﻪى ﻻ درﰷﻧـﺪ و ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺑـﻪﻣـﻪ زۆر ﺗــﻜـﭽـﻮو و ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﱏ دا ﺋـﻪم ـﻮڕﻩى و ﻛــﻪﻛـﻪى ﻫـﻪر دووـﻴـﺎن ﺷـﺎرﺑـﻪدﻩر ـﻜـﺮـﻦ. ـﺮا و ﺧـﻮﺷـﻚ ﯾـﻪﰽ ﺳـﻮارى وﻻﺧــﻚ ﺑـﻮون و ﭼــﻴـﺎن ﭘــﻮـﺴـﺖ ﺑـﻮو ـﺮدن و وت و ﻣـﻪﻣـﻛـﻪﰏ وـﻴـﺎن دﻩرﭼـﻮون. ﻛـﻪم ن زۆر رۆـﺸـﱳ ﻛـﻪس زا ﺧـﻮا ﺧـﯚى ﻧـﻪ رـﻴـﺎن ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻪ ﺷـﺎرـﻚ. ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎن ـﺮد. ﺷـﺎرﻩ ﻣـﺎت و ـﺎﻣـﯚﺷـﻪ و ـﻪـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪى دﻩــﯽ ﺧـﯚـﻰ ﻣـﺮدوون ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪردا ـﺮاوﻩ. ﺋـﻪﻣـﺎﻧــﺶ ﻣـﺎــﻚ ﻻن دا و ﭘـﺎش ﻛـﻪﻣــﻚ ـﻪﺳـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ ـﻮڕﻩ ـﺎﻧـﻪﺧـﻮـﻰ ﺮﺳ: «ﻣﺎﻣﻪ، ﺑﯚ ﭼﻰ ﺷﺎرﻩﻛﻪن ﺑﻪم ﺟﯚرﻩ ﻪﻣﺎك و ﻣﺎﺗﻪ؟»٢ ـﺎﻧـﻪﺧـﻮـﻰ وﻩﱉ داﯾـﻪوﻩ: «ـﻮڕى ﺧـﯚم، ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪﻛـﻪ ﺗـﻮوﳽ ﺑـﻪﯾـﻪك ﺑـﻮوـﻦ و ﮔـﺮﻓــﺎرى دﻩردـﻜـﲔ. ﻫـﻪرـﻪﻧـﺪ دﻩﻛـﻪـﻦ ﺗـر ـﺮێ. ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﺎﯾـﻪك ﺳـﻪرـﺎوﻩى ﺋـﺎوى ﺷـﺎرﻩﻛـﻪى ﻟـ ﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻮوـﻦ و ﻫـﻪر رۆژﻩ داواى ﻛـﭽــﻜـﲈن ﻟـ دﻩﰷ ﺑـﻴـﺨـﻮا و ﺋـﻪو ـﺎ ﺋـﺎوﻣـﺎن ﺑـﯚ

ﮐـﻪ ;râw u shikâr hunting راو و ﺷـﲀر ;ba shû dân to get (a female) married ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻮو دان١ na ﻧـﻪ ـﮑـﻪی ﻧـﻪ ﲞـﯚی، ﻫـﻪر ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎی ﺳـﺎی ﮔـﻪردﱏ ـﮑـﻪی ;kawtinà guzar i to pass by وﺗـﻨـﻪ ﮔـﻮزﻩری bikay na bikhoy, har tamâshâ i sâ i gardinî bikay a common expression in story- ;tîr arrow ﺗـﲑ ;dasbaje immediately دﻩﺳــﺒـﻪﺟـ ;telling for being mesmerized by beauty zîrudast دــﺮودﻩﺳــﺖ ;giriftâr-bûn ba to be struck by ﮔــﺮﻓــــﺎر ﺑــﻮون ﺑــﻪ ;ashq love ﺋــﻪﺷــﻖ pashîmân-kirdinawa to make ﭘـﻪﺷــن ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;pewand connection, kin ﭘــﻮﻩﻧـﺪ ;underling -kałkała wish, de ﮐـﻪـﮑـﻪـﻪ ;masala matter ﻣـﻪﺳـﻪ ;sûd profit ﺳـﻮود ;s.o. change his mind wâz-henân la to dissuade واز ﻫــــﻨــﺎن ;zhin-henân to marry a woman ژن ﻫــــﻨــﺎن ;sire lâyaq ﻻﯾـــﻪق ;mâra-kirdin to marry ﻣـــﺎرﻩ ـــﺮدن ;pâshâzâda son of a king ﭘـــﺎﺷـــﺎزادﻩ ;from la biřyâr henânà ـر ﻫــﻨـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺧـﻮارﻩوﻩ ;maqâm station ﻣـﻪﻗـﺎم ;pâya rank ﭘـﺎﯾـﻪ ;appropriate khwârawa to make s.o. change a decision. -la lâ dirkândin to make pub ﻻ درﰷﻧــﺪن ;nâchâr helpless to do anything else ــﺎر٢ ﺷـﺎرﺑـﻪدﻩر ;farmân-dân to order ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎن دان ;tek-chûn la to get angry with ﺗــﮏ ﭼـﻮون ;lic ﺳــﻪوار ﺑــﻮون ;khwishk sister ﺧــﻮﺷــﮏ ;birâ brother ــﺮا ;shârbadar-kirân to be exiled ــﺮان ﮐـﻪم ن زۆر ;mamlakat country ﻣـﻪﻣـﮐـﻪت ;wilâkh pack horse وﻻخ ;sawâr-bûn to mount kam yân zor royshtin kas nâzâne, khwâ khoy nabe رۆـــﺸـــﱳ ﮐـــﻪس زا ﺧـــﻮا ﺧـــﯚی ﻧـــﻪ ‘nobody but God knows how far they went,’ a common expression in story-telling; ;mât u khâmosh in stunned silence ﻣــﺎت و ــﺎﻣــﯚش ;tamâshâ-kirdin to look ﺗــﻪﻣــﺎﺷــﺎ ــﺮدن khoł i mirdû ba sar’dâ kirân to have ashes of mourning for the ﺧـﯚـﯽ ﻣـﺮدوو ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪردا ـﺮان ﮐـــﻪﻣــــــﮏ ;lâ-dân la to take shelter in ﻻ دان ;dead on the head, to be in deep mourning ـﻪﻣــﺎک ;khânakhwe master of a house ـﺎﻧـﻪﺧـﻮێ ;ḥasânawa to rest ـﻪﺳـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ ;kamèk a bit .mât stunned ﻣﺎت ;khamnâk grieving 131 SORANI KURDISH ﺑﻪر دﻩداﺗﻪوﻩ. ﻣﺎﲈن وﺮان ﺑﻮوﻩ و ﻛﻪﺳﲈن ﺑﻪ دﻩﺳﺘﻪوﻩ ﻧﻪﻣﺎوﻩ.١ ﻮڕﻩ وﰏ: «ﺷﻪ، ﻣﺎﻣﻪ، ﺳﺒﻪﯾ ﻧﯚرﻩى ﻛ ﯾﻪ؟» «ﺳﺒﻪﯾ ﻧﯚرﻩى ﻛﭽﻰ ﭘﺎﺷﺎﯾﻪ! ﺑﯚﯾﻪ دﻩﺑﲎ ﺷﺎر وا ﺑﻪ ﺎرى ﻣﺎت و ﺎﻣﯚﺷﻪ.» ﺑـﯚ ﺳــﺒـﻪﯾـ ﺗـﻪواوى ـﻪـﲃ ﺷـﺎر ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﻴـﺎو و ﻧژـﻪوﻩ ﮔـﺮد ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ و ﺑـﻪ رﻩو ﺳـﻪرـﺎوﻩى ﺋـﺎوﻩﻛـﻪ رۆـﺸـﱳ. ـﻮڕﻩ ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎى ـﺮد: وا ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎن رازاﻧـﺪووﻩﺗـﻪ و ﺑـﯚ ﻻى ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﻛـﻪى دﻩﺑـﻪن. زۆرى ﻻ ﺳــﺘـﻪم ﺑـﻮو ﺋـﻪم ﻛــﻪ ﺷـﯚخ و ﺟـﻮاﻧـﻪ دﻩرﺧـﻮاردى ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﺎﯾـﻪﰽ ـﻪﭘـﻪڵ ﺑـﺪرێ. ﺑـﻪر ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﭼـﻮو ﭘــﴙ ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﮔـﺮت و وﰏ: «راوﻩﺳـﱳ! ﻣـﻦ ﻛــﺸـﻪى ﺋـﻪم ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﺎﯾـﻪ ـﺎرﻩﺳـﻪر دﻩﻛـﻪم و وى دﻩﺑـﻪم!» ﻫـﻪرـﻪﻧـﺪﻩ ـﻪـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪ ﭘـــﺎن وت «وﰼ، ﺗـﯚ ﺟـﻮاـﻜـﻪﯾـﺖ و ﻫـﻴـﭽـﺖ ﭘـ ـﺮێ. ﻟــﲈن ﮔـﻪڕێ. ، ﺑـﻪ دﻩردى ﺧـﯚﻣـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﺘـﻠــــﻪوﻩ» ﺑـﻪم ـﻮڕﻩ ﻗـﺴـﻪى ﻛـﻪﳻ ﻧـﻪﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻪ ﮔـﻮێ و ﻫـﻪﺳــﺘـﺎ دوو ﺗـﻴـﻐـﻰ راﺳـﺖ و ـﻪپ ﺧـﯚ دا و ﺑـﻪرﻩو رووى ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﻛـﻪ ﭼـﻮو و وﰏ: «ﻣـﻪﻟـﻌـﻮون، ﺑـﯚ ـﻮێ دﻩﺳــﱲ دﻩردﻩﭼــﺖ؟ ﺗـﯚ زاﻤﻴﺖ و ﻣﺶ زﻩواﻰ ﺗﯚم.»٢ ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﺎ ﺗـﻮوڕﻩﱙدا ـﺎوى ﭘـﻪڕﯾـﻴـﻪ ﺗـﻪوﰵ ﺳـﻪرى و ﭘـﻪﻻﻣـﺎرى ـﻮڕﻩى دا و ﻟـﻮوﳽ ــﺮد، ﺑــﻪم ﺗــﻴــﻐــﻪﰷن م ﻻ و و ﻻوﻩ ﺋــﻪژدﳞــﺎن ﻫــﻪــﺪرى و ــﻮڕﻩ و ﺳــﻪرﻩوﻩ ﺑــﻪ ﺳﻪﻻﻣﻪﰏ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ دﻩرﻩوﻩ و ﺋﻪژدﳞﺎﺶ و وﻩدا ﻫﻪﱰۆﭘﻰ.٣

ﺗـر ـﺮان ;dard trouble دﻩرد ;giriftâr i beset by ﮔـﺮﻓــﺎری ;wałâm-dân to answer وﻩم دان١ âw ﺋـــﺎو ;sarchâw spring ﺳـــﻪرـــﺎو ;azhdîhâ dragon ﺋـــﻪژدﳞـــﺎ ;tîmâr-kirân to be remedied ﺑــﻪرداﻧــﻪوﻩ ;dâwâ-kirdin la to demand from داوا ــﺮدن ;le-girtin to block ﻟــــﮕــﺮــﻦ ;water .werân destroyed وﺮان ;bar-dânawa to release ;bo sbayne upon the morrow ﺑـﯚ ﺳــﺒـﻪﯾـ ;nora turn ﻧـﯚرﻩ ;sbayne tomorrow ﺳــﺒـﻪﯾـ٢ ;râzândin to bedeck روازاﻧـﺪن;gird-bûnawa to assemble ﮔـﺮد ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ ;tawâw i all of ﺗـﻪواوی darkhwârd i … drân to be دﻩرﺧــﻮاردی … دران ;shokh comely ﺷــﯚخ ;sitam unjust ﺳــــﺘــﻪم -râ راوﻩﺳــﺘـﺎن ;pesh-girtin la to stand in front of ﭘــﺶ ﮔـﺮـﻦ ;chapał filthy ـﻪﭘـﻪڵ ;given to و ـﺮدن ;chârasar-kirdin to resolve ـﺎرﻩﺳـﻪر ـﺮدن ;kesha dispute ﮐــﺸـﻪ ;wastân to stop ;gařân la to leave alone ﮔـﻪڕان ;jiwânka adolescent ﭼـﻮاـﮑـﻪ ;la nâw birdin to get rid of ;girtinà gwe to listen to ﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻨـﻪ ﮔـﻮێ ;tilândinawa ba …awa to deal with ﺗـﻼﻧـﺪﻧـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪ …هوﻩ zâłim زاــﻢ ;mal‘ûn accursed ﻣــﻪﻟــﻌــﻮون ;chap left ــﻪپ ;râst right راﺳــﺖ ;tîgh blade ﺗــﻴــﻎ .zawâł destruction زﻩواڵ ;tyrant tawq a ﺗـﻪوﻗـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ;châw pařînà for the eye to light on ـﺎو ﭘـﻪڕﯾـﻨـﻪ ;tûřaî anger ﺗـﻮوڕﻩﱙ٣ -lûsh-kirdin to swal ﻟــﻮوش ــﺮدن ;palâmâr-dân to snatch ﭘــﻪﻻﻣــﺎر دان ;sar top of the head 132 READINGS ـﻪـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪ ﺧـﯚﳽ و ﺋـﺎﻓـﻪرـﻦ ـﺮدﱏ ـﻮڕﻩ. و ﰷﺗـﻪدا ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ـﻪرﯾـﻚ ﺑـﻮو ﺧـﯚﺷـــﺎﻧـﺪا ﺷـﮔـﻪﺷـﻜـﻪ ، ﻫـﻪر دوو دﻩﺳــﱴ ﻫـﻪـﮋﻩﻧـﺪﻩ ﺧـﻮـﲎ ﺋﻪژدﳞﻛﻪدا و ﻛﺸﺎى ﺑﻪ ﺸﱴ ﻮڕﻩدا ﺑﯚ ﺋﻪوﻩى دواﯾﻴﺪا ﺑﺎﺳﻪوﻩ.١ ﺋـﻪو رۆژﻩ ﺷـﺎردا ﺑـﻮو ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﯚﳽ و ﺋـﺎﻫـﻪـﮓ ﮔــان، و ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﱏ دا ﻛـ ﺋـﻪم ـﻛـﻪ و ﭘـﻴـﺎوﻩﰏﯾـﻪى ﮔـﻪڵ ـﺮدووﻩ، ـﻪﰏ ـﲀ. زۆر ﻛـﻪس دﻩﭼـﻮون و ﺧـﯚن ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﻛــﺸـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﮔـﻮاﯾـﻪ ﺋـﻪوان ﺋـﻪو ﺋـﺎزاﯾـﻪﰏ و ﭘـﺎـﻪواﻧــﱴﯾـﻪن ـﺮدووﻩ، ﺑـﻪم ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮوﱏ ﺑـﻪ درۆ ﺧـﺴــﺘـﻪوﻩ ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻪ ﺋـﻪو ﻛـﻪﺳـﻪى ﻛـﻪ رزﮔـﺎرى ـﺮدﺑـﻮو ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪ ـﺮاﺑـﻮو. ﺷـﺎردا ﻛـﻪس ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎ ﻧـﻪﯾـﻪت، ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ ـﻮڕﻩ ﻧـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﭘـﻪڕى ﺷـﺎرﻩوﻩ ﮔـﻪڵ ﺧـﻮﺷـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪﯾـﺪا ـﺎﻧـﻮوﯾـﻪـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﻪ ـﺮێ ﮔـ ﺗﺮـﺒـﻮو. ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﱏ دا ﺋـﻪوـﺸــﻴـﺎن ـﺮدﻩ ﺑـﻪردﻩﱉ و ﰷ ﻛــﻪ ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪﻛـﻪى ﺑــﲎ ﳻﯾـﻪوﻩ و وﰏ: «ﺑـﻪ، ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺋـﻪو ﭘـﺎـﻪواﻧـﻪى ﻣـﻦ و ﺷـﺎرـﴙ رزﮔـﺎر ﺮد.»٢ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ زۆر رـﺰى ﻟـ و ﺳـﻮﭘـﺎﳻ ـﺮد و ﭘــﻰ وت: «ـﻮڕم، ﲞـﻮازﻩ ﻣـﺎـﻰ دﻧـﻴـﺎ ﭼﺖ دﻩوێ، ﻪﺗﺖ ﻜﻪم و ﻣﻦ ﻗﻪت م ﻛﻪﯾﻪى ﺗﯚ دﻩر.» ﻮڕﻩش وﻩﻣﺪا وﰏ: «ﭘﺎﺷﺎم ﺳﻪﻻﻣﻪت ، ﻪﺗﻪﻛﻪ ﲟ ﺑﯚ دواﱙ.»٣ ﭘـﺎش ﺑـﻪﯾـــﻚ رۆژـﻜــﺎن ـﻮڕﻩ دﻩﭼـ ﺑـﯚ راو و ﺷـﲀر و ﺧـﻮﺷـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪـﴙ دﻩﭼــﺘـﻪ

ﻫـﻪـﱰۆﭘـﲔ ;ba salâmatî hâtinà darawa to emerge unscathed ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪﻻﻣـﻪﰏ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ دﻩرﻩوﻩ ;low hał-tropîn to drop dead. khwen ﺧــﻮــﻦ ;hał-zhandin to rub ﻫــﻪــﮋﻩﻧــﺪن ;âfarîn-kirdin to say bravo ﺋــﺎﻓــﻪرــﻦ ــﺮدن١ .nâsîn to recognize ﺳﲔ ;blood ــﻪت ــﺮدن ;pyâwatî bravery ﭘــﻴــﺎوﻩﰏ ;âhang-geřân to give a party ﺋــﺎﻫــﻪــﮓ ﮔــــان٢ gwâya as ﮔـﻮاﯾـﻪ ;kho hał-keshân to present oneself ﺧـﯚ ﻫـﻪـﮑــﺸـﺎن ;khałât-kirdin to reward ba ﺑـﻪ درۆ ﺧـﺴـــﻪوﻩ ;pâławânetî heroicism ﭘـﺎـﻪواﻧــﱴ ;âzâyatî feat ﺋـﺎزاﯾـﻪﰏ ;though, claiming ﮐـﻪس ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎ ﯾـﻪت ;nîshâna-kirân to be marked ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪ ـﺮان ;diro khistinawa to give the lie to ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ … ;(kas namâ nayet there was no one left to come (the na- in nayet is pleonastic ba kire girtin to ﺑـﻪ ـﺮێ ﮔـﺮـﻦ ;pař i shâr edge of the city ﭘـﻪڕی ﺷـﺎر ;tanyâ…nabe only ﻧـﻪ .birdinà bardam to take before ﺮدﻧﻪ ﺑﻪردﻩم ;rent, hire qat ﻗـﻪت ;supâs-kirdin to thank ﺳـﻮﭘـﺎس ـﺮدن ;rez-girtin la to pay respect to رـﺰ ﮔـﺮـﻦ ٣ pâshâm salâmat ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎم ﺳـﻪﻻﻣـﻪت ;dar-chûn la to repay دﻩرﭼـﻮون ;neg.) in no way +) .bo dwâî for later ﺑﯚ دواﱙ ;be hail to my king 133 SORANI KURDISH ﺳـﻪر ﺑـﲑى و ـﻪوﺷـﻪﻛـﻪن ﺋـﺎو ﻫـﻪـﮕـﯚزـﺖ، ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎ دﻩﰷ: دـﻮـﻚ ﺑـﲎ ﺑـﲑﻩﻛـﻪوﻩ ـﮕـﻰ دﻩﰷ و دﻩـ: «دﻩﺳــﱲ داﻣــﻨـﺖ، ﺑـﻪـﻜـﻮو م ﺑـﲑﻩ دﻩرم ﺑــــﺘـﻪ دﻩرﻩوﻩ.» ﻛــﻪش ﭘـﻪﺗــﲃ ﺑـﯚ ﺷـﯚڕ دﻩﰷﺗـﻪوﻩ و دﻩرى دﻩﻫــﻨـــﻪ دﻩرﻩوﻩ و ﺧـﺰﻣـﻪﺗــﲃ ﳽ دﻩﰷ و ـﻞ و ﺑـﻪرگ و ﺧـﻮاردﱏ ﺑـﯚ داﺑـﲔ دﻩﰷ. دـﻮﻩ زۆر ﺳـﻮﭘـﺎﳻ دﻩﰷ و ﻧـﻴـﺎزى دﻩ ﻣـﺎـﺌـﺎواﱙ ـﲀ و ـوا، ﺑـﻪم ﻛــﻪ دﻩـ: «ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﺷـــﻮﻩﯾـﻪك رـﮕـﻪت دﻩم ـۆﯾـﺖ، و دﻩ دﻩﺳــﱲ ﮔـﻪڵ ﺗــﻜـﻪڵ ـﻜـﻪى. دﻩ، ﺑـﻪ ﰼ دﻩــﻢ ت و ﭘـﻪﺗـﺖ ـﲀ.» دـﻮﻩش ﺑـﻪ ـﺎرى دﻩﺳــﱴ ﮔـﻪڵ ﺗــﻜـﻪڵ دﻩﰷ و ﺋـﻪﳒـﺎﻣـﺪا ﻛــﻪ ﺳـﲃ ـ دﻩ و دێ رﻩـﮕـﻰ زﻩرد و ﻻواز دﻩ. ﻫـﻪرـﻪﻧـﺪ ـﺮﻛـﻪى ﭘــﻰ دﻩـ: «ﺧـﻮﺷـﲂ، ﭼــﺘـﻪ؟ و ﺑـﯚ ﭼـﻰ وات ﻟــﻬـﺎﺗـﻮوﻩ؟» ﺋﻪﻣﺶ وﻩﻣﺪا دﻩ: «ﭼﻰ ﻜﻪم، ﺮﮔﻴﺎن؟ ﻧﻪﺧﯚﴌ و ﰷرى ﺧﻮاﯾﻪ!»١ ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﭘـﺎش ﻧـﯚ ﻣـﺎـﮕـﻪ و ﻧـﯚ رۆژﻩ ـﻮڕـﲃ دﻩ و ﺑـﻪ دـﻮﻩ دﻩـ: «ﺗـﻪﮔـﺒـﲑ ﭼـﻰﯾـﻪ؟ ـﺮﻛـﻪم ﭘــﲈن ـﺰا ﻫـﻪر دوﻛـﲈن دا دﻩﭘـﺎﭼـ!» دـﻮﻩش دﻩـ: «ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮا، ﻣـﻪﮔـﻪر ﻫـﻪر ﺧـﯚت ـﺎرى ﺑـﯚ ﺑـﺪۆزﯾـﺘـﻪوﻩ.» ﻛــﻪش دﻩـ: «ﺗـﯚ ﺋـﻪم ﻣـﻪﻟـﯚـﻜـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺑـﺒـﻪرﻩ ﺋـﻪو ﺷـﻮـﻦ و ﮔـﻮزﻩرﻩى ﰼ راوى ﻟـ دﻩﰷ و رـﮕـﻪى ﮔـﻪڕاﻧـﻪوﻩﯾـﺪا داﯾـ. ﺋـﻪو زۆر دڵﻧـﻪرم و ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﻪزﻩﱙﯾـﻪ و ﮔـﻪڵ ﺧـﯚى دﻩﳞــﻨـــﻪوﻩ.» دـﻮﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﺴـﻪى دﻩﰷ و ﺋــﻮارﻩ ﰷ ـﻮڕﻩ راو دﻩﮔـﻪڕـﺘـﻪوﻩ، ﻣـﻪﻟـﯚـﻜـﻪ ﮔـﻪڵ ﺧـﯚى دﻩﻫــﻨـــﻪوﻩ و دﻩـ: «ﺧـﻮﺷـﲃ، ﻣـﮋدﻩم ﺑـﺪﻩرێ. ﻫﺎورێﯾﻪﰼ ﺑﯚ ﭘﻪﯾﺪا ﺮدووى.»٢

ﺋـﺎو ;ḥawsha courtyard ـﻪوﺷـﻪ ;bîr well ﺑـﲑ ;la pâsh baynèk after a while ﭘـﺎش ﺑـﻪﯾـــﮏ١ -bâng ـﮓ ـﺮدن ;bin bottom ـﻦ ;dew demon دـﻮ ;âw hał-gozân to draw water ﻫـﻪـﮕـﯚزان دﻩ ;bałkû perhaps ﺑـﻪـﮑـﻮو ;dastim dâmenit I beg you دﻩﺳــﱲ داﻣــﻨـﺖ ;kirdin to cry out to shoř-kirdinawa ﺷـﯚڕ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;pat rope ﭘـﻪت ;dar-henânà darawa to get out رﻫـﻴـﻨـﺎﻧـﻪ دﻩرﻩوﻩ -dâbîn داﺑـﲔ ـﺮدن ;khwârdinî food ﺧـﻮاردﱏ ;barg raiment ﺑـﻪرگ ;jil clothing ـﻞ ;to lower رـﮕـﻪ ;mâłâwâî-kirdin to say good-bye ﻣـﺎواﱙ ـﺮدن ;niyâz desire ﻧـﻴـﺎز ;kirdin to arrange dast tekał-kirdin lagał to have sex دﻩﺳـﺖ ﺗــﮑـﻪڵ ـﺮدن ﮔـﻪڵ ;rega-dân to allow to go دان ــــﺎری ;lat u pat kirdin to chop to pieces ت و ﭘــــﻪت ــــﺮدن ;danâ otherwise دﻩ ;with … tâ de دێ … دﻩ ;sik piř-bûn to get pregnant ﺳـــﮏ ـــ ﺑـــﻮون;nâchârî helplessness .lâwâz thin ﻻواز ;zard pale زﻩرد ;dabe she becomes … over time dâ-pâchîn to داﭘـﺎـﲔ ;?tagbîr chî ya? what’s to be done ﺗـﻪﮔـﺒـﲑ ﭼـﯽﯾـﻪ ;awjâ then ﺋـﻪوـﺎ٢ -diłnarm soft دــــــﻨــــــﻪرم ;kâk brother ﰷک ;guzar path ﮔــــــﻮزﻩر ;split from top to bottom -hâwre com ﻫـﺎورێ ;mizhda good news ﻣـﮋدﻩ ;ba bazaî compassionate ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﻪزﻩﱙ ;hearted 134 READINGS ﻛــﻪش ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪرﺳـﻮڕﻣـﺎﻧــﲃ ﺳـﺎﺧــﻪوﻩ دﻩـ: «ـﺎ، ﻛـﻪ، ﻣـﻦ ﺷـﲑم ـﻮا ﺋـﻪم ﻣــﺪاـﻪ ﺑـﻪﺧــﻮ ـﻜـﻪم؟ ﺑـﻪم ﻫـﻪر ﺋـﻪوﻩت ش ـﺮدووﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺋـﻪم ﻣـﻪﻟـﯚـﻜـﻪ ﺑـﻪﻣـﺎﻧـﻪت ﻣـﺮدن رزﮔـﺎر ـﺮدووﻩ. وﻩرﻩ ﻫـﻪر دوﻛـﲈن دﻩﺳــﻨـﻮـﮋ ـﮕـﺮـﻦ و روو ـﻜـﻪﯾـﻨـﻪ ﻗــﺒـ و ﺧـﻮا ﺑـﭙـﺎڕـــﻪوﻩ، ﺑـﻪـﻜـﻮو ﺷـﲑ ﺑـــﻪ ﻣـﻪﻣـﻜـﻪﰷﱎ و ﺋـﻪم ﻣــﺪاـﻪ ﺟـﻮاﻧـﻪى ﭘـ ﺑـﻪﺧــﻮ ـﻜـﻪم.» ـﺮاش ﺑـﻪ دــﲃ ﭘـﻛـﻪوﻩ دﻩـ: «ﺷـﻪ» و ﭘـﺎش ﻧـﻮـﮋ ـﺮدن و ﭘـﺎڕاﻧـﻪوﻩ ﻛــﻪ دﻩـ: «ﻛـﻪ، ﺧـﻮا دوﺎى ﮔﲑا ﺮدووﻦ و وا ﻣﻪﻣﻜﻪﰷﱎ ﺷﲑن ﻫﺎت.»١ و ﺳـﺎڵ دێ و ﺳـﺎڵ دﻩڕوا. ﻣــﺪاڵ ﮔـﻪورﻩ دﻩ و ـﻮڕﻩ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو رۆژ ﺑـﯚ راوى ﺧـﯚى دﻩﭼـ و ﺧـﻮﺷـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪـﴙ ﺑـﯚ ﺧـﯚى ـﻪرـﲃ ﻛـﻪﯾـﻒ و ﺳـﻪﻓـﺎ دﻩ ﮔـﻪڵ دـﻮﻩى ﻣــﺮدﯾـﺪا، ﺑـﻪم ﻫـﻪﺳـﺖ دﻩﰷ ﺳـﻪرﺑـﻪﺳـﺖ ﻧـﻴـﻪ و دﻩـﺮﺳـ رۆژـﻚ ﺑــﺖ ﺋـﻪم ﳖــﲎﯾـﻪ ﺋـﺎﺷـﻜـﺮا ﺑـ و ـﺮﻛـﻪى ﺑـﻴـﻜـﻮژێ. ﺑـﻪر ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪ دـﻮﻩى ﻣــﺮدى دﻩـ: «ﭘـﻴـﺎوﻩﻛـﻪ، دﻩ ـﺎرﻩﺳـﻪرى ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪم دﻩردﻩى ﺋــﻤـﻪ ﺑـﺪۆزﯾـﺘـﻪوﻩ و ﰷرى ـﻜـﻪى. ـﺮﻛـﻪم ﻛـﯚڵ ـﻜـﻪﯾـﺘـﻪوﻩ و وى ﺑـﺒـﻪﯾـﺖ. ﺋﻪﮔﻴﻨﺎ، ﻗﻪت ﻪﺳﻪوﻩ!»٢ دـﻮﻩش دﻩـ «ﺷـﻪ، ﺗـﯚ رـﮕـﻪﯾـﻪﰼ ﺑـﯚ داﺑـ ﺟــﺒـﻪﺟــﻰ ـﻜـﻪم.» ﻧژـﻪ دﻩـ «ﻛـﻪ وا ﺑـﻮو ﮔـﻮێ ـﮕـﺮﻩ، ﭼــﺖ ﭘـ دﻩــﻢ وا ـﻜـﻪ. ﰼ ﺋــﻮارﻩ راو و ﺷـﲀر دـﺘـﻪوﻩ و ﺳـﻪر ﻓـﻼﻧـﻪ ﰷﻧـﻴـﺎو ﻻ دﻩدا، ﺋـﺎو دﻩﺧـﻮاﺗـﻪوﻩ. ﺗـﯚ ـﯚ ﺧـﯚت ـﻜـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ژﻩﻫـﺮ و ﺗــﻜـﻪـﻰ ﺋـﺎوﻩﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺒـﻪ و ﺑـﻴـﻜـﻮژﻩ.» ـﻮڕﻩ ـﻜـﯚڵ ﮔـﻮـﻰ م ﻗـﺴـﺎﻧـﻪ دﻩ و ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﺳــ ﮔـﯚزﻩﯾـﻪك ﺋـﺎو دﻩﺗـﻪ ﭘـﲑى ـﺎـﻴـﻪوﻩ و ﰷ ـﺎڵ دـﺘـﻪوﻩ و ﺳـﻪرﰷﱏ و ﺋـﺎوﻩﻛـﻪ ﻻ دﻩدا ﺋـﺎو ﲞـﻮاﺗـﻪوﻩ، ﺋـﻪم ﮔـﯚزﻩ ﺋـﺎوﻩﻛـﻪى دﻩدا و ﯾـﻪـ ﺋـﺎوى ﰷﱏﯾـﻪﻛـﻪ ﲞـﻮاﺗـﻪوﻩ و ﺑـﻪم ﺟـﯚرﻩ رزﮔـﺎرى دﻩ. ﻫـﻪرـﻪﻧـﺪﻩ

.paydâ-kirdin to find ﭘﻪﯾﺪا ﺮدن ;panion ;shîr milk ﺷــﲑ ;sâkhta feigned ﺳــﺎﺧــــﻪ ;sarsuřmânawa amazement ﺳــﻪرﺳــﻮڕﻣــﺎﻧــﻪوﻩ١ dasnwezh-girtin to make ablutions (for دﻩﺳــــﻨــﻮــﮋ ﮔــﺮــﻦ ;basizmân unfortunate ﺑــﻪﻣــﺎن ;pâřânawa la to beseech ﭘـﺎڕاﻧـﻪوﻩ ;qîbla the kiblah, the direction of prayer ﻗــ ;(prayer du‘â دوــﺎ ﮔــﲑا ــﺮدن ;nwezh-kirdin to pray ﻧــﻮــﮋ ــﺮدن ;pâk pure ﭘــﺎک ;mamik breast ﻣــﻪﻣــﮏ gîrâ-kirdin to answer a prayer. ﳖــﲎ ;sarbast free ﺳـﻪرﺑـﻪﺳـﺖ ;merd husband ﻣــﺮد ;kayf u safâ gratification ﮐـﻪﯾـﻒ و ﺳـﻪﻓـﺎ٢ -la koł kirdin to shoul ﮐـﯚڵ ـﺮدن ;âshkirâ-bûn to be revealed ﺋـﺎﺷـﮑـﺮا ﺑـﻮون ;nihenî secret .agînâ otherwise ﺋﻪﮔﻴﻨﺎ ;der, to take responsibility for 135 SORANI KURDISH ﺎڵ ﻫﯚى ﺋﻪم ﰷرﻩى ﻟ دﻩﺮﺳ، ﺑﻪم ﭘﻰ .١ دو رۆژى ﺋـﺎﯾـﻨـﺪﻩ ﻧژـﻪ ﺑـﻪ دـﻮﻩى ﻣــﺮدى دﻩـ: «ﺋـﻪﻣـۆ ﺑـﺒـﻪ ﺑـﻪ دووـﺸـﻜــﻚ و ـﺸــﱴ دﻩرﮔـﻛـﻪوﻩ ﺧـﯚت ﻣـﻪس ﺑـﺪﻩ و ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻪ ژوورﻩوﻩ واى ﭘــﻮﻩ ﺑـﺪﻩ ﺗـﻮوﰽ ﺳـﻪرى ﺑـــﺎت.» ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪن ﮔـﻮـﻰ م ﺗـﻪﮔـﺒـﲑﻩش دﻩ و ﰷ ـﺎـﻰ دـﺘـﻪوﻩ دﻩﺳــﺒـﻪﺟـ ﮔـﻪـﻰ دﻩﭼــﺘـﻪ ژوورﻩوﻩ و ﻗـﺎﭼـﻰ دﻩـﺎﺗـﻪ ﺳـﻪر دووـﺸـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪ. دـﻮﻩش ﺑـﻪر ﺋـﻪوﻩى ـﻪرﮔــﱴ ﭘﻮﻩى دا و ﺋﻪﳎﺎرﻩش ﻮڕﻩ رزﮔﺎرى دﻩ.٢ ﺑـﯚ رۆژى ﺳـــﻬـﻪم ﻧژـﻪ دﻩـ: «ﺷـﻪ، ﺑـﺒـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻮو ﻣـﺎرـﻚ و ـﯚرﻩ ﭘـﻴـوﻩﰷﻧـﻴـﻪوﻩ و ﰷ ﭘــﻰ ـﺮد ﭘــﻮﻩ ﺑـﺪﻩ و ﺑـﻴـﻜـﻮژﻩ.» ـﻮڕﻩ ـﻜـﯚڵ دـﺴـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ ﮔـﻮـﻰ ﭘـﻴـﻼﻧـﻪش دﻩ و ﰷ ـﺎڵ ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﺳــ ﭘـﻴـوﻩﰷﱏ ﭘـ ـﲀ ﺋـﻪم ــﺮا رادﻩﰷ و ﭘـﻴـو ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﺗـﻪﻛــ و ﻣﺎرﻩﻛﻪى ﻟ دﻩردﻩﭘﻪڕێ و دﻩڕوا.٣ ﺑـﻪم ﺷـــﻮﻩﯾـﻪ ﺧـﻮﺷـﲃ ﭘـﺎك ﻫـﻪرﭼـﻰ ﭘـﻴـﻼن ﺑـﻮو ﺑـﻪ ﰷرى ﻫــﻨـﺎ و ﺑـﯚى ﻧـﻪﭼـﻮوﻩ ﺳـﻪر و ــﺮاى ﭘــ و ﻧــﻪــا. رۆژــﻜــــﺎن ــﺮا وﻩﺧــــﺎ و ﭘــــﺶ وادﻩى ﺧــﯚى راو دﻩﮔـﻪڕـﺘـﻪوﻩ و دﻩﺑــ وا ﺧـﻮﺷـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪى ﮔـﻪڵ دـﻮـﻜـﺪا ﭘــﻜـﻪوﻩ ـﻪوﺗـﻮون و ـﻮڕﻩ ــﻜــﯚــﻪﻛــﻪن ﺑــﻪم ﻻ و ﺑــﻪو ﻻدا وــ ــﺮدووﻩ و ﺑــﯚ ﺧــﯚن را دﻩﺑــﻮــﺮن. ﺋــﻪﻣــــﺶ ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﻛــﺸـــﻪ ـﻪﳒـﻪرى دﻩن و ﻫـﻪر دووـﻴـﺎن دادﻩﭘـﺎﭼــﺘـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﯾـﻪﻛـﺪا. وﻩﺧـ ـﻮڕﻩ

,jebaje-kirdin to take care of ﺟــﺒـﻪﺟـ ـﺮدن ;rega dâ-nân to show the way رـﮕـﻪ دان١ kho kirdin ba ﺧـﯚ ـﺮدن ﺑـﻪ ;kânîâw spring ﰷﻧـﻴـﺎو ;filân such-and-such ﻓـﻼن ;”to “polish off ــﺮدﻧــﻪ ﭘــﲑی ;goza pot ﮔــﯚزﻩ ;bichkoł little ــﮑــﯚڵ ;zhahr poison ژﻩﻫــﺮ ;to turn oneself into ﻫــﺸـﱳ (ﻫــ) ;sarkânî spring ﺳـﻪرﰷﱏ ;khâł maternal uncle ـﺎڵ ;birdinà pîr i to offer to kânî ﰷﱏ ;(nâyełe he doesn’t allow ﯾــــﻪــــ < nâhełe ﻫــــــــــــ) heshtin (heł-) to allow spring. kho małâs-dân to ﺧـــﯚ ﻣـــﻪس دان ;dûpishk scorpion دووـــﺸـــﮏ ;âyinda next ﺋـــﺎﯾـــﻨـــﺪﻩ٢ ;pe-dân to bite, sting ﭘــﺪان ;hâtinà zhûrawa to come inside ﻫـﺎﺗـﻨـﻪ ژوورﻩوﻩ ;crouch down ﺗـﻪﮔـﺒـﲑ ;bâ birdin for the wind to carry away ـﺮدن ;tûkasar hair on the head ﺗـﻮوﮐـﻪﺳـﻪر -jarg beloved child, off ـﻪرگ ;qâch khistinà sar to step on ﻗـﺎچ ﺧـﺴـــﻪ ﺳـﻪر ;tagbîr plot .(’jargîyatî ‘he is his child ﻪرﮔﯽﯾﻪﰏ jargetî for ﻪرﮔﱴ) spring -bichorà go into (impera ــﯚرﻩ ;tûl a mâr little snake ﺗــﻮو ﻣــﺎر ;seham third ﺳــــــﻬــﻪم٣ ﻫـﻪـﺘـﻪﰷﻧـﺪن ;pîlân plan ﭘـﻴـﻼن ;(pe-kirdin to put on (a shoe ﭘـ ـﺮدن ;pełâw shoe ﭘــو ;(tive .dar-pařîn la to fall out of دﻩرﭘﻪڕﻦ ;hał-takândin to shake out 136 READINGS ـﻜـﯚڵ دـﺘـﻪوﻩ و ﺋـﻪم ـﺎـﻪ دﻩﺑــ، ـﺮﳻ ﻟـ دﻩﻧــﺸـ و دﻩـ: «ﺷـﻪ، ـﺎـﻪ، ﻣـــﺶ دﻩﻮژى؟» ﺋﻪوﺶ دﻩ: «ﻧﻪ، ﺎﻪ، ﺗﯚ ﻣﺪاﲃ واﱏ. ﺑﯚ ﭼﻰ ﺑﺘﻜﻮژم؟»١ ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ـﻮڕﻩ ـﻜـﯚڵ ﭘــﻰ دﻩـ: «ـﺎـﻪ، ـﺎ، چ راﺳـﺖ و چ درۆ، ﻣـﻦ ـﻮڕى ﺋـﻪو ﭘـﻴـﺎو و ﻧژـﻪم و ـﻪﻧـﺪ ـﺎر وـﺴــﺘـﻮوﻧـﻪ ﺗـﯚ و ﺑـﺒـﻪن و ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﻪــﺸــﺘـﻮوﻩ.» ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎن ﳻ ژﻩﻫﺮاوى ﺮدﱏ ﰷﻧﻴﺎوﻩﻛﻪ و دووﺸﻚ و ﻣﺎرﻩﻛﻪى ﺑﯚ دﻩﰷ.٢ ( ـﻮرﰏ ﺑـﻴـﯾـﻨـﻪوﻩ.) ـﻮڕى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ر و رـﺎﻧـﻪ رـﻚ دﻩـﺎ و ﮔـﻪڵ ـﻮڕﻩ ـﻜـﯚـﻰ ﺧـﻮﺷـﻜـﻪزاﯾـﺪا ﺑـﻪرﻩو ﻣـﺎـﻰ وﰽ دﻩﻛـﻪوﻧـﻪ رێ. زۆر ن ﻛـﻪم دﻩڕۆن ﻛـﻪس زا ﺧـﻮا ﺧـﯚى ﻧـﻪ دﻩﮔـﻪﻧـﻪ ﺷـﻮـــﻚ و وێ ـﻮڕﻩ ر دﻩـﺎ ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﺷـﻪو وێ ﲝـﻪﺳـــﻪوﻩ. ـﻮڕﻩى ﺧـﻮﺷـﻜـﻪزاى ﭘــﻰ دﻩـ: «ـﺎـﻪ، ـﻪز ﻛـﻪم م ﺷـﻮـﻦ و ﮔـﻮزﻩرﻩدا ﲟــﻨـــﻪوﻩ و ﺑـﻪ ﳽ زاﱎ» ﺑـﻪم ـﺎڵ ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﯾـﻪﺧـ ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﺴـﻪﻛـﻪى دا و ﻫـﻪر ﺳـﻪر ﺋــﻮارﻩ ﺑـﯚ دﻩــﻪوێ. ــﺎر ــﻮڕﻩى ﺧــﻮﺷــﻜــﻪزاى ﺋــﻪو ﺷــﻪوﻩ ﻧــﻪــﻪوت و ﺋــــﺸــﲃ ﮔــﺮت، ﻧـﻴـﻮﻩﺷـﻪودا دـﻮـﻚ وﻩك و ﺑـﯚران ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﯚـﻪﺑـﯚڵ ﻫـﺎت و دﻩﯾـﻮت: «ﺑـﯚن دێ، ﺑـﯚﱏ ﺑــﮕـﺎن دێ، م دﻩور و ﻣـﻪﰷن دێ! ﻛـ ـﺮاى ﻣـﲎ ـﻮﺷــﺘـﻮوﻩ ﻫـﻪر ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﺗـﯚز و ﮔـﻪردى دﻩﺑـﻪم ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈﻧـﺪا.» ـﻮڕﻩ ـﻜـﯚڵ ﻛـﻪ ﺧـﯚى ﺳـﻪرى وـﻴـﻪوﻩ ﻧـﻪوﻩى دـﻮان ﺑـﻮو ﻫـﻪـﻴـﻜــﺸـﺎ ـﻪﳒـﻪر و دﻩم و دﻩس وـﺪا دـﻮﻩى ـﻮﺷـﺖ و ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎن ﻟـﻮوت و ﮔـﻮـﻰ ى و ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﻮورﻩﻛﻪﯾﻪﻛﻪوﻩ و ﺑﯚ ﺧﯚى ﻟﻰ ﻪوت.٣ chûnà sar to ﭼـﻮوﻧـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ;ba kâr henân to put into effect ﺑـﻪ ﰷر ﻫــﻨـﺎن ;nâpâk vile ﭘـﺎک١ ــﻪوــﻦ (ــﻪو) ;wâda appointed time وادﻩ ;la nâwakht’â unexpectedly وﻩﺧــــﺎ ;succeed bo kho ﺑـﯚ ﺧـﯚ راﺑـﻮاردن (ﺑـﻮـﺮ) ;weł-kirdin to turn loose وـ ـﺮدن ;khawtin (khaw-) to sleep khanjar ـﻪﳒـﻪر ;hał-keshân to draw out ﻫـﻪـﮑــﺸـﺎن ;râ-bwârdin (bwer-) to enjoy oneself ḥâł ــﺎڵ ;wakhtè when وﻩﺧــ ;sar yek’dâ together ﺳــﻪر ﯾــﻪﮐــﺪا ;dabân steel دﻩن ;dagger -khâła: children are custo ــﺎــﻪ ;tirs nîshtin la for fear to seize ــﺮس ﻧــــﺸــﱳ ;situation marily addressed by the relationship the speaker has to them, i.e. fathers address all bâba, and maternal uncles address all their ﺑـــــــــﻪ their children, male and female, as .betâwân innocent ﺑﺎوان ;khâła ﺎﻪ nieces and nephews as ;wîstin to want وـــﺴـــﱳ ;chi râst u chi diro whether right or wrong چ راﺳـــﺖ و چ درۆ٢ .heshtin (heł-) to allow ﻫﺸﱳ (ﻫ) ,bâr u bârkhâna supplies ر و رــﺎﻧــﻪ ;la kurtî biřînawa to cut short ــﻮرﰏ ــﯾــﻨــﻪوﻩ٣ ر ;khwishkazâ nephew ﺧــﻮﺷــﮑــﻪزا ;rek-khistin to get together رــﮏ ﺧــﺴــﱳ ;provisions 137 SORANI KURDISH ﺑــﯚ ﺑــﻪﱏ ــﻮڕﻩ ــﺎڵ و ﻣــﻪﺳــﻪى دــﻮﻩى ﺑــﯚ ــﺎــﻰ ﮔــــاﯾــﻪوﻩ و ﺋــﻪوــﺶ زۆر ﺳـﻮﭘـﺎﳻ ـﺮد و ﻟــﻴـﺎن دارۆـﺸـﱳ. ﻛـﻪم ن زۆر رۆـﺸـﱳ ﻛـﻪس زا ﺧـﻮا ﺧـﯚى ﻧـﻪ ﺷـﻮـــﻜـﺪا رـﻴـﺎن ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻪ دﻩـﻪ دـﻮـﻚ ﭘـﺎڵ ﻛـﻪوﺗـﺒـﻮو و ﻣـﻪﻣـﲃ ـﻪﭘـﻰ راﺧـﺴـــﻮو و ﻣـﻪﻣـﲃ راﺳــﱴ داﺑـﻮو ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﯚدا. دﻩﯾـﲊﰷﻧـﺪ و دﻩﯾـﻮت: «ﻫـﻪرﻛـﻪﺳـــﻚ ﻟــﺮﻩوﻩ ﺗـــﻪڕێ دﻩﺳــﱲ دﻩرﭼـ و ت و ﭘـﻪﰏ دﻩﻛـﻪم. ﻣـﻦ ـﺪار ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوﻩ ـﻢ ﺷـﲀﻧـﺪووﻩ و ـﺪار ﻫﺎﺗﻮوﺗﻪ ﻢ ﺷﲀﻧﺪووﻩ.»١ ـﻮڕﻩ ـﻜـﯚڵ وﰏ: «ـﺎـﻪ، دﻩﺧــﻠـﱲ، ﻓـﺮ ﻛـﻪوﻩ، ﺑـﻪ دزﻩ ـﺸــﺘـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﯚى ـۆ و ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﺋـﮔـﺎى ﺧـﯚى ﺑــﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـــﻪ ﻻى، ﯾـﻪـﺴـﻪر ﻣـﻪﻣـﲃ راﺳــﱴ ﲞـﻪرﻩ دﻩﻣـﺖ و ﺑـــﻤـﮋﻩ. ﺑـﻪم ﰷرﻩ ﺋـﻴـﱰ زﻧـﺖ ﭘـ ﮔـﻪﯾـﻪ و ﺑـﻪ ـﻮڕى ﺧـﯚﯾـﺖ ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎ دﻩﰷ و رازى ﺧـﯚﯾـﺖ ﻻ دﻩدرﻛــ.» ـﻮڕﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﺴـﻪى ﺧـﻮﺷـﻜـﻪزﻛـﻪى ـﺮد و وﻩﺧـﱴ ﻣـﻪﻣـﲃ راﺳــﱴ دﻩـﻪ دـﻮى ﺧـﺴــﺘـﻪ دﻩم، دـﻮﻩ راــﻪﰽ و وﰏ: «ﺋـﺎى ﺋـﺎدﻩﱉ، ﻛـ ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪى ﻻت درﰷﻧـﺪووﻩ؟! ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﻪورﻩﱙ ﺧـﻮا ﻗـﻪﺳـﻪم وات ﻧـﻪـﺮداﯾـﻪ ﺗـﯚز و ﮔـﻪردم دﻩـﺮدى ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﺎﺳـﲈﻧـﺪا، ﺑـﻪم ﭼـﻰ ـﻜـﻪم؟ ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﺗـﯚ ﻣــﺖ ـﺮد ﺑـﻪ داـﲃ ﺧـﯚت و ﭘــﻢ ﺑــ ﭼـﻰ ـﻪوداـﻰ، ـﻮڕم، و ﺑـﻪ دواى ﭼــﺪا وــﻰ؟» ـﻮڕﻩش دﻩـ: «دﻩـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﺎـﻰ وﰼ.» دـﻮﻩ دﻩـ: «ـﻮڕم، ba bâshî nâzânim ﺑـﻪ ﳽ زاﱎ ;ḥaz-kirdin to like ـﻪز ـﺮدن ;bâr-khistin to unload ﺧـﺴـﱳ ﺋــــﺸــﮏ ﮔــﺮــﻦ ;bâyakh-dân ba to pay attention to ﯾــﻪخ دان ﺑــﻪ ;’I don’t think it’s good‘ wak bâ u borân وﻩک و ﺑـﯚران ;nîwashaw midnight ﻧـﻴـﻮﻩﺷـﻪو ;eshik-girtin to keep watch dawr u دﻩور و ﻣـﻪﰷن ;begâna stranger ﺑــﮕـﺎﻧـﻪ ;bołaboł roaring ﺑـﯚـﻪﺑـﯚڵ ;like a whirlwind ﺳــﻪری ;âsmân sky ﺋــﺎﺳــﲈن ;toz u gard dust ﺗــﯚز و ﮔــﻪرد ;?ke who ﮐــ ;makân these parts khanjar ـﻪﳒـﻪر ﻫـﻪـﮑــﺸـﺎن ;nawa race ﻧـﻪوﻩ ;la sar i bâwkîawa on his father’s side وـﻴـﻪوﻩ ﺧـﺴـــﻪ ;lût nose ﻟـﻮوت ;dam u das straightaway دﻩم و دﻩس ;hał-keshân to draw a dagger .khistinà tûrakayèkawa to stuff in a sack ﺗﻮورﻩﮐﻪﯾﻪﮐﻪوﻩ pâł ﭘــﺎڵ ﮐــﻪوــﻦ ;dał a dew demoness دﻩــﻪ دــﻮ ;le dâ-royshtin to set off ﻟــ دارۆــﺸــﱳ١ -nir ــﺮﰷﻧــﺪن ;râ-khistin to spread out راﺧــﺴــﱳ ;mamik breast ﻣــﻪﻣــﮏ ;kawtin to recline dar-chûn la dast to escape دﻩرﭼـﻮون دﻩﺳـﺖ ;te-pařîn to pass by ﺗـــﻪڕـﻦ ;kândin to grunt bâłdâr &c. this “jingly” phrase (‘I have broken the wing of any ــــــــﺪار ;the clutches bird that has come, and I have broken the horseshoe of any horse that has come’) is and (ــﺪار ﻫــﺎﺗــﻮوﻩ ــﻰ ﭘــﻪراﻧــﺪووﻩ، ــﺪار ﻫــﺎﺗــﻮوﻩ ــﻰ وﻩراﻧــﺪووﻩ) based on a Kurdish proverb seems to be a sort of demonic chant, like the giant’s “fee fi fo fum” in English fairytales. In Iranian fairytales demons usually announce their approach with some sort of chant. 138 READINGS رـﮕـﺎى ﻣـﺎـﻰ وـﺖ ﻫــﺠـﮕـﺎر ﺳـﻪﺧـﺖ و ﻫـﻪـﻪت و ـ ﻣـﻪـﺮﳻﯾـﻪ! ﻓـﻼﻧـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﻦ ﺗـﻮوﳽ ﻓـﻼﻧـﻪ ﺳـﻪـﺗـﲕ دــﺖ و ﻓــﺴـﺎرﻩ ﺷـﻮـﻦ ﺗـﻮوﳽ دﻩردى ﺳـﻪرىﯾـﻪﰽ وا دﻩﰉ.» ﺑـﻪ ـﻮرﰏ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﻛـﯚﺳـﭗ و ﺧـﯚﺷـــﻪﰽ رـﮕـﺎى ﺑـﯚ دﻩﰷ و ﭘــﻮـﺴــﺘـﻪ ﺋـﻪﻣــﺶ ﭼـﻰ ﲀ و ﭼﻰ ﻧﻪﰷ.١ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎن ـﻮڕﻩ و ﺧـﻮﺷـﻜـﻪزﻛـﻪى دﻩڕۆن. ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪﰽ زۆر دﻩڕۆن دﻩﮔـﻪﻧـﻪ ـﺰﯾـﻚ ﺷـﺎرـﻚ و ﻗـﻪراخ ﺷـﺎرﻩوﻩ ﺧــﻮﻩت ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩدﻩن و ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﻴـﺎزى ﻛـﻪل و ﭘـﻪل و ﺷــﱴ ﭘــﻮـﺴـﺖ ﻛـ ـﻦ دﻩﭼــﻪ و ﺷـﺎر و دﻩڕواـﻦ ـﻪـﻚ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﻣـﺎت و ـﻪﻣــﺎرن و دﻩﻟــﯽ ﺧـﯚـﻰ ﻣـﺮدوون ـﺮاوﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪردا. ﺋـﻪﻣـﺎﻧــﺶ ﻫـﯚى ﺋـﻪم ـﺎڵ و وﻩزـﻪ ﯾـﻪﻛــﻚ دﻩـﺮﺳـﻦ و ﺋـﻪوـﺶ وﻩﻣـﺪا دﻩـ: «ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﺎﯾـﻪك ﺑـﻪرى ﺳـﻪرـﺎوﻩى ﺋـﺎوى ﺷـﺎرى ﻟـ ﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻮوـﻦ و ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو رۆژێ دﻩ ﻛـﭽــﲃ ﺑـﯚ ـازـﻨـــﻪوﻩ و ﺑـﯚى ﺑـﺒـﻪـﻦ ﺑـﻴـﺨـﻮات، دﻩ، ﯾـﻪـ دـﯚﭘــﻚ ﺋـﺎوﻣـﺎن ﺑـﯚ ﺑــﺖ و ﺗـــﻮاﻧـﺪا دﻩﺧــﻜــﲔ. وا ﺳــﺒـﻪﯾـﻨــﺶ ﻧـﯚرﻩى ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎﯾـﻪ و دﻩﺑــﲎ ﻪﻜﻪﻛﻪ چ ﺎﻜﺪان.»٢ ﺋـﻪﻣـﺎﻧــﺶ ﺑـﻪ ـﻪم و ـﻪﻓـﻪﺗــﲃ زۆرﻩوﻩ دﻩﮔـﻪڕـﻨـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﯚ ﺧــﻮﻩﺗـﻪﻛـﻪى ﺧـﯚن. ﻧـﻴـﻮﻩﺷـﻪو ـﻮڕﻩ ـﻜـﯚڵ ﺑـﻪ دزى ـﺎـﻴـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﯚ ﺳـﻪرـﺎوﻩى ﺋـﺎوﻩﻛـﻪ دادﻩـﺸـ و وێ دﻩـﮓ ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﺎ دﻩﰷ و دﻩـ: «ﰷﻓـﺮ، ﺧـﯚﰎ ﺑـﻪردا رﮔـﺮﻩ!» ـﻮڕﻩ ﭼـﻮوـﻜـﻪ ﻧـﻪوﻩى دـﻮان

-ba diza surrep ﺑـﻪ دزﻩ ;firyâ-kawtin to assist ﻓـﺮ ﮐـﻪوـﻦ ;dakhîlitim I beg you دﻩﺧــﻠـﱲ١ ﺋـﻪوﻩی ;la pishtawa royshtin bo to go behind the back of ـﺸــﺘـﻪوﻩ رۆﺷـﱳ ﺑـﯚ ;titiously mizhîn to ﻣـﮋـﻦ ;khistinà dam to put in the mouth ﺧـﺴـــﻪ دﻩم ;be awaî (+ subj.) without درﰷﻧـﺪن ;râz secret راز ;ba kuř i khoy as her own son ﺑـﻪ ـﻮڕی ﺧـﯚی ;ziyân harm زن ;suck -âdamî hu ﺋـﺎدﻩﻣـﯽ ;râ-chiłakîn to be startled راــﻪﮐـﲔ ;dirkândin la lâ to disclose to ﻻ weł ba dwâ i …dâ وـ ﺑـﻪ دوای …دا ;awdâł wandering‘ ـﻪوداڵ ;qasam oath ﻗـﻪﺳـﻪم ;man ;hałat dangerous ﻫـﻪـﻪت ;sakht difficult ﺳـﻪﺧـﺖ ;hejgâr extremely ﻫــﺠـﮕـﺎر ;looking for ﮐــﯚﺳــﭗ ;fîsâr such-and-such ﻓــــﺴــﺎر ;saghlatî confusion ﺳــﻪــﰏ ;matirsî fright ﻣــﻪــﺮﳻ .pewîst necessary ﭘﻮﺴﺖ ;nâkhoshî unpleasantness ﺧﯚﳽ ;kosp difficulty kal u ﮐـﻪل و ﭘـﻪل ;khewat hał-dân to pitch a tent ﺧــﻮﻩت ﻫـﻪـﺪان ;qarâkh outskirts ﻗـﻪراخ٢ khoł i mirdû see ﺧـﯚـﯽ ﻣـﺮدوو ;khambâr sad ـﻪﻣــﺎر ;křîn to buy ﮐـ ـﻦ ;pal paraphernalia ;(heshtin ﻫــﺸـﱳ >) nâhełe ﻫـــ = nâyełe ﯾـﻪـ ;waz‘ situation وﻩزع ;note 1 on p. 115 la tînuân’dâ khinkân to choke ﺗـــﻮاﻧـﺪا ﺧــﲀن ;diłopèk âw a drop of water دـﯚﭘــﮏ ﺋـﺎو from thirst. 139 SORANI KURDISH دﻩ ﻫــﺰ و ﮔـﯚڕـﲃ ﺷـﻮﻣـﺎرى دﻩﺑــﺖ و ﻫـﻪـﺪﻩﻛــﺸـــﻪ ﴰـﺸـﲑ و ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﺎ ت و ﭘـﻪت دﻩﰷ و ﻫـﻪر وـﺪا ﴰـﺸـﲑﻩﻛـﻪى دﻩـﻪﻗــﻨـــﻪ زﻩوىﯾـﻪﻛـﻪدا و ﺗـﻪﲰـﻰ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪردا دﻩﺧـﻮـ ﻛـﻪ ﺧـﯚى زـﺮ ﻛـﻪس ﺑـﯚى ﻫـﻪـﻨـﻪﻛـﻪﻧـﺪرـﺖ و ﺋـﻪوـﺎ دـﺘـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﯚ ﻻى ـﺎـﻰ و دﻩﻪوێ.١ ﺑــﯚ ﺳــــﺒــﻪﯾــ ﻫــﻪﻣــﻮو ــﻪــﲃ ﺷــﺎر دﻩﭼــﻦ ﺑــﯚ ﺳــﻪرــﺎوﻩى ﺋــﺎوﻩﻛــﻪ ﺑــﯚ ﺋــﻪوﻩى ﺧـﻮاـﺎﻓـﲒﱙ ﯾـﻪــﺎرى ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎى ﺷـﺎرﻩﻛـﻪن ـﻜـﻪن. وێ ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎ دﻩﻛـﻪن: ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﺎ ت و ﭘـﻪت ـﺮاوﻩ. ﺋـﻴـﺪى ﺷـﺎردا ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﻣـﺎڵ و ـﻮوـﻪ و ﻛـﯚﻧــﻜـﺪا دﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﺎﻫـﻪـﮓ و ﺷـﺎﱙ ﻟـﯚـﺎن و ـﺎرﭼـﻰ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺎردا ـﺎر دﻩدا ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻪر ﻛـﻪﺳـــﻚ ﺋـﻪم ﺋـﺎزاﯾـﻪﰏ و ﭘـﺎـﻪواﻧــﱴﯾـﻪى ﻧـﻮاﻧـﺪووﻩ ﺑــﺖ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ـﻪﰏ دﻩﰷ، ﺑـﻪم ﻫـﻪر ﻛـﻪﺳـ ﺧـﯚى ﻫـﻪـﺒـﻜــﺸـﺎﯾـﻪ و ﻻﰱ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﻟـ ﺑـﺪاﯾـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺋـﻪم ﰷرﻩى ـﺮدووﻩ دﻩﺑـﻮاﯾـﻪ ﴰـﺸـﲑﻩﻛـﻪى زﻩوى دﻩرﻫــﻨـﺎﯾـﻪ، ﺑـﻪم ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﻛـﻪﺳـــﻚ واﻧـﻪ ﺑـﯚن دﻩ ﻧرـﻪﻫـﺎت. ﺋـﻪﳎـﺎر ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎن رﮔـﻪﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ «ﻛـﻪس ﺷـﺎردا ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎوﻩ ﻧـﻪﯾـﻪﺗـﻪ ﺋــﺮﻩ، ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ دوو ﻛـﻪس ﻧـﻪ ﭘـﻪڕى ﺷـﺎرﻩوﻩ ﺧــﻮﻩﺗـﻴـﺎن ﻫـﻪـﺪاوﻩ و زاـﺮێ وك و ـﻮڕن، ـﺮان، ـﲔ.» ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ردى ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻮـــﺎﻧـﺪا و رـﮕـﺎ ـﻮڕﻩ ـﻜـﯚڵ ﺑـﻪ ـﺎـﻰ وت: «ﺑــ ﻣـﻦ ﺋـﻪم ﰷرﻩم ـﺮدووﻩ» و ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﺗـﻪﲰـﻰ دﻩرﻫــﻨـﺎﱏ ﴰـﺸـﲑﻩﻛـﻪﳽ ﭘــ وت. ﺑــﻪم ﺟــﯚرﻩ ﰷ ﭼــﻮوﻧــﻪ دﯾــﻮاﱏ ﭘــﺎﺷــﺎ ــﺎڵ وﰏ: «ــﻪﰉ ﭘــﺎﺷــﺎ، ﻣــﻦ ﺋــﻪم ﺋـﻪژدﳞـﺎﯾـﻪم ـﻮﺷــﺘـﻮوﻩ» و ﺑـﯚ ﺑـﻪـﮕـﻪ و ﺳـﻪـﲈﻧـﺪﱏ ﻗـﺴـﻪﻛـﻪـﴙ ﭼـﻮو ﴰـﺸـﲑﻩﻛـﻪى دﻩرﻫــﻨـﺎ. ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ زۆر رـﺰى ﻟـ و ﭘــﻰ وت: «ﭼـﻰ ﺋـﺎرﻩزوو دﻩﻛـﻪى؟ ﭘـﺎرﻩ، ﻣـﺎڵ، زـ و ـﻪواﻫـﲑات ـﻪﻧـﺪ دﻩﺑـﻪى، ﺑـــﻪ.» ﻟــﺮﻩدا ﺧـﻮﺷـﻜـﻪزﻛـﻪى ﭼــﺎﻧـﺪى ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﻮـﻴـﺪا و وﰏ: «ﺑــ، ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ، ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺎـﻰ دﻧـﻴـﺎ ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻢ وێ و ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ ﮔـﻮــﲃ ﺧــﻪﻛـﻪﰎ دﻩوێ.» ﰷ ـﻮڕﻩ ﺋـﻪم ﻗـﺴـﻪﯾـﻪ ـﺮد ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ دﻩﺳــﺒـﻪﺟـ ﺗــﮕـﻪـﺸـﺖ و ﻛــﻪﻛـﻪى ﺧـﯚى ﻟـ ﻣـﺎرﻩ ـﺮد. ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﺑـﻪ dâ-kishân to creep دــﺸــﺎن ;ba diz i unbeknownst to ﺑــﻪ دزی ;khafat sorrow ــﻪﻓــﻪت١ ;kho râ-girtin labar …dâ to stand up against ﺧــﯚ رﮔــﺮــﻦ ﺑــﻪر …دا ;kâfir infidel ﰷﻓــﺮ ;up ــﻪﻗــﺎﻧــﻪ زﻩوﯾــﻪﮐــﻪدا ;shimshîr sword ﴰــﺸــﲑ ;beshumâr untold ﺑــــﺸــﻮﻣــﺎر ;goř strength ﮔــﯚڕ talasm-khwendin ba ﺗـﻪﰟ ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪن ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪردا ;chaqânà zawîaká’dâ to stick in the ground ﻫـﻪـﮑـﻪﻧـﺪران ﺑـﯚ ;la khoy ziyâtir other than himself ﺧـﯚی زـﺮ ;sar’dâ to cast a spell over hał-kandrân bo to be pulled out by. 140 READINGS ﺗﻔﺎق و ﺗﻪدارﻩﻛﲃ ﭘﺎﺷﺎﻧﻪوﻩ ﺑﻪ رﻰ ﺧﺴﱳ ﺑﯚ وﰏ وﰽ ﻮڕﻩ.١ ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪﰽ زۆر رۆـﺸـﱳ ﮔـﻪـﺸـــﻪ ﺷـﺎرـﻚ. ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎن ـﺮد: ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ـﻪـﲃ ﺷـﺎر ﻛـﯚ ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪﺗـﻪوﻩ و ز ﮔـﻪرداﻧـﻪ ﺑـﯚ ﻫـﻪـاردﱏ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎﯾـﻪﰽ ﻧـﻮێ ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻪ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎى ﭘــﺸـﻮون ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﱏ ﺧـﻮاى ﺑـﻪ ﺟـ ﻫــﻨـﺎﺑـﻮو و ﻣـﺮدﺑـﻮو. زـﺶ ﺑـﻨــﺸــﺘـﺎﯾـﻪﺗـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﻫـﻪر ﻛـﻪﺳـــﻜـﻪوﻩ ﺋـﻪو ﻛـﻪﺳـﻪ دﻩﺑـﻮو ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ. ﺋـﻪﻣـﺎﻧــﺶ ﭼـﻮون ﭘـﻪڕى ـﻪـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪوﻩ وﻩﺳــﺘـﺎن و ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎن دﻩـﺮد. ز ﻫـﻪـﺪرا و ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻪ ﺳـﻮوڕاﻧـﻪوﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ـﻪـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪدا و ﰷو ﻧــﺸــﺘـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ـﻮڕﻩوﻩ. ﰷ زاﻧـــﺎن ﺋـﻪم ﰷـﺮاﯾـﻪ ـﻪرﯾـﺒـﻪ و ـﻪـﲃ ﺷـﺎر ﻧـﻴـﻪ، وﺗـﻴـﺎن «ز ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﻪدا ﭼـﻮوﻩ و ـﺎرـﲃ دـﻜـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﻰ دﻩﯾـﻨـﻪوﻩ.» ﺑـﻪم ﺟـﯚرﻩ ﺳـ ـﺎر زن ﻫـﻪـﺪا، و ﻫـﻪر ﺳـ ـﺎرﻩﻛـﻪى ﻧــﺸــﺘـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ـﻮڕﻩوﻩ. ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎﱙن ﺳـﻪر و ﺳـﻪر ﺗـﻪﺧـﺖ داﻧـﻨـﺎ. ـﻮڕﻩى ﺧـﻮﺷـﻜـﻪزاﳽ ـﺮد ﺑـﻪ وﻩزـﺮى ﺧـﯚى. ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﻫـﻪـﺴـﺎ ﻣـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ ﻧـﻮوﳻ ﺑـﯚ وﰽ ﻛـﻪ و دوورﱙ ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪى ﻫـﻪر دوو ـﺎوى ـﻮـﺮ ﺑـﻮوﺑـﻮو. ﻣـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ وك ﺧـﯚﺷــﻴـﺎﻧـﺪا ﺑـﻪرـﺎوى روون ﺑـﻮوﻩوﻩ و ـﺎوﻩﰷﱏ ـﺎك ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ و وك و ـﻮڕ ﭼـﻮون ﺑـﯚ ﻻى ﯾﻪﻛﱰ و ﺑﻪ ﯾﻪك ﺷﺎد و ﺷﻮﺮ ﺑﻮوﻧﻪوﻩ.٢

;yekjârî final ﯾــﻪــــﺎری ;khwâḥâfîzî-kirdin la to say good-bye to ﺧــﻮاــﺎﻓــﲒی ــﺮدن ١ jârchî ــﺎرﭼــﯽ ;shâî loghân rejoicing ﺷــﺎﱙ ﻟــﯚــﺎن ;kołân street ﮐــﯚن ;kûcha lane ــﻮوــﻪ lâf-dân to ﻻف دان ;nwândin to carry out ﻧــــﻮاﻧــــﺪن ;jâr-dân to proclaim ــــﺎر دان ;herald ﮐـﻪس ﻧـﻪﻣـﺎوﻩ ;râ-gayândin ba to report to رﮔـﻪﻧـﺪن ﺑـﻪ ;dar-henân to pull out دﻩرﻫــﻨـﺎن ;claim ;(kas namâwa nayetà era no one is left to come here (see note 3 on p. 124 ﻧــﻪﯾــﻪﺗــﻪ ﺋــــﺮﻩ janâb ـﻪﰉ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ;dîwân court دﯾـﻮان ;nârdin ba shwen…dâ to send for ردن ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﻦ …دا ârazû-kirdin to ﺋـﺎرﻩزوو ـﺮدن ;rez-nân la to show respect رـﺰ ن ;i pâshâ your majesty chipândin to ﭼــﺎﻧـﺪن ;jawâhîrât jewels ـﻪواﻫـﲑات ;zer gold زـﺮ ;pâra money ﭘـﺎرﻩ ;wish ;bâkhcha garden ﺧــﻪ ;guł flower ﮔـﻮڵ ;mâł i dinyâ worldly wealth ﻣـﺎـﯽ دﻧـﻴـﺎ ;whisper ;tadârak provisions ﺗــﻪدارﻩک ;tifâq supplies ﺗــﻔــﺎق ;te-gayshtin to understand ﺑــــﮕــﻪــﺸــﱳ .pâdishâyâna regal ﭘﺎدﺷﺎﻧﻪ ;bâz-gardân to send a falcon aloft ز ﮔــﻪردان ;ko-bûnawa to be gathered ﮐــﯚ ﺑــﻮوﻧــﻪوﻩ٢ farmân i ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﱏ ﺧـﻮا ﺑـﻪﺟـ ﻫــﻨـﺎن ;peshû former ﭘــﺸـﻮو ;hał-bizhârdin to choose ﻫـﻪـاردن ;pař edge ﭘـــــــــــــــﻪڕ ;bâz falcon ز ;khwâ ba je hênân to obey God’s command, to die la ﰷو ;sûřânawa to circle around ﺳـﻮوڕاﻧـﻪوﻩ ;(hał-dirân to be sent up (falcon ﻫـﻪـﺪران tâj ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ;ba hała’dâ by mistake ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﻪدا ;gharîb stranger ـﻪرﯾـﺐ ;nâkâw suddenly وﻩزــﺮ ;la sar takht dâ-nân to put on the throne ﺳــﻪر ﺗــﻪﺧــﺖ دان ;i pâshâî royal crown ﺑـﻪرـﺎو روون ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪ وﻩ ;tâw dûrî pain of separation و دووری ;nâma letter ﻣـﻪ ;wazîr vizier 141 SORANI KURDISH (٩) ﺋﻪﲪﻪد ﭘﺎﺷﺎ١ ﶊﺪ ﻪﻣﻪ ﺻﺎﺢ ﺗﯚﻓﻖ دﻩﮔــ ﻧـﻪوﻩ ﻛـﻪ زﻩﻣـﺎﱏ ﺧـﯚﯾـﺪا ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎﯾـﻪك دﻩ. ﻗـﻪ ـﻮڕـﲃ دﻩ. وى ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد دﻩ. ﻛـﻪ ـﻮڕﻩ ﮔـﻪورﻩ دﻩ و دﻩﺳــﱴ دار دﻩﮔـﺮێ، داوا وﰽ دﻩﰷ ﺋـﻪﺳـــﲃ ـﰽ ﺑـﯚ ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ـﲀ. وﻛــﴙ دﻩـ: «ـﻮڕم، ﺋـﻪوﻩ رﻩوﮔـﻪ ﺋـﻪﺳـﭗ و ﻣـﺎﯾـﻨـﻪ. ـۆرﻩ ون و ﯾـﻪﻛــﻚ ﺑـﻪ دـﻰ ﺧــﯚت ﻫــﻪــــﺮﻩ.» ــﻮڕﻩ دﻩڕواﺗــﻪ و رﻩوگ و دﻩﺳــﺖ دﻩــﺎﺗــﻪ ﺳــﻪر ــﺸــــﱴ ﻫــﻪر ﺋـﻪﺳـــﺎن. ﻣـﺎﯾـــﻚ ــﺮا ـﺸـﺖ دادﻩﻧـﻪوـ. ـﻮڕﻩ ﭼـﻮوﻩوﻩ ﺑـﯚ ﻻى وﰽ و ﻣـﻪﺳـﻪﻛـﻪى ﺗــﮕـﻪﻧـﺪ. ﺋـﻪوـﺶ وﰏ: «ـﻮڕم، ﻫـﻴـﭻ دادى ﺗـﻮ دا. ﻣـﺎﯾـﻨـﻪ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى ﻧـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﺋـﺎووﺳـﻪ. ورى ﺑـﻪ: ﻫـﻪر وﻩﺧـــﻚ زا، دﻩڕواﺗـﻪ ﻗـﻪراخ دﻩر و ﻧـﯚﻣـﻛـﻪى ﻓـێ دﻩدا. ﺑـﻪر ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﺗـﯚ دﻩ ﺷـﺎﻟـﻴـﻨـﻪﯾـﻪك ﺑـﺒـﻪى. ﻛـﻪ زا، ﺑـﻴـﮕـﺮى ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﺎﺷـﻪـﻴـﻪوﻩ و ﻧـﻪﯾـﻪـﻰ ﻧـﯚﻣـﻛـﻪ ـﻜـﻪوـﺘـﻪ دﻩروﻩ.» ﺑـﻪم ﺟـﯚرﻩ ـﻮڕﻩ ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎى ﻣـﺎﯾـﻨـﻪ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮﱙ ﻫــﻨـﺎﯾـﻪ ﻣـﺎـﻪوﻩ و ﺑـﻪﺧــﻮى ـﺮد واى ﻟﻬﺎت ﻛﻪوﺗﻪ ﺋﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺧﻮاردن.٢ ـﺎرـﻜــﺎن ژﱏ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ، ﻛـﻪ وﻩژﱏ ـﻮڕﻩ ﺑـﻮو و دﻩﻣــﻚ ﺑـﻮو ﺷـﻪﯾـﺪاى ﺑـﻮوﺑـﻮو و دﻩﯾـﻮـﺴـﺖ دﻩﺳــﱴ ﮔـﻪڵ ﺗــﻜـﻪڵ ـﲀ، ردﯾـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﲎ ﺑـﻪ وى ـﮕـﻬــﺸــﲎ ﺑـﯚ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ. م ﰷﺗـﻪدا ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى ﺣــﻠـﲀﻧـﺪى و وﰏ: «ﻧـﻪـﻪـﻪﺗــﻰ ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﺴـﻪى ﺋـﻪو ﻧژـﻪ ـﻜـﻪى. ﻫـﻪر ﻛـﻪ ﺣــﻠـﲀﻧـﺪم ﭘـﯾـﻪـﺖ ﻛـﻪوﺷـﺎ ﺑــﺖ و ﺋـﻪو ﭘــﻜـﻪت ﻧـﻪـﺮد ﺑـﻪ ﺟــﻰ ﺑـــﻪ و وﻩرﻩوﻩ و ﺧـﯚت ﻧـﻪدﻩى ﺑـﻪ دﻩﺳــﺘـﻪوﻩ.» ﰷ ـﻮڕﻩ ﭼـﻮوﻩ ﻻى ﻧژـﻪ و ﻧـﻴـﺎزى ﺧـﯚى ﻻ ﺋـﺎﺷـﻜـﺮا ـﺮد، ـﻮڕﻩ ﯾـﻪـﺴـﻪر ﻫـﻪـﺴـﺎ و ﻧژـﻪ دواوﻩ ﮔـﺮﰏ، ﺑـﻪم ﺳـﻮود ﺑـﻮو. ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﻧژـﻪ ﭼـﻮوﻩ ﻻى ﻣــﺮدﻩﻛـﻪى و ﭘــﻰ وت ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد ﰷرـﲃ واى ـﺮدووﻩ. ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ردﯾـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﻦ وﻩزـﺮ و ـﺎڵ و shâd u ﺷـﺎد و ﺷـﻮـﺮ ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ ;yektir each other ﯾـﻪﮐـﱰ ;barchâw rûn-bûnawa to be delighted shukr-bûnawa to rejoice at seeing someone from whom one has been separated. ١ ﶊﺪ ﻪﻣﻪ ﺻﺎﺢ ﺗﯚﻓﻖ، «ﲑۆﰽ ﺑﻪر ﺋﮔﺮداﱏ ﻮردﻩوارى»ﯾﻪوﻩ وﻩرﮔﲑاوﻩ. ;pisht back ـﺸـﺖ ;hał-bizhârdin to select ﻫـﻪـاردن ;rawg herd رﻩوگ ;asp horse ﺋـﻪﺳـﭗ٢ masala te-gayândin to ﻣـﻪﺳـﻪ ﺗــﮕـﻪﻧـﺪن ;dâ-nawândin to lower داﻧـﻪواﻧـﺪن ;mâyin mare ﻣـﺎـﻦ -baḥrî merhorse, a fabulous horse common in Iranian folk ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮی ;explain a situation zân to give زان ;wiryâ-bûn to watch carefully ور ﺑــــــﻮون ;âwus pregnant ﺋــــــﺎووس ;lore ﺷـﺎﻟـﻴـﻨـﻪ ;fiře-dân to drop ﻓـێ دان ;nomâ colt ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ;daryâ sea دﻩر ;qarâkh edge ﻗـﻪراخ ;birth .âlîk fodder ﺋﺎﻟﻴﮏ ;pâshał hind leg ﭘﺎﺷﻪڵ ;shâlîna shawl 142 READINGS ﻣـﻪﺳـﻪى ﺑـﯚ ﮔــاﯾـﻪوﻩ. وﻩزـﺮ وﰏ: «ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎم، ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﻧژـﻪﻛـﻪت دواوﻩ ـﰷﱏ دڕا، ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﺋــﴙ ﺧـﯚﯾـﻪﰏ. ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﭘــﺸـﻪوﻩ دڕا، ﺋــﴙ ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪﺗـﻪ.» ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎن دﻩرﻛـﻪوت ﻛـﻪ ﭘﻴﻼﱏ ژﻧﻪﻛﻪﯾﻪ.١ ﺑـﯚ رۆژى دووﻫـﻪم ﻧژـﻪ دوورﻩ ـﮕـﻬــﺸــﲎ ـﻮڕﻩى ـﺮد و دـﺴـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى ﺣــــﻠــﲀﻧــﺪى و ﭘــــﻰ وت: «ﺋــﻪﲪــﻪد، ﻧــﻪﻛــﻪى ﺳــﻪر ﺟــــﮕــﻪﻛــﻪى داﻧــــﴙ. ﻧژــﻪﻛــﻪ دﻩروـﺸـــﲃ راﺳــﭙـﺎردووﻩ ﺋـﻪژﳞـﺎﯾـﻪك ﲞـﺎﺗـﻪ ژـﺮ ﺟــﮕـﻪﻛـﻪ و ﻛـﻪ داﻧــﺸــﱴ ﭘـــﻪوﻩ دﻩدا و دﻩـﻜـﻮژێ، ﺑـﻪم ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪ ﭘـﻛـﻪ و ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻰ ﻟـ ﻧـﻪـﺮاوﻩ: ﺑـﻴـﺨـﯚ.» ـﻮڕﻩ رۆـﺸـﺖ، ﺑـﻪم ﻫﻪرﭼﭽﲀﻧﻪوﻩ ﻧﻪﻛﻪى ﺧﻮارد و ﮔﻪڕاﯾﻪوﻩ.٢ ﺑـﯚ رۆژى ﺳـــﻬـﻪم ﻧژـﻪ ژﻩﻫـﺮى ـﺮدﻩ ﺧـﻮاردﻧـﻪﻛـﻪوﻩ و دـﺴـﺎن ردﯾـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﻦ ـﻮڕﻩدا. ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى ﺋـﻪﳎـﺎرﻩش ﺣــﻠـﲀﻧـﺪى و وﰏ: «ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪى ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪ ﲞـﯚى. ژﻩﻫـﺮى ـﺮدووﻩ و دﻩﺳــﺒـﻪﺟـ دﻩـﻜـﻮژێ. ﺗـﻮوﯾـﻪك ﮔـﻪڵ ﺧـﯚت ﺑـﺒـﻪ.» ـﻮڕﻩ ﺗـﻮو ﺳـﻪﮔـﻪﻛـﻪى ﮔـﻪڵ ﺧﯚى ﺮد و ﻛﻪﻣﻚ و ﺧﻮاردﻧﻪى داﯾﻪ و ﯾﻪﺴﻪر ﺗﻮو ﻫﻪﻮﻩرى و رﻩق ﻫﻪت.٣ ﺑـﯚ رۆژى ﺋـﺎﯾـﻨـﺪﻩ ﻧژـﻪ ﺟــﮕـﻪى ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪدا ژـﺮ راﯾـﻪـﻪوﻩ ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﱏ دا ـﺎﻟــﻜــﺎن ﻫـﻪـﻜـﻪﻧـﺪ ـﻞ ﮔـﻪز ﻗـﻮوڵ ﺑــﺖ و ﺑـﲎ ـﺎﻛـﻪدا ﺷــﴙ ژﻩﻫـﺮاوﱙ ـﻪﻗـﺎﻧـﺪ و ﺋـﻪﳎـﺎر shaydâ-bûn to be ﺷــﻪﯾــﺪا ﺑــﻮون ;damèk a while دﻩﻣــــﮏ ;bâwazhin stepmother وﻩژن١ ḥîlkândin to ﺣــﻠـﲀﻧـﺪن ;bângheshtin-kirdin bo to invite ـﮕـﻬــﺸـﱳ ـﺮدن ﺑـﯚ ;enfatuated with ﭘــﻪـﺖ ﮐـﻪوﺷـﺎ ﺑــﺖ و ﺋـﻪو ﭘــﮑـﻪت ﻧـﻪـﺮد ﺑـﻪ ;khałatân to be deceived ـﻪـﻪن ;laugh in peals peyèkit la kawsh’â bet u aw pekát nakirdibe ba je’y beła ‘let one of your feet ﺟــﯽ ﺑـــﻪ be in your shoe, and keep the other foot, which you haven’t put in your shoe, in its -kho dân ba dastawa to let one ﺧــﯚ دان ﺑــﻪ دﻩﺳــــﺘــﻪوﻩ ;place,’ i.e. be firm in your resolve ﺑــــﺴــﻮود ;la dwâwa girtin to grab from behind دواوﻩ ﮔــﺮــﻦ ;self fall into s.o.’s clutches dar-kawtin to realize; this دﻩرﮐـﻪوـﻦ ;îsh deed ﺋــﺶ ;diřrân to be ripped دڕان ;besûd futile part of the story is taken from the Koranic legend of Joseph and Zulaykha, Potiphar’s wife, but the narrator has confused the details: in the Koranic version it is Joseph’s garment that is examined, and if it is torn from behind, Zulaykha was the aggressor; if torn in front, Joseph was the aggressor (see Koran 12:26f.). ;darwesh dervish دﻩروـﺶ ;dîsânawa once more دـﺴـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ ;dûbâra once again دوورﻩ٢ -pâk unadul ﭘـــﺎک ;nân food ن ;azhîhâ serpent ﺋـــﻪژﳞـــﺎ ;râ-spârdin to charge راﺳــــــﭙـــﺎردن .harchîchikânawa no matter what they did ﻫﻪرﭼﭽﲀﻧﻪوﻩ ;terated رﻩق ;hał-warîn to fall down ﻫـﻪـﻮﻩرـﻦ ;tûla sag puppy ﺗـﻮو ﺳـﻪگ ;zhahr poison ژﻩﻫـﺮ٣ .raq-hałâtin to go stiff ﻫﻪﻦ 143 SORANI KURDISH ردى ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﻦ ـﻮڕﻩدا. ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى ﺣــﻠـﲀﻧـﺪى و ﻣـﻪﺳـﻪﻛـﻪى ﻟـ ﮔـﻪﻧـﺪ و ﺋـﻪﳎـﺎرﻩش ﻮڕﻩ دﻩرز ﺑﻮو.١ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎن ﻧژـﻪ ﭘـﺎرﻩﯾـﻪﰽ زۆرى دا ﺑـﻪ ـﻪـــﻤــﻚ و رـﻜـﻜـﻪوت ﮔـﻪـﻰ ﻛـﻪ ﺧـﯚى ـﲀﺗـﻪ ﻧـﻪﺧـﯚش و ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎن ـﻪـﲓ ﺑــ ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﮔـﯚﺷــﱴ ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎى ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى ﻧـﻪﺧـﻮا، ـﺎك ﺑـــﻪوﻩ. ﺑـﻪم ﺟـﯚرﻩ ﻧژـﻪ ﺧـﯚى ﻧـﻪﺧـﯚش ﺧـﺴـﺖ و ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ردى ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﻦ ـﻪـــﻤـﺪا و ﭘـﺎش ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎ ـﺮدن ﺋـﺎﻣـﯚژﮔـﺎرﱙ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ـﺮد ﻛـﻪ دﻩ ﮔـﯚﺷــﱴ ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎى ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى ﲞـﻮا، دﻩ ـﺎك ﺑـــﻪوﻩ. ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ردﯾـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﻦ ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد و وﰏ: «رۆـﻪ، ﺗـﯚ وﻩ ﻧژـﺖ ﺧـﯚش دﻩوێ ن ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑــﻪﺣــﺮى؟» ــﻮڕﻩش وﻩﻣــﺪا وﰏ: «ﺑــﻪ، ﻣــﻦ وﻩژﱎ ﺑــﻪ ﻫــﻪزار ﻧــﯚﻣــﺎ ﺑــﻪﺣــﺮى ﮔـﯚڕﻣـﻪوﻩ. ﺳـﻪرى ﺑـ ـﻦ، ﺑـﻪم ﭘــﺸـﺪا وـﻚ ﺳـﻮارى ﺑـﱬ و دﻩوراﻧــﲃ ﭘـ ـﻜـﻪم.» ﻫـﻪرﻛـﻪ ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد ﺳـﻮارى ﺑـﺒـﻮو، ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى ـﻰ ﻟـ ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ﺑـﻮو و ﻫـﻪـﻴـﮕـﺮت و رۆـﺸـﺖ ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﻗـﻪراخ دﻩرﯾـﻪك و ﺋـﻪوﻩﻧـﺪﻩى ﺑـــﯽ ﯾـﻪك و دوو ﭘـﻪڕﯾـﻨـﻪوﻩ و رۆـﺸـﱳ. رـﮕـﺎ ـﻮڕﻩ ﭘـﻪڕـﲃ ﺟـﻮاﱏ ﺑـﻪرـﺎو ﻛـﻪوت. ﻧـﻪ ﲞـﯚى، ﻧـﻪ ـﻜـﻪى، ﻫـﻪر ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎى ﺋـﻪو ﭘـﻪڕﻩ ـﻜـﻪى، ﺋـﻪوﻩﻧـﺪﻩ ﺟـﻮان و ورﺷـﻪدار ﺑـﻮو. ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى وﰏ: «ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد، داﻣـﻪﺑـﻪزﻩ! ﺋـﻪم ﭘـﻪڕﻩ ﺗـﻮوﳽ ﮔـــﻪــﻜـﲈن دﻩﰷ.» ﺳـﻮودى ﻧـﻪﺑـﻮو. ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد دـﻰ ﻟـ ﭼـﻮو و ﻫـﻪـﻴـﮕـﺮت. ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﭘـﺎش رۆـﺸــﺘـــﲃ زۆر ﮔـﻪـﺸـــﻪ ﺷـﺎرـﻚ و ﭘـﻪڕى ﺷـﺎرﻩوﻩ ﻻن دا ﺎﻧﻚ.٢ gaz ﮔــﻪز ;chil forty ــﻞ ;hał-kandin to dig ﻫــﻪــﮑــﻪﻧــﺪن ;châł pit ــﺎڵ ;râyakh rug راﯾــﻪخ١ -chaqândin to stick up ــﻪﻗــﺎﻧــﺪن ;zhahrâwî poisoned ژﻩﻫــﺮاوی ;shîsh stake ﺷــــﺶ ;yard .darbâz-bûn to be saved دﻩرز ﺑﻮون ;right rek-kawtin lagał to رــﮏ ﮐــﻪوــﻦ ﮔــﻪڵ ;ḥakîm physician ــﻪــﲓ ;pâshân later ﭘــﺎﺷــﺎن٢ gosht ﮔـﯚﺷـﺖ ;kho kirdinà nakhosh to pretend to be sick ﺧـﯚ ـﺮدﻧـﻪ ﻧـﻪﺧـﯚش ;conspire with khosh-wîstin ﺧـﯚش وـﺴـﱳ ;roła son رۆـﻪ ;âmozhgârî-kirdin to advise ﺋـﺎﻣـﯚژﮔـﺎری ـﺮدن ;meat ,tâw turn و ;gořînawa ba to exchange for ﮔــﯚڕﯾــﻨــﻪوﻩ ﺑــﻪ ;hazâr thousand ﻫــﻪزار ;to love harka as soon ﻫـﻪرﮐـﻪ ;(dawrân-kirdin ba to take a turn on (a horse دﻩوران ـﺮدن ﺑـﻪ ;circuit دﻩر ;qarâkh edge ﻗــﻪراخ ;bâł paydâ-bûn la for a wing to sprout on ڵ ﭘــﻪﯾــﺪا ﺑــﻮون ;as -awandaî biłey yek u dû before you could say “jack ﺋـﻪوﻩﻧـﺪﻩی ﺑـــﯽ ﯾـﻪک و دوو ;daryâ sea … barchâw i ﺑـﻪرـﺎوی … ﮐـﻪوـﻦ ;pař feather ﭘـﻪڕ ;pařînawa to take off ﭘـﻪڕﯾـﻨـﻪوﻩ ;”rabbit ;na bikhoy, na bikay &c. see note 1 on p. 122 ﻧـﻪ ﲞـﯚی ﻧـﻪ ـﮑـﻪی ;kawtin to be spotted by دڵ ﭼـﻮن ;gechał dispute ﮔـــﻪڵ ;dâ-bazîn to get off دا ﺑـﻪزـﻦ ;wirshadâr colorful ورﺷـﻪدار .khân inn ﺎن ;dił chûn la to be infatuated by 144 READINGS ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪﰽ ﭘـ ﭼـﻮو. ﻣـﻘـﯚﻣـﻘـﯚ ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻪ و ﺷـﺎرﻩوﻩ ﻛـﻪ ـﻮڕـﲃ وا ﺷـﯚخ و ﺷـﻪـﮓ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوﻩ و ﭘـﻪڕـﲃ ﺟـﻮان و ﻧـﻪﺧـﺸـﲔ وا ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪرﯾـﻪوﻩ و ﻫـﻪر ـﻮڕﻩ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎن دﻩﭼـ. ﻗـﺴـﻪ و س ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎى ﺋـﻪو ﺷـﺎرﻩ و ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﱏ دا ـﻮڕﻩن ـﺮدﻩ ﺧـﺰﻣـﻪﰏ، و ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻪ زۆر ﻫـﻪـﻜـﻪوﺗـﻮو و ﻧـﻪﺟــﺐزادﻩ ﺑـﻮو، ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ـﺮدى ﺑـﻪ وﻩزـﺮى ﺧـﯚى. وﻩزـﺮﻩﰷﱏ ـﺮى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﺑـﻮون ﺑـﻪ دﻩرﻩﰽ و ﺋـﻪو ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺎـﻪﰽ و ﺑـﻪر ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪ رﻗـﻪﺑـﻪراﯾـﻪﰏ ﮔـﻪـﻴـﺪا و ﺋــﺮﻩﱙن ﭘـ دﻩـﺮد. رۆژـﻜــﺎن دﯾـﻮاﱏ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎدا س ﻫـﺎﺗـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﳻ ﭘـﻪڕﻩﻛـﻪ و وﻩزـﺮﻩﰷن وﺗـﻴـﺎن: «ﺋـﺎﺧـﯚ، ﺋـﻪم ﭘـﻪڕﻩ ﺧـﯚى وا رﻩـﮕــﻨـﻪ، ـﺎوﻩﱏ ﭼـﯚن ﺑــﺖ؟ ـﻪﰉ ﭘﺎﺷﺎ، ﺋﻪم ﻮڕﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮا ﺋﻪم ﭘﻪڕﻩ ﭘﻪﯾﺪا ﲀ دﻩﺷﺘﻮا ﺎوﻩﱏ وﻩدﻩﺳﺖ ﺑ.»١ ﺑـﻪم ﺟـﯚرﻩ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎن ﺧـﺴــﺘـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ﻛـﻪـﻜـﻪـﻪى ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ـﺮدﱏ ـﺎوﻩﱏ ﭘـﻪڕ ﺑـﻪو ﻫـﻴـﻮاﯾـﻪى ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد و ـ و ﺷـﻮـــﺎن ﭘـ ق ﻧـﻪﰷ. ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺋــﺴــﺘـﻪرﻩﱉ ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪ ـﺮد ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﯚى ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ـﲀ. ﻫـﻪرـﻪﻧـﺪﻩ ـﻮڕﻩ وﰏ «ﻣـﻦ رـﮕـﺎ دۆزﯾـﻮﻣـﻪﺗـﻪوﻩ»، ﻛـﻪـﲃ ﻧـﻪﺑـﻮو. ﺑـﯚﯾـﻪ ﭼـﻮو ﺑـﯚ ﻻى ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى و وﰏ: «دﻩﺳــﱲ داﻣــﻨـﺖ، رـﮕـﺎﯾـﻪﰼ ﺑـﯚ داﺑـ.» ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ وﰏ: «ﻧـﻪﻣـ ِﻮت ﻫـﻪـﻰ ﻣـﻪﮔـﺮﻩ ﺳـﻪرـﺸـﻪﻣـﺎن ﺗـﻮوش دﻩﰷ؟ ﻛـﻪ وا ﺑـﻮو ـۆ ﺑـﯚ ﻻى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ و ﺑــ ﺣـﻮﺷـﱰـﲂ دﻩوێ ﺑـﻪ رى ﮔـﻪﳕـﻪوﻩ.» ﺑـﻪم ﺟـﯚرﻩ ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻮارﱙ ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى ﺣـﻮﺷـﱰ و رى دا ﺑـﻪر و رۆـﺸـﺖ. ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪﰽ زۆر ﺑـﻪ رـﮕـﺎوﻩ ﺑـﻮو ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﺷـﻮـــﻚ و وێ ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى وﰏ: «ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد، ﻣـﻦ ﻟــﺮﻩدا دﻩوﻩﺳــﱲ و ﯾـﻪم. ﺗـﯚ ـﯚ ﺳـﻪر ﺋـﻪو ﮔـﺮدۆـﻜـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺣـﻮﺷـﱰﻩﻛـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ـﻩ و ﮔـﻪﳕـﻪﻛـﻪ ـﺮژـﻨـﻪ ﺑـﻪ دﻩورﯾـﺪا و ﺧـﯚـﺸـﺖ ﺳـﲃ ﺣـﻮﺷـﱰﻩﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﺪرﻩ و ـﯚ وﯾـﻪوﻩ. ﭘـﻪوﻩر و ﻣـﻪﱃ دﻧـﻴـﺎ و ﮔـﻪﳕـﻪ دﻩورووژـﻦ، و ﻻى ﻧـﻴـﻮﻩڕۆوﻩ ﺷـﺎى ﻣـﻪﻻن دێ دﻩﻧـﻮوﰽ دوان ﮔـﻪﳕـﻪﻛـﻪ دﻩدا. ﺗـﯚ و ﰷﺗـﻪدا وى ﺧـﻮا و ﭘــﻐـﻪﻣـﻪر ﺑـــﻪ و دﻩﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺒـﻪ، ﻗـﺎﭼـﻰ ـﮕـﺮﻩ و ﺑـﻪرى ﻣـﻪدﻩ و ﺋـﮔـﺎت ـﺎوت ﻧـﻪـﻜـﻪﯾـﺘـﻪوﻩ. دﻩ ﻣـﻪل nakhshîn ﻧـﻪﺧـﺸـﲔ ;shokh u shang enchanting ﺷـﯚخ و ﺷـﻪـﮓ ;miqomiqo uproar ﻣـﻘـﯚﻣـﻘـﯚ١ birdinà khizmat to ــﺮدﻧــﻪ ﺧــﺰﻣــﻪت ;chûn la to look like ﭼــﻮن ;sar head ﺳــﻪر ;colorful ﺑـﻮون ﺑـﻪ ;najîbzâda aristocratic ﻧـﻪﺟــﱫادﻩ ;hałkawtû nice-looking ﻫـﻪـﮑـﻪوﺗـﻮو ;bring before ;”bûn ba mâłakî to be “in ﺑـــﻮون ﺑـــﻪ ﻣـــﺎـــﻪﰽ ;”bûn ba darakî to be out “in the cold دﻩرﻩﰽ ;erâyî-birdin ba to be jealous of ﺋــــﺮاﱙ ــﺮدن ﺑــﻪ ;riqabarâyatî spiteful rivalry رﻗــﻪﺑــﻪراﯾــﻪﰏ ;?chon how ﭼـﯚن ;khâwan owner ـﺎوﻩن ;rangîn colorful, beautiful رﻩـﮕـﲔ ;âkho ah ﺋـﺎﺧـﯚ .wa dast henân to get hold of وﻩدﻩﺳﺖ ﻫﻨﺎن ;dashtwâne he could also دﻩﺷﺘﻮا 145 SORANI KURDISH ﺎوت دﻩردﲍ.»١ ﺑـﻪم ﻧـﻪﺧـﺸـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد ﺷـﺎى ﻣـﻪﻻﱏ ﻫــﻨـﺎ و ﺧـﺴـــﻪ ﻗـﻪﻓـﻪزﻩوﻩ و ـﺮدﯾـﻪ ﺑـﻪردﻩﱉ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ و ﻣـﻪل رۆژێ دوو ﺳـ ـﺎر ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﯚﺷـﱰـﻦ ﺋـﺎواز دﻩﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪ. ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد ﺋـﻪوﻩﻧـﺪﻩى ـﺮ ﻻى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺧـﯚﺷـﻪوـﺴـﺖ ﺑـﻮو. وﻩزـﺮﻩﰷﻧــﺶ ـﻪرﯾـﻚ ﺑـﻮون داخ و ـﻪﻓـﻪﺗـﺪا دﻩﺗـﻪﻗـﲔ. ﺑـﯚﯾـﻪ ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪ رـﻜـﺨـﺴــﲎ ﭘـﻴـﻼﻧــﲃ ـﺮ. ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو رۆژێ دﯾـﻮاﱏ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎدا ﺳــﻴـﺎن ﻫـﻪر ﳻ ﺟـﻮاﱏ و ﺷـﯚخ و ﺷـﻪـﮕـﲕ ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﺷـﺎى ﭘـﻪرن ﺑـﻮو وان ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ـﺮد ﮔـﺮﻓــﺎرى ﺗـﲑى ﺋـﻪﺷـﻘـﻰ ﺑـ و ﺷـﻪو و رۆژ ﻣـﻪراﰵ ﭼـﯚﻧــ ِﱴ دﻩﺳـﻜـﻪوﺗـﲎ ﺋـﻪم ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﺷـﺎى ﭘـﻪرﻧـﻪدا . ﺋـﻪﻣـﺎﻧــﺶ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﯚ ﻫـﻪﻟــﲃ وا دﻩﮔـﻪڕان، ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪوﻩى ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪدى ﭘـ ﮔـﺮﻓــﺎر ـﻜـﻪن، ﭼـﻮوﻧـﻪ ـﻦ ﻛـــﺸـﻪى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎوﻩ و وﺗـﻴـﺎن: «ـﻪﰉ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ، ﺋـﻪم ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺘـﻮا ﺷـﺎى ﻣـﻪﻻﻧـﺖ ﺑـﯚ ﺑــــﺘـﻪ ﺋــﺮﻩ، دﻩﺗـﻮا ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﺷـﺎى ﭘـﻪرﻧــﺸـﺖ ﺑـﯚ ﺑـﻪدﻩﺳـﺖ ﺑــ.» ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪﰽ زۆر ﺋـﻪم ﻗـﻪواﻧـﻪن ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪﻩ ﮔـﻮـﻰ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎدا رازﯾـﻴـﺎن ـﺮد و ردى ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﻦ ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪددا و ﭘــﻰ وت: «ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد، ﺋـﻪﳎـﺎرﻩن دﻩ ـﻰ ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﺷـﺎى ﭘـﻪرﱎ ﺑـﯚ ﺑــﲎ و ﺋـﻪم ﰷرﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﯚ ﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﻪس ـﺮێ.» ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد ﻫـﻪرـﻪﻧـﺪﻩ وﰏ «ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ، ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪ ﺗـﻮاى ﻣــﺪا ﻧـﻴـﻪ و ﭘــﻢ ـﺮێ»، ﺑـﻪم ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﺳـﻮودـﲃ ﻧـﻪﺑـﻮو و ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ وﰏ: «ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد، ﺗـﯚ ﻛـﻪ ﺗـﻮاﻧــﺖ ﺷـﺎى ﻣـﻪﻻﻧـﺖ ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﻦ ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ـﺮد، ﻫـﻪر ﺑـﻪم ﺷـــﻮﻩﯾـﻪش دﻩﺗـﻮاﱏ ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﺷـﺎى ﭘـﻪرﱎ ﺑـﯚ ﺑــﲎ، و ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﺋـﻪم ﰷرﻩ ﻧـﻪﻛـﻪى، ﻣـﻠـﺖ دﻩدﻩم.» ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪدـﺶ ـﻪم داـﮕـﺮت و ﭼـﻮو ﺑـﯚ ﻻى ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى و ـﺎڵ و ﻣـﻪﺳـﻪى ﺗــﮕـﻪﻧـﺪ. ﺋـﻪﻣــﺶ وﰏ: «ﰷ ﺧـﯚى ﺋـﺎﻣـﯚژﮔـﺎرﱘ ﻧـﻪـﺮدى ﭘـﻪڕﻩﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻪڵ ﻣـﻪﮔـﺮﻩ

;kałkała i craving for ﮐـﻪـﮑـﻪـﻪی ;khistinà sar to put into someone’s head ﺧـﺴـــﻪ ﺳـﻪر١ ﺷـﻮـﻦ ق ;la nâw chûn to disappear و ﭼـﻮن ;b’ aw hîwâyáî in hopes that ﺑـﻪو ﻫـﻴـﻮاﯾـﻪی îstaram-kirdin ba to plead ﺋــــﺴــــﺘــﻪرﻩم ــﺮدن ﺑــﻪ ;shwen laq-kirdin ba to displace ــﺮدن ﺑــﻪ ;regâ dâ-nân bo to show the way دـــﮕـــﺎ دان ﺑـــﯚ ;dozînawa to discover دۆزﯾـــﻨـــﻪوﻩ ;with ḥushtir ﺣـﻮﺷـﱰ ;.tûsh-kirdin to involve s.o. in s.th ﺗـﻮش ـﺮدن ;saresha headache ﺳـﻪرـﺸـﻪ labar ﺑـﻪر دان ;ba swârî i mounted on ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻮارﱙ ;ganim wheat ﮔـﻪﱎ ;bâr load ر ;camel رژاﻧــﺪن ;sar-biřîn to cut the head off ﺳــﻪر ــ ــﻦ ;girdołka haystack ﮔــﺮدۆــﮑــﻪ ;dân to lead ;hał-diřîn to slit open ﻫـــﻪڵ دڕـــﻦ ;ba dawr…dâ around ﺑـــﻪدﻩور …دا ;rizhândin to strew ;nîwařo noon ﻧــــﻴــــﻮﻩڕۆ ;wirûzhân to flock ورووژان ;mal bird ﻣــــﻪل ;palawar bird ﭘــــﻪوﻩر nâw i … henân to invoke وی … ﻫــــﻨــﺎن ;diwân sharp دوان ;danûk bird’s beak دﻩﻧــﻮوک ;qâch leg ﻗـﺎچ ;dast-birdin to grab دﻩﺳـﺖ ـﺮدن ;payghamar prophet ﭘـﻪﯾـﻐـﻪﻣـﻪر ;the name of .châw dar-henân to pluck the eye out ﺎو دﻩرﻫﻴﻨﺎن ;bar-dân to let go ﺑﻪر دان 146 READINGS و ﺗـﻮوﳽ ﺑـﻪﯾـﻪﻛـﲈن دﻩﰷ؟ ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎش ـﺎر ﻧـﻴـﻪ و ـۆ ﺑــ ﺗـﻪدارﻩﰽ ﺳـﻪﻓـﻪرم ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎدﻩ ﻜﻪن و دﻩڕۆﻦ.»١ ﺑـﻪم ﺟـﯚرﻩ ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد ﭘـﻪڕﯾـﻴـﻪ ﻛـﯚـﻰ ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى و وﻩك ﺑـﯚى دﻩرﭼـﻮو. زۆر ن ﻛـﻪم رۆـﺸـﺖ ﻛـﻪس زا ﺧـﻮا ﺧـﯚى ﻧـﻪ ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﺷـﻮـــﻚ ﻛـﻪ ﻗــﻪﯾـﻪﰽ ﺑـﻪﺳـﻪر ﮔـﺮدـﻜـﻪوﻩ ﻟــﺮﻩ در ﺑـﻮو. ﻧـﯚﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮى وﰏ: «ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد، ﺑـﻪﺧــﺖ ﻫـﻪـﺴـﺎوﻩ. ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﺷـﺎى ﭘـﻪرن و ﻗــﻪدا ـﻪوى ـﻞ ﺷـﻪو و ـﻞ رۆژﻩ دﻩﰷ و ﺳـﻪر ﻻى راﺳـﺖ ـﻪوﺗـﻮوﻩ و ﺑـﻪﻧـﻪﺧـﻮﻧـﻪﻛـﻪى ـﻞ ﮔـﺮـﻰ ﻟـ دراوﻩ. ﻫـﻪرﻛـﻪﺳـ ﺋـﻪو ـﻞ ﮔـﺮێﯾـﻪ ـﲀﺗـﻪوﻩ ﺋـﻪوﻩ ـﻪرش و ﻗـﻮرش ﻣـﺎرﻩى و ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوﻩ. ـﺎ ﺧـﯚت و ﺑـﻪﺧــﺖ، ﭘــﺖ ـﺰا، ﻫـﻪر ﺑـﻪ ﺋﺎﻧﺸﲃ دﻩﺗﭙﺸﺘﻪوﻩ.» ﺋﻪﲪﻪد وﰏ: «ﺑﻪ ﺋﲒﱏ ﺧﻮا دﻩڕۆم»٢ و وێ ﺑـﯚى رـﻚ ﻛـﻪوت، ﻫـﻪر ـﻞ ﮔـﺮـﻜـﻪى ﺷـﻞ ـﺮدﻩوﻩ و ﻛــﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﮔـﺎ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻪوﻩ و ﺑـﻪﺳـﻪر ﺳـﻮڕﻣـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ وﰏ: «ﭼـﯚن ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪت ـﺮد؟ ﻣـﻦ ـﺪار ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوﻩ ـﻢ ﺷـﲀﻧـﺪووﻩ و ـﺪار ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوﻩ ـﻢ ﺷـﲀﻧـﺪووﻩ.» ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد وﰏ: «ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮا، ﺧـﯚﺷـﺖ و ـﺮﺷـﺖ ، ﻣـﻦ ـﺮدووﻣـﻪ» و ـﺎر ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﺷـﺎى ﭘـﻪرن وﰏ: «ﻛـﻪ واﺗـﻪ ﻣـﻦ ـﻪرش و ﻗـﻮرش ﻣـﺎرﻩم

ـﺮدﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻪردﻩﻣـﯽ ;khistinà qafazawa to put in a cage ﺧـﺴـــﻪ ﻗـﻪﻓـﻪزﻩوﻩ ;nakhsha plan ﻧـﻪﺧـﺸـﻪ١ ;awanda i tir so much more ﺋــﻪوﻩﻧــﺪﻩی ــﺮ ;âwâz voice ﺋــﺎواز ;birdinà bardam i to take to taqîn to ﺗــﻪﻗــﲔ ;khafat worry ــﻪﻓــﻪت ;dâkh grief داخ ;khoshawîst beloved ﺧــﯚﺷــﻪوــﺴــﺖ ﺷـﯚخ و ﺷـﻪ ;jwânî beauty ﺟـﻮاﱏ ;pîlân rek-khistin to hatch a plan ﭘـﻴـﻼن رـﮏ ﺧـﺴـﱳ ;burst wâ kirdin la (+ subj.) to وا ـــﺮدن ;parî peri, fairy ﭘـــﻪری ;shokhushangî elegance رﮔـــﯽ ;la marâq i …dâ bûn to wonder ﻣــﻪراﰵ…دا ﺑــﻮون ;giriftâr smitten ﮔــﺮﻓــــﺎر ;convince to bo hal ﺑـﯚ ﻫـﻪل ﮔـان ;das-kawtin to be captured دﻩس ﮐـﻪوـﻦ ;chonetî manner, how to ﭼـﯚﻧــﱴ ﭼـﻮﻧـﻪ ـﻦ ;giriftâr-kirdin ba to entangle in ﮔـﺮﻓــﺎر ـﺮدن ﺑـﻪ ;gařân to look for an opportunity qawân ﻗــﻪوان ﺧــﻮــﻨــﺪﻧــﻪ ﮔــﻮــﯽ …دا ;chunà bin kiłesha i …awa to dupe ﮐــــــﺸــﻪی …هوﻩ -râzî-kirdin to con رازی ــــــــــﺮدن ;khwendinà gwe i …dâ to harp on s.th. into s.o.’s ear ;kham dâ-girtin for grief to afflict ـــﻪم دﮔـــﺮـــﻦ ;la mil dân to behead ﻣـــﻞ دان ;vince .châr remedy ﺎر ;âmozhgârî-kirdin to advise ﺋﺎﻣﯚژﮔﺎری ﺮدن ﻗـــﻪـــﻪ ;wak bâ like the wind وﻫـــﮏ ;koł back ـــﻮڵ ;pařînà to leap onto ﭘـــﻪڕﯾـــﻨـــﻪ ٢ bakhtit hałsâwa ﺑــﻪﺧــــﺖ ﻫــﻪــﺴــﺎوﻩ ;bakht luck ﺑــﻪﺧــﺖ ;gird hill ﮔــﺮد ;qałâycha fortress ﮔـﺮێ ;banakhun drawstring ﺑـﻪﻧـﻪﺧـﻮن ;râst right راﺳـﺖ ;you’ve had a stroke of good luck gre-kirdinawa to ﮔـﺮێ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;gre-dirân la for a knot to be tied in ﮔـﺮێ دران ;gre knot la ‘arsh u qursh ‘by God’s throne and footstool’ (an ــــــﻪرش و ﻗــــــﻮرش ;untie a knot piłîshândinawa ﭘـــﺸـﺎﻧـﺪﻧـﻪوﻩ ;ânîshk elbow ﺋـﺎﻧــﺸـﮏ ;zânîn ba to be aware of زاﻧـﲔ ﺑـﻪ ;(oath .ba îzn i khwâ by God’s leave ﺑﻪ ﺋﲒﱏ ﺧﻮا ;to squash 147 SORANI KURDISH ﺗـﻮ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻮوﻩ.» ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﮔـﻪﱋ و ـﻪواﻫـﲑى ﺧـﯚى ﻛـﯚ ـﺮدﻩوﻩ و ﻛـﻪوﺗـﻪ ﺗـﻪك ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد و ﻫـﺎـﻦ ﺑـﯚ ﻻى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ. ﻛـﭽـﻰ ﺷـﺎى ﭘـﻪرن وﰏ: «دﻩ ﺧــﻮﻩﺗــﲂ دﻩرﻩوﻩى ﺷـﺎر ﺑـﯚ ﻫـﻪـﺒـﺪﻩن ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻪ ﻣـﻦ ـﻞ رۆژ ﻣـﺎرﻩم ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﯾـﻪ.» و ﻣـﺎوﻩﯾـﻪدا ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ ﺋـﺎراﱉ ﻟـ ـا و ﺳـﻮـﻰ ﺑﻮوﻩوﻩ و ﻣﺮد. دواﱙ ﺋﻪﲪﻪد ﺧﯚى ﺑﻮو ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺷﺎ و ﻛﭽﻰ ﺷﺎى ﭘﻪرﱏ ﮔﻮاﺳﺘﻪوﻩ.١ ﭘـﺎش ﺑـﻪﯾـــﻚ ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ دى وﰽ زۆر ﻗـﻪﰏ ـﺮد و ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﱏ دا ﺗـﻪدارﻩﰽ ﺷـﻜـﺮ و ﺳــﭙـﺎ رـﻜـﺨـﺮا و رۆـﺸـﺖ ـﺰﯾـﻚ ﺷـﺎرﻩﻛـﻪى ﻣـﺎـﻰ وﰽ ﺧــﻮﻩﰏ ﻫـﻪـﺪا. وﻩزـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﻪداوان ﮔـﻪـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﻻى ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ و وﰏ: «ـﻪﰉ ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ، ﭼـﻰ ـﻜـﻪـﻦ؟ وا ﺷـﻜـﺮ و ﺳــﭙـﺎى ﺑــﮕـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺷـﺎرن ﺋـﺎﺑـﻠـﯚﻗـﻪ داوﻩ و دﻩـﮕـﺮن.» ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ، ﻛـﻪ و دوورﱙ ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪى ﻫـﻪر دوو ـﺎوى ـﻮـﺮ ﺑـﻮوﺑـﻮو و ﻧژـﻪﻛـﻪﳽ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ـﻪق ـﻮڕﻩى رﻩﻫـﻪﻧـﺪﻩى ون ـﺮد ﮔـﻮل ﺑـﻮوﺑـﻮو، وﰏ: «ـﺎ ﺷـﻜـﺮى ﺑــﮕـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺷـﺎر دﮔـﲑ ـﻜـﻪن. ﻣـﻦ زﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎى ﭼـﲓ؟ وا ﺧـﯚم ـﻮـﺮ ﺑـﻮوم و ﻧژـﻪﻛـﻪﴌ ﮔـﻮل ﺑـﻮوﻩ.» ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ـﻮڕﻩ ﻫـﺎﺗـﻪ ﻻى وﰽ و وﰏ: «ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎ، ﺗـﯚ ﻛــﺖ ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ و ﺑـﯚ ﭼـﻰ وات ﻟــﻬـﺎﺗـﻮوﻩ؟» ﭘـﺎﺷـﺎـﺶ ـﺎڵ و ﻣـﻪﺳـﻪى ﺗـﻪرﻓـﻪﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻮوﱏ ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪى ﺑـﯚ ﮔــاﯾـﻪوﻩ و وﰏ: «ـﻮڕم، ﺋـﻪوﻩ ﳇـﻴـﲆ ﺷـﺎر و ﺗـﯚ ﺑـﺒـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻧــﺸــﺘـﻪﺟــﻰ ﻣـﻦ. ﻣـﻦ زﻩ ـﻮڕى ﺧـﯚم ﺑـﻪ ـﺎو ﺑــﲌ و وا دﻩﺑــﲎ زﻩﻟـﻴـﻞ و ﻣـﺰﻣـﻪﺣــﻞ داﻧــﺸــﺘـﻮوم.» ﺋـﻪﲪـﻪد دـﻰ ﮔـﻪرم ﺑـﻮو و وﰏ: «ﺑـﻪ، ﻣـﻦ ـﻮڕﻩﻛـﻪى ﺧـﯚﰎ!» ﺋـﻪوـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺳـﻪرﻫـﺎﰏ ﺧـﯚى ـﻪرﯾـﱮ ﺑـﯚ ﮔــاﯾـﻪوﻩ و وك دﻩﺳــﺒـﻪﺟـ ـﺎوى ـﺎك ﺑـﻮوﻩوﻩ و ﮔـﻪڵ ـﻮڕﻩﯾـﺪا ﺑـﻪ ﯾـﻪك ﺷـﺎد و ﺷـﻮـﺮ ﺑﻮوﻧﻪوﻩ.٢

ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﮔـﺎ ;shil-kirdinawa to loosen ﺷـﻞ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;rek-kawtin to go smoothly رـﮏ ﮐـﻪوـﻦ ١ ;bâłdâr &c. see note 1 on p. 129 ـــﺪار ;ba âgâ hâtin to come to consciousness ﻫـــﺎـــﻦ -ganj trea ﮔــﻪﱋ ;khoshit be u tirshit be whether you like it or not ﺧــﯚﺷــﺖ و ــﺮﺷــﺖ ﺋـﺎرام ـان ;(kawtinà tak to sit behind (on a horse ﮐـﻪوﺗـﻨـﻪ ﺗـﻪک ;jawâhîr jewels ـﻪواﻫـﲑ ;sure ﮔــﻮاﺳــــــﻪوﻩ ;swe-bûnawa to pine away ﺳــﻮێ ﺑــﻮوﻧــﻪوﻩ ;ârâm biřran la to lose patience gwâstinawa (gwez-) to take to wife. betâqat-kirdin ﺑـــﺎﻗـﻪ ت ـﺮدن ;yâd memory د ;pâsh baynèk after a while ﭘـﺎش ﺑـﻪ ﯾـــﮏ ٢ rek-khirân to be رــﮏ ﺧــﺮان ;sipâ army ﺳــــﭙــﺎ ;lashkir troops ﺷــﮑــﺮ ;to make anxious âbloqa-dân to ﺋـﺎﺑـﻠـﯚﻗـﻪ دان ;begâna foreign ﺑــﮕـﺎﻧـﻪ ;haładâwân haste ﻫـﻪـﻪداوان ;mustered ;ba nâḥaq unjustly ﺑــﻪ ــﻪق ;tâ u dûrî i painful separation from و دوری ;lay siege to دﮔـﲑ ;gul-bûn to contract leprosy ﮔـﻮل ﺑـﻮون ;rahanda-kirdin to make wander رﻩﻫـﻪﻧـﺪﻩ ـﺮدن -tarfana ﺗــﻪرﻓــﻪﻧــﻪ ﺑــﻮون ;tamâ desire ﺗــﻪﻣــﺎ ;tâza anymore زﻩ ;dâgîr-kirdin to capture ــﺮدن 148 READINGS (١٠) ﻣﻦ و ﻣﻪم و زﯾﲎ ﺎﱏ ﻫﻪژار١ ﭘـﺎش ﺋـﻪوﻩی وﻩرﮔــاﱏ ﻣـﻪم و زـﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﻮـﺮﱏ ـﺎپ و ﺑـو ـﺮاﯾـﻪوﻩ، ـﺮا و ﺧـﻮﺷـﲀﱏ وـﮋﻩوان، ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﯚراﻧـﻴـﺎن دﻩزاﱏ، ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪﻧـﻪوﻩ و رادﻩﯾـﻪک دﻩﮔـﻪڵ ﺑـﻪرﻫـﻪﻣـﻪﮐـﻪی ـﺎﱏ ﺑـﻮﻧـﻪ ﺋـﺎﺷــﻨـﺎ… ﰷرﻩﮐـﻪﻣــﺎن ﻻ ﭘـﻪﺳـﻪﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻮ، ﺷـﺎزﱘ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﻪﺧـﱲ دﻩـﺮد ﮐـﻪ ﺗـﻮاﻧـــﻮم ﺑـﻪ ﭘﯽ ﺗﻮای ﻫﻪژاراﻧﻪم، ﺋﻪو دﻩﺳﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﻨﺪﻩواراﻧﻪم ﺑﻪ ﻣﻪم و زﻦ ﺳﺎﻧﺪوﻩ.٢ ﺑـﻪم ﻫــﻨـﺪێ ﮐـﻪس واﻧـﻪی ـﺮﻣـﺎﳒـﯽﯾـﻪﮐـﻪن ﻧـﻪدﯾـﺒـﻮ، ن دﯾـﺒـﻮن ﺑـﻪم ش ﺗــﯽ ﻧـﻪﮔـﻪﯾـﺒـﻮن، ﰏ ﭘـﻪﺳــﻨـﺪی ـﺎﱏ، ﺋـﺎﻓـﻪرﯾـــﺎن ﻣـﻦ دﻩـﺮد… ﺗـﻪﻧـﻪت ﻫـﻪﻧـﺪێ دـﺴـﺎدﻩی واﴌ دﻩدـﻦ، ﮐـﻪ روی ﻣــﺎ دﻩـﮕـﻮت: ﺗـﯚ ـﺎﻧــﺖ زﯾـﻨـﺪو ـﺮدﻩوﻩ، — ﺧـﻮدا ﺗـﯚﺑـﻪ—!! ﮔـﺮۆت ـﺎﱏ ـﺮدﻩوﻩ!!! ﺋـﺎی و ـﻮﻓـﺮﻩی ﺑـﻪدﻩم ﺋـﻪﻣـﺎﻧـﻪدا دﻩﻫـﺎت!! ـوا ـﮑـﻪن و ﺟـﯚرﻩ ﮔـﻔــﻪ ﺗـﻔــﺎﻧـﻪ و، و ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﻣـﻔــﺎﻧـﻪ… ﺷـﻪرﻣـﺎن و ـﻪﯾـﺒـﻪن دﻩﺗـﻮاﻣـﻪوﻩ… ﺧﻮاﯾﻪ، ﺋﻪو ﭘﻪﻪی ﺑﻮﺧﺎﻧﻪ، ﭼﯚﱎ ﻟﻪ دﻩﺑﻪوﻩ؟! ﮐ ﻫﻪﯾﻪ ﺑﯚم ﺴﺘﻪوﻩ؟!٣

ﻣـﺰﻣـﻪﺣــﻞ ;zalîl miserable زﻩﻟـﻴـﻞ ;nîshtaje successor ﻧــﺸــﺘـﻪﺟـ ;kilîl key ﳇـﻴـﻞ ;bûn to be lost -basar ﺑـﻪﺳـﻪرﻫـﺎت ;dił garm-bûn for the heart to warm دڵ ﮔـﻪرم ﺑـﻮون ;mizmaḥîl deprived ba ﺑـﻪ ﯾـﻪک ;châk-bûnawa to be healed ـﺎک ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ ;gharîbî exile ـﻪرﯾـﱮ ;hât adventure yek together. ١ ﻫـــﻪژار، «ﺋـــﻪﲪـــﻪدی ـــﺎﱏ: ﻣـــﻪم و زـــﻦ» (,Paris: Weşanên Enstîtuya Kurdî ya Parîsê 1989)، ل ١٣-١٤ وﻩرﮔﲑاوﻩ. Mam u Zîn is an epic poem written by Ahmad Khânî at the end of the 17th cen- tury. Hazhâr does not use the double wâw for û (which has been added in the vocab- ulary in the notes); otherwise his spelling is consistent with normal usage. His highly idiosyncratic punctuation is reproduced as is. ـﺎپ ;mukriyânî the Mukri dialect of Kurdish ﻣـﻮـﺮﱏ ;wargeřân translation وﻫـﮔــان٢ وـــﮋﻩوان ;biłâw-kirânawa to be published ﺑـــو ـــﺮاﻧـــﻪوﻩ ;châp-kirân to be printed ـــﺮان -tâ râda راﯾــﻪﯾــﻪک :râda degree رادﻩ ;sorânî Sorani Kurdish ﺳــﯚراﱏ ;wezhawân literary bûnà ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪ ﺋـﺎﺷــﻨـﺎ دﻩﮔـﻪڵ ;barham production, work ﺑـﻪرﻫـﻪم ;yèk to an extent, to a degree -pasand-bûn lâ i … to be pleas ﭘـﻪﺳـﻪﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻮون ﻻی ;âshnâ dagał to become familiar with twânâ ﺗــﻮا ;bakht luck ﺑــﻪﺧــﺖ ;shânâzî-kirdin ba to take pride in ﺷــﺎزی ــﺮدن ﺑــﻪ ;ing to khwendawâr ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪﻩوار ;dast group دﻩﺳـﺖ ;hazhârâna paltry, miserable ﻫـﻪژاراﻧـﻪ ;ability .nâsândin ba to make acquainted with ﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﺑﻪ ;reader -te-gayîn = te ﺗــــﮕــﻪﯾــﲔ ;kirmânjî Kurmanji, the Kurdish spoken in Turkey ــﺮﻣــﺎﳒــﯽ٣ ﺋــﺎﻓــﻪرــﻦ ــﺮدن ;pasind liking ﭘــﻪﺳــــﻨــﺪ ;labât i instead of ﰏ ;gayshtin to understand 149 SORANI KURDISH وـﮋداﱏ ـ ﭘـﻪژارﻩم، دﻩ ﮔـﻮـﯽ دـﻪ ﻫـﻪژارﻩﮐـﻪﻣـﺪا ﴎﻧـﺪی: ﻧـــﯚﰽ ﭘـﻪﳒـﻪی ﺧﯚت ﺑﻪ و ﺋﺎﯚﳽ ﺸﺖ ﺸﮑﻨﻪ. دﻩ ﮐﻪس دﻩ ﻓﺮت ﯾﻪ…١ ـرم دا ﻣـﻪم و زﯾـﲎ ﺷـــﺨـﯽ ـﺎﱏ دﻩﮔـﻪڵ ﻣـﻮـﺮﻧـﻴـﻪﮐـﻪدا ﻟــﮏ ﭘـــﯚز ﮐـﻪم، وـﮋداﱎ ـﺴـــﻪوﻩ و، ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪﻩواراﻧــﺶ ـﺰاـﻦ ﮐـﻪ ﻫـﻪژار دﻩری ﻣـﻪزن ﻻوـﭽــﮑـﯽ ﺳـﻪرﻩوﻩ ﻫـﻪــﻨــﺎوﻩ و، ﺑـﯚ ﳕـﻮﻧـﻪ ﺷـﺎﱏ داوﻩ، زﻩر ﻫـﻪر وﻩـﻮ ﺧـﯚی ﻣـﺎوﻩ، ﺋـﻪو دﻩرﯾـﻪ ﻣـﻪواﱏ زۆر ﺑـــﻪﮐــﺸـﯽ ﺑـﻪﺑـﲔ و ـﺸـﻮدرـﮋی ﭘـ دﻩوێ ـﮕـﺎﺗـﻪ ﺗـﻪﺧـﱴ ﺑـﲎ و، ﮔـﻪوﻫـﻪرﻩ وﻩﺷـ ﺗﺎرـﻮﻩﰷﱏ ﮐـﻪ دﻩ ڕادﻩ و ژﻣـﺎر ﯾـﻪن، وﻩدﻩس ﮐـﻪوێ. ﺧـﯚ ـﻮردـﺶ ﺋـﺎزاد ﻧﻪوێ، ﻣﻪوان و ﺗﯚژﻩرﻩوﻩی وا زا، ﻮا ﻫﻪﺪﻩﮐﻪوێ ﺧﯚی ﻗﻪرﻩی ﺎﱏ ﺑﺪا؟!!٢ ﺮد: ﭼـﻮار ﻣـﻪم و زﯾـﲌ ﭘـﻪﯾـﺪا ـﺮد… ﺑـﻪ ﭼـﻮار ـﺎﭘـﺎن. ﺑـﻪراﻧـﺒـﻪر ﺑـﻪﯾـﻪﰼ ـﺮدن، زۆر ورد ﻟﻴﺎن ورد ﺑﻮﻣﻪوﻩ، ﺋﰷﻣﺎ:٣

;handè rather, somewhat ﻫـﻪﻧـﺪێ ;tanânat especially ﺗـﻪﻧـﻪت ;âfarîn-kirdin la to applaud ;la rû i …(d)â gutin to say to someone’s face رووی …(د)ا ﮔـﻮـﻦ ;diłsâda naïve دـﺴـﺎدﻩ ;!khudâ toba God forbid ﺧـﻮدا ﺗـﯚﺑـﻪ ;zîndû-kirdinawa to bring back to life زﯾـﻨـﺪوو ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ dam دﻩم ;kufr curse ـــﻮﻓـــﺮ ;ây oh ﺋـــﺎی ;giro-birdinawa la to get ahead of ﮔـــﺮۆ ـــﺮدﻧـــﻪوﻩ tift mouth-puckeringly ﺗـﻔـﺖ ;gift speech ﮔـﻔـﺖ ;biřwâ-kirdin to believe ـوا ـﺮﮐـﺪن ;mouth ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎـﺸــﺘـﻪ ﻣـﻔـﺖ :mift free, without cost ﻣـﻔـﺖ ;farmâyisht compliment ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎـﺸـﺖ ;sweet ـــﻪﯾـــﺒـــﻪت ;sharm shame, embarrassment ﺷـــﻪرم ;farmâyisht a mift empty compliment ﻟـــﻪ ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ ;bukhtân slander ﺑـﻮﺧــﺎن ;pała stain, spot ﭘـﻪـﻪ ;twân to want ﺗـﻮان ;aybat fear‘ .siřînawa to wipe clean ﺳﯾﻨﻪوﻩ ;lekha bûnawa to be rubbed off of ;sirtândin to whisper ﴎﻧـــﺪن ;pazhâra sadness ﭘـــﻪژارﻩ ;wîzhdân conscience وـــﮋدان١ âłosh shkândin ﺋـﺎـﯚش ﺷـﲀﻧـﺪن :âłosh itch ﺋـﺎـﯚش ;panja hand ﭘـﻪﳒـﻪ ;nînok fingernail ﻧـــﯚک .da firyâ hâtin to come to help دﻩ ﻓﺮ ﻫﺎﻦ ;to scratch an itch ;lek pełoz kirdin to put an end to ﻟــــﮏ ﭘــــــﯚز ــﺮدن ;biřyâr-dân to decide ــر دان٢ ﻣـﻪزن ;daryâ sea دﻩر ;biḥasetawa from hasânawa to rest ﲝـﻪﺳـــﻪوﻩ bisetawa for ـﺴـــﻪوﻩ nimûna ﳕــﻮوﻧــﻪ ;hałenjân to draw water ﻫــﻪــــﻨــــﺎن ;lâwech handful ﻻوــﭻ ;mazin great ﺑـــﻪﮐــﺸـﯽ ;malawân swimmer ﻣـﻪوان ;zaryâ sea زﻩر ;shân-dân to show ﺷـﺎن دان ;sample ;takhtabin bottom ﺗـﻪﺧــﻪـﻦ ;pishû breath ـﺸـﻮو ;bîn breath ﺑـﲔ ;bînakeshî taking a breath da râda u zhimâr دﻩ رادﻩ و ژﻣـﺎر ﻧـﻪﻫـﺎـﻦ ;washârtû hidden وﻩﺷـ ﺗﺎرـﻮو ;gawhar pearl ﮔـﻪوﻫـﻪر -wa das kawtin to be ob وﻩ دﻩس ﮐــــــﻪوــــــﻦ ;nahâtin to be inestimable and uncountable kwâ how ـــﻮا ;zânâ knowledgeable زا ;tozhar researcher ﺗـــﯚژﻩر ;âzâd free ﺋـــﺎزاد ;tained .kho la qara i … dân to approach ﺧﯚ ﻗﻪرﻩی … دان ;(for rhetorical questions) wird-bûnawa la ورد ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ ;barâmbar ba yek kirdin to compare ﺑـﻪراﻣــﻪر ﺑـﻪ ﯾـﻪک ـﺮدن٣ 150 READINGS ١- ـﺎﭘـﯽ ﻫـﻪوﻟــﺮی ﻣـﺎم «ﮔـﻴـﻮ»م ﻫـﻪر زو ﻗـﺖ ـﺮد… ﺋـﻪو ﻣـﺎﻣـﯚﺳــﺘـﺎ ﺧـﻮا ﺑـﻪﺧـﺸــﻴـﻮﻩش وﻩک زۆر ـﻮردی ﺋـﻪم زﻩﻣـﺎﻧـﻪ ﻻی واﺑـﻮﻩ: ﻫـﻪر وﺷـﻪﯾـﻪک و رﺳــﺘـﻪﯾـﻪک ﺧـﯚی ﻧـﻪـﺰا درﻩ ﺑـﻪ ـﻪـﻪت ﻧـﻮﴎاوﻩ!! ﺋـﻴـﱰ راﻣـﺎن و داﻣـﺎﻧــﮏ، وـﺎﻧــﮏ ﺑـﲑﻟــﮑـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ دﻩ ﻮﮐﻪی ﺗﻪڕﺸﺪا وﮑﯽ ﻧﻴﻪ… ﺋﻪوا ﺋﻪو ﻓﺖ.١ ٢- ﻣـﻪم و زﯾـﲎ ـﺎﭘـﯽ ﻣـﯚﺳـﮑـﯚ ﮐـﻪ ـﺎﱎ (ﺳـــﺪا رۆزﯾـﻨـﮑـﯚ) ﺳـﺎـﯽ ٩٦٢ ﺑـﻪ راﺳــﭙــﺮی ﺋـﰷدـﻤـﯽ ـﻠـﻮﻣـﯽ ﯾـﻪـﻴـﻪﰏ ﺳـﯚﭬــﻪت (ﻧـﻪﴍـﺎ ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑـﻴـﺎ رۆژﻫـﻪﰏ) ﺑـﻪ ﺷـــﻮﻩـﻪﰏ ـﺎرﻩﰉ، دﻩﮔـﻪڵ وﻩرﮔــاوی روﳻ و، ﭘــﺸــﻪﺑـﻪرـﮏ ـﺎپ و ﺑـوی ـﺮدﻩوﻩ. ﺑـﻪ داـﻪوﻩ ﻣـﻦ ﭘــﺸـﻪـﻴـﻪﮐـﻪﱘ ﻧـﻪدﯾـﻮﻩ. ﺑـﻪم ﭘـﻪراوـﺰاﻧـﺪا، دﻩرﺋـﻪﮐـﻪوێ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪر ﻪﻧﺪ ﻧﻮﲯﻪ ﻧﻮﴎاوﻩﺗﻪوﻩ… دو ﺑﻪﯾﺖ وﺪا ﻫﻪﺑﻮن ﮐﻪ وی ﻪﻣﺰﻩدا ﻧﻪﺑﻮن.٢ ٣- ـﺎﭘـﯽ ـﻪﻣـﺰﻩ… ﭘــﺸـﻪﮐـﻪﯾـﺪا ﻧـﻮﴎاوﻩ: «ﻣـﺎـﴗ ﺳـﺎـﯽ ٣٣٥» ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪراﻧـﺒـﻪر ﺑـﻪ ١٩١٩ی ﻣــﻼدیﯾـﻪ، دواﯾـﻴـﻪﮐـﻪﳽ ﻧـﻮﴎاوﻩ: «ﺋـﻪو ـﻴـﺘـﺎ ـﻮ ﻣـﻪ ژێ اﺳــﺘــﺴـﺎخ ﺮی ١١٦٥دا، ﻪزﺰ ﻮری ﺷﺮ ﻣﺎم زﺪی ﻧﭭﴗ ﺑﻮ، ﺧﻮدا رﻩﺣﲈ ﺧﻮﻩ ﻟ ﲀ».٣

.la âkâm’â in the end ﺋﰷﻣﺎ ;to scrutinize qit-kirdin ﻗـﺖ ـﺮدن ;har zû very early on ﻫـﻪر زوو ;Hawlerî a native of Arbil ﻫـﻪوﻟــﺮی١ ﺧـﻮا ;mâmostâ professor, teacher, a title accorded learned persons ﻣـﺎﻣـﯚﺳــﺘـﺎ ;to eliminate ghałat ـﻪـﻪت ;rista sentence رﺳــﺘـﻪ ;wisha word وﺷـﻪ ;khwâ-bakhshîw the late ﺑـﻪﺧـﺸــﻴـﻮ ;wichân to pause وـﺎن ;dâ-mân to be stymied داﻣـﺎن ;râ-mân to contemplate راﻣـﺎن ;error da kulaká i tař’îsh’dâ دﻩ ـﻮﮐـﻪی ﺗـﻪڕـﺸـﺪا وـﮑـﯽ ﻧـﻴـﻪ ;bîr-lekirdinawa to think ﺑـﲑ ﻟــﮑـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ .fit the sound of spitting ﻓﺖ ;’nâwèkî niya ‘do not exist in his enlightened view ;khânim lady ـﺎﱎ ;Mosko Moscow ﻣـﯚﺳـﮑـﯚ ;is common Turkish usage for 1962 962 ٢ -âkâdemî acad ﺋـﰷدـﻤـﯽ ;ba râsperî i under the auspices of ﺑـﻪ راﺳــﭙــﺮی ;.sedâ Ms ﺳـــﺪا sovyet ﺳــﯚﭬــــﻪت ;yekîatî union ﯾــﻪــﻴــﻪﰏ ;ulûm (spelled in Arabic) science‘ ــﻠــﻮم ;emy here Hazhâr replicates the Cyrillic spelling of the ﻧـــﻪﴍـــﺎ ﺋـــﻪدﻩﺑـــﻴـــﺎ رۆژﻫـــﻪﰏ ;soviet ﺷــــــﻮﻩــﻪت ;(Kurmanji for ‘Oriental Literature Press’ (Neşirxana Edebiyata Rojhełatî -peshkhabar pref ﭘــﺸــﻪﺑـﻪر ;rûsî Russian رووﳻ ;ârabî Arabic‘ ـﺎرﻩﰉ ;shewakhat type dîn to دـﻦ ;peshakîakáy its foreword ﭘــﺸـﻪـﻴـﻪﮐـﻪی ;ba dâkhawa regrettably ﺑـﻪ داـﻪوﻩ ;ace dar-kawtin to turn دﻩرﮐــﻪوــﻦ ;parâwezân to edit, edition ﭘــﻪراوــﺰان ;(see (variant of dîtin .bayt line of poetry ﺑﻪﯾﺖ ;nuskha manuscript, copy ﻧﻮﲯﻪ ;chand several ﻪﻧﺪ ;out mîlâdî A.D.; the quotation is in Kurmanji: ew kitaba ku ﻣــــﻼدی ;mâyis May ﻣــﺎــﺲ٣ me jê istinsax kirî 1165’da ‘Ezîz kurê Şêr Mam Zêdî nivîsî bû, Xuda rahma xwe lê bika: ‘the book from which I have copied was written in 1165 by Aziz son of Sher Mam Zedi, may God have mercy on him.’ 151 SORANI KURDISH ﺑـﻪو ــﺴـﺎﺑـﻪ ﺋـﻪو ﻧـﻮﲯـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪﱏ ﺷــﺴـﺖ ﺳـﺎڵ ـﻮﮐـﱰ ﯾـﻪﮐـﻪﻣـﲔ ﻣـﻪم و زﯾـﲎ ﺑـﻪ دﻩﲯﻪﰏ ﺎﱏ ﺑﻮﻩ، دو ﺑﻪﯾﱲ وﺸﺪا دﯾﱳ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﲯﻪﮐﻪی ﻣﯚﺳﮑﯚدا ﻧﻪﻧﻮﴎاون.١ ﺳـﻪﯾـﺪا ـﻪﻣـﺰﻩ ﺳـﺎﱏ ١٩١٨ و ١٩١٩ ﺳـﻪرﭘـﻪرﺷــﱴ ـﺎﭘــﺎﻧـﻪی (ﻧـﻪﲨـﯽ ﺋﺴﻘﺎل) ﺷﺎری ﺋﻪﺳﺘﻪﻣﻮڵ ﺑﻮﻩ، ﺳﺎﯽ ٩٥٦ ﻗﺎﻣﺸﲆ وﻩﻓﺎﰏ ﺮد…٢ ٤- ﻣـﻪم و زﯾـﲎ ﺑـﻪ ﻻﺗــﲎ ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﺎﻣـﯚﺳــﺘـﺎ (ـﻪﻣـﻪدﻩﻣـﲔ ﺑـﯚز ﺋـﻪرﺳـﻪﻻن) ﺳـﺎـﯽ ٩٦٨ ﺗـﻮرـﻴـﺎ ﺑـﻪ وﻩرﮔــاوی ـﺮـﻴـﻪوﻩ ـﺎﭘـﯽ دا. ﻓـﻪرﻣـﻮﺷــﻴـﻪﰏ ﺳـﺎـﯽ ٩٥٨ ﺷـﺎری ﺷـﺎم ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺮوﰱ ﺎرﻩﰉ ﺎپ دراوﻩ. ﮐﻪ ﳐﺎﻦ ﻧﻪ دﯾﺘﻮﻣﻪ، ﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻮﻣﻪ!!٣ ﺋـﺎﺷـﮑـﺮاﯾـﻪ: ﺑـﻪر ﻧـﻮﲯـﻪﻧـﻮﺳـﻪرﻩوﻩ و ـﺎپ دﻩراﱏ ﮐـﺘـــﺎن ﺑـــﺎدﻩﻣـﻦ و، ﺑـــﺎدﻩم ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﻪ دﻩﭼـ، ﺑـﻪ ﭘــﯽ ﺗـﻮا ﻫـﻪـﻪﰷﱎ راﺳـﺖ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ، ﭘـﻪـﻪﰷﱎ ﻫـﻪـﮕـ ﺗﺮـﻨـﻪوﻩ، دﻩررﻩی ﻪﰏ ﻻﺗﲎ ﺑﯚ ﺋﻪم ﰷرﻩ، ﻣﻦ ﻪﻧﺪ ﺗﻨﻴﻪﰼ ﻫﻪﯾﻪ…٤ آ– ﭘـــﻪﰷﱏ ث، ذ، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع، غ ﺋـﻪزﻣـﺎﱏ ـﺎرﻩﺑـﻴـﺪا زۆر ﻣـﺸـﻪﻧـﻪ… ﮐـﻪ ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر (ث - ص) ﺑـﻪ (س) - (ذ - ض) ﺑـﻪ (ز)، (ط) ﺑـﻪ (ت)، (ض) ﺑـﻪ (د ن ز) ﺑـﻨـﻮﴎـﻦ، زۆر ﺷـﻮـﻦ ﻣـﺎ ﺗــﮏ دﻩﭼـ، ﺑـﯚ ﳕـﻮﻧـﻪ: ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر «ﺿـﻪﻻل» ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﺎی ﮔـﻮﻣـاﱙ دﻩدا، «دﻩﻻل» ن «زﻩﻻل» ﺑـﻨـﻮﺳـﲔ، ﻣـﺎ ﮔـﯚڕا… «دﻩﻻل» زﻩ، «زﻩﻻل» ﺋﺎوی رون و ﺧﯚﺷﻪ…٥

;bichuktir less ـﻮﮐـﱰ ;shest sixty ﺷــﺴـﺖ ;taman age ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪن ;ḥîsâb calculation ــﺴـﺎب١ .daskhat handwriting دﻩﲯﻪت ;(yekamîn first (see §12.1 ﯾﻪﮐﻪﻣﲔ ﺋــﺴـــﻘــﺎل ;najm star ﻧـﻪﰖ ;châpkhâna press ـﺎﭘــﺎﻧـﻪ ;sarparisht head, chief ﺳـﻪرﭘـﻪرﺷـﺖ٢ ;Qâmîshlî Qamishli, in Syria ﻗــﺎﻣــــﺸــﲆ ;Astambuł Istanbul ﺋــﻪﺳــــﺘــﻪﻣــــﻮڵ ;îstîqbâl future .wafât-kirdin to pass away, to die وﻩﻓﺎت ﺮدن farmûshîn ﻓـﻪرﻣـﻮوﺷـﲔ ;tirkî Turkish ـﺮﰽ ;Turkiyâ Turkey ﺗـﻮرـﻴـﺎ ;lâtîn Latin letters ﻻﺗـﲔ٣ mikhâbin ﳐــﺎــﻦ ;(ḥurûf letters (spelled in Arabic ﺣــﺮوف ;Shâm Damascus ﺷــﺎم ;to say .na…na neither…nor ﻧﻪ…ﻧﻪ ;unfortunately nyâdân to ﻧــﻴــﺎدان ;nuskhanûsar copyist ﻧــﻮﲯــﻪﻧــﻮوﺳــﻪر ;âshkirâ clear, obvious ﺋــﺎﺷــﮑــﺮا٤ ;ba pe i twânâ insofar as possible ﺑـﻪ ﭘــﯽ ﺗـﻮا ;hała mistake ﻫـﻪـﻪ ;take into consideration ﺗــــﲎ ;pała hał-girtin to catch errors ﭘـﻪـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺮـﻦ ;râst-kirdinawa to correct راﺳـﺖ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ tebînî observation. ﻣــﺎ ;misha frequent ﻣــﺸــﻪ ;azmân language ﺋــﻪزﻣــﺎن ;(pît letter (of the alphabet ﭘــــﺖ٥ gořân to ﮔـﯚڕان ;gumřâî perdition ﮔـﻮﻣـاﱙ ;tek-chûn to be lost ﺗــﮏ ﭼـﻮون ;mânâ meaning .rûn clear روون ;zalâl limpid زﻩﻻل ;dalâl, nâz coquetry دﻩﻻل، ز ;be changed 152 READINGS و دوﻫـﻪزار و ﭘـــﺼـﻪد و ﭘـﻪﳒـﺎ و ـﻪو ﺑـﻪﯾـﺘـﺎﻧـﻪدا ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﻪم و زﯾـﻨـﻪﮐـﻪدان… ﺷـﻪش ﻫـﻪزار و ﭘـﺎزدﻩ وﺷـﻪی ﺑـﻪ ـﺎرﻩﰉ ﺗــﺨـﺰاوﻩ، ﻧـﯚﺻـﻪد و ﺑــﺴـﺖ و ﻫـﻪﺷـﺖ وـﮋﻩی ﻓـﺎرﳻ ﺗﺪاﯾﻪ. ﺑﺴﺖ و ﯾﻪک وﺷﻪی ﺮﮐﺸﯽ ﻟ ﻣﻮاﻧﻪ.١ زۆر وﺷـﻪ ـﺎرﻩﺑـﻴـﻪﰷن ﺳـﯚـﮕـﻪی ﻻﺗـﻴـــﻪﮐـﻪوﻩ ﺷـﻮـﻦ ﺧـﯚن ـﺮازاون، ﻫـﻪر ﻓـﺎرﺳــﻴـﻪﰷن و ـﺮـﻴـﻪﰷن و ـﻮردﯾـﻪﰷﱏ وﻩک ﺧـﯚ ﻣـﺎون، ﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ «خ» و «غ» ﻧـﻪﺑــﱳ ﮐـﻪ ﻟــﮏ ﻫـﻪـﻨـﺎوار دراون، ﺑـﻪ ـوای ﻫـﻪژاراﻧـﻪی ﻣـﻦ: ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﺎواﯾـﻪﰽ رۆﺷـﻦ ـﺎرﻩﺳـﻪری ﺋـﻪم ﭘـــﻪ زﻧـﻪ ﻧـﻪﮐـﻪـﻦ، ﮐـﻪ دﻩ ـﻪﰏ ﻻﺗـﲔدا ﻧـﲔ، ﻧـﻮﺳـــﻪوﻩی ﮐـﻪﭘـﻮری ﻫـﻪرﻩ ﻫــﮋای ﮐـﻪوراﻣـﺎن وﻩـﻮ: دﯾـﻮاﱏ ﺟـﺰـﺮی، ﻣـﻪم و زﯾـﲎ ﺷــﻴـﺨـﯽ ـﺎﱏ و، زۆری ـﺮـﺶ ﺑـﻪﻻﺗــﲎ ڕﻩواﯾـﻪ، ﺋـﻪو ـﻪزـﻨـﻪی ﮔـﻪوﻫـﻪراﻧـﻪ زاﯾـﻪ دﻩـﻦ. ن ﻧــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺑـﯚ ﺋـﻪو ﭘـــﺎﻧـﻪ داﺑـﲊـﻦ، ن وﻩک ﻫﻪﺑﻮن، ﺑﻨﻮﴎﻦ و، ﺑﻪ ﻻﺗﲎ راﭬﻪ ﮑﺮﻦ…٢ ب– ﺳـﻪﯾـﺪا ﺋـﻪﻣـﲔ ﺑـﯚز ﺋـﻪرﺳـﻪﻻن، وﻩک زواﱏ ـﺎرﻩﺑـﻴـﺪا زۆر ﻣـﻪﻻ و زۆر ﺷـﺎرﻩزاﯾـﻪ، ﺗـﻮرﮐــﺸـﺪا ﮔـﺰوﻓـﱴ ﺑـﻮﻟـﺒـﻮل ﺋـﻪدا؟ ﮐـﻪﻣـﱰ ﺋـﺎﺷــﻨـﺎﯾـﻪﰏ زۆری دﻩﮔـﻪڵ زواﱏ ﻓـﺎرﳻ ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ… ـﻪﻧـﺪ ﺷـﻮـــﮏ ﺋـﻪوـﺶ زۆر ﮐـﻪم، ﻓـﺎرﺳــﻴـﻪﰷن ﮔـﺮـﯽ ﺑـﯚ رﻩﻫـﺎ ﻧﻪﺮاوﻩ…٣ پ– ﺳـﻪﯾـﺪا دﻩـ: زاﻧـﲔ ﮐـﻪی ﻣـﻪم و زـﻦ دﻩﺳــﱴ ﭘـ ـﺮاوﻩ، ﺋــﮋن: ﭘـﻪﱋ ﺳـﺎـﯽ ﺑـﯚ ـﺎﱏ ـﺎﻧـﺪوﻩ!! ـﺎﱏ ﭘــﺸـﻪـﻴـﻪﰷﻧـﻴـﺪا ﻓـﻪرﻣـﻮﮔـﻴـﻪﳻ: «ﮐــﺸـﺎﯾـﻪ ـﻪﻓـﺎ ژ ب ﺑـﻮﱙ ـﺎﻣـﯽ)

wezha وــﮋﻩ ;te-khizân ba to slip into ﺗــــﺨــﺰان ﺑــﻪ ;ḥawt ــﻪوت = (ḥaw (dialectal ــﻪو١ .mîwân guest ﻣﻮان ;fârsî Persian ﻓﺎرﳻ ;word la shwen kho tirâzân ﺷـﻮـﻦ ﺧـﯚ ـﺮازان ;la songa i …awa because of ﺳـﯚـﮕـﻪی …هوﻩ٢ ﺋـﺎوا ;lek hałnâwâr dirân not to be distinguished ﻟــﮏ ﻫـﻪـﻨـﺎوار دران ;to be unrecognizable ;chârasar i … kirdin to remedy ـــﺎوﻩﺳـــﻪری … ـــﺮدن ;roshin clear رۆﺷـــﻦ ;âwâ manner ﻫــﻪرﻩ ;kalapûrî traditional ﮐــﻪﭘــﻮوری ;nûsînawa literature ﻧــﻮوﺳــــــﻪوﻩ ;tâzî Arabic زی ــﻪزــﻨــﻪ ;nâřawâ unreadable ڕﻩوا ;kawnârâ old ﮐــﻪورا ;hezhâ worthy ﻫــــﮋا ;hara most ﻧــــﺸــﺎﻧــﻪ ;yân…yân either…or ن … ن ;zâye-bûn to be lost زاﯾــﻪ ﺑــﻮون ;khazena treasury .râva-kirân to be explained راﭬﻪ ﺮان ;dâ-nirân to be established داﺮان ;nîshâna sign gizuft ﮔـﺰوﻓـﱴ ﺑـﻮﻟـﺒـﻮل دان ;shârazâ expert ﺷـﺎرﻩزا ;malâ learned ﻣـﻪﻻ ;zwân language زوان٣ âshnâyatî dagał acquaintance ﺋـﺎﺷــﻨـﺎﯾـﻪﰏ دﻩﮔـﻪڵ ;i bulbul dân to warble like a nightingale .gre rahâ-kirân for a knotty problem to be solved ﮔﺮێ رﻩﻫﺎ ﺮان ;with 153 SORANI KURDISH ﱏ ﺳﺎﮏ… وا ﺋﻪم ﻣﻪﺗﻪﻪش زاﻧﺪرا.١ ﺷـــﺨـﯽ ـﺎﱏ ﺧـﯚی ژﯾـﻨـﺎﻣـﻪی ﺧـﯚی ﺑـﻪ ـﻮرﰏ ﺑـﯚ درﰷﻧـﺪوـﻦ. ﻫـﻪزار و ﺷــﺴـﺖ و ﯾـﻪک ﻫـﺎﺗـﯚﺗـﻪ دﻧـﻴـﺎ، ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪﱏ ـﺎردﻩ ﺳـﺎـﯽ ﺑـﯚﺗـﻪ ﻧـﻮﺳـﻪر، ﺳـﺎـﯽ ﻫـﻪزار و ﺻـﻪت و ﭘـــﺞ ﻣﻪم و زﯾ ﺑﯚﺗﻪوﻩ.٢ ت– دﻩررﻩی ﺳـﺎـﯽ وﻩﻓـﺎﰏ. ﺋـﻪوی راﺳــﺘـﻪ ﻫـﻪر ﺋـﻪو رﺳــﺘـﻪ ﺟـﻮان و ﻫــﮋا و دروﺳــﺘـﻪﯾـﻪ ﮐـﻪ (ـﻪﻻﺋـﻪددـﻦ ﺳـﻪﺟــﺎدی) ﻣـﻪﻻﯾـﻪﰽ ﺑــﺴــﺘـﻮﻩ ﻓـﻪرﻣـﻮﯾـﻪﰏ: ـﺸـﺖ ﮐـﺘــــﮑـﺪا دﯾـﻮﻣـﻪ ﻋـﻴـﺒـﺎرﻩﰏ (ﻃـﺎر ـﺎﱏ اﱃ رﺑـﻪ) ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﻪﲜـﻪد ﺳـﺎـﯽ وﻩﻓـﺎﰏ ـﺎﱏﯾـﻪ… ﮐـﻪ راﺳﺖ دﻩﺑﻪ ﻫﻪزار و ﺻﻪت و ﻧﯚزدﻩ.٣ دـﻪ ﻫـﻪژارﻩﮐـﻪم دﻩـ: رﻩـﮕـﻪ و ـﺎردﻩ ﺳـﺎـﻪدا ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﻧـﻪ ﭼـﻮار ﻟـﲒﮔـﻪی دـﮑـﻪی زۆر دری ﻫـﯚﻧـﺪﺑـــﻪوﻩ. ﺑـﻪراﻧـﺒـﻪر ﭘـــﺠـﻴـﻨـﻪی ﻧـﻴـﻈـﺎﻣـﯽدا ﺧـﯚراﻧــﻦ و ﺑـﯚڕن ﺑـﺪﻩن… ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻮﻣــﺪم ﺋـﻪو ـﻪوﻧـﻪی دـﻢ وﻩ دی ﺑــﺖ، ﺑـﻪرﻫـﻪﻣـﯽ دـﺶ ـﺎﻧـﻴـﻪوﻩ ﮔـﯚﺷـﻪی ﻓﻪراﻣﯚﺷﻴﻪوﻩ ﺑﻪ دﻩرێ و، ﺎوی دن ﭘﱰ ﮔﻪش و رون ﮐﻪﻧﻪوﻩ… ﺑﻪ ﺗﻪﻣﺎی ﺧﻮا.٤ ج– ﺋـﻪوﻩی ﮐـﻪ ﺳـﻪﯾـﺪا ﻫــﮋا: ﺑـﯚز ﺋـﻪرﺳـﻪﻻن ـﻪﻧـﺪ ﺟـﯾـﻪﰷ ﻧـﻮﺳــﻴـﻮﯾـﻪ: زﻩﱏ و ﻣــﻪﺗــﻨــﻪﮐــﻪﻣــﺎن ــﺮدﻩ زﻣــﺎن، وﻩ دﻩﰷ: ﻗــﻮرــﺎن ﻧــﻮﺳــﻪرﻩوــﮏ ﺑــــﮋێ: ﻓــﻮم و ﺛــﻮم

-farmûgiyasî (dia ﻓـﻪرﻣـﻮﮔـﻴـﻪﳻ ;khâyândin to spend time ـﺎﻧـﺪن :ezhin they say ﺋــﮋن١ -zândrân to be fig زاﻧـــﺪران ;matał riddle ﻣـــﻪﺗـــﻪڵ ;yânî that means ﱏ ;’lect) ‘he has said ured out. ;dirkândin to disclose درﰷﻧــﺪن ;ba kurtî in brief ﺑــﻪ ــﻮرﰏ ;zhînâma biography ژﯾــﻨــﺎﻣــﻪ٢ .sad ﺳﻪد = sat ﺻﻪت ;nûsar writer ﻧﻮوﺳﻪر ;hâtinà dinyâ to be born ﻫﺎﺗﻨﻪ دﻧﻴﺎ bîstin to ﺑــﺴـﱳ ;malâ mulla, cleric ﻣـﻪﻻ ;dirust correct دروﺳـﺖ ;jwân fine, nice ﺟـﻮان٣ ﻋــﻴــﺒــﺎرﻩت ;kteb book ﮐــﺘــــﺐ ;(in Persian ﻓــﺮﻣــﻮدن farmûn to say (used like ﻓــﻪرﻣــﻮون ;hear tāra Khānī ilā rabbihi (Ar.) “Khani flew to his ﻃــــﺎر ــــﺎﱏ اﱃ رﺑــــﻪ ;îbârat expression‘ abjad the system of assigning numerical values to the letters of the ﺋـــــــﻪﲜـــــــﻪد ;”lord alphabet; A.H. 1119 = A.D. 1707–8. hondin to ﻫـﯚﻧـﺪن ;nâdir rare در ;lîzga bead ﻟـﲒﮔـﻪ ;hîch nabe if nothing else ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﻧـﻪ٤ kho râ-nân ﺧـﯚ ران ﺑـﻪراﻣــﻪر …دا ;Nîzâmî see p. 91 ﻧـﲒاﻣـﯽ ;penjîna quintet ﭘـــﺠـﻴـﻨـﻪ ;string humed ﻫـــﻮﻣــــــﺪ ;(boř-dân to beat (at a game ﺑـــﯚڕ دان ;la barâmbar …dâ to stand up to ﮔـﯚﺷـﻪ ;dîsh another دـﺶ ;wa dî hâtin to come true وﻩ دی ﻫـﺎـﻦ ;khawn dream ـﻪون ;hope ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎی ﺧـﻮا ;gash happy ﮔـﻪش ;pitir more ﭘـﱰ ;farâmoshî oblivion ﻓـﻪراﻣـﯚﳽ ;gosha corner ba tamâ i khwâ God willing. 154 READINGS ﻫــﻪردوــﻴــﺎن ﺳــﲑن. ﻣــﻦ ت ﻓــﻮم ﻗــﻮرــﺎﻧــﺪا ﺛــﻮﱈ ﻧــﻮﳻ. ﭼــﻮــﮑــﻪ ﺳــﻪر زار ﺳﻮﮐﱰﻩ!!؟١ ﮐـ دﻩﺗـﻮا ﺷـﻪر ﰷ و، ـﻦ وﺷـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ وﻩک زﻩن ﺑـــﻦ زﻩن ﻓـﺎرﺳــﻴـﺪا زﻣـﺎﱏ ـﻮردی ﺧـﯚﻣـﺎﻧـﻪ. ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎـﺸــﱴ ـﺎﱏ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻴـﭻ ﺟـﯚر دﻩﺳـﲀری ـﮑـﺮێ، ﭼـﯚن ﺑـﯚﮔـﻪ ﻫـﻪروا ﲟــ، ﭼـﻮـﮑـﻪ ﻣـﻪم و زﯾـﲎ ـﺎﱏ ـ ﺗﺮـﻮﰽ ﭘـﲑۆزی ـﻮردﻩ… دﻩ ﻫـﻪروا دﻩﺳﺖﻧﻪﺧﻮردﻩ راﮕﲑێ…٢ ﺑـﻪ ﭘــﯽ ﺗـﻮا وﺷـﻪ و رﺳــﺘـﻪ ـﺎرﻩﺑـﻴـﻪﰷن و، ﻓـﺎرﺳــﻴـﻪﰷن و، زاراوﻩی ﺧـﻮاﭘـﻪرﺳــﺘـﺎﻧـﻪم وﺷـﻪ ﺑـﻪراﻧـﺒـﻪر وﺷـﻪ، ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻴـﭻ زۆر ﻟــﮑـﺪاﻧـﻪوﻩ و درـﮋدان، ﺑـﻪ ـﻮردی ﻣـﺎ ـﺮدوﻩ و، دﻩﮔـﻪڵ وﻩرﮔــاوﻩﮐـﻪﻣـﺪا ﺑـﻪو ـﻮرداﻧـﻪی ﮐـﻪ ﺋـﻪﭬــﻨـﺪاری ﺋـﺎزادـﻦ ﭘــﺸـﮑـﻪش دﻩﮐـﻪم. ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﯚم ﺳـﻪر ﺋـﻪو وﻩڕﻩم ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮ ـﻮردـﮑـﯽ رۆﺷــﻨــﲑ ﺳـﻪرﯾـﻪﰏ: ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﻮﻓـﻪڕک ﻧـﻮﲯـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ ﻻ ﻫـﻪ، دﻩ ﺑـﻪرﮔـﯽ ﻣـﻪﲬـﻪری ـﮕـﺮێ، ﺑـﻴـﲀﺗـﻪ ﻧـﻮﺷــﺘـﻪی ﺳـﻪر دـﯽ، ﻣـﺎﭼـﯽ ﰷ و ﻫـﺎی ﭘـ ﺑﻪرێ، دوﺎﯾﻪﰽ ﺑﻪﺮﺶ ﲀ ﺑﯚ ﻫﻪژار.٣

ﻣـــﻪـــﻦ ;’zabâni &c. ‘we have rendered [the word] zabân in the text as zimân زﻩﱏ١ -l’ awa dakâ ‘he does this for the fol وﻩ دﻩﰷ ;zimân tongue, language زﻣـــﺎن ;matn text ﻓــﻮم ;(bezhe he may say (a dialectal form ﺑــــﮋێ ;qur‘ân Koran ﻗــﻮرــﺎن ;’lowing reason labât instead ت ;sîr garlic ﺳــﲑ ;thūm are variants for ‘garlic’ in Arabic ﺛــﻮم fūm and .sûk light ﺳﻮوک ;la sar zâr on the tongue ﺳﻪر زار ;of ﺑـﯚﮔـﻪ ;daskârî-kirân to be tampered with دﻩﺳـﲀری ـﺮان ;farmâyisht speech ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎـﺸـﺖ٢ -pîroz auspi ﭘـﲑۆز ;pirtuk piece ـ ﺗﺮـﻮک ;boga smelly vegetation that animals will not eat .dastnakhurda untouched دﻩﺳﺖﻧﻪﺧﻮردﻩ ;cious -ba be hîch with ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻴـﭻ ;khwâparist God-fearing ﺧـﻮاﭘـﻪرﺳـﺖ ;zârâwa dialect زاراوﻩ٣ ﺋـﺎزادی ;avîndâr lover ﺋـﻪﭬــﻨـﺪار ;zor lek-dânawa to over-interpret زۆر ﻟــﮏ داﻧـﻪوﻩ ;out any -roshinbîr in رۆﺷــﻨــﲑ ;peshkash-kirdin ba to offer to ﭘــﺸـﮑـﻪش ـﺮدن ﺑـﻪ ;âzâdî freedom da دﻩ ﺑـﻪرگ ﮔـﺮـﻦ :barg cover ﺑـﻪرگ ;bo mufařik for auspiciousness ﺑـﯚ ﻣـﻮﻓـﻪڕک ;tellectual ﻣـﺎچ ;nivishta inscription ﻧـﻮﺷــﺘـﻪ ;makhmar velvet ﻣـﻪﲬـﻪر ;barg girtin to wrap in a cover pe-birdin to find one’s way to, to bring ﭘــﱪدن ;hânâ thus ﻫـﺎ ;mâch-kirdin to kiss ـﺮدن du‘â i bakher kirdin bo to offer a prayer of well-being دوـﺎی ﺑـﻪــﺮ ـﺮدن ﺑـﯚ ;oneself to for. 155 SORANI KURDISH —زﻣﺎﱏ رۆژﻣﻪﻧﻮوﳻ و ﻣﺪ—

(١١) ﻮردﺳﺎت١ ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪى «ﺑــﺮﺳـﻪ»: ﺋـﻪم ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺗـﻪرـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺑـﯚ ـﺮﺳــﻴـﺎرى ﺑـــﻪرﻩﰷﱏ ﺧـﯚى دﻩررى ﺑـﻪﺗـﻪ ﻫـﻪﻣـﻪ ـﻪﺷــﻨـﻪﰷﱏ وﻩك ﻣــﮋوو، ﻓـﻪرﻫـﻪـﮓ و ﮔـﺸـﺖ ﻻﭘـﻪڕﻩ ﺟـﯚراوﺟـﯚرﻩﰷﱏ ﻮردﺳﺘﺎن و ﻮردﻩوارى ﺋﺴﺘﺎ و راﺮدوودا.٢ ﺑـــﻪران رـﮕـﻪى ﻓــﺲ و ﺋـــﻤـﻪﯾـوﻩ ﺋـﻪو ﺑـﻪﺗـﻪى ﻛـﻪ ﺧـﻮاﺳـــﺎﻧـﻪ دﻩـﻜـﻪﻧـﻪ ـﺮﺳــﻴـﺎر و ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪﻛـﻪوﻩ ﻻﯾـﻪن ﻛـﻪﳻ ـﺴــﭙـﯚرﻩوﻩ و ﺑـﻪ ـﺸـﺖ ﺑـﻪﺳـﱳ ﺑـﻪ وـﻨـﻪ وﻩﻣـﻪﰷﱏ ﺧـﯚن دﻩﺑـﻴـﲍ. ﺳـﻪرﺋـﻪﳒـﺎم ﻣـﻪوداى وﻩﻣـﻪﰷﻧـﻪوﻩ ﺧـﺰﻣـﻪت ﺑـﻪ زاﻧـﻴـﺎرى ﺑـــﻪران دﻩـﺮێ. ﺋﻪﻣﻪ ﺟﮕﻪ وﻩى ﺑﻪرﻣﻪﻛﻪ دﻩﺑﻪ ﺗﯚﻣﺎرﲃ ش ﺑﯚ زۆر ﺑﻪت و روداو.٣ ﺗـﻪوﻩرى دوﻩﱉ ﺋـﻪم ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪﯾـﻪ ﺗـﻪرـﺎﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ـﮕـﻪواز و ﺳـﯚراخ ـﺮدﱏ ﺋـﻪو ﻛـﻪﺳـﺎﻧـﻪى ﻛـﻪ رۆژﮔـﺎرﻩ ﺟـﯚر ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﯚرﻩﰷﻧـﺪا ﺳـﯚراخ ﺑـﻮن و ﻛـﻪﺳـﻮﰷرن داـاون، م روﻩوﻩ ﺟﮕﻪ ﻫﻪوﻪﰷن ﺋﻪﳒﺎﱉ ﺷﴙ ﻫﻪﺑﻮﻩ.٤

«ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪى دﯾـﺪار»: ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ ﺳــﻴـﺎﳻ ﻫـﻪﻓــﺎﻧـﻪﯾـﻪ. رۆژاﱏ دووﺷـﻪﳑـﻪ ﻛـﻪـﻰ

١ http://www.kurdsat.tv/content.htmهوﻩ وﻩرﮔﲑاوﻩ. ;pirsyâr question ـﺮﺳــﻴـﺎر ;tarkhân bo devoted to ﺗـﻪرـﺎن ﺑـﯚ ;barnâma program ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪ٢ -hama ﻫــﻪﻣــﻪــﻪﺷــــﻨــﻪ ;bâbat subject ﺑــﻪت ;darbâr i about ﺑــﻪرری ;bînar viewer ﺑــــــﻪر ;lâpařa page ﻻﭘـﻪڕﻩ ;gisht public ﮔـﺸـﺖ ;farhang culture ﻓـﻪرﻫـﻪـﮓ ;chashna of all sorts .râbirdû past راﺮدوو ;kurdawârî Kurdishness ﻮردﻩواری ;jorâwjor various ﺟﯚراﺟﯚر ﻻـﻦ …هوﻩ ;îmayl e-mail ﺋـــﻤـﻪﯾـﻞ ;fâks fax ﻓــﺲ ;la regâ i …awa via رـﮕـﺎی …هوﻩ٣ وـﻨـﻪ ;pisht bastin ba to click on ـﺸـﺖ ﺑـﻪﺳـﱳ ﺑـﻪ ;pispor expert ـﺴــﭙـﯚر ;la lâyan …awa by ﺧــــﺰﻣــــﻪت ;la mawdâ i …awa through ﻣــــﻪودای …هوﻩ ;wałâm reply وﻩم ;wena image jiga l' awaî in additional to the ﺟـﮕـﻪ وﻩی ;zânyârî knowledge زاﻧـﻴـﺎری ;khizmat service .tomâr record ﺗﯚﻣﺎر ;fact that bângawâz request for ـﮕـﻪواز ;dûham second دووﻫـﻪم = duam دوﻩم ;tawar aim ﺗـﻪوﻩر٤ rozhgâr a رۆژﮔـــﺎرﻩ ﺟـــﯚرﺑـــﻪﺟـــﻮرﻩﰷن ;sorâkh-kirdin to search for ﺳـــﯚراخ ـــﺮدن ;assistance -kasukâr kin ﮐـﻪﺳـﻮﰷر ;besorâkh lost ﺑــﺴـﯚراخ ;jorbajorakân the vicissitudes of fortune ﺟـﮕـﻪ ;l’ am ruawa in this way م روﻩوﻩ ;dâ-biřrân la to be cut off from داـان ;folks jiga la without. 156 READINGS ـﻮردﺳـﺎﺗـﻪوﻩ راﺳــﺘـﻪوﺧـﯚ ﭘــﺸـﻜـﻪش دﻩـﺮـﺖ. «دﯾـﺪار» ﻫـﻪر ﻫـﻪﻓــﻪﯾـﻪ و ﻣــﻮاﻧـﺪارى ﺳــﻴـﺎﺳـﻪﲤـﻪدارـﲃ ـﻮرد دﻩﰷت و ﮔـﻪـﻴـﺪا ﺳـﻪرﻩت ﺑـﻪ ﯾـﻪﻛــﻚ س و ﺑـﻪﺗـﻪﰷﱏ رۆژ وﺗــﻮوــﮋ دﻩﰷت. ﺑــﻪ ﯾــﺒــﻪﰏ ﺋــﻪو س و ﺑــﻪﻧــﻪى راﺳــــﺘــﻪوﺧــﯚ ن راﺳــــﺘــﻪوﺧــﯚ ﭘﻪﯾﻮﻩﻧﺪىن ﺑﻪ ﻮردﻩوﻩ ﻫﻪﯾﻪ.١ ﺑـــﻪراﱏ ـﻮردﺳـﺎت دﻩﺗـﻮاـﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻓـﯚن، ن ﻓــﺲ ن ﭘـﯚﺳــﱴ ﺋـﻪﻟـﻴـﻜـﱰۆﱏ ﺑـﻪﺷـﺪارى ـﻜـﻪن و ـﺮﺳــﻴـﺎرﻩﰷﻧـﻴـﺎن ﺋـﺎراﺳــﺘـﻪى ﻣــﻮاﱏ «دﯾـﺪار» ـﻜـﻪن ﺧـﻮد را و ﺑــﯚﭼــﻮوﱏ ﺧــﯚن ﺑــــــﻦ. ﺑــﻪرﻣــﻪى «دﯾــﺪار» ﺋــﺎﻣــﺎدﻩ ــﺮدن و ﭘــــﺸــﻜــﻪش ــﺮدﱏ رۆژﻣﻪﻧﻮوس ﺋﺎزاد ﺻﺪﯾﻖ ﳏﻪﻣﻪدﻩ.٢ «ﻛـو ﻧرۆژـﻪ»: زﯾـﻨـﺪوو ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩى ﺑـﻪـﮕـﻪ ـﺎﺷـﺎ ﻫـﻪـﻨـﻪﮔـﺮاﻧـﻪى دﻩﺑـﻨـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻫـﻴـﺪى راﺳﺘﻪﻗﻨﻪ ﺳﻪر ﺋﻪو ﻪﻗﻘﻪﺗﻪى ﻫﻪزاران ﺳﺎﻪ ﺋﺮﻩ ﻧﺸﱏ ﻮرد ﺑﻮوﻩ. ﮔـﻪڕان و ـﺸـﻜــﲔ و ﺧـﺴـــﻪ رووى ﺋـﻪو وـﻪ ﺷـﻮـﻨـﻪوارﯾـﻪ دـﺮﯾـﻨـﺎﻧـﻪى ـﻮردﺳــﺘـﺎن و ووردﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ و ﻟــﻜـﯚﻟـﻴـﻨـﻪوﻩ دﻩررﻩن ﺑـﻪ راوـﮋ ﮔـﻪڵ ـﺴــﭙـﯚران و ﺷـﺎرﻩزاﱏ زاـﺴــﱴ ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژ.٣

-dû دووﺷـﻪﳑـﻪ ;haftâna weekly ﻫـﻪﻓــﺎﻧـﻪ ;siyâsî political ﺳــﻴـﺎﳻ ;dîdâr interview دﯾـﺪار١ -pesh ﭘــﺸـﮑـﻪش ـﺮان ;râstawkho direct راﺳــﺘـﻪوﺧـﯚ ;kanâł channel ﮐـﻪڵ ;shamma Monday ;mewândâr-kirdin to host ﻣــــﻮاﻧــﺪار ــﺮدن ;hafta week ﻫــﻪﻓــــﻪ ;kash-kirân to be presented -witu وﺗـﻮوـﮋ ـﺮدن ;sabârat ba concerning ﺳـﻪرﻩت ﺑـﻪ ;siyâsatmadâr politician ﺳــﻴـﺎﺳـﻪﲤـﻪدار -pewand ba connec ﭘــﻮﻩﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ;(nârâstawkho indirect(ly راﺳــﺘـﻪوﺧـﯚ ;wezh-kirdin to speak tion to. ﺑـﻪﺷـﺪاری ;post i alîktronî electronic mail ﭘـﯚﺳــﱴ ﺋـﻪﻟـﻴـﮑـﱰۆﱏ ;talafon telephone ﺗـﻪﻓـﯚن٢ ;mewân guest ﻣــــﻮان ;ârâsta i to, toward ﺋــﺎراﺳــــﺘــﻪی ;bashdârî-kirdin to participate ــﺮدن -rozhnâmanûs jour رۆژﻣــﻪﻧــﻮوس ;bochûn opinion ﺑــﯚﭼــﻮون ;râ view را ;yâkhud or ﺧــﻮد nalist. ﺑـﻪـﮕـﻪ ;zîndûkirdinawa bringing to life زﯾـﻨـﺪووـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;kiłâwrozhina skylight ﮐـو ﻧرۆژـﻪ٣ ;shâhîd witness ﺷــﺎﻫــﻴــﺪ ;ḥâshâhałnagir indisputable ــﺎﺷــﺎﻫــﻪــﻨــﻪﮔــﺮ ;bałga document ;nîshtmân dwelling place ﻧــــﺸــــن ;ḥaqîqat truth ــﻪﻗــــﻘــﺖ ;râstaqîn truthful راﺳــــﺘــﻪﻗــﲔ ;nâwcha region وـﻪ ;khistinà rû to unearth ﺧـﺴـــﻪ روو ;pishkinîn to examine ـﺸـﮑــﲔ -wirdbûnawa inves وردﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ ;derîn ancient دـﺮـﻦ ;shwenawârî monumental ﺷـﻮـﻨـﻪواری -pispor ex ـﺴــﭙـﯚر ;râwezh conversation راوـﮋ ;lekolînawa research ﻟــﮑـﯚﻟـﻴـﻨـﻪوﻩ ;tigation -ârkolo ﺋـﺎرﮐـﯚﻟـﯚژ ;zânist field of knowledge زاـﺴـﺖ ;shârazâ knowledgeable ﺷـﺎرﻩزا ;pert zhiyâ archaeology. 157 SORANI KURDISH «ﻛـو ﻧرۆژـﻪ» ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮاﺳــﱴ ﺑـﻪزﯾـﻨـﺪوو ﻫــﺸـــﻪوﻩى ﺷـﻮـﻨـﻪوار و ﺋـﺎﺳـﻪوارى ﻣــﻠـﰏ ـﻮرد ﰷر دﻩﰷت و ﻫـﻪوڵ دﻩدات ﺳـﻪرﳒـﻰ ـﻪـﻚ ﺑـﻪرﻩو ﺋـﻪو ﺑـﻪﺷـﻪ ﮔـﺮـﮕـﻪى ﻣــﮋوو راـﻜــﺸــﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﻪﺑـﻪﺳــﱴ ﺳـﻪر ﻧـﻮێ ﺑـــﺎﺗـﻨـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ و ﭘـﺎرـﺰﮔـﺎرى ـﺮدن وﻩى ﻣـﺎوﻩ ﭼـﻮـﻜـﻪ ﺋﻪو ﺑﻪﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﺪﻩ زﯾﻨﺪوون، ﭘﻮﺴﺎن ﺑﻪ ﯾﻪك ﻻ ﺮدﻧﻪوﻩ ﱏﯾﻪ.١ «ﻛـو ﻧرۆژـﻪ» ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﺑـﻪﺷـﻪﰷﱏ ﻧــﺸــﱏ ـﻮرددا دﻩﮔـﻪڕێ ـﻮ دﻩـﮕــﻚ ﺳـﻪر ﺋــﻪو راــﺮدووﻩ ــ ﺳــﻪروﻩرﯾــﻪى ــﻮرد ﻛــﯚ ــﲀﺗــﻪوﻩ. رۆژﮔــﺎرــﻚ دﻩﺳــــ ﻛــﻪ ــﻮرد دﻩﺳـﻪﰏ ﺑـﻪﻫــﺰى وـﻪﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻮون و ﺋـﺎـﻦ و ﻛـﻪﻟـﺘـﻮر و رۆﻣـﺎﱏ ﯾـﻪﻛـﮕـ ﺗﺮـﻮن ﻫـﻪﺑـﻮوﻩ و ژندۆﺳﱴ ﮔﻪورﻩﺮﻦ درۆﴰﻴﺎن ﺑﻮوﻩ.٢ «ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪى ﺋـﻪﻧـﻔـﺎل»: ﺋـﻪم ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪﯾـﻪ ﯾـﺒـﻪﺗـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﻪﺷـﺖ و ﺑـﻪﺳـﻪرـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩى ﻫـﻪﻣـﻮو ﺋـﻪو وـﺎﻧـﻪى ﺳـﺎـﻰ ١٩٨٨ ﺣـﻜـﻮﻣـﻪﰏ ــﺮاق ﻫــﺮﳽ ﺳـﻪرزى ﺗــﺪا ـﺮدﻩ ﺳـﻪر ـﻮردﻩ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪـﺸـــﻪﰷن و ﺋـﰷﻣـﺎ ٤٥٠٠ ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪى ﺳـﻮوﻧـﺪ و ١٢ ﺷـﺎرۆﭼـﻜـﻪﳽ ﺗـﻪﺧـﱴ زﻩوى ـﺮد و ـﻪـﻜـﻪﻛـﻪى زۆرﺑـﻪى ﺳـﻪر و ﺷـﻮـﻦ ـﺮد ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻪ ﻧزـﻪ دﻩـﺮێ ﺑـﻪ ١٨٢ ﻫـﻪزار ﻛـﻪس ﺗـﻪﳖـﺎ ـﻪﻧـﺪ ﻫـﻪزار ﭘـﲑﻩﻣــﺮد و ﻣــﺪاڵ و ﻫــﺮﺷـﻪ رزﮔـﺎرن ﺑـﻮو ﻛـﻪ ﺋـﻪواﻧــﺶ زﯾـﻨـﺪاﻧـﻪﰷﱏ ﺣـﻜـﻮﻣـﻪﰏ ــﺮاﻗـﺪا ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩ ﺋـﻪﺷـﻜـﻪﳒـﻪ دراون ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻴـﺎن رى دﻩرووﻧـﻴـﺎن ﺋـﺎﺳـﺎﱙ ﻧـﻴـﻪ. ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪى ﺋـﻪﻧـﻔـﺎﻟــﺶ ـﺎوﭘــﻜـﻪوـﻦ ﮔـﻪڵ ﺋـﻪو رزﮔـﺎر ﺑـﻮاﻧـﻪدا دﻩﰷت رـﮕـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ ﻗـﯚـﻪﰷﱏ ﺋـﻪﻧـﻔـﺎل وﻩك ـﻪﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪﯾـﻪﰽ ﺋـﻪرﺷــﻴـﭭـﻰ ﺗـﯚﻣـﺎر ـﲀت ﺟـﮕـﻪ وﻩى ﻫـﻪر رێى ﺋـﻪم ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪﯾـﻪوﻩ دراﺳـﻪى ورد دﻩـﺮێ و ﻫـﻪوڵ دﻩدرێ ﺋـﻪو راﺳـــﺎﻧـﻪ ـﺴـﻪـﻤــﲊێ ﻛـﻪ ـﺮدﻩ ﺳـﻪرزﯾـﻪﰷﱏ ﺋـﻪﻧـﻔـﺎل ـﺮدﻩﯾـﻪﰽ ﺟــﻨـﯚﺳـﺎﯾـﺪى ﻫــﺰﻩﰷﱏ ﺣـﻜـﻮﻣـﻪﰏ ــﺮاق ﺑـﻮوﻩ ﺑـﯚ

;ba zîndû heshtinawa to bring back to life ﺑـﻪ زﯾـﻨـﺪوو ﻫــﺸـــﻪوﻩ ;khwâst request ﺧـﻮاﺳـﺖ١ -sarinj râ ﺳــﻪرﱋ رﮐــــﺸــﺎن ﺑــﻪرﻩو ;millat nation ﻣــﻠــت ;shwenawâr monument ﺷــﻮــﻨــﻪوار -giring impor ﮔــﺮــﮓ ;bash portion, part ﺑــﻪش ;keshân baraw to attract the attention to binyât-nânawa ﺑـــﺎت ﻧـﻪوﻩ ;sar la nwe anew ﺳـﻪر ﻧـﻮێ ;mabast goal, aim ﻣـﻪﺑـﻪﺳـﺖ ;tant ba yek ﺑـﻪ ﯾـﻪک ﻻﯾـﻪ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;pârezgârî-kirdin to protect ﭘـﺎرـﺰﮔـﺎری ـﺮدن ;to relay a foundation lâyè kirdinawa to ignore. ko-kirdinawa ﮐـﯚ ـﻮدﻧـﻪوﻩ ;sarwarî leadership ﺳـﻪروﻩری ;(.tâku in order that (+ subj ـﻮ٢ dasałât دﻩﺳـﻪت ;nâsândin (nâsen-) to make known ﺳـﺎﻧـﺪن (ﺳــﻦ) ;to gather together român رۆﻣــﺎن ;kaltur culture ﮐــﻪﻟــﺘــﻮر ;âyin religion ﺋــﺎــﻦ ;bahez strong ﺑــﻪﻫــــﺰ ;authority -droshm distin درۆﴌ ;zhyândostî love of life ژﻧـﺪۆﺳــﱴ ;yekgirtû unified ﯾـﻪ ـﮐﮕـ ﺗﺮـﻮو ;story guishing feature. 158 READINGS ﺳـﻪر ـﻮردﻩﰷن. ﺋـﻪم ﺑـﻪرﻣـﻪﯾـﻪ دوو ﻫـﻪﻓــﻪ ـﺎرـﻚ رۆژاﱏ ﭼـﻮارﺷـﻪﳑـﻪ ﭘــﺸـﻜـﻪش دﻩﺮﺖ.١

(١٢) ﻪت (رۆژﻣﻪﯾﻪﰽ ﺳﻴﺎﳻ رۆژاﻧﻪﯾﻪ. ﺋﯚرﮔﺎﱏ ﭘﺎرﰏ دﳝﻮﺮاﰏ ﻮردﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ) (ﯾﻪکﺷﻪﳑﻪ ٢٧ی ﺷﻮت ٢٠٠٥، ٨ رﻩﺷﻪﻣ ٢٧٠٤ی ﻮردی، ١٨ی ﳏﺮم ١٤٢٦ک) «ﺳﻪرۆک رزاﱏ ﭘﺸﻮازی ﺳﻪرﻩﰽ ﺣﺰﰉ ﺋﺴﻼﻣﲕ ﺮاﰵ دﻩﰷت» دوـ ﺷـﻪﳑـﻪ ﺳـﻪرۆک رزاﱏ ﺳـﻪﻻـﻪدـﻦ ﭘــﺸـﻮازﱙ ﺑـﻪڕـﺰ ﻣـﻮﺣـﺴـﲔ ـﻪﺑـﺪوﳊـﻪ ﻣــﺪ، ﺳـﻪرﻩﰽ ﺣـﺰﰉ ﺋــﺴـﻼﻣـﲕ ــﺮاﰵ و ﺷـﺎﻧـﺪـﮑـﯽ وﻩری ـﺮد ﮐـﻪ ﭘــﮑـﻬـﺎﺗـﺒـﻮو د. ﺋـﻪد ﺳﺎﻣﻪراﱙ و ﺋﻪﻧﺪازر ﳏﻪﻣﻪد ﻓﺎزڵ ﺳﺎﻣﻪراﱙ.٢

ﯾـــﺒـــﻪت ﺑـــﻪ ;anfâl Anfal, the the Iraqi campaign against the Kurds in 1988 ﺋـــﻪﻧـــﻔـــﺎل١ ﺣــﮑــﻮوﻣــﻪت ;basarkirdinawa visit ﺑــﻪﺳــﻪرــﺮدﻧــﻪوﻩ ;gasht tour ﮔــﻪﺷــﺖ ;tâybat ba devoted to herish-kirdinà sar to make an ﻫــﺮش ـﺮدﻧـﻪ ﺳـﻪر ;Erâq Iraq‘ ــﺮاق ;ḥikûmat government la âkâm’â as ﺋـﰷﻣـﺎ ;gundnishîn villager ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪـﺸـﲔ ;sarbâzî military ﺳـﻪرزی ;attack on takht i ﺗـﻪﺧـﱴ زﻩوی ـﺮدن ;shârochka town ﺷـﺎرۆﭼـﮑـﻪ ;sûtândin to burn ﺳـﻮوﻧـﺪن ;a result ﻣــﻪ ﻧزــﻪ ــﺮان ;besar-u-shwen homeless ﺑــــﺴــﻪروﺷــﻮــﻦ ;zawî kirdin to flatten to the ground ashkanja-dirân ﺋـﻪﺷـﮑـﻪﳒـﻪ دران ;pîramerd old man ﭘـﲑﻩﻣــﺮد ;mazina-kirân to be estimated ;châwpekawtin-kirdin lagał …dâ to visit with ـﺎوﭘــﮑـﻪوـﻦ ـﺮدن ﮔـﻪڵ …دا ;to be tortured -tomâr-kirdin to re ﺗـﯚﻣـﺎر ـﺮدن ;arshîvî archival ﺋـﻪرﺷــﻴـﭭـﯽ ;qonâgh historical event ﻗـﯚغ -hawł ﻫــــﻪوڵ دران ;wird minute, exact ورد ;dirâsa-kirân to be studied دراﺳــــﻪ ــــﺮان ;cord ;kirda deed ـﺮدﻩ ;sałmândin to prove ﺳـﻪـﲈﻧـﺪن ;râstî truth راﺳــﱴ ;dirân to be attempted .chwârshamma Wednesday ﭼﻮارﺷﻪﳑﻪ ;jînosâyd genocide ﺟﻨﯚﺳﺎﯾﺪ رۆژاﻧـﻪ ;siyâsî political ﺳــﻴـﺎﳻ ;rozhnâma newspaper رۆژﻣـﻪ ;khabât struggle ـﻪت٢ pârtî i dîmukrât i kurdistân ﭘـﺎرﰏ دﳝـﻮـﺮاﰏ ـﻮردﺳــﺘـﺎن ;orgân organ ﺋـﯚرﮔـﺎن ;rozhâna daily -shubât Feb ﺷـﻮت ;yekshamma Sunday ﯾـﻪکﺷـﻪﳑـﻪ ;(Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP Salâḥadîn Salahuddin, a small town northeast ﺳــﻪﻻــﻪدــﻦ ;sarok leader ﺳــﻪرۆک ;ruary ;ḥizb party ﺣـﺰب ;sarak head ﺳـﻪرﻩک ;peshwâzî-kirdin to receive ﭘــﺸـﻮازی ـﺮدن ;of Arbil -Muḥsîn ‘Abdul ﻣـﻮﺣـﺴـﲔ ـﻪﺑـﺪوﳊـﻪﻣــﺪ ;.barez respected, Mr ﺑـﻪرـﺰ ;îslâmî Islamic ﺋــﺴـﻼﻣـﯽ pek ﭘــﮑـﻬـﺎـﻦ ;yâwar assisting وﻩر ;shând delegation ﺷـﺎﻧـﺪ ;hamîd Muhsin Abdulhamid ﺋــﻪﻧــﺪازر ;D. Ayâd Sâmarâî Dr. Ayad Samarrai د. ﺋــﻪد ﺳــﺎﻣــﻪراﱙ ;hâtin la to consist of Miḥamad Fâził Sâmarâî Muhammad Fadhil ﳏــﻪﻣــﻪد ﻓــﺎزڵ ﺳــﺎﻣــﻪراﱙ ;andâzyâr engineer Samarrai. 159 SORANI KURDISH دﯾـﺪارـﮑـﯽ دۆﺳــﺘـﺎﻧـﻪدا، ـﺮۆﺳـﻪی ﻫـﻪـاردن ــﺮاق وﺗـﻮـﮑـﺮاو ﻫـﻪر دوو ﻻ ﺋـﻪ ﳒـﺎﻣـﯽ ﻫـﻪـاردﻧـﻪﰷﻧـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺋـﻴــﺎﰉ ـﺮـﺎﻧـﺪ، ﮐـﻪ رﻩﺗـﺪاﻧـﻪوﻩﯾـﻪﰽ ﮔـﻪﻻﱏ ــﺮاق ﺑـﻮو دژ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﲑۆر و ﺗﲑۆرﺴﺘﺎن.١ ﻫـﻪر دﯾـﺪارﻩﮐـﻪدا، ﺑـﲑوڕا دﻩررﻩی ﻫـﻪـﮕـﺎوﻩﰷﱏ ﺋـﺎﯾـﻨـﺪﻩ و ﺋـﻪرﮐـﻪﰷﱏ ﺳـﻪرـﺮداﯾـﻪ ﰏ ــﺮاق ﻣـﺎوﻩی ﺋـﻪﻣـﺴـﺎـﺪا ﺋـﺎـﻮﮔـﯚڕ ـﺮا و و رووﻩوﻩ دووﭘـﺎﰏ ﮔـﺮـﮕـﯽ ﺑـﻪﺷـﺪارﺑـﻮوﱏ ﺋـﻪ و ﻻﯾـﻪﻧـﻪی ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪﺷـﺪارﯾـﻴـﺎن ﻫـﻪـاردﻧـﺪا ﻧـﻪـﺮدﺑـﻮو ـﺮۆﺳـﻪی ﺳــﻴـﺎﺳــﲕ ــﺮاق و ﻧﻮوﺳﲎ دﻩﺳﺘﻮور و ﮔﺸﺖ ﭘﺪاوﺴﺘﻪﰷﱏ ﰷری ﻧﺸﻧﲕ ﺮاﰵ ﺮاﯾﻪوﻩ.٢ ﺳـﻪرۆک رزاﱏ ﺗـﻪـﮑــﺪی ﺳـﻪر ﭘــﻮـﺴــﱴ ﺑـﻪردﻩواﻣــﻮوﱏ ﺳــﻴـﺎﺳـﻪﰏ ﺗـﻪواﻓـﻖ و ﯾـﻪ ـﺨـﺴــﲎ رـﺰﻩﰷﱏ ﻧــﺸــﱏ و ﻣـﻪﺑـﺪﻩﰃ ﺑـﻪﺷـﺪارﺑـﻮوﻧــﮑـﯽ ﻓـﺮاوان ﻻﯾـﻪن ﮔـﺸـﺖ ﭘــﮑـﻬـﺎﺗـﻪ و ﻻﯾـﻪﻧـﻪ ﺳــﻴـﺎﺳـــﻪﰷﱏ ــﺮاق ـﺮدﻩوﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـــﻮﻩﯾـﻪک ﮐـﻪ رﻩـﮕـﺪاﻧـﻪوﻩی وـﺴـﺖ و ﺋـﺎرﻩزووﻩ ﰷﱏ ﺳﻪرﻪم ﮔﻪﻻﱏ ﺮاق ﺑﺖ.٣

(۱۳) ﻧﲑﭬﺎن رزاﱏ ﺑﯚ The New Anatolian: «ﺋﻤﻪ ﮔﻪڵ ﺋﻪﮑﻪرﻩ ﻫﻪوﯽ ﮐﮑﺮدﻧﻪوﻩی ﭘﻪرژﯾﻨﻪﰷﻧﲔ» ﻧـــﲑﭬـﺎن رزاﱏ، ﺳـﻪرۆﰽ ﺣـﮑـﻮﻣـﻪﰏ ﻫـﻪرـﻤـﯽ ـﻮردﺳــﺘـﺎن ﻧـﻮوﺳـــﮕـﻪی ﺧـﯚی ﻫـﻪ وﻟــﺮ ﺑـﯚ رۆژﻣـﻪی «The New Anatolian» دوا و دﻩـ: ـﻪﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﻪ ﺗــﮕـﻪـﺸــﺘـــﮏ

-hał ﻫـﻪـاردن ;pirosa process ـﺮۆﺳـﻪ ;dostâna friendly دۆﺳــﺘـﺎﻧـﻪ ;dîdâr meeting دﯾـﺪار١ îjâbî ﺋــﻴــــﺎﰉ ;anjâm result ﺋــﻪﳒــﺎم ;tâwtwekirâw suffering وﺗــﻮــﮑــﺮاو ;bizhârdin election dizh دژ ﺑـﻪ ;ratdânawa rousing رﻩﺗـﺪاﻧـﻪوﻩ ;nirkhândin ba to evaluate as ـﺮـﺎﻧـﺪن ﺑـﻪ ;positive .tîrorîst terrorist ﺗﲑۆرﺴﺖ ;tîror terror ﺗﲑۆر ;ba against âyinda ﺋــﺎﯾــﻨــﺪﻩ ;hangâw step ﻫــﻪــﮕــﺎو ;bîruřâ darbâra i thinking about ﺑــﲑوڕا دﻩررﻩی٢ âługoř kirân to be ﺋـﺎـﻮﮔـﯚڕ ـﺮان ;sarkirdâyatî leadership ﺳـﻪرـﺮداﯾـﻪﰏ ;ark duty ﺋـﻪرک ;future -bash ﺑــﻪﺷــﺪارﺑــﻮون ;dûpât-kirânawa for a statement to be made دووﭘــﺎت ــﺮاﻧــﻪوﻩ ;changed ﮔــﺸــﺖ ;dastûr constitution دﻩﺳــــﺘــﻮور ;firâwân large-scale ﻓــﺮاوان ;dârbûn participation .nîshtmânî national ﻧﺸﱏ ;pedâwîstî necessity ﭘﺪاوﺴﱴ ;gisht public, general -bardawâmbûn continu ﺑـﻪردﻩواﻣــﻮون ;ta’kîd-kirdinawa lasar to reaffirm ﺗـﻪـﮑــﺪ ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ٣ -yekkhistin unifica ﯾـﻪـﺨـﺴـﱳ ;tawâfiq co-operation ﺗـﻪواﻓـﻖ ;siyâsat policy ﺳــﻴـﺎﺳـﻪت ;ation رﻩـﮕـﺪاﻧـﻪوﻩی … ;pekhâta agreement ﭘــﮑـﻬـﺎﺗـﻪ ;mabda’ principle ﻣـﻪﺑـﺪﻩء ;rîz rank رـﺰ ;tion -ârazû as ﺋـﺎرﻩزوو ;wîst will وـﺴـﺖ ;rangdânawa i … bûn to be in accordance with ﺑـﻮون .sarjamgal community ﺳﻪرﻪم ﮔﻪل ;piration 160 READINGS ﻧــﻮان ﺋـﻪـﲀرﻩ و ـﻮرد ﻫـﻪﯾـﻪ، ﮐـﻪ دﻩ ﻻﺑـﺪرـﻦ. ﺋـﻪو ﻻی ﺧـﯚﯾـﻪوﻩ ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎدﻩی ﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻨـﻪﺑـﻪ ری ﻫﻪر رﻮﺷﻮﮑﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎرﻩوﻩ ﭘﻮﺴﺖ ﺑﺖ.١ ﻫـﻪروﻩﻫـﺎ ﮔـﻮﰏ: ﺳـﻪرـﺮدﻩﰷﱏ ـﻮرد ﺑـﻪم دواﯾـﻴـﻪ ﻫـﻪوـﯽ دۆزﯾـﻨـﻪوﻩی رـﮕـﺎﯾـﻪک ﺑـﻮون ﺑـﯚ دروﺳــﺘـﮑـﺮدﱏ ﮐـﻪﺷـــﮑـﯽ ر ﻧــﻮان ـﻮرد و ﺗـﻮرـﻴـﺎ، ﺑـﻪم ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﯚی ﻫـﻪـﻮـﺴــﱴ زۆر ﻧــﮕـﻪﺗـﻴـﭭـﯽ ﻣــﺪی ﺗـﻮرﰽ ﺷـﮑـﺴــﱴ ﻫــﻨـﺎ، «ﻣــﺪی ﺗـﻮرﰽ وﻩک ﺑـــﯽ دﻩﯾـﻪوێ ﺷـﻪ ڕـﮏ ﻧــﻮان ﺋــﻤـﻪ و دﻩﺳـﻪﺗـﺪاراﱏ ﺗـﻮرـﻴـﺎ ﺑـﻨـــﻪوﻩ، ﺋــﻤـﻪ ﺋـﻪوﻩﻣـﺎن وێ، ﺋــﻤـﻪ ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎدﻩـﻦ ﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﻪﻣﻮو رﮕﺎﯾﻪک ﺑﯚ ﮐﮑﺮدﻧﻪوﻩی ﭘﻪرژﯾﻨﻪﰷن».٢ ﻧـــﲑﭬـﺎن رزاﱏ دﻩـ: ﺋـﻪو ﺑـﻪرـﺮﺳـﺎﻧـﻪ ﮔـﻪڵ ﺋـﻪو وﻩﻓـﺪﻩی ﺗـﻮرـﻴـﺎ س دﻩﰷت ﮐـﻪ رۆژاﱏ دادێ ﺳـﻪرداﱏ ﻫـﻪوﻟــﺮ دﻩﮐـﻪن، ﻫـﻪروﻩﻫـﺎ ﮔـﻮﰏ: ﺗـﻮرﮐـﲈن ﻫـﻪـاردﻧـﻪﰷﱏ ﮐـﻪ رـﻮوک ﻫـﻴـﭽـﻴـﺎن ﺑـﻪ دﻩﺳـﺖ ﻧـﻪﻫــﻨـﺎ «ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر ﺋــﻤـﻪ 100 ﻫـﻪزار دﻩـﮕـﲈن ﮐـﻪرـﻮوک ﺑـﻪ دﻩ ﺳــﳤــﻨـﺎﯾـﻪ، ﺋـﻪو ﰷﺗـﻪ ـﻪـﮑـﯽ ﻗـﺴـﻪﯾـﻪـﻴـﺎن ﻫـﻪﺑـﻮو ﺑـﻴـﮑـﻪن، ﺑـﻪم ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﯚی ﺋـﻪو ﺋـﻪﳒـﺎﻣـﺎﻧـﻪی ﺑـﻪ دﻩﺳﳤﺎﺗﻮون رودۆﻪﮐﻪ زۆر روون و ﺋﺎﺷﮑﺮاﯾﻪ».٣ ﻫـﻪروﻩﻫـﺎ ﮔـﻮﰏ: ﺋـﻪوﻩی ـﻮرد ﮐـﻪرـﻮوﰽ دﻩوێ ﺳـﺎدﻩ و ﺳـﰷرﻩ، «ﺋــﻤـﻪ دﻩﻣـﺎﻧـﻪوێ ﺋـﻪو ـﻮرد و ﺗـﻮرﮐـﲈﻧـﻪی وـﻪﮐـﻪ دﻩرﭘـﻪڕـﻨـﺪراون ـﮕـﻪڕـﻨـﻪوﻩ ﺳـﻪر ﻣـﺎڵ و ـﺎـﯽ ﺧـﯚن و دﻩﻣﺎﻧﻪوێ ری دﳝﻮﮔﺮاﻓﺎی ﮐﻪرﻮوک ﮕﻪڕﺘﻪوﻩ ﺳﻪر ری ﭘﺸﺎﱏ ﺧﯚی.»٤

; Ankara ﺋـــﻪـــﮑـــﻪرﻩ ;Nechîrvân Bârzânî Nechirvan Barzani ﻧـــــــــﲑﭬـــﺎن رزاﱏ١ ;harem region ﻫـﻪرـﻢ ;parzhîn relation ﭘـﻪرژـﻦ ;châkkirdinawa improvement ـﮐـﮑـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ -bahałategayshtin misunder ﺑـﻪﻫـﻪـﻪﺗــﮕـﻪـﺸـﱳ ;Hawler Arbil ﻫـﻪوﻟــﺮ ;nûsînga office ﻧـﻮوﺳـــﮕـﻪ ﮔـ ﺗﺮـﻨـﻪ ﺑـﻪر ;la lâ i khoawa on his part ﻻی ﺧـﯚﻩوﻩ ;lâ-dirân to be removed ﻻدران ;standing .l’ ambârawa in this regard ﻣﺎرﻩوﻩ ;reushwen way رﻮﺷﻮﻦ ;girtinà bar to adopt kashek i labâr a ﮐـﻪﺷـــﮑـﯽ ر ;b’ am dwâîá recently ﺑـﻪم دواﯾـﻴـﻪ ;harwahâ thus ﻫـﻪروﻩﻫـﺎ٢ ﺗـﻮرﰽ ;mîdyâ media ﻣــﺪ ;negatîv negative ﻧــﮕـﻪﺗـﻴـﭫ ;hałwest stance ﻫـﻪـﻮـﺴـﺖ ;stormcloud shařek nânawa to stir ﺷـﻪڕـﮏ ﻧـﻪوﻩ ;shikist-henân to defeat ﺷـﮑـﺴـﺖ ﻫــﻨـﺎن ;turkî Turkish .dasałâtdâr authority دﻩﺳﻪﺗﺪار ;up a war ;turkmân Turcoman ﺗـﻮرﮐـﲈن ;wafd delegation وﻩﻓـﺪ ;barpirs responsible party ﺑـﻪرـﺮس٣ .bârudokh situation رودۆخ ;dang vote دﻩﮓ ;Karkûk ﮐﻪرﻮوک darpařendrân to be دﻩرﭘـــﻪڕـــﻨـــﺪران ;sâkâr straightforward ﺳـــﰷر ;sâda simple ﺳـــﺎدﻩ٤ -peshân for ﭘــﺸـﺎن ;bâr i dîmugrâfyâ demographic situation ری دﳝـﻮﮔـﺮاﻓــﺎ ;driven away mer. 161

Sorani Kurdish Vocabulary

Circumflexed vowels follow uncircumflexed vowels in alphabetization. The furtive i is indicated by italicization, e.g. bâwik ‘father’ but bâwkî ‘his father.’ Abbreviations: adj. = adjective; cond. = conditional; demon. = demonstrative; imprs. = impersonal (verb is always in the 3rd person singular); impt. = imperative; pl. = plural; pron. = pronoun; sing. = singular; subj. = subjunctive; pres. = present; v.i. = verb intransitive; v.p. = verb passive; v.t. = verb transitive (transitive implies that the past tense is formed on the ergative model, not that the verb necessarily takes a direct object either in Kurdish or in English). Generally, compound verbs are listed under the nonverbal element of the com- pound; compounds with frequently-occurring elements like dâ-, hał-, and pe- are listed under the verb. * :habitual verbal prefix (Sulaymani the city; ~ i engaged in, practicing ﺋــــــﻪ -a dialect); see da- ahl i îmân religious, ahl i kher chari- directional suffix on verbs: chûmà table, ahl i kayf hedonistic; ~ la…dâ ـﻪ à- shâr I went to town worthy of: fiłân la rafâqat’dâ zor ahl -a So-and-So is quite worthy of friend ﺋــــﻪدﻩﰉ literature, culture; ~î ﺋــــﻪدﻩب adab literature; ~par- ship ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑـﻴـﺎت literary; ~iyât Ahmad, masc. proper ﺋــــــﻪﲪــــــﻪد patron of literature; be~ Aḥmad ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑـﭙـﻪروﻩر war impo- name ﺋــــﻪدﻩﰉ impolite; be~î ﺋــــﻪدﻩب liberals ﺋﻪﺣﺮار liteness aḥrâr pharmacy ﺋﻪﺟﺰاﺎﻧﻪ litérateur, literary person, ajzâkhâna ﺋـــــﻪدﯾـــــﺐ adîb sing. definite suffix: pyâwaká ـﻪﮐـــــﻪ man of letters -aká gentleman, anyone who the man ﺋــﻪﻓــﻪﻧــﺪی afandî pl. definite suffix: pyâwakân ـﻪﰷن wears western clothes -akân Afrasiab, legendary the men ﺋـﻪﻓـﺮاﺳــﻴـﺎب Afrâsiyâb ﺋــﻪــﻼﰵ morals, ethics; ~î ﺋــﻪــﻼق king of Turan akhlâq Africa moral, ethical ﺋﻪﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ Afrîqyâ ,ﺋﻪﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ Afrîqâ German ﺋﻪﻪﻣﺎﱏ officer Ałamânî ﺋﻪﻓﺴﻪر afsar now ﺋﻪﻵن al’ân ﺋــﻪﻓــﺴــﺎﻧــﻪﰃ tale, legend; ~î ﺋــﻪﻓــﺴــﺎﻧــﻪ afsâna electronic ﺋﻪﻟﻴﮑﱰۆﱏ legendary alîktronî (.this (demon. adj ﺋﻪم...ـﻪ alas, alack am …á ﺋﻪﻓﺴﯚس afsos (.this (demon. pron ﺋﻪﻣﻪ v.t. to charm: ama ﺋـﻪﻓـﺴـﻮون ـﺮدن afsûn-kirdin -faith ﺑـﻪﺋـﻪﻣـﻪگ ~goodness; ba ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪگ mâr afsûn dakât he charms snakes amag ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪگ ~fidelity; be ﺑـﻪﺋـﻪﻣـﻪﮔـﯽ even though, ful; ba~î ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪرﭼـﯽ if; ~chî ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر agar even if unfaithful, faithless amag = ﺋﻪﻣﻪک if not, otherwise amak ﺋﻪﮔﻴﻨﺎ agînâ -~ ;operation (ـــﻪﻣـــﻪل also) ﺋـــﻪﻣـــﻪل inhabitants, civilian popula- amal ﺋــﻪﻫــﺎﱃ ahâlî tion kirdin v.t. to have an operation ﺋــﻪﻣــﻪرــﮑــﯽ America; ~î ﺋــﻪﻣــﻪرــﲀ inhabitant, resident: kâwrâ ahl i amarîk|â ﺋـﻪﻫـﻞ ahl shâr a the gentleman is a resident of American 163 SORANI KURDISH :here is, voici only: arzim kird I said); to petition ﺋﻪﻣﻪ amatâ these (demon. pron.) arzî ba pâshâ kird la shitèk he ﺋﻪﻣﺎﻧﻪ amâna emirate, principality; ~ a petitioned the king for something ﺋـﻪﻣـﺎرﻩت amârat earth, land ﺋﻪرز darabagakân feudal principalities arz2 Erzerum ﺋﻪرزﻩڕۆم now, at this time Arzařom ﺋﻪﳎﺎ amjâ chin, dimple in the chin ﺋﻪرزﯾﻨﮓ pertaining to arzîng ﺋــﻪﻣــﲎ security; ~î ﺋــﻪﻣــﻦ amn tribe ﺋﻪﺷﲑﻩت security ashîrat torture; ~-dân v.t. to ﺋــﻪﺷــﮑــﻪﳒــﻪ today ashkanja ﺋﻪﻣۆ amřo tonight torture; ~-dirân v.p. to be tortured ﺋﻪﻣﺸﻪو amshaw shikaft = ﺋﻪﺷﮑﻪوت ashkawt ﺋـﻪﻣـﻮﺳــﺘـﻪوــﻪ finger; ~aweła ﺋـﻪﻣـﻮﺳـﺖ amust love ﺋﻪﺷﻖ fooled, ashq ﺋـــﻪﻣـــﻮﺳـــــــــﻪﺳــــــﺘـــﻪ ring; ~basta -dignitaries, eminent per ﺋـــــﻪﴍاف tricked ashrâf member- sons ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪاﻣـﯽ member; ~î ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪام andâm wage ﺋﻪﺷﺖ ship asht prisoner ﺋﻪﺳﲑ asîr ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪازﻩ ~measurement; be ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪازﻩ andâza -weapons, arms: ba asla ﺋــﻪﺳــــﻪ untold, limitless aslaḥa engineer ḥawa armed ﺋﻪﻧﺪازر andâzyâr horse ﺋﻪﺳﭗ the Iraqi campaign against asp ﺋـــﻪﻧـــﻔـــﺎل anfâl spinach ﺋﻪﺳﭙﻪغ the Kurds in 1988 aspanâgh spârdin = ﺋﻪﺳﭙﺎردن you aspârdin ﺋﻪﮕﯚ ango stealth; ba ~ stealthily ﺋﻪﺳﭙﺎﱙ amust aspâyî = ﺋﻪﮕﻮﺳﺖ، ﺋﻪﮕﻮس(angus(t louse, mite ﺋﻪﺳﭙ amust aspe = ﺋﻪﮕﻮوس angûs tear ﺋﻪﴎﻦ asrîn ﺋــﻪﳒــﺎم دان end, result; ~-dân ﺋــﻪﳒــﺎم anjâm Istanbul ﺋﻪﺳﺘﻪﻣﻮول v.t. to accomplish, to do; la ~’dâ Astamûl pool ﺋﻪﺳﺘﺮ in the end; la ~ i … awa as a aster ﺋـــﻪﳒـــﺎﻣـــﺪا star ﺋﻪﺳﺘﺮﻩ ineffective, in- astera ﺋــــﻪﳒــــﺎم ~result of; be firefly ﺋﻪﺳﺘﺮۆک consequential asterok ;neck, thick part of the neck ﺋــﻪﺳــــﺘــﯚ council, board asto ﺋﻪﳒﻮﻣﻪن anjuman monkey; wak ‘antar i Lotî girtinà ~ v.t. to assume the burden of ــﻪﻧــﺘــﻪر antar‘ thick ﺋﻪﺳﺘﻮور Sâlih like Loti Salih’s monkey, “like astûr atom: hez i ~ power of the ﺋـــــﻪﺗـــــﯚم an organ grinder’s monkey,” an ob- atom ject of pity and ridicule atom; ~î atomic gall: atrashyân chûbû ﺋــــــﻪــــــﺮﻩش mind, intelligence atrash ﻪﻗﻞ aql‘ arz2 they had lost their gall = ﻪرد ard‘ lover ﺋﻪﭬﻨﺪار yes avîndâr ﺋﻪرێ are -he, she, it (3rd-person sing. pro ﺋـــــﻪو duty, responsibility: ark i aw ﺋــــــﻪرک (ark (1 sar shânima khizmat bikam it’s my noun); that (sing. demon. pron.); ~ duty to serve; (2) trouble, labor: hen- …á that, those (demon. adj.): aw dim ark dâwa nabetawa I’ve caused shitá that thing, aw shitâná those unprecedented trouble things that (demon. pron.); bo ~î in ﺋــــــــﻪوﻩ throne awá ﻪرش arsh‘ archiv- order that; ~ khwâya God willing ﺋـﻪرﺷــﻴـﭭـﯽ archive; ~î ﺋـﻪرﺷــﻴـﭫ arshîv with present verb indicates) ﺋــــــــــﻪوﻩ al awa -petition; ~-kirdin v.t. to say progressive): min awa la birsâ da ﺋـــــــــﻪرز arz1 (self-deprecating, of the 1st person mirim I’m dying of hunger 164 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY indignity ﺋﺎووﭼﻮون postposition, with preposition ~chûn) ـﻪوﻩ awa- climate ﺋﺎﺑﻮﻫﻪوا la; contracts to -wa after vowels) âbuhawâ subscription ﺋﺎﺑﻮﳕﺎن from âbunmân economy, economic ﺋﺎﺑﯚری first âborî ﺋﻪوﻩل awal -human being; ~zâ(d) hu ﺋــــﺎدﻩﻣــــﯽ so much, thus; ~ i tir so âdamî ﺋـــﻪوﻩﻧـــﺪﻩ awanda much the more; dû ~ twice as much: man being now then ﺋﺎدﻩی min dû awanda’t dadamè I’ll give âday bravo; ~-kirdin la v.t. to ﺋـــﺎﻓـــﻪرـــﻦ you twice as much âfarîn there is, voilà applaud ﺋﻪوﻩ awatâ horizons ﺋﺎﻓﺎق suppose: âfâq ﺋـﻪوا ﻫـﺎت و then; ~ hât u ﺋـﻪوا awâ woman ﺋﺎﻓﺮﻩت awâ hât u kurdèk habû suppose there âfrat aware: ~t l’ aw kârá haya? are ﺋــــﮔــــﺎ was a Kurd who … âgâ -those you aware of that?; (2) awake: khaw ﺋﻪواﻧﻪ they; ~a ﺋﻪوان awân ;?wandering tûa yân ~ya? is he asleep or awake ﻪودال awdâl‘ there, in that ~-bûn la v.i. to be aware of; ~-kirdin وێ ~ ’there; l ﺋــــــــﻪوێ awe ,la aware of ﺋـﮔـﺎدار from there, from v.t. to inform; ~dâr وــــــﻮﻩ place; l’ ~wa ,awareness ﺋـــﮔـــﺎداری that place careful of; ~dârî lover, in care, attention, information ﺋــﻪوﯾــﻨــﺪار love; ~dâr ﺋــﻪوــﻦ awîn fireplace ﺋﮔﺮدان fire; ~dân ﺋﮔﺮ love âgir agha, title of feudal lord ﺋﺎﺎ then, subsequently âghâ ﺋﻪوﺎ awjâ -~ ;entertainment, party ﺋـــﺎﻫـــﻪـــﮓ Euro- âhang ﺋـﻪوروﭘـﺎﱙ Europe; ~î ﺋـﻪوروﭘـﺎ Awrupâ pean geřân to hold a party, give an enter- then, at that time tainment ﺋﻪوﺳﺎ awsâ religious ﺋﺎﺋﲎ religion; ~î ﺋﺎﺋﲔ so much, such a âîn ﺋﻪوﺗﯚ awto end, result: la ~’(d)â in the ﺋــــــــﰷم O (vocative particle); oh; now: ay âkâm ﺋـﻪی ay kay det? who’s coming now? end, finally conduct, morals ﺋﰷر May âkâr ﺋﻪر ayâr earth, grave; exclamation of ﺋـــــــــــﺎخ fear, terror âkh ﻪﯾﺒﻪت aybat‘ September pleasure ﺋﻪﯾﻠﻮول aylûl -conversational, collo ﺋــﺎــﺎوــﻦ eyeglasses âkhâwtin ﻪﯾﻨﻪک aynak‘ dragon, serpent quial ﺋﻪژدﳞﺎ azhdîhâ ,!end; (exclamation) well now ﺋـﺎﺧـﺮ azhdîha âkhir = ﺋﻪژﳞﺎ azhîhâ latter ﺋـــﺎﺧـــﺮوﺋـــﻮﺧـــﺮ after all!; ~ u okhir دﻩﺳــﺘـﻪو ﺋـﻪ ﻧژـﯚ ~-knee; dastaw ﺋـﻪ ﻧژـﯚ azhno grieving, mourning part, near the end: la ~ i pâyiz dâ dear; ~-kirdin v.t. to pamper; toward the end of autumn; ~amîn ــﻪزــﺰ azîz last: awa ~ jâr be pet biłem let ﺋـﺎﺧـﺮﻩﻣـﲔ kiran v.p. to be spoiled; ~kirâw-~ pampered, spoiled this be the last time I tell you; ~î ﻪزﺰﺮاو final, last ﺋﺎﺧﺮی contracted form of the postposition) ا â- v.t. to stuff; hał-~ to stuff ﺋــﺎﺧــــﲔ dâ, q.v.) âkhnîn’ August full, cram full ﺋﺎب âb ah, exclamation of pleasure ﺋﺎﺧﯚ siege; ~-dân v.t. to besiege âkho ﺋﺎﺑﯚﻗﻪ âbłoqa red, flushed ﺋﺎل honor, modesty, shame; ~- âl ﺋــــﺎــــوو âbřû pen; flag, banner ﺋﺎ birdin v.t. to dishonor, shame; ~- âłâ ,v.i. to be twisted ﺋـــــﺎـــــ -âłe ﺋـــــﺎن tikândin v.t. to dishonor; ~bar âłân shameful, dishonorable; wrapped ﺋـــــﺎـــــووﺑـــــﻪر 165 SORANI KURDISH winter quarters ﺋﺎران v.t. to twist ârân ﺋـــﺎــــــﻦ -âłên ﺋـــﺎﻧـــﺪن âłândin direction; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﺋــﺎراﺳــــﺘــﻪ trs.) ârâsta) -tools, implements direct: bînarân datwânin pirsyâra ﺋﺎﻻت âlât forage, fodder kânyân ârâsta i mewân i barnâmaká ﺋﺎﻟﻴﮏ âlîk ,ﺋﺎﮏ âlik -Germany bikan viewers can direct their ques ﺋﺎﳌﺎن Âlmân ;itch tions at the guest of the program ﺋﺎﯚش âłosh steering, guiding ﺋﺎراﺳﺘﻪﮐﻪر ditto; ~kar ﺋـﺎـﻘـﻪرـﺰ ring, knocker; ~rez ﺋـﺎـﻘـﻪ âłqa sawdust ﺋﺎردﻩﻣﺸﺎر flour; ~amshâr ﺋﺎرد rez i dargâ kutân v.t. to knock at a ârd~ archaeology ﺋﺎرﮐﯚﻟﯚژ door ârkolozhiyâ cucumber ﺋﺎروو gold ârû ﺋﺎﺘﻮون âłtûn (ace (cards ﺋﺎس change; ~-kirdin v.t. to âs ﺋـــﺎـــﻮﮔـــﯚڕ âługoř remains ﺋﺎﺳﻪوار change, to alter âsawâr postposition) like: min’îsh khot) ﺋــﺎﺳــﺎ tonsils âsâ ﺋﺎﻮو âłû ready; ~-kirdin v.t. to make âsâ am kârá’m kird I, like you, did ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎدﻩ âmâda ready, prepare this; ~î normal, usual -easy; ~-kirdin v.t. to simpli ﺋــﺎﺳــﺎن trust, safekeeping; ba ~ âsân ﺋــﺎﻣــﺎﻧــﻪت âmânat dânà dast i … v.t. to give into the fy; ~î ease: ba âsânî with ease, easily peace, security ﺋﺎﺳﺎﺶ safekeeping of; ba ~ spârdin ba … âsâyish miller; ~geř ﺋـﺎﺷـﻪوان mill; ~awân ﺋـﺎش v.t. to entrust to âsh water that turns a mill ﺋﺎﺷﮕ target, goal ﺋﺎﻣﺎﱋ âmânj cease-fire ﺋﺎﺷﺒﻪﺗﺘﺎڵ cousin âshbattâł ﺋﺎﻣﯚزا paternal uncle; ~zâ ﺋﺎﻣﯚ âmo -~ ;clear, obvious; public ﺋــﺎﺷــﮑــﺮا v.t. to âshkirâ ﺋــﺎﻣــﯚژﮔــﺎری ــﺮدن âmozhgârî-kirdin advise bûn v.i. to be clear, obvious; to be- instrument, implement, tool come public; ~-kirdin v.t. to make ﺋﺎﻣاز âmřâz yoghurt starter, leaven clear, clarify ﺋﺎﻣﺎن âmyân ;acquainted, friendly; expert ﺋـﺎﺷــﻨـﺎ elbow âshnâ ﺋﺎﻧﺸﮏ ânîshk acquaintance ﺋﺎﺷﻨﺎﯾﻪﰏ on purpose, delib- ~yatî ﺋـﺎﻧـﻘـﻪﺳـﺖ (~ ânqast (la .on good terms; ~-bûnawa v.i ﺋـﺎﺷـﺖ erately âsht -peace, re ﺋـــﺎﺷــــــﱴ paternal uncle to be reconciled; ~î ﺋﺎﭘﯚ âpo -seek ﺋـﺎﺷـــﺨـﻮاز calamity conciliation; ~îkhwâz ﺋﺎﭘﯚر âpor crowd; ~-dân v.t. to crowd: ing reconciliation ﺋــﺎﭘــﯚرﻩ âpora gazelle, deer ﺋﺎﺳﮏ khałkèk i zor la dawr i mizgawt ~yân âsik iron; ~ i sârd kutân to do ﺋــــــﺎﺳــــــﻦ dâwa many people have crowded âsin ﺋـــﺎﺳــــــﻨـــﮕـــﻪر around the mosque something useless; ~gar sweat; ~-kirdinawa blacksmith ﺋـﺎرﻩﻗـﻪ، ﺋـﺎرﻩق (âraq(a Asia ﺋﺎﺳﻴﺎ v.t. to sweat; ~-rishtin v.t. to sweat Âsiyâ sky; ~ i dûr la zawîawa ﺋــــﺎﺳــــﲈن âsmân ﺋــﺎرﻩزووﮐــﻪر wish, hope; ~kar ﺋــﺎرﻩزوو ârazû ,outer space; ~î of the sky, heavenly ﺋـــﺎرﻩزووﻣـــﻪﻧـــﺪ desirous, wishful; ~mand hopeful; ~-kirdin v.t. to wish, desire blue horizon ﺋﺎﺳﯚ calm; ~-girtin v.t. to be still, âso ﺋـــــﺎرام ârâm la ~e kho in spite of oneself :ﺋﺎﺳﺖ patient, calm down; ~ biřrân la(bar) âst -slight: namirdibû u ba âs ﺋــﺎﺳــــﺘــﻪم v.p. to lose patience: wazîr ârâm’î le âstam hałdagîre the vizier loses his pa- tam gyân’î te’dâ mâbû he wasn’t impatient; be~î dead, for there was a slight trace of ﺋــــــــﺎرام ~tience; be :impatience life still in him; ba ~(èk) slightly ﺋﺎراﻣﯽ 166 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY dastim ba ~èk rûshâwa my hand is warp ﺋـﺎوﺳـﺎﻧـﻪﱙ fable, legend; ~î ﺋـﺎوﺳـﺎﻧـﻪ slightly scratched; (2) difficult to âwsâna cross: Taragha kewèk i ~a Taragha is fabulous, legendary âwis = ﺋﺎووس a difficult mountain to get across âwus (O (vocative particle ﺋﺎی in comfort, comfortable; ây ﺋـــﺎﺳـــﻮودﻩ âsûda interrogative particle ﺋﺎ kirdin v.t. to make comfortable; ~î âyâ-~ religion; ~î traditional; religious ﺋﺎﻦ comfort, prosperity; kawtinà âyin ﺋـﺎﺳـﻮودﻩﱙ mirror ﺋﺎﯾﻨﻪ îawa to become prosperous âyina~ future, coming, next: do ﺋــــﺎﯾــــﻨــــﺪﻩ fire âyinda ﺋﺎﺗﻪر âtar fireworks rozh i âyinda two days later ﺋﺎﺗﻪﺷﺒﺎزی âtashbâzî ﺋـﺎزاﯾـﻪ bravery; ~yatî ﺋـﺎزاﰃ brave; ~î ﺋـﺎزا watery; light blue; âzâ ﺋـــﺎوی water; ~î ﺋـــﺎو âw act of bravery, feat ﰏ sprinkling, spraying ﺋـــﺎوڕﺷــــــﻦ řishen~ ;free; ~-kirdin v.t. to set free ﺋــــــﺎزاد with water âzâd freedom ﺋﺎزادى flourishing ~î ﺋﺎوﻩدان âwadân bravely, courageously ﺋﺎزاﻧﻪ friend, companion âzâna ﺋﺎوﻩڵ âwał -bother, annoyance; pain, mal ﺋـــﺎزار thus; flourishing, prosperous âzâr1 ﺋــــــــــﺎوا âwâ (land); ~-bûn to disappear; to be ady; ~-kirdin v.t. to bother, annoy March ﺋﺎزار gone, over: rozh âwâ be, demà mâł- âzâr2 âzâna = ﺋﺎزاﻧﻪ tân when day is done I’ll come to âzâyâna flocks, herds ﺋﺎژﻩل you; ~-kirdin v.t. to develop; ~dân âzhal commotion, uproar ﺋﺎژاوﻩ flourishing, prosperous; ~î âzhâwa ﺋــــــــــــــﺎوادان provisions, stores ﺋﺎزووﻗﻪ village, settlement; ~kirdinawa âzûqa ﺋـﺎواداﱏ development companion, mate; ~kirâs b- pres. stem of bûn ﺋـــــــــــــﺎواڵ âwâł with enclitic pronouns pre- or) ﺑـــــــــــﻪ women’s trousers ba ﺋﺎواﮑﺮاس -to; by, with (instru (ﭘــ wanderer, vagabond postposed, pe ﺋﺎوارﻩ âwâra desire: ~ i dił the heart’s de- mental); by (with passives): hîchit pe ﺋـــــﺎوات âwât sire; ~-khwâstin bo to wish for, nâkire nothing can be done by you for compound adjectives formed ﺑــــﻪ desirous, ba-1 ﺋـــﺎواﺗـــﻪﺧـــﻮاز desire; ~akhwâz hopeful from ba-, such as barez, bakhabar, reputa- banâwbâng, see next element ﺋــﺎوازﻩ tune, melody; ~a ﺋــﺎواز âwâz pres. stem of birdin ﺑﻪ singer; ~a- ba-2 ﺋــــﺎوازﻩﺧــــﻮان tion; ~akhwân ﺑــﻪدﺑــﻪ unfortunate; ~îﺑــﻪدﺑــﻪﺧــﺖ singer badbakht ﺋﺎوازﻩﺧﻮﻦ khwen misfortune; bo ~î unfortunately ﺧﱴ mirror ﺋﺎوﻨﻪ âwena snow; ~-girtin v.t. for snow toﺑـــﻪﻓـــﺮ swamp bafr ﺋﺎوﮋﻩ âwezha thus, of this sort cover s.th.: bafr girtûyatî it is covered ﺋﺎوﻫﺎ âwhâ the month ﺑـﻪﻓـﺮاﻧـﺒـﺎر fire; pregnant with snow; ~ânbâr ﺋﺎور âwir backward glance; ~-dânawa la of Capricorn (December 22–January ﺋــﺎوڕ âwiř v.t. to look over the shoulder at, to 20) lord, master ﺑﻪگ look back at bag ﺑﻪﺪا pregnant Baghdâ ﺋﺎوس âwis ;stingy; jealous; ~î jealousy ﺑـﻪﻏـﻴـﻞ baghîl ﺋـــﺎورـــﺸـــﻤـــﲔ silk; ~în ﺋـــﺎورـــﺸـــﻢ âwrîshim silken, made of silk ~î hâtin la v.i. to be jealous: baghî- honor lî’yân le dahât they were jealous ﺋﺎورو âwru -misun ﺑـﻪﻫـﻪـﻪﺗــﮕـﻪـﺸـﱳ v.i. to swell; to bahałategayshtin ﺋـﺎوﺳـ -âwse ﺋـﺎوﺳـﺎن âwsân 167 SORANI KURDISH derstanding sake of, because of; la ~ …’dâ in spring front of; la ~ …awa to, with, in the ﺑﻪﻫﺎر bahâr benefit, lot; ~-birdin la v.t. presence of: la bar khoyawa gutî he ﺑــﻪﻫــﺮﻩ bahra to derive benefit from said to himself; ~la ~ awaî because; merhorse, a fabulous magi- la ~ kirdin v.t. to put on, wear; la ﺑـﻪﺣـﺮی baḥrî cal horse common in Iranian fairy ~ân i throughout the length and tales breadth of; la ~dam i in front of; la ~ v.t. to drag, dast i …’dâ in the presence of, in ﺑـــﻪﮐــــــﺶ ـــﺮدن bakesh-kirdin haul: ba zor bakesh’î kirdim bo lâ i front of, with; lamaw~ previously, qâzî he hauled me before the judge by before; (2) fruit, produce rug, flat-woven carpet ﺑﻪڕ force bař impt. stem of birdin ﺑﻪر -v.t. to take bar ﺑـــﻪﺧــــــﻮ ـــﺮدن bakhew-kirdin tribe, tribal division ﺑﻪرﻩ care of, to raise (a child) bara1 ,bit; bara-bara little by little ﺑــــﻪرﻩ luck; ~-kirdin v.t. to risk, to bara2 ﺑـﻪﺧـﺖ bakht sacrifice; ~ kirânawa v.p. to have a gradually toward ﺑﻪرﻩی stroke of luck: bakhtî kirâwatawa he bara3 i bař = ﺑﻪڕﻩ has had a stroke of luck; ~awar bařa at dawn ﺑﻪرﻩﺑﻪن lucky; ~iyâr prosperous; ~iyârî pros- barabayân free, unhampered; ~-kirdin ﺑــﻪرﻩ perity barałâ Bakhtak, Anoshar- to set free, turn loose: min barałâ i ﺑــــﻪﺧــــــــﻪک Bakhtak wan’s vizier kołânân dakrem I’ll be turned out into poor, destitute the streets ﺑﻪﮕﺎز balangâz v.i. to ﺑـﻪرﻩـﮕـﺎر ﺑـﻮوﻧـﻪوﻩ but (conj.) barangâr-bûnawa ﺑﻪم bałâm yes fight with, oppose, resist: dayawe ﺑﻪ báłe promise; ~-dân ba v.t. to dastdrezhî’y bikâtà sar bałâm kichá ﺑــــﻪــــــــﻦ bałen make a promise to barangâr’î dabetawa he wants to document; proof violate her, but the girl resists him ﺑﻪﮕﻪ bałga (impt. sing. of bûnawa) ﺑـــــــﻪرﻩوﻩ but, rather barawa ﺑﻪﮑﻪ báłka maybe, perhaps be … again ﺑﻪﮑﻮو báłkû ,ﺑﻪﮑﻮ báłku ;headed down ﺑــــــــﻪرﻩوژــــــــﺮ drawstring (trousers) baraw|zher ﺑﻪﻧﻪﺧﻮن banakhun headed up ﺑﻪرﻩوژوور builder ~zhûr ﺑﻪ banâ ;in the face of, against ﺑـﻪراﻣــﻪر famous, well- barâmbar ﺑـــــــﻪوـــــــﮓ banâwbâng known ~ ba facing v.t. to ﺑــــــﻪراوﻩرد ــــــﺮدن prison, dungeon; joint; magic barâward-kirdin ﺑــﻪﻧــﺪ band spell; dam; ~ hał-witin ba to say a make a comparison boar ﺑﻪراز prisoner; ~îkhâna barâz ﺑــﻪﻧــﺪی spell over; ~î base of the throat; ~-girtin ﺑــﻪرﺑــﲔ prison barbîn ﺑﻪﻧﺪﳜﺎﻧﻪ mountain to grab by the throat ﺑﻪﻧﺪﻩن bandan see châw ﺑﻪرﺎو chest, breast; fore; ~ la before, barchâw ﺑـــــــﻪر bar ;stone: dawr i ~ the Stone Age ﺑــﻪرد pre-; ~-bûn v.i. to get free; ~-bûnawa bard ;pebble, small stone وردﻩﺑـــــــﻪرد ~v.i. to fall; ~-dân v.t. to set free; ~- wirda rocky ﺑﻪردﻩﱏ girtin v.t. to cover, obscure: hawrèk i ~ałânî errand boy; available ﺑﻪردﻩﺳﺖ rash bar i âsmânî girt a black cloud bardast -constant(ly), continu ﺑـﻪردﻩوام obscured the sky; ~-kirdin v.t. to put bardawâm on, wear; ~dam front; la ~ for the al(ly); ~-bûn v.i. to be persistent, 168 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY steady; ~bûn continuation, continu- tion ,maybe ﺑــﻪﺷــﲂ bashkim , ﺑــﻪﺷــﮑــﻪ ance bashka director, manager; perhaps ﺑــﻪڕــﻮﻩﺑــﻪر bařewabar see under shû ﺑﻪﺷﻮودان administration, di- bashûdân ﺑـﻪڕـﻮﻩﺑـﻪراﯾـﻪﰏ âyatî~ poor, unfortunate ﺑﻪﻣﺎن rectorate basizmân -Baathist, member of Sad ﺑــــﻪﻋــــﴗ see rez ba‘sî ﺑﻪڕﺰ bařez clothes; cover; da ~ girtin dam Hussein’s ruling party in Iraq ﺑــــــــﻪرگ barg poor, wretched ﺑﻪﺳﺘﻪزﻣﺎن bastazmân ﺑــﻪرﮔــﺪروو v.t. to wrap in a cover; ~dirû v.t. to tie, to ﺑـــﻪﺳـــﺖ -bast ﺑـــﻪﺳـــﱳ tailor bast|in ﺑـــﻪﺳـــﱰێ -bastre ﺑـــﻪﺳـــﱰان power, ability; ~-girtin v.t. freeze; ~rân ﺑـــﻪرﮔـــﻪ barga to resist v.p. to be tied, frozen: la tirsân zibânî obstacle bastrâ his tongue was frozen from ﺑﻪرﻫﻪﺴﺖ barhałist v.p. to be tied ﺑـﻪﺳـﱰاﻧـﻪوﻩ fruit, produce; ~-henân fear; ~rânawa ﺑـــﻪرﻫـــﻪم barham v.t. to bear fruit, be productive; ~he- up: la hamû lâyèkawa asp bastrâwa- productive tawa horses were tied up on every ﺑﻪرﻫﻪﻨﻪر nar pocket side ﺑﻪرﮏ barîk ,over, finished; empty; invalid ﺑـﻪڵ Britain batâł ﺑﻪرﯾﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ Barîtânyâ lamb unemployed: brâyèkim batâła one of ﺑﻪرخ barkh .apron, smock my brothers is out of work; ~-bûn v.i ﺑﻪرﮐﯚش barkosh program to be over, come to an end; ~-kirdin ﺑﻪرﻣﻪ barnâma -collar; ~-bar-dân v.t. to v.t. to stop, cease: har nîwařo batâł ﺑــــــــﻪرۆک barok leave alone, stop pestering; ~-girtin mân kird we stopped just at noon; ~î idleness ﺑﻪﻰ v.t. to pester -v.t. to in ﺑــﻪﰵ ــﺮدﻧــﻪوﻩ responsible, in authority; batâqî-kirdinawa ﺑـﻪرـﺮس barpirs responsible vestigate ﺑﻪرﺮﺳﻴﺎر yâr~ morning ﺑﻪﱏ with the speed of light- bayânî ﺑــﻪرﻗــﺎﺳــﺎ barqâsâ camomile ﺑﻪﯾﺒﻮون ning baybûn ,midst; la ~ i …dâ between ﺑــــﻪــــﻦ high, tall, loud: ba dang i ~ in bayn ﺑــــﻪرز barz -standing, among: l’ aw ~á’dâ at that time, un ﺑــــﻪرزﻩﭘــــ a loud voice; ~ape highness, tallness; der those circumstances; pâsh ~èk ﺑــــﻪرزاﰃ upright; ~âî after a while; ~annahren ﭘــﺎش ﺑــﻪﯾــــــﮏ high place Mesopotamia ﺑﻪﯾﻨﻪﻧﻨﻪﻫﺮﻦ (ﺑﲔ اﳯﺮﻦ) interests ﺑﻪرژﻩوﻩﻧﺪی barzhawandî compassion: bazaî’m pe’dâ ﺑــــﻪزﻩﰃ horse bazaî ﺑﻪرزووﻻخ barzwulâkh enough hât I felt sorry for him ﺑﻪس bas (dry land (opp. to sea ﺑﻪژ adventure bazh ﺑﻪﺳﻪرﻫﺎت basarhât ~-to go/come down; dâ ﺑـــﻪزـــﻦ .aged bazîn v.i ﺑﻪﺳﺎﭼﻮو basâłâchû frightening, terrible to get off, down ﺑﻪﺳﺎم basâm section, share; omen; ~ i … bâ1 hortatory particle (+ subj): bâ ﺑــــــــﻪش bash kirdin v.t. to suffice for …; ~akher biroyn c’mon, let’s go ;handout, charity; ~-kirdin v.t. bâ2 wind; ~-dân for the wind to blow ﺑـﻪﺷـﻪــﺮ ﻫــــــــﯚز whirlwind; ~hoz ﮔــــــــﻪڕ to be enough: aw toza bashim nâkâ ~gař that little bit is not enough for me; whirlwind father ب bâb ﺑـــﻪ participant; ~dârbûn ﺑـــﻪﺷـــﺪار dâr~ -the Sublime Porte, of ﰉ ــﺎﱃ participation; ~dârî-kirdin Bâb i ‘Âlî ﺷـــﺪارﺑـــﻮون -corpora- fice of the grand vizier of the Otto ﺑـﻪﺷـﮑـﯚ v.t. to participate; ~ko 169 SORANI KURDISH load, burden; manner: pewîst-a ر man Empire bâr2 la ~…awa about, concern- aw bârá rûn bikretawa ka khwenakáy :ﺑـــﻪت bâbat ing: la ~ minawa adwân they were tedâ rizhâwa it is necessary for the talking about me; (2) worthy: ama ~ i manner in which his blood was shed to niya this is not worthy of you to be made clear; ~ dâ-girtin v.t. to v.t. to weave pack one’s bags; to unload; ~henân ﻓﲔ bâfîn ;strong, upbringing; la ~ i for, for the sake of ﻫــﯚدار shoulders; ~dâr ﻫــﯚ bâho powerful ~-kirdin v.t. to load; to decamp, ~ ;bill of lading رﻣــــــﻪ garden, orchard; ~ i gishtî leave; ~nâma خ bâkh garden râst-kirdinawa to set straight a ﺧﻪ park; ~cha -breast, armpit, embrace; ~î crooked load, (meta.) to help some ــﻪڵ bâkhał breast, pocket (adj.): daftar i one out, come to someone’s aid: zor ـــــﻪـــــﯽ bâkhałî pocket notebook le-qawmâw bûm, kâkim bârî râst bird kirdimawa I was in bad straits, but ﺪار arm, wing; ~dâr ڵ bâł bâłâ height, stature; ~-kirdin v.t. to my brother helped me out; ~ u dokh burden; situation رودۆخ ;tall, elegant ﺑــــــــــﻪرز get tall; ~barz pres. stem of bârîn ر -something that shows bâr ﻧـــﻮـــﻦ nwen~ time: dû ~ hâtawa he came رﻩ the figure: âwena i bâłânwen full- bâra length mirror back twice; (2) power: am kâr a gurg i ~ experienced, girâná la ~ i minâ niya this heavy :ﻻﻧـﺪﯾـﺪﻩ bâlândîda worldly labor is not within my power; dar~ i (bird about, concerning; la ~ i …(awa ﺪار bâłdâr bird about, concerning ﻨﺪﻩ bâłinda bârgâ = رﻩﮔﺎ pillow bâragâ ﺸﺖ bâłisht ,rain; ~din bâren- v.t. to rain ران pillow bârân ﲔ bâłîn a Kurdish verse form shower; dâ-~ to rain down ﻟﯚرﻩ bâlora baggage, paraphernalia; ~chî رﮔــﻪ ambassador bârga ﻮﺰ bâłwez caravan leader رﮔﻪﭼﯽ aside م ...ـﻪوﻩ bâm la …awa be king’s court; headquarters رﮔﺎ from, not to mention bârgâ size, volume رﺳﺘﺎﰃ âî~ ,رﺳﺖ roof; steppe; ~èka u dû hawâ bârist ن bân v.i. to rain; dâ-~ to ر -bâr رــــــــﻦ there’s a double standard bârîn the month of Taurus rain down ﻧـــــﻪﻣـــــﻪڕ bânamař gunpowder ڕووت April 21– May 21) bâřût) -discussion; ~-kirdin v.t. to dis س cry, shout; ~-kirdin v.t. to bâs ـــــــــﮓ bâng call, summon, invite; ~heshtin invita- cuss good: rozh ~ good day; da ~a ش tion; ~-heshtin-kirdin bo v.t. to in- bâsh vite: dabe bângheshtinèk’it bo bikam that’s enough! upper arm ﺳﮏ bo mâława I must invite you to my bâsik ,occult; châw i ~ inner eye ﺗــــــــﲎ a cry for help, bâtînî ــــﮕــــﻪواز home; ~awâz request for assistance; ~awâz-kirdin sixth sense, the ability to see hidden v.t. to ask for assistance things ,v.i. to become current و ﺑـــﻮون small roof bâw-bûn ﻧﻩ bânîzha bâb customary = پ bâp -belief; ~-kirdin v.t. to be وﻩڕ grandfather bâwař ﭘﲑ bâpîr time, instance (= jâr) lieve ر bâr1 170 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY -bosom, embrace: hałim- Farhad legendarily carved the moun وﻩش bâwash girt ba ~imawa I grabbed him in my tain for Shirin -anxious, unable to en ﺑــــــﺎﻗــﻪت arms; ~-kirdin ba …’dâ v.t. to em- betâqat brace: bâwash’y pe’dâ kird she em- dure; ~-kirdin v.t. to make anxious: braced him yâd i bâwkî zor betâqatî kird the stepmother memory of his father made him very وﻩژن bâwazhin grandfather anxious وا bâwâ -inno ﺑـــﺎواﱏ innocent; ~î ﺑـــﺎوان father betâwân وک bâwik v.t. to yawn cence وﺷﮏ دان bâwishk-dân widow ﺑﻮﻩژن widow; ~zhin ﺑﻮﻩ price, worth bewa ی bây condescension ﺑﺰ worth, value; ~-dân ba to bez ﯾــــﻪخ bâyakh -biwezh = ﺑﮋ -attach value to, to pay attention to: bezh literature ﺑﮋﻩ hîch bâyakhe ba qsakám nâdâ he bezha v.t. to sift ﺑﮋێ -bezhe ﺑﮋان doesn’t pay any attention to what I bezhân never: ~ ~ nâchimawa ﺑــــــــــــای say bibiřây owl gund I’ll never ever go back to the ﯾﻘﻮوش bâyqûsh village زﮔــــــﻪردان hawk, falcon; ~gardân ز bâz past perf. of bûn) s/he had) ﺑـــــﺒـــــﻮو hawking, making a hawk fly (method bibû of choosing a new king in folktales) been: dawlat a khâwanqudratakân i v.t. to flee in haste dîka ka la shař’dâ peroz bibûn the ز دان bâz-dân la from, to run away in fear from other powerful states that had been city, market victorious in the war ژﺮ bâzher little, small ﮑﯚڵ arm; dappled (horse) bichkoł زگ bâzig small, little ﻮوک bracelet bichûk زﯾﺒﻪﻧﺪ bâzîband widespread; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﺑــــــو be without (for most compounds in biłâw be-, see following element; note that spread, publish, publicize; ~ kirdin- there are a few be- compounds that do awa v.t. to broadcast, publish; ~a- v.t. to disperse, go ﺑـــــوﻩ ـــــﺮدن not occur without the prefix: they are kirdin listed alphabetically); ba ~ awaî (+ away: khałk biłâwayân kird the peo- subj.) without: ba be awaî biybînim ple dispersed nightingale ﺑﺒ without my seeing it biłbił fiery ﺑﺴﻪ be- = biye-, subj. of hâtin biłesa high, exalted ﺑﻠﻨﺪ baby bilind ﺑﭽﻮو bechû ﺑــــﻤـﻪﰏ genius, clever; ~î ﺑــــﻤـﻪت poor, unfortunate biłîmat ﺑﺪﻩرﻩن bedaratân stranger, foreigner cleverness ﺑﮕﺎﻧﻪ begâna reed flute; ~ le-dân to play ﺑــﻠــﻮــﺮ waste of time bilwer ﺑﮕﺎر begâr except for the flute ﺑﺠﮕﻪ bejiga la ;family ﺑــﻨــﻪﻣــﺎڵ (bottom; ~amâł(a ــﻦ limitless, shoreless bin ﺑﮑﻪر bekanâr curious, inquisitive; ~jorî ﺑــﻨــﺠــﯚر subj. of heshtin, for bíheł- ~jor ﺑﻴ -beł nape of the ﺑـــﻤـﻞ curiosity; ~mil ﺑـﻨـﺠـﯚری -subj. of henân, for bíhen ﺑﻦ -ben v.i. to sneeze neck ﺑﻦ benzhîn baggage, belongings ﺑﻨﻪ homeless, bina ﺑــــﺴــﻪروﺷــﻮــﻦ besar-u-shwen foundation; ~ dâ-rishtin to ﺑـﻨـﺎـﻪ destitute binâgha thicket lay a foundation ﺑﺸﮏ beshik mountain skirt, foothill ﺑﻨﺎر Behistun, the site where binâr ﺑــﺴــﺘـﻮون Besitûn 171 SORANI KURDISH ـــﺮﯾـــﻘـــﺎن shiny; ~ân ـــﺮﯾـــﻘـــﻪدار chewing gum birîq|adâr ﺑﻨﺸﺖ binesht v.i. to shine, to sparkle ﺮﯾﻘ -root birîqe ﺑﻨﺞ binj biretî = ﺮﯾﱴ human birîtî ﺑﺎدﻩم binyâdam eyebrow ﺮۆ foundation; ~-nân v.t. to lay biro ﺑـــﺎت binyât passive of ـــــــﺮرێ -birre ـــــــﺮران a foundation, to construct birrân1 bit: biřèk âw’im da give me a bit birdin in all senses; la nâw ~ to be ـــــ biř of water; (2) piece (of wood): dû biř done away with passive of) ــــــرێ -biřre ــــــران dâr bena bring two sticks of wood; biřrân2 (3) group: tûsh i biř a pyâwe bûm I biřîn) (1) to be cut: ba tawir dâraká met a group of men; (4) power, biřrâ the tree was cut with an ax; (2) strength; ~-dân v.t. to flow: am rûbâ- to be finished, to be no more: nânmân ra biř nâdâ this river doesn’t flow; ~- la mâł biřrâ there is no more food in kirdin v.t. to have strength: biř nâ- our house; ~awa to cease: tâwe bârân kam l’ am kefá sar kawim I can’t nábiř-râyawa the rain didn’t cease for make it to the top of this mountain; to a time; dâ-~ to cut off; hał-~ la to be effective: tâ châw ~-kât as far as part from, get separated from: la dos- the eye can see; ~ le-dân v.t. to shuf- takáy hałbiřrâ he parted from his drenched: friend ﺗــــﻪڕوــــ ~ fle (cards); tař u -hun ـﺮﺳــﻴـﻪﰏ hunger; ~iyatî ـﺮﺳـﺎن kirâsakám tař u biř a my shirt’s birs|ân -hungry: birsîma I’m hun ــﺮﳻ drenched; la ~ altogether: bar i am ger; ~î gwezá la biř chand a? how much gry -belief; ~-kirdin ba v.t. to be ــــﺮوا does this walnut tree produce alto- birwâ gether? lieve in; (2) permission; ~-dân v.t. to popularity; ~ paydâ-kirdin allow, let: diłim biřwâ nâdât châwim ــــــﺮﻩو biraw v.t. to be popular ba minâłî bikawe I don’t have the brotherly heart to look at his child; ~nâma ﺮاﻧﻪ brother; ~yâna ﺮا birâ diploma ﺮواﻣﻪ .See biřrân .ان biřân -would that (+ past condition ـــــﺮ v.t., 3rd sing. pres. biryâ) ﺑـــــﻪ -ba ـــــﺮدن birdin dabâ(t); impt. sing. (bi)bara) to take, al): ~ aw kâráy nakirdibâya would to spend (time): that he hadn’t done that ـﺮدﻧـﻪ ﺳـﻪر carry; ~à sar -decision; ~-dân v.t. to de ـــــــر am shawá l’era bibaynà sar let’s biřyâr spend tonight here; dar-~ to endure cide; ~-nân v.t. to decide; la ~ consisting of henânà khwârawa to make one ﺮﱴ biretî la uncooked rice change one’s mind: hîch shitèk la ﺮﱋ birinj copper biřyâr i khoy nayhenâyà khwârawa ﺮﳒﻪ birinja fertile ground; power, abil- nothing could make him change his ـﺷـﺖ biřisht ity mind v.i. to be ـــــــﺮژێ -birzhe ـــــــﺮژان power birzhân ﺳﺖ biřist wounded; roasted ـﺮﯾـﻨـﺪار wound; ~dâr ـﺮـﻦ birîn v.t. to ــﺮژــﻦ -birzhen ــﺮژاﻧــﺪن nurse birzhândin ﺮﯾﻨﭻ pech~ v.t. to cut; dar-~ to dis- roast ـ -biř ـ ـﻦ biřîn eyelash ﺮژاﮓ close, reveal; châw-~ la to be hopeful birzhâng ticket ﺑﺘﺎﻗﻪ of; qsa pe-~ to interrupt: ba tundî bitâqa buzz ﺑﭫ qsakám pe biřî u gutim I quickly biv -pres. subj. of wîstin, with pro) ﺑـﻮێ interrupted him and said biwe 172 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY pres. stem of bîstin ﺑﺲ -nominal affix, e.g., -im biwe) bîs twenty ﺑﺴﺖ pretext bîst ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻮو biyânû v.t. to hear ﺑﺲ -bîs ﺑﺴﱳ laugh, laughter bîstin ﺰﻩ biza v.p. to be ﺑــﺴـﱰێ -bîstre ﺑــﺴـﱰان v.t. to shake bîstrân ﺰاو -bizâw ﺰاوﻦ bizâwtin v.t. to weed out, heard ـــﮋار ـــﺮدن bizhâr-kirdin to, for; why?, what for?; ~ chi ﺑــــــــــــﯚ eradicate bo v.t. to weed why?, what for?; ~ awaî (+ subj.) in ـﮋـﺮ -bizher ـﮋاردن bizhârdin out, eradicate; hał-~ to select, choose order that v.i. to think, to have an ﺑــﯚﭼــﻮون substance bo-chûn ﮋﯾﻮ bizhîw goat opinion; bochûn opinion ﺰن bizin malodorous plants that animals ﺑـﯚﮔـﻪ v.t. to lose; boga ـﺰرﮐـ -bizirke ـﺰرﰷن bizirk|ân rang hał-~ân to lose color, grow will not eat selfish; ~î selfishness ﺑﯚﺧﯚ pale, bokho رﻩــﮕــﻬــﻪــﱫرﰷو pale; rang-hał~âw roaring, rumbling ﺑﯚﻪﺑﯚڵ white as a sheet” (with fright) bołaboł“ smell; ~-kirdin v.t. to smell, to ﺑــــﯚن nail; ~-kirdin v.t. to nail; ~- bon ـﺰﻣـﺎر bizmâr krân v.p. to be nailed smell bad, to stink cause, pretext; ba ~ i …awa on ﺑـﯚﻧـﻪ v.i. to move, bona ــــﺰوو -bizû ــــﺰووــــﻦ bizûtin budge, stir the occasion of gray ﺑﯚر v.i. to shake bor ــــﺰوێ -bizwe ــــﺰوان bizw|ân wave; ~-khwârdin v.t. to swell ﺑﯚڕ bizwen- boř1 ــﺰواﻧــﺪن int.), quiver; ~ândin) loss (at a game); ~-khwârdin ﺑـــــــﯚڕ boř2 ـﺰوـﻨـﻪر v.t. to shake (trs.); ~enar ـﺰوـﻦ quivering, tremulous v.t. to lose (game): bořit khwârd you :(vowel lost; ~-dân v.t. to beat (at a game ﺰوﻦ bizwen pupil (of the eye): bořim dây(t) I beat you ﺑـﻴـــ bîbîla ,ﺑـــ bîbila ;ignoble; fallow, infertile ﺑــــــــــــــﯚرﻩ la bîbila i châwî pitir khosh dawîst he bora common peron, person ﺑـﯚرﻩﭘـﻴـﺎگ was the apple of his eye ~pyâg breath; ~-keshân v.t. to hold the of no name or consequence ﺑــــﲔ bîn storm ﺑﯚران holding the borân ﺑــــــﻪﮐــــﺸــﯽ breath; ~akeshî mooing of cows; bleating of ﺑــﯚڕان breath bořân viewer sheep ﺑﻪر bînar empty ﺑﯚش v.p. to be bosh ﺑـــﺪرێ -bîndre ﺑـــﺪران bîndrân .bûwata. See bûn = ﺑﯚﺗﻪ seen bota for that reason ﺑﯚﯾﻪ v.t. to see (see also bóya ﺑـــﲔ -bîn ﺑـــﻴــــــﲔ bînîn shoe polish ﺑﯚخ dîn) boyâkh necktie ﺑﯚﯾﺎغ memory, mind; ~-kirdin(awa) la boynbâgh ﺑـﲑ bîr1 birâ = ﺮا to think of; ba ~’dâ hâtin to remem- brâ Britain; ~ yi Kabîr ـــﺮﯾـــﺘـــﺎﻧـــﻴـــﺎ ber: wâm ba bîr’dâ hât ka… I remem- Brîtânyâ Great Britain ﺮﯾﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎی ﮐﻪﺑﲑ -bered that…; ba ~ henânawa to re bundle ﺑﻮﺧﻪ mind; la ~ bûn to remember: awânim bukhcha .slander; ~-kirdin ba v.t ﺑـﻮﺧــﺎن la bîrin I remember them; la ~ chûn bukhtân to forget; la ~ mân to remain in the to slander; ~-rek-khistin bo v.t. to re- make up slander about: ~èk i gawra’y ﺑــﲑﻫــــﻨــﺎﻧــﻪوﻩ memory; ~henânawa thinking (darbâra bo kichaká rek-khist he made up great ﺑـــﲑوڕا minder; ~urâ i about) slander about the girl nightingale ﺑﻮﻟﺒﻮل water well bulbul ﺑﲑ bîr2 173 SORANI KURDISH v.t. to ــﻪﻧــﻪــﻪن ــﺮدن bwârdin chanachan-kirdin = ﺑﻮواردن buwârdin little, small talk at length, chatter ﺑﻮوﮏ bûchik chin ﻪﮔﻪ bride; doll, puppet chanâga ﺑﻮوک bûk ?how much?, how many ــــــﻪﻧــــــﺪ ashes chand ﺑﻮوڵ bûł ~ :(.earthquake (usually followed by indef. sing ﺑﻮوﻣﻪرزﻩ bûmalarza :b- (v.i., past perf. bibû) to be, rozhèk how many days?; few, several ﺑـــــﻮون bûn to become, to happen: agar bet u (+ aw chand rozhá those few days left: dast i ~ left hand ﻪپ subj) if it should happen that…; ~awa chap filthy; ~î filth ﻪﭘﻪڵ to be repeated, happen again: …èk chapał applause; ~-ledân bo v.t. to ـﻪﭘــﻪ nabetawa a unique …; ~awa la to be chapła done with, be finished with; ~ ba to applaud for: khałk chapła’yân bo ledâ become: aw bû ba pâshâ he became the people applauded for him; ~rezân king; ~ u na~ to be almost, not to applause slap; ~-keshân ba sar i ـــﻪﭘـــﯚک quite be: bayânî rozh bûwa u nabûwa chapok in the morning when it was not quite … v.t. to slap on the head /v.i. to sink to ـﻪ -chaqe ـﻪﻗـﺎن daylight; (d)ábe(t) (+ subj.) must: chaqân dabe royshtibe he must have gone into the ground: rîshakân chaqân the ـﻪﻗـﺎﻧـﺪن bûł roots sank into the earth; ~din = ﺑﻮوڕ bûř v.t. to stick into the ــــﻪﻗــــــــﻦ -v.t. to forgive: chaqen ﺑــــﻮور -bûr ﺑــــﻮوردن bûrdin bímbûra excuse me ground: nezay da zawî chaqând he -v.t. to grow, stuck his lance into the ground; hałﺑــﻮوژێ -bûzhe ﺑــﻮوژان bûzhân sprout; ~awa to flourish, enjoy life ~din da to scratch: diřkekî te hałcha- front (military) qândim a thorn scratched me ﺑﻮارﻩ bwâra chaqân = ﻪﻗﲔ v.t. to pass chaqîn ﺑــــﻮــــﺮ -bwer ﺑــــﻮاردن bwârdin knife ﻪﻗﯚ time); râ-~ to spend (time): khosh- chaqo) crank ﻪڕﻪڕﻩ mân râbwârd we had a good time; chařchařa ;wheel; cigarette lighter ـــــــــﻪرخ khosh’î râbwârdûa he enjoyed life; charkh twist ــــﻪرخ و ﺧــــﻮل mâwayèk râbwârd a period of time century; ~-u-khul passed and turn -suffering, hard ـﻪرﻣـﻪﺳـﻪرێ foreign charmasare ﺑﻴﺎﱏ byânî ship sleight-of-hand trick ﻪﴰﻪ weapon, arms; ~badast chashma ـــــــــــــــﻪک chak sort, type; manner: b’ am ــﻪﺷــﻦ armed; be~ chashn ﺑــﻪــﻪﮐــﻪوﻩ armed; ba ~awa unarmed chashná in this way; hama~a of flint, lighter every sort, miscellaneous ﻪﺧﲈخ chakhmâkh highway robber ﻪﺗﻪ boot chata ﻪﳈﻪ chakma fork; a wooden or metal ــــــــــﻪڵ hammer chatâł ﻪﻮش chakush time; galèk ~ân many times fork on which a gun is set for stability ﻪل chal gravel, sand ﻪو quandry, dilemma: tang chaw1 ـﻪـﻪﻣـﻪ chałama châw = ﻪو u ~ i awa’m kawtà bar I was caught chaw2 grease; ~-kirdin v.t. to ـــــــــــــﻪور in a real dilemma chawr river, stream grease, slick down ﻪم cham v.i. to ــﻪوﺳــ -chawse ــﻪوﺳــﺎن v.t. chaws|ân ـﻪﻣــﻦ -chamen ـﻪﻣـﺎﻧـﺪن cham|ândin -chawsen ــــﻪوﺳــــﺎﻧــــﺪن v.i. to suffer; ~ândin ـﻪﻣــﻨـﻪوﻩ to bend, curve; ~înawa v.t. to torment; ~ândinawa ـــﻪوﺳــــــﻦ bend over, bow 174 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY ;torture, torment, tyranny wit pe hałdene she is envious of you ﻪوﺳﺎﻧﺪﻧﻪوﻩ well ~-hał-takândin v.t. to motion with ﺎ châ .tent the eye and eyebrow; ~-lek-nân v.t ﺎدر châdir good; ~-bûnawa to recover; to close the eyes; ~-qûchândin v.t. to ـــــﺎک châk ~-kirdin to make good, fix, restore; close the eyes; ~-spî-kirdin v.t. to ~a good deed; la ~a darchûn to re- make someone weep (over a death): pay a kindness: tâ mâwim la châkat châwit spî da-kam “you’ll be sorry darnâchim as long as I live I’ll never when I’m dead”; bar~ kawtin to be be able to repay your kindness; ~kir- seen, spotted: pařèk i jwân’î barchâw improvement kawt he spotted a beautiful feather; la ﺎکﺮدﻧﻪوﻩ dinawa jacket bar ~ bûn to be clear, obvious ﮐﻪﺗﻪ châkata spring ﺎوﻩ pit: har kas ~e bo khałkî hał- châwa ـــــــﺎڵ châł -~ ;expectant, waiting ــــــﺎوﻩڕێ kane, bo khoy te dakawe he who digs châwaře v.t. to wait for: ba ــﺎوﻩڕێ ــﺮدن a pit for another falls into it (“hoisted kirdin well je’m hesht ba be awaî châwaře i bâqî ﺎو on his own pitard”); ~âw nimble, quick; useful; i pârakám bikam I left him without ــــــــــــﺎﻻک châlâk effort, effectiveness waiting for my change ﺎﻻﰽ right; ~î v.t. to ـــﺎوﻩڕوان ـــﺮدن tobacco pouch; alarm clock châwařwân-kirdin ﺎﻤﻪ châłma v.t. to plant wait for ﻦ -chen ﺎﻧﺪن chândin expectation ﺎوﻩڕواﱏ print- châwařwânî ـﺎﭘــﺎﻧـﻪ printing; ~khâna ـﺎپ châp person with black ــﺎوﺑــﻪــﻪک ing house, publishing house; la ~ châwbałak drân v.p. to be printed eyes and white skin blindfold, deception ﺎوﺑﻪﺳﺖ châra châwbast = ﺎر châr miserly, stingy ﺎوﭼﯚک help- châwchinok ﺑـــﺎرﻩ ~help, remedy; be ـﺎرﻩ châra evil eye ﺎوﲎ less; ~-kirdin v.t. to remedy; ~sar châwenî view, scenery ﺎوﮔﻪ remedy; ~sar-kirdin v.t. to châwga ــــﺎرﻩﺳــــﻪر eyeglasses ﺎوﯾﻠﮑﻪ remedy châwîlka expectant ﺎوﺑﻪر quarter: ~ saâtèk a quarter châwlabar ـﺎرﻩک chârak hopeful ﺎودوا of an hour châwladwâ interview ﺎوﭘﮑﻪوﻦ chârok châwpekawtin = ﺎرﻩﮐﻪ châraka impudent, bold ﺎوﻗﺎﱘ fate châwqâyim ﺎرﻩﻧﻮوس châranûs -good news, congratu ـﺎورووﱏ woman’s shawl châwrûnî ﺎرۆک chârok eye; expectation; ~ garm kir- lations ـــﺎو châw pessimist ﺎورﮏ din v.t. to take a nap; ~ kawtin ba v.i. châwtârîk -~ ;a lesson learned ـﺎوـﺮﺳــﻦ to see: châwim pey dakawt I used to châwtirsen see him; ~ sûr-kirdinawa la v.t. to kirdin v.t. to teach a lesson watchman ﺎور glare at: kârakar châw’î le sûr kirdi- châwyâr teahouse ﺎﳜﺎﻧﻪ tea; ~khâna ﺎی mawa the servant glared at me; ~- chây ,v.t. to fix, make ﭼــــــ ــــــﺮدن biřîn la v.t. to be hopeful of; ~- che-kirdin gařândin v.t. to look around; ~-geřân build for har chièk) every) ﻫـﻪر ﭼــﮏ châw-gařândin; ~-hał-hâtin la v.i. chek, har = to approve of: châwim hałnâye la kâr thing pres. stem of chândin ﻦ -i wâ nâhaq I don’t approve of such a chen lunch ﺸﺖ dishonest thing; ~-hał-henân ba v.t. chesht pres. stem of chishtin ﮋ -to envy, afflict with the evil eye: châ- chezh 175 SORANI KURDISH v.t. to ﭼـﺮﭘــﻦ -chirpen ﭼـﺮﭘـﺎﻧـﺪن what? (interrogative pronoun); chirpândin چ (chi (1 (2) that which (relative pronoun); (3) whisper ﭼـــ ﺗﺮـــﻪﭼـــﺮت ~noise, sound; ~a ﭼـــﺮت thing: chiyân nâbe they have noth- chirt ing; bo awaî ~ (+ subj.) in order that; commotion, uproar eke October; ~didwâ~ :ﭼـــــــــــــﺮ chi…chi whether…or: chi râst u chi chiryâ diro whether right or wrong November ,v.t. to taste ــــﮋ -chezh ﭼــﺸــﱳ v.i. to drip; to dry up (of a chishtin ﭼـــــﲀن chikân v.t. to experience ﭼــــﲀﻧــــﻪوﻩ well or spring); ~awa (thing (= shit ﭼﺖ thicken (of liquids) chit ?how ﭼﯚ forty chito ﻞ chil chi = ﭼﯽ chił branch, stalk chî generation; wrinkle; China; ~î ــــﲔ v.i.: dâ-~ chîn ــﻪﮐـ -chiłake ــﻪﰷن chiłakân Chinese ﭼﲎ .to be shocked; dâ-~din chiłaken- v.t v.i. to snarl ﺑﻮوﻧﻪوﻩ to shock; râ-~ v.i. to be shocked chîř-bûnawa ــــــۆــــــﻮان story; ~vân ــــــۆک dirty, unclean; dark (cloud) chîřok ﮑﻦ chiłkin how: estâ dazânî rûdâwaká storyteller ــﻠــﯚن chilon hîch i tir): … nabe ~ niya =) ﭼــﱰ chilon bûwa now you know how the chîtir event was is nothing but … knee; ~ dâ-dân v.t. to kneel ﭼـــــﯚک spoon chok ﻪ chimcha v.t. to down ﭼــــــﻦ -chinen ﭼــــﺎﻧــﺪن chinândin desert, wilderness; ~-kirdin ﭼــــــــﯚڵ mend, patch choł (claw, talon v.t. to desert, vacate a place; ~awân(î ﭼﮓ ching ﭼـﯚـﭙـﻪرﺳـﺖ wilderness; ~parist ﭼـﯚـﻪواﱏ fork ﭼﮕﺎڵ chingâł v.t. to weave; to reap; to nomad, desert dweller ﭼــــــــــــﲔ chinîn sparrow ﭼﯚﻪﮐﻪ pick (fruit); to pile up; hał-~ v.t. to chołaka river ﭼﯚم pile up; tang ~ ba to hold tight; to chom ;?how?: chonî how are you ﭼــــــــﯚن squeeze tightly; to squeeze the life of chon out s.th. what sort of: wara bitbînim chon pyâ- whispering wèkî come let me see what kind of ﭼﻪ و ﴎﺗﻪ chipa u sirta :somehow ﭼـــﯚﻧــــــﮏ chirpândin man you are; ~èk = ﭼﺎﻧﺪن chipândin dense (forest): dâristânèk i ~ har chonèk be somehow or other; ~etî ﭼـ (chiř (1 ,manner ﭼـﯚﻧـﻴـﻪﰏ iyatî; ~iyatî~ = ﭼـﯚﻧــﱴ ~ :a dense forest; (2) firm, unyielding darpeya he’s standing firm; (3) steep: (+ inf.) how to: shaw u rozh la marâq shâkhèk i ~ a steep mountain; (4) i chonetî i daskawtin i am kich i shâ i song: ~e bichira sing a song; ~-dân parîâná’dâ bû day and night he was to tie tight: ~î da bâ nakire-tawa tie it wondering how to get hold of this tight so it won’t come loose; ~ u daughter of the king of the peris; ~ka because, since ﭼﯚﮑﻪ châw face: ~ u châwit bisho wash beet ﭼﯚﻧﻪر your face chonar ;v.i. to sizzle ﭼــﯚ -choqe ﭼــﯚﻗــﺎن lamp choqân ﭼﺮا chirâ ﭼـﯚﻗــﻦ -choqen ﭼـﯚﻗـﺎﻧـﺪن v.t. to rip, to tremble; ~din ﭼــﻦ -chiřen ﭼـاﻧـﺪن chiřândin tear; to call out to someone v.t. to heat oil to the sizzling point; to wrinkle: ~ hałhâtûa it’s all tremble ﭼـــــﺮچ chirch ﭼــــﯚڕاﻧــــﻪوﻩ drop, drip; ~ânawa ﭼــــﯚڕ wrinkled choř v.i. to drip, to fall in ﭼـــــــــــﯚڕێ -v.t. to sing choře ﭼﻦ chiřîn 176 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY she-bear دﻩﻪ ورچ trickle of blood wirch ﭼﯚڕاوﮔﻪ drops; ~âwga exaggeration دﻩﺳﻪ abacus dalasa ﭼﯚرﮑﻪ chortka shelf, trap door دﻩﻻﻗﻪ chûwatà. See chûn. dalâqa = ﭼﯚﺗﻪ chotà reason, reasoning دﻩﻟﻴﻞ fishing rod dalîl ﭼﻮﮐﻪﻗﻮﻻپ chukłaqulâp ,moment; ba ~ …awa while دﻩم chónka dam1 = ﭼﻮﮑﻪ chúnka -nap; ~-dân v.t. to take a nap during: ba ~ pekanînawa while laugh ﭼﻮرت churt ,pinnacle of a mountain; ing; ~e at once; ~èk-a/bû for a while ﭼـــــــــــﻮوک chûk foreskin; small, small amount: ~a zor damèk a/bû for a long time ;mouth; ~-kirdin v.t. to speak دﻩم tawizhmèk a little pressure; boundary dam2 .ch- v.i. to go; ~ ba to pass ~ kut-kirdin v.t. to silence, cut s.o ﭼــــــــﻮون chûn (of time): baynèk’î pe chû some time off; ba ~awa girtin v.t. to mention, passed (for him/her); min darom— speak of; la ~awa dâ-nân v.t. to give chand rozhèk’im pe dache I’m go- birth to; la ~ dân v.t. to embarrass; verbal quarrel; ~ataqe دﻩﻣـﻪﻗـﺎـ ing—I’ll be gone for a few days; ~ la ~aqâłe ;dialogue, conversation دﻩﻣـــــــــﻪﺗـــــــــﻪ to look like: har la kuř a pâshâ’yân ;eloquent, well-spoken دﻩﻣــﺎراو dache he looks just like a prince to ~pârâw دﻩ verbal quarrel; ~tang دﻩﻣـــﻘـــێ them; dar-~ to turn out, come out; to ~qiře narrow-necked; ba sar ~’dâ ﻣــــــﻪـــﮓ ;run off/away; te hał-~ to get started ~à darawa to go out(side) face down; la bar~ i …(’dâ) in front chonka of, before = ﭼﻮوﮑﻪ chûnka دﻩم power; ~-u-dazgâ i dawłatî دﻩم straight line; circle; line, dam3 ﭼـــــــــــــﻮوز chûz -state apparatus, govern و دﻩزﮔـﺎى دﻩوـﻪﰏ queue دﻩم و دوو stinger (insect) ment administration; ~-u-dû ﭼﻮوزﻩ chûza v.i. to power of expression; cleverness ﭼـــــــﻮوزێ -chûze ﭼـــــــﻮوزان chûzân baggy Kurdish دﻩﻣــﻪــﻘــﯚﭘــﺎن burn, sting (as sun-burned skin) damałqopân fourth; trousers ﭼــــــﻮارﻩم four; ~am ﭼــــــﻮار chwâr -vein, root: am bardá, da دﻩﻣـــــــﺎر crosslegged; ~pal damâr ﭼـﻮارﻣـﻪﺷـﻘـﯽ mashqî~ mârî la khâk’dâ ya this rock is firmly ﭼـﻮارﺷـﻪﳑـﻪ quadruped; ~shamma ﭼـﻮارﭘـﻪل broad- rooted in the ground ﭼـــﻮارﺷـــﺎﻧـــﻪ Wednesday; ~shâna otherwise, if not دﻩ shouldered danâ .sound, voice; vote; ~-dân v.t دﻩـﮓ mountain dang ﭼﺎ chyâ to vote; ~-dânawa v.t. to reverberate, ~noise, outcry; be دﻩـﮕـﻪدﻩـﮓ ~particle occurring with imperative echo; ~a دﻩ da1 silence ﺑﺪﻩﮕﯽ silent; be~î ﺑﺪﻩﮓ prep., with pre- or postposed) دﻩ da2 bird’s beak دﻩﻧﻮوک pronominal encl., te) in, into, on danûk minute دﻩﻗﻘﻪ tenth daqîqa دﻩﻫﻪم ten; ~ham دﻩ da3 out; ba ~awa out, outside; ~è دﻩر habitual and progressive verbal dar دﻩ -da outside; hâtinà ~e v.i. to come دﻩرێ prefix steel out, turn out دﻩن dabân ,cmpd. vb. agent, see dar-birîn دﻩر -pot dar دﻩﻓﺮ dafr -~ ;expletive of amazement dar-chûn, dar-henân, dar-kawtin دﻩک dak one taken under protection; kirdin v.t. to put out دﻩﺧــﻞ dakhîl feudal دﻩرﻩﺑـــــــــﻪگ valley; ~bag دﻩرﻩ please, I beg you dara دﻩﺧﻠﱲ itim~ -feudal, feudal pe دﻩرﻩﺑــﻪﮔــﯽ the female of many animals, lord; ~bagî دﻩڵ dał she-demon; ~a- riod دﻩــــﻪدــــﻮ she-; ~adew 177 SORANI KURDISH dastbaje = دﻩﺳﺒﻪﺟ rank, degree dasbaje دﻩرﻩﻪ daraja دﻩﺷــــﺘــﻪﰽ desert, plain; ~akî دﻩﺷــﺖ estranged, foreigner, stran- dasht دﻩرﻩﰽ darakî ger; bûn ba ~ to be “out in the cold” villager -hand, arm (verbal expres دﻩﺳـــــــــﺖ income dast دﻩراﻣﻪت darâmat ;homeless; ~î homel- sions involving dast are given below دﻩرﺑــــــﻪدﻩر darbadar essness for all other compounds, see alphabet- -about, concerning ically); ba ~ henân v.t. to get, ac دﻩررﻩی darbâra i delivered, saved quire; ba ~ gayshtin v.i. to come to ﺑﻪرز darbâz -confession, plain speak- hand, to be received; ~ ba âw gayân ﺑـﻪرـ ـﻦ darbiřîn ing din v.t. to go to the bath-room; ~ bar- to dân la to cease: dastî la kâr bardâ he دﻩرﭼــﻮون ﻗــﺴــﻪی … dar-chûn la qsa i disobey stopped working; ~ biłind-kirdin v.t. pain, trouble; ~-dân ba to give to resist; ~-birdin bo v.t. to fiddle دﻩرد dard trouble to: dardèkî pe dâyn it gave us with, to stretch out the hand for; ~- bizâw-tin v.t. to poke, push; ~ bo دﻩردی ﺳـــــــــﻪر some trouble; dard i sar headache, trouble dam meager existence, hand-to- -dar-henân mouth; ~-dânà …awa v.t. to under = دﻩرﻨﺎن darenân opportunity take, carry out: dastim dâyà payjoîèk i دﻩرﻓﻪت darfat -door; la ~ drân for a knock zortir-awa I carried out more re دﻩرﮔـــــﺎ dargâ to come at a door: la dargâ dadre search; ~drezhî kirdinà sar v.t. to there comes a knock at the door rape, violate; ~ hał-girtin la v.t. to with regard to quit, leave alone: dastim le hałgrin دﻩرﻫﻪق darhaq ,door leave me alone; ~-kawtin v.i. to get دﻩرک dark ;worthy of acquire; ~-kirdin ba v.t. to reach for دﻩرﺧﻮاردی darkhwârd i medicine, remedy; gun- to start (+ inf): dastî kird ba pekanîn دﻩرﻣـــــﺎن darmân pharmacy; ~ he started laughing; ~-kirdinà … to دﻩرﻣـﺎﳔـﺎﻧـﻪ powder; ~khâna knock-out put one’s hand/arm on/around: dastî دﻩرﻣــــﺎﱏ ﺑــــــــﻬــــﯚﳽ i behoshî drops, sleeping potion kirdà mil i bâwikî he put his arm See pařândin. around his father’s neck; ~ la pisht .دﻩرﭘﻪڕاﻧﺪن dar-pařândin -See pařen- dân v.t. to pat on the back, to en .دﻩرﭘــﻪڕــﻨــﺪران dar-pařendrân drân. courage; ~ pân-kirdinawa v.t. to beg; underwear, ~ pe-kirdin (+ inf.) to begin, start دﻩرﭘـــــﯽ darpî ,دﻩرﭘـــــ darpe drawers (do-ing): khwendin i khoy dast pe-kird .lesson; ~-dân v.t. to teach; ~- he began studying; ~ pewa girtin v.t دﻩرس dars khwendin v.t. to study to save, be frugal; ~-nân ba rû…awa .narrow valley; ~yek-girtin la to turn someone away; ~-parzhân v.i دﻩرو daru v.t. to put someone in a tight spot to have an opportunity: dastit dapar- interior, inside zhe kâre-kim bo bikay? do you have دﻩروون darûn ?dervish; ~î of or per- the time to do something for me دﻩروــــــــﺶ darwesh taining to dervishes: jil u barg i dar- dastim nâparzhe I don’t have the weshî dervish costume time, I can’t get to it; ~-qutân to ;crack grope; ~-qûchândin v.t. to be stingy دﻩرز darz1 dars ~ tekał-kirdin lagał to have carnal = دﻩرز darz2 .for all words beginning with relations with; ~ u dił yekî-girtin v.t دﻩس -das das-, see under dast to be at ease, have peace of mind: 178 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY untouched دﻩﺳﻪﺧﻮردﻩ khałk îtir dast u dił’yân yekî nadagirt dastnakhurda manuscript دﻩﺳﻮوس the people no longer had any peace of dastnûs ablutions; ~-girtin دﻩﺳــــــﻮــﮋ mind; ~-washândin v.t. to wave; la dastnwezh bar ~ i …dâ in front of, in the pres- v.t. to make ablutions (for prayer) masturbation دﻩﺳﻪڕ ence of, with dastpař rich دﻩﺳﺘ for dawast- (see wastân) dastpiř دﻩﺳﺖ -dast poor دﻩﺳﻪﮓ bunch, group, set; ~-u- dasttang دﻩﺳــــــــــﺘـــــﻪ dasta physical prowess دﻩﺳﺘﻮدوو retinue dast-u-dû دﻩﺳﺘﻪ و داﯾﻪرﻩ dâyara constitution دﻩﺳﺘﻮور guarantor dastûr دﻩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻪر dastabar empty-handed دﻩﺳﺘﻮا authority; ~dâr au- dastwâłâ دﻩﺳــــــﺘـــﻪت dastałât bush دﻩوﻩن thority, one in authority; be~î lack of dawan -medicine; ~ u darmân medi دﻩوا authority dawâ tame cation and remedy دﻩﺳﺘﻪﻣﯚ dastamo -v.t. to last, en دﻩوام ـــــﺮدن handkerchief dawâm-kirdin دﻩﺳﺘﻪﺳ dastasiř grieving, be- dure دﻩﺳــــﺘــﻪوﺋــﻪ ﻧژــﯚ dastaw-azhno nomadic tent; tent material دﻩوار reaved dawâr drum دﻩول glove dawl دﻩﺳﺘﻪواﻧﻪ dastawâna rich دﻩوﻪﻣﻪﻧﺪ nearby, next to dawłamand دﻩﺳــــﺘــﺎﻧــﺪﻩﺳــﺖ dastândast دﻩوـــــﻪﰏ wealth; state; ~î دﻩوـــــﻪت one another: gund i ema u gund i ewa dawłat ~in your village and ours are next to state (adj.), governmental era, time; ~bar gařân to go دﻩور each other dawr bathroom, toilet around, about; ~-geřân v.t. to turn دﻩﺳﺘﺎو dastâw from hand to circles; ~ u pisht i around (prep.); ba دﻩﺳــــﺘــﺎودﻩﺳــﺖ dastâwdast hand, from one person to another ~ …dâ around (prep.) -circle; ~-dân v.t. to sur دﻩورﻩ pretext; gift dawra دﻩﺳﺘﺎوﺰ dastâwez immediately, at once round: dawra’yân dâbû they had him دﻩﺳﻪﺟ dastbaje under surveil- surrounded دﻩﺳـــــــــﻪرﺳـــﻪر dastbarsar era, ; a long period دﻩوران lance; under guard dawrân hands tied, incapa- of time; circuit, circle; ~-kirdin ba دﻩﺳـــﻪﺳــﺘـﻪ dastbasta ble, unable, total surrender v.t. to take a turn on (a horse) plate دﻩوری idle dawrî دﻩﺳﻪڵ dastbatâł hey, c’mon, look here دﻩی spendthrift day دﻩﺳو dastbiłâw dast: ~baje immediately, at = دﻩز one who fools or plays a daz دﻩﺳــــﺘــ dastbiř apparatus; ~gîrân دﻩزﮔـــــــــــــﺎ trick once; ~gâ fiancé دﻩزﮔﲑان ,aggressive, usurper دﻩﺳــﺘـﺪرـﮋ dastdrezh thread دﻩزو influential dazu -compound verbal prefix, for dâ دا -v.i. to be ac- dâ دﻩﺳــــﺘــﮕــﺮ ﺑــﻮون dastgir-bûn quired: hîchyân das(t)gîr nâbe they kirdin only see alphabetically below; acquire nothing, they wind up with for other compound verbs see under nothing the verbal element: dâ-bazîn, dâ-dân, -wage dâ-diřîn, dâ-gîrân, dâ-hâtin, dâ دﻩﺳﳤﻪق dasthaq -handle, grip; bunch kanin, dâ-khistin, dâ-nawândin, dâ دﻩﺳﺘﮏ dastik -v.p. to be nân, dâ-nîshtin, dâ-mazrândin, dâ دﻩﺳــــﺘــﲀری ــﺮان dastkârî-kiran tampered with rinân, dâ-rizân, dâ-rizhândin postposition with the preposition) دا handwriting ’dâ دﻩﺳﺘﻪت dastkhat 179 SORANI KURDISH la) in, at: l’ewa’dâ there, in that place; to rest, prop (s.th.) on …: ânîshk i l’ aw sa‘âtá’dâ at that time; (’dâ con- râstî dâdâyà sar mezaká he propped tracts to ’á, particularly after nasals) his right elbow on the table; hał-~ (1) la dił i khom’â witim I said to myself to cast up, hurl up; (2) to blossom: -portion, division; ~- shînâwar-dakát hałî dâwa your gar دادﻩش dâbash kirdin v.t. to divide; ~-krânà sar v.p. den has blossomed; hał-~ la sar to intervene on behalf of; hał-~ la to داﺑـﻪ to be divided into; ~udâbir-kirdin v.t. to divide and slice up start (to speak): la jwâbâ hałî dâ he شودا ﺮدن :v.t. to assemble, started to answer; hał-~awa to raise داﺑـــﲔ ـــﺮدن dâbîn-kirdin arrange panjaraká hałdawa raise the sash; le- justice; ~-dân v.t. to give justice; ~ to hit, strike; to throb: diłim ledadâ داد dâd to be just; to work out for: aw dâdî my heart is throbbing; to play (instru- nadâyn it didn’t work out for us ment): zuřnâ-kay zor khosh ledadâ he court: ~ i harabarz supreme played the flute very well; see also دادﮔــﻪ dâdga court alphabetically under le-dân -grain, seed: ganimakám ~’î na دان searing hot, scar; grief; ~- dân2 داغ dâgh kirdin v.t. to sear, brand, scar girtûa my wheat has not set seed; ~ -inclusive of, comprising ba kho …’dâ girtin v.t. to have pa دﮔﺮی dâgir i v.t. to occupy, tience, endure; ~-nahenân ba v.t. to دﮔـــــﲑ ـــــﺮدن dâgîr-kirdin usurp, take by force, oppress; ~kar place no value in: kâwrâ dân ba minâ oppressor, oppressive nâhene the man places no value in me دﮔﲑﮐﻪر (tooth (= didân دان in grief dân3 داﺎن grief; la ~ân داخ dâkh inhabitant داﻧﺸﺘﻮو application dânîshtû داﺧﻮازﯾﻨﺎﻣﻪ dâkhwâzînâma grandmother داﭘﲑ v.t. (1) to start raining: dâpîr دا ـــﺮدن dâ-kirdin ;tree, wood; staff, rod, stick دار bârân dây kird it started raining; (2) dâr to put animals in a stable: ḥaywânakâ- ~kârî-kirdin v.t. to beat with a stick; nim dâ kird I stabled the animals; (3) khistinà zher ~ u falâqawa v.t. to put ;bier دارﻩﺗــــﻪرم to pour grain in a bin: ganimaká’m to the bastinado; ~atarm داردﻩس structure; ~das دارﻩوار dâkird I poured the grain (into the ~awâr -for دارﺳــﺘـﺎن bin) walking stick, staff; ~istân ;made of wood, wooden دارــــﻦ an opened seed pod est; ~în داڵ dâł carpenter دارش apparatus, ~tâsh دام و دﻩزﮔـــﺎ u dazgâ ~ :دام dâm molder, formulator دارﮋﻩر power, authority dârezhar v.t. to hurl (from ﻫـﻪـﺪاﺷـﱳ ~-tribulation dâshtin: hał داﻣﺎوی dâmâwî (skirt; ~-girtin v.t. to beset: a height داﻣــــﻦ dâmen trap; ~ dâ-khistin v.t. to set a داو am bałâya dâmenî girtûm I am beset dâw trap دﻩﺳــــــــــــــﱲ by this disaster; dastim ~it judge; ~î judging داوﻩر I beg you dâwar داﻣﻨﺖ demand; ~-kirdin la v.t. to ask داوا v.t., impt. sing. bídara, dâwâ) دﻩ -da دان dân1 of, demand of (دران pass. dirân ;دﻩ in compounds, da -in داوـــﰽ dâmen; ~pâkî = داوـﻦ to give, pay; ba …awa ~ to bite, dâwen sting: mâr gutî petawa dadam “I’ll nocence, purity volunteer داوﺧﻮاز bite you,” the snake said; mâr pewa’y dâwkhwâz داﯾـــﻪﭘـــﲑﻩ mother; nurse; ~pîra داﯾـــﻪ dâwin they’ve been bitten by a snake; dâya dâ-~ to sharpen (pencil); dâ-~à sar … grandmother 180 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY ;v.p. passive of dân درێ -dre دران office dirân داﯾﻪرﻩ dâyara mother; la ~ bûn v.i. to be la dargâ ~ for a knock to come at a داــــــﮏ dâyik born door see diřrân دڕان village diřân دێ de dirhem دراو pres. indicative stem of hâtin dirâw دێ -de -~ ;shortcoming درــــﻐــــﯽ، درــــﻎ (daheł-. See heshtin. diregh(î = د -deł dahen-. See henân. kirdin v.t. to be inadequate = دﻦ -den demon درﱋ line dirinj د deř v.t. to rip; dâ-~ to rip دڕ -diř دڕـــــﻦ ancient, old: aw nâwcha diřîn دــــــﺮــــــﻦ derîn shwenawârî a derînâná i Kurdistân (cloth) thorn دڕک the ancient monumental regions of diřik savage, bestial دڕﻧﺪﻩ Kurdistan diřinda v.t. to درﮐــــــﻦ -dirken درﰷﻧـــﺪن demon dirkândin دﻮ dew -tooth confess; to pronounce; disclose, re ددان didân (.heart, interior: la dił i khom’â veal (secret, &c دڵ dił dro = درۆ witim I said to myself; ~-râgirtin to diro v.p. to be ripped دڕان make happy; ~-shikândin v.t. to diřrân .right, correct; ~-kirdin v.t دروﺳـﺖ break the heart: diłmân mashikena dirust don’t break our hearts; ba ~ i kho to to make, build, construct ;v.t. to stitch, sew دروو -dirû دروون dirûn دـــﺒـــﻪﻧـــﺪی one’s heart’s desire; ~band i sweetheart; hał-~ to seam together دـــــــﺪار interested in; ~dâr v.i.: hał-~ to be stitched دروان disheartened, heavy- dirwân دـــــﮕـــــﺮان girân~ contented; ~nyâ together دـﻨـﻪرم hearted; ~narm reaping with sickle دروﻨﻪ sad; dirwena دــــــﺮ la convinced of; ~pir دـــﻨـــﻴـــﺎ crack; ~ i darwâza opening درز cold-hearted; ~sâda dirz دـﺮﻩق angry; ~raq broken- between two double doors دــﺸــﲀو naïve; ~shikâw دــﺴــﺎدﻩ thief; ~î thievery, stealth; ba ~a دز sympathetic; diz دـــــــﺴـــــــﯚز hearted; ~soz sad, lonely; ~tangî stealthily; ba ~ i unbeknownst to دـــــﺘـــــﻪـــــﮓ tang~ -against, vis-à دژ ﺑــــﻪ dizh ba , دژی dizh i دـﺘـﻪڕ sadness, loneliness; ~tař دـﺘـﻪـﮕـﯽ tragedy, vis: gawra-pyâwân i gund dizh i am دـــﺘـــﻪزـــﻦ glad, happy; ~tazen calamity qsâná râdawastân the old men of the ;drop; ~ a khwenèk a drop of village took a stance against this talk دــﯚپ diłop blood farmân’î ba kuřakáy dâ dizh i duzh- scorpion min shař bikâ he ordered his son to دﻣﺎرﻩﮐﯚڵ dimârakoł tooth fight against the enemy دن dinân sight; ba ~ henân v.t. to bring دی world, weather: dinyâ zistân dî1 دﻧـــﻴـــﺎ dinyâ world- about, produce; ba ~ kirdin v.t. to دﻧـﻴـﺎدﯾـﱳ bû it was winter; ~dîtin ly experience notice, to discern; to see, to spy: hîch i for words beginning with dir-, wâ’m tyâ ba dî nakird I didn’t notice) در -dir see also dr-) anything like that wrong with him; pres. stem of dirîn; see also dr- hâtinà ~ to come about, to happen دڕ -diř other; again: bo chandân jâr i dî دی tree dî2 درﻩﺧﺖ dirakht late; ~-bûn v.i. to be late several other times درﻩﮓ dirang interview, meeting دﯾﺪار v.i. to shine dîdâr درﻩوﺷﺎن (dirawshân(awa ,adj.) other; (adv.) any more) دـــﮑـــﻪ lesson, study dîka دراﺳﻪ dirâsa 181 SORANI KURDISH prayer for well-being دوﺎی ﺮ further button; ~ dâ-khistin to دوﮔـــــﻤـــــﻪ prisoner; ba ~ girtin v.t. to take dugma دﯾـــــﻞ dîl prisoner button: ~ i châkatay dâ-khist he but- interpretor toned his jacket دﯾﻠﲈﱋ dîlmânj shop; ~dâr دوﮐـــﲀن dukkân ,دوﰷن aspect, mien dukân دﳝﻪن dîman shopkeeper دوﰷﻧﺪار demography دﳝﻮﮔﺮاﻓﺎ dîmugrâfyâ summit, top of mountain دوﻧﺪ democratic dund دﳝﻮﺮات dîmukrât dinyâ = دوﻧﻴﺎ v.t. to see dunyâ ﺑﲔ -bîn دﻦ dîn middle; large pearl دوڕ legend duř دۆک dîřok dwân = دوان again, once more duwân دﺴﺎن dîsân دوژﻣــــﺎﯾــﻪت enemy; ~âyat دوژﻣــﻦ duzhmin دﯾـــﻪوﻩ v.t. to see; ~awa ﺑـﲔ -bîn دﯾـﱳ dîtin to find enmity second; ~barakî دووﻩم two; ~am دوو side dû دﯾﻮ dîw ,again دوورﻩ enmity; ~bâra دووﺑــــــﻪرﻩﰽ living room دﯾﻮﻩﺎﻧﻪ dîwakhâna ,hesitant دوودڵ assembly hall, court once more; ~dił دﯾﻮان dîwân distrustful دوودڵ wall hesitating; ~dił la دﯾﻮار dîwâr -sec دووﻫــــــــﻪم yoghurt and water beverage of, suspicious of; ~ham دۆ do Monday دووﺷﻪﳑﻪ du‘â ond; ~shamma = دۆﺎ do‘â smokeدوﮐﻪڵ valley dûkał دۆڵ doł the two of them, both of دووــﻴــﺎن v.t. to lose dûkyân دۆڕﻦ -dořen دۆڕاﻧﺪن dořândin v.i. to be at a them دۆش داﻣـــــــــﺎن dosh dâ-mân statement; ~-kirdinawa دووﭘـــــــﺎت loss for words dûpât grape molasses v.t. to make a statement دۆﺷﺎو doshâw scorpion دووﺸﮏ friendly; dûpishk دۆﺳــﺘـﺎﻧـﻪ friend; ~âna دۆﺳـﺖ dost far; la ~awa from afar; ~bîn دوور friendship dûr دۆﺳﺘﺎﯾﻪﰏ âyatî~ telescope, camera دوورﺑﲔ v.t. to search for; to دۆز -doz دۆزــﻦ dozîn dirwân = دوور -dûr دووران to find, recover, dûrân دۆزﯾـــــﻨـــــﻪوﻩ find; ~awa v.t. to gather, harvest دوورﯾﻨﻪوﻩ discover dûrînawa v.p. to be دووررێ -dûrre دوورران for words beginning with dr-, dûrrân) در -dr see also dir-) sewn, stitched up duzhmin = دووژﻣﻦ tree dûzhmin درﻩﺧﺖ drakht :(last (precedes word it modifies دوا dirân dwâ = دران drân neighbor ~ sâł last year, ~ shaw last night; ~ i دراوﺳ drâwse ;(long; ~-bûn v.i. to stretch after (prep); ~ i awaî (ka) after (conj درـــــــــﮋ drezh ;future دوارۆژ last, final; ~rozh دواﰃ î~ درـﮋﻩ دان length; ~a-dân درـﮋاﰃ out; ~âî v.t. to continue ba ~ i …dâ nârdin to send for (s.o.); large la ~î’dâ ka after (conj); l’ am درﺷﺖ drisht lie; ~-kirdin v.t. to lie ~îâná’dâ recently درۆ dro ,la v.i. to speak of دوێ -dwe دوان sign, distinguishing mark dwân درۆﴌ droshm design; brightness, bril- talk about دروﴌ drushm v.t. to speak دوــﻦ -dwen دواﻧــﺪن liance dwândin dirust to, address: mamdwena! don’t speak = دروﺳﺖ drust dûham to me!; daydwândim he was speaking = دوﻩم duam prayer, supplication; ~-kirdin to me دوــــﺎ du‘â yesterday, last night دوﮑﻪ، دوێ (bo v.t. to pray for someone; ~ i kher dwe(ka 182 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY kindling ﺋﺰﮓ ezing دـــــﻮێ yesterday; ~ sháwe دﯾـــــﯚ dwene last night ﺷﻪوێ pride ﻓﻪﺧﺮ clear, obvious; ~-kirdin v.t. to fakhr در dyâr peasant, farmer ﻓﻪﻻ clarify; ba ~awa bûn v.i. to be visi- falâ -misery, difficulty, mis ﻓـــﻪﻻﮐـــﻪت ble, in view; ba ~î clearly, obviously; falâkat obvious fortune درﮑﺮاو îkirâw~ bastinado ﻓﻪﻻﻗﻪ present, gift falâqa دری dyârî student ﻓﻪ faqe poor; ~î poverty ﻓﻪﻗﲑ è1 variant of the indefinite suffix -èk faqîr- European ﻓﻪرﻩﮕﯽ è2 directional suffix occurring on cer- farangî- v.t. to make ﻓـﻪراﻫـﻪم ـﺮدن upwards, farâham-kirdin ژوورێ tain nouns like zhûrè home- available ﻣــﺎــ outwards, mâłè دﻩرێ darè France ﻓﻪراﺴﻪ wards, and as a variant of the direc- Farânsa abundant, large-scale ﻓﻪراوان tional enclitic à on verbs when the farâwân ﻓـﻪرﻫـﻪـﮓ culture; ~dost ﻓـﻪرﻫـﻪـﮓ complement of the directional is an farhang cultured, culture-loving; ~ok دۆﺳـــــــﺖ enclitic pronoun: náygamè I won’t glossary ﻓﻪرﻫﻪﮕﯚک reach it, shitèk’î dadâtè he’ll give him Farhad, a character in ﻓــــــﻪرﻫــــــﺎد something Farhâd Nizami’s poem who falls in love with ﺋــﺠـﮕـﺎری very, very much; ~î ﺋــﺠـﮕـﺎر ejgâr at all, ever: ~ nâydwenim I don’t ever Shirin order, command; ~ ba je ﻓــﻪرﻣــﺎن speak to him; all at once: ~ bârim farmân kird I got up and left henân v.t. to obey an order, to carry indefinite suffix: pyâwèk a man out an order; ~ i khwâ ba je henân to ﮏ èk- nation, tribe, people obey God’s command, to die; ~-dân ﺋﻞ el -offi ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎﻧـﺒـﻪر we, us ba v.t. to command; ~bar ﺋﻤﻪ ema here, in this cial ﻟــﺮﻩ(دا) (here; l’~(dâ ﺋــﺮﻩ era ;order, command ﻓــــﻪرﻣــــﺎــــﺶ from here, hence farmâyish ﻟﺮﻩوﻩ place; l’~wa ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎـﺸــﺘـﻪ t speech; ~t a mift~ ﻓـﻪرﻣـﺎـﺸـﺖ Iranian ﺋﺮاﱏ Iran; ~î ﺋﺮان Erân empty compliment ﻣﻔﺖ Iraqi اﰵ Iraq; ~î اق Eřâq‘ v.t. to ﻓـــﻪرﻣـــﻮو -farmû ﻓـــﻪرﻣـــﻮون jealousy; ~-birdin ba v.t. to farmûn ﺋــــﺮﻩﱙ erayî be jealous of: erayî’yân pe dabird command, to say (polite); (impt.) they were jealous of him please: farmû dânîsha please sit down calamity; sar i … dân ba ﻓـﻪرﻩت head- fatârat ﺳـﻪرـﺸـﻪ pain, ache; sar~a ﺋــﺶ esh ache ~’dâ to bring calamity down on … -fawte ﻓــﻪون loss, death; ~ân ﻓــﻪوت v.t. to keep fawt ﺋــــــﺸـــﮏ ﮔـــﺮـــﻦ eshik-girtin ;v.i. to cease to exist; to be lost ﻓــــــﻪو watch ﻓـﻪوﻧـﺪن esqân to be all in, exhausted; ~ândin = ﺋﺴﮏ esk v.t. to give up, to lose ﻓﻪوﺗﻦ -bone fawten ﺋﺴﻘﺎن esqân fax ﻓﺲ as of now, fâks ﻟــﺴــﺘـﺎوﻩ now; l’~wa ﺋــﺴــﺘـﺎ estâ v.t. to understand ﻓﺎم -fâm ﻓﺎﻣﲔ from now on fâmîn trick; ~-kirdin la v.t. to play a ﻓــــــــــ station feł ﺋﺴﺘﮕﻪ estga ﻓـــﻪ wily; ~bâzî ﻓـــﻪز mule trick on; ~abâz ﺋﺴﱰ estir trickery زی (you (pl ﺋﻮﻩ ewa cool ﻓﺮک evening: ~t bâsh good eve- fenik ﺋــــﻮارﻩ ewâra acquainted; ~-bûn v.i. to learn: la ﻓــﺮ ning fer 183 SORANI KURDISH kwe fer i kurdî bûy? where did you a lot of, much, many: ~ gařân they sociologist ﮔﻪﻟﻨﺎس learn Kurdish?; ~-kirdin v.t. to teach searched a lot; ~nâs space between the legs ﮔﻪڵ free, gratis; ba ~ for free, for gał ﻓــــــــۆ feřo -leaf: wakû gałâ i dâr as numer ﮔــﻪ nothing, for no reason; ba ~ dân v.t. gałâ to squander, waste: bakhtî ba feřo ous as leaves on a tree autumn; the month of ﮔـﻪرـﺰان dâwa he’s wasted his chance gałârezân (so-and-so, dummy name Scorpio (October 23–November 21 ﻓﻼن fiłân the month of Leo (July ﮔـــﻪوـــﺞ fiłe- gałâwej ﻓـــﻘـﺎن flat, squashed; ~ân ﻓـــﻖ fiłeq (v.i. to be mashed, squashed; 23–August 22 ﻓـــﻘـ -qe :space between a dog’s legs ﮔـــﻪـــﯚز v.t. to gałoz ﻓـــﻘــﻦ -fiłeqen ﻓـــﻘـﺎﻧـﺪن ândin~ mash, squash kilkî da gałozî girt (the dog) stuck its cup tail between its legs ﻓﺎن finjân throat ﮔﻪﻮو light, delicate; false gałû ﻓ fiř putrid, evil-smelling ﮔﻪن very, much gan ﻓﺮﻩ fira rotten tree ﮔﻪﻧﺪﻩڵ v.t. to throw away, toss, gandał ﻓـێ دان fiře-dân wheat ﮔﻪﱎ hurl ganim ﮔـﻪﻧـﲔ bad odor, rotten smell; ~n ﮔـﻪﱏ v.t. to make fly, to fly ganî ﻓـــــاﻧـــــﺪن fiř|ândin v.i. to fly v.i. to stink ﻓ -fiř ﻓﻦ away with; ~în treasure ﮔﻪﱋ tear; ~ hał-rishtin v.t. ganj1 ﻓــﺮﻣــــﺴــﮏ firmesk young ﮔﻪﱋ to shed tears ganj2 (.it is necessary (+ subj ﮔﻪرﻩک garak ﻓـۆﮐـﻪـﺎﻧـﻪ airplane; ~khâna ﻓـۆﮐـﻪ fiřoka -quarter (of town), neigh ﮔـــــــﻪڕﻩک airport gařak deception, trick borhood ﻓوﻓ fiřufeł -v.i. to turn, wan ﮔـﻪڕێ -gaře ﮔـﻪڕان v.i. to arrive at an gařân ﻓـﺮ ﮐـﻪوـﻦ firyâ-kawtin opportune moment; to come to some- der, search; ~ ba dwâ i to search for, one’s assistance look for; ~awa to return, come back; ,flabby, soft hał-~ to be changed, transformed ﻓﺶ fish -legal opinion, permission (with colors) to be …ish: sûrhałga ﻓﻮا fitwâ :snivveling řâw reddish; ~ la to quit, leave alone ﻓﻨﮕﻪ fînga wet lem gařen leave me alone; ~ la to ﻓﺲ fîs so-and-so, such-and-such look for: shitèkim gum kirdawa, ley ﻓﺴﺎر fîsâr car- dagařem I’m looking for something I ﻓــﺸـﻪﳇـﻎ cartridge; ~ligh ﻓــﺸـﻪک fîshak tridge belt lost; da sar ~ to get (s.th.) out of v.t. to whinny, neigh one’s head ﻓﺸﲀﻧﺪن fîshkândin dust ﮔﻪرد pride gard ﻓﲒ fîz whirlpool ﮔﻪرداو fire gardâw = ﻓﺮێ fre ;(neck (of an animal, bottle ﮔـﻪردن v.t. to sell gardin ﻓﺮۆش -frosh ﻓﺮۆﺷﱳ froshtin v.t. to ﮔـــــﻪردزاﰃ ـــــﺮدن v.t. to puff up, blow up ~âzâî-kirdin la ﻓــــــــﻮو دان fû-dân (balloon, e.g.) bid farewell to wanderer ﮔﻪڕﯾﺪﻩ gařîda heat: ~ i ﮔـــﻪرﻣـــﺎ warm, hot; ~â ﮔـــﻪرم joint: pâm la ~ chûwa I’ve garm ﮔـــــــــــــــــــﻪ ga warm ﮔـﻪرﻣــﻦ sprained my ankle nîwařo midday heat; ~en warmth ﮔﻪرﻣﯽ plaster region; ~î ﮔﻪچ gach neck, throat: wâ hast dakam ﮔــــﻪروو lagał garû = ﮔﻪڵ gał a lot, garûmî le piř bûwa I feel as though ﮔـﻪﻟـ flock, herd, people; ~è ﮔـﻪل gal 184 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY ,large stone ﮔــﺎﺷــﻪﺑــﻪرد bard~ ,ﮔــﺎﺷــﻪ my throat is full of it; ba ~ i …’dâ gâsha kirdin v.t. to put down s.o.’s throat, boulder ploughshare ﮔﺎﺳﻦ to feed to gâsin bite; gas; ~-girtin la v.t. to bite ﮔﺎز ring gâz ﮔﻪرزک garzik middle of the back, spine ﮔﺎزﻩرا fiery red; lush gâzarâ ﮔﻪش gash objection, criticism ﮔﺎزﻧﺪﻩ v.t. to sprout up, gâzinda ﮔـﻪﺷـﻪ ـﺮدن gasha-kirdin washerman, bleacher; ~-bûn ﮔـــــﺎزر grow up gâzir trip, tour to be bleached ﮔﻪﺷﺖ gasht quarrel, dispute ﮔﻪڵ v.t. to bite gechał ﮔﻪز -gaz ﮔﻪﺷﱳ gastin v.t. to turn; ~awa ﮔــــێ geře ﮔــــان v.i. to roll over geřân ﮔﻪﭬﺰان gavzân to relate, tell; war-~ to turn ﮔــــــــاﻧــــﻪوﻩ stable ﮔﻪوﻩڕ gawař wisp of cloud; gawâł-gawâł into, to translate; war-~à sar … to ﮔـﻪواڵ gawâł wispy translate into: am ktebáy wargeřâyà stupid sar fârsî he translated this book into ﮔﻪوج gawj Persian ﮔـــﻪورﻩﰃ large, big, great; ~î ﮔـــﻪورﻩ gawra :dizzy, spinning; ~-bûn to spin ﮔــــﮋ elder, dig- gezh ﮔــﻪورﻩﭘــﻴــﺎو greatness; ~pyâw nitary sarî gezh dabe his head will spin; ﮔــﮋاو whirlwind; ~âw ﮔــﮋﻩـﻮوﮐـﻪ gavzân ~ałûka = ﮔﻪوزان gawzân v.t. to whirlpool ﮔـــﻪﯾــــــﻦ -gayen ﮔـــﻪﻧـــﺪن gayândin make reach; kho-~à … to get oneself gh- (for most words beginning with gh-, to: khoy agayenetà nâw shâr he’ll get the Persianate spelling, see normal himself into town; lâwakân khoyân Kurdish spelling under kh-) v.t. to cheat ﻪدر ﺮدن gayândè the young men got thems- ghadir-kirdin la error, mistake ﻪﻪت elves there; râ-~ to make known, ghałat commotion ﻪﭙﻪﻪﭗ publicize ghałpaghałip stranger; ~î exile, being ــــﻪرﯾــــﺐ v.i. to arrive gharîb ﮔﻪ -ga ﮔﻪﯾﲔ gayîn ba v.i. to arrive; away from home ﮔــﻪ -ga ﮔــﻪﺷــﱳ gayshtin someone who knows ــــﻪﯾــــﱫان te-~ to understand; pe-~ to ripen, ma- ghaybzân ture, come of age hidden things, seer, mindreader ghazal, a Persianate poetic ـــﻪزﻩل yard (linear measure) ghazal ﮔﻪز gaz1 pres. stem of gastin form ﮔﻪز gaz-2 khazna = ﻪزﻧﻪ cow ghazna ﮔﺎ gâ v.t. to run ﺎر دان v.t. to stir up ghâr-dân ﮔﺎڵ دان gâł-dan small, little ﮔﮏ energetic labor; ~-kirdin ba to gichik ﮔــﺎــﻪ gâła word; promise; ~-dân ba v.t. to ﮔـﻔـﺖ work furiously at: chon dirwenayèk gift conversation ﮔﻔﺖوﮔﯚ har gâłay pe dakâ he’s working on it promise; ~ugo dirt, mud; birdinà bin ~ to take to ﮔـ fast and furiously gił club the grave ﮔﺎﯚک gâłok complaint; ~-kirdin la v.t. to ﮔــــــــــ joke; ~-kirdin ba v.t. to make gila ﮔـﺎـﺘـﻪ gâłta fun of: gâłtayân pe dakrâ they were complain of v.i. to be thrown: la asp gilâm ﮔـﻼن being made fun of, a joke was being gilân -jok- I was thrown from my horse; to stum ﺑــﻪﮔــﺎــﺘــﻪوﻩ played on them; ba ~wa ingly ble: aspakám gilâ my horse stumbled; ox, buffalo to move, shake, toss and turn; ~din ﮔﺎﻣﻮوش gâmûsh ,v.t. to throw, toss ﮔــﻠــــﻦ -gilen ﮔــﻼﻧــﺪن v.t. to fuck ﮔ -ge ﮔﺎن gân 185 SORANI KURDISH shake this up from the floor; take off: sar i pupil of the eye am sindûqá hałgira take the top off ﮔﻠﻨﻪ gilena -urine; ~-kirdin v.t. to urinate this box; pick out, select: l’ aw kaw ﮔﻤﺰ gimez flame; ~-girtin v.i. to be enflamed shâná jûtèkî hałgira pick out a pair of ﮔ giř giro those shoes; dastim le hałgrin leave = ﮔﺮﻩو giraw -heavy me alone; (2) to hold, keep: am pâra ﮔﺮان girân pile, yám bo hałgira keep this money for ﮔــﺮدۆــﮑــﻪ hill, knoll; ~ołka ﮔــﺮد gird stack of unthreshed grain me; (3) to allow: khwâ hałnâgire God -captive, prisoner; ~-bûn will not allow it; (4) to go out of con ﮔـــﺮﻓــــــﺎر giriftâr v.i. to be captured, taken prisoner; ~î trol: asp hałî girtim the horse ran occupation, anguish away with me; (5) to hold something important up: gâyaká pâshûy hałgirtûa the cow ﮔﺮﮓ giring ,assumption; ~-kirdin v.t. to as- has its leg lifted; râ-~ to protect ﮔــﺮی girî sume maintain; kho râ-~ to control oneself; boom, plop, sound of a large war-~ to take, take up ﮔـــــــﺮم girm v.i. to weep, cry ﮔﺮی -grî ﮔﺮن ditto giryân ﮔﺮموﻫﯚر body falling; ~ u hor رووﮔـﺮژ ~frowning; dejected; rû ﮔـﺮژ twisted, taut; ~-kirdin v.t. girzh ﮔـﺮﻣـﯚ girmola to twist and turn, contort with a frowning expression all; ~î public ﮔﺸﺖ rough, coarse gisht ﮔﱏ giřnî broom; ~-dân v.t. to sweep ﮔﺴﮏ bet; ~-birdinawa la v.t. to win gisk ﮔــــﺮۆ giro mussed, tangled (hair); ~-bûn ﮔــــــﮋ a bet or game) from, come out on top gizh1) of v.i. for the hair to stand on end; ba ~ ~ v.t. to take; to pinch: … hâtin to get entangled with; ba ﮔــﺮ -gir ﮔــﺮــﻦ girtin kawshakám pâm agire my shoes …dâ chûn to have to deal with; ~yân v.i. to be upset, to be mussed (of ﮔــﮋن pinch my feet; to hold, contain: am jawâła shash pût nâgire this sack the hair) ﮔـﮋوﮔـﻴـﺎ tree trunk; plant; ~-u-giyâ ﮔـﮋ won’t hold six pûts; ~ la to find fault gizh2 with, pick on: lem magira don’t pick vegetation anger ﮔﮋ on me; ~à bar to adopt; ~awa la to gizh3 hard, solid ﮔﮋ forbid: l’ aw kârânám girtotawa I gizh4 first rays of dawn ﮔﺰﮓ have forbidden those things; ~awa la gizing v.t. to answer (a ﮔــــــﲑا ــــــﺮدن to reduce, make less: kharjit zora— gîrâ-kirdin ley bigirawa you spend too much— prayer) v.p. to be taken ﮔـــــﲑێ -gîre ﮔـــــﲑان make it less; to catch (disease) from; gîrân ~awa to heal (broken bone): dast a (passive of girtin); kho’y pe (râ)~ to shikâwakát girtûyatawa your broken restrain oneself, control oneself: arm has healed; ba …awa girtin to kho’y pe nâgîre he can’t restrain him- cover oneself with, pull s.th. over self; dâ-gîrân v.p. to be occupied: o.s.: lefay pewa girt he covered him- wilât a dâgîrâwakân the occupied ter- self with a quilt; dâ-~ (1) to bring ritories; te-gîrân v.i. to tangle pocket ﮔﲑﻓﺎن down; (2) to drive crazy by talking: gîrfân infatuated ﮔﲑۆدﻩ wây dâgirtim ba qsa hoshim namâ he gîroda ,v.i. to stop ﮔـــﲑﺳـــ -gîrse ﮔـــﲑﺳـــﺎن drove me so crazy with his talking I gîrsân couldn’t think straight; hał-~ (1) to cease; ~awa to stop, halt; dâ-~ to be lift, pick up: ama la zawî hałgira pick lit, ignited 186 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY v.t.: dâ- place; hał-~ to lift, raise, draw up ﮔـﲑﺳــﻦ -gîrsen ﮔـﲑﺳـﺎﻧـﺪن gîrsândin -see gir ﮔﺮ -to light, ignite gr ~ ;knot; ~ le-dân v.t. to tie a knot ﮔـــﺮێ ball gre ﮔﯚ go ;celebration ~ shil-kirdin v.t. to untie a knot ﮔﯚﺑﻪﻧﺪ goband tangled knot ﮔﺮﮑﻮﺮ sulphur; match ~kwer ﮔﯚﮔﺮد gogird foot race ﮔﺮﻮﻩﺎر ear, hearing; ~dâr capable of grewaghâr ﮔـــــــــﯚﻩ goh leper; ~-bûn to get leprosy ﮔﻮل hearing: gwechka i gohdâr well- gul ;rose ﮔــﻮــﻪ ﺳــﻮور flower; ~ a sûr ﮔــﻮڵ attuned ear guł sunflower; ~âła ﮔــﻮــﻪﺑــﻪرۆژﻩ knotted; gurj ~abarozha ﮔـــﺮێ و ﮔـــﯚڵ ~ goł (1) gre u rosewater ﮔﻮو red tulip; ~âw ﮔﻮﻪ (nimble, quick; (2 ﮔـــــــﻮرج و ﮔـــــــﯚڵ ~ u bullet ﮔﻮ male dog, ~akar gulla ﮔـﯚـﻪﺳـﻪگ male: ~asag pressure, crumple; ~în ﮔـــــــﻮـــــــﯚف male donkey; (3) goal (soccer); gułof ﮔـﯚـﻪﮐـﻪر ﮔــﻮــﯚﻓــﱳ v.t. to crumple; ~tin ﮔــﻮــﯚﻓــﲔ kirdin la v.t. to score a goal against-~ ;v.t. to squeeze, crumple ﮔــﻮــﯚف -calf; pool, pond; stupid gułof ﮔﯚل gol anemone kho hał-~tin v.t. to hug oneself ﮔﯚﻪ gołâła ﮔـﻮﻣـا lost; ~-bûn to get lost; ~řâ ﮔـﻮم deep, stagnant water; indistinct; gum ﮔـﯚم gom lake, pond; ~âw deep pool lost, deviant doubt, hesitation; ~-birdin ﮔـﻮﻣـﺎن suspicion; ~-kirdin la v.t. gumân ﮔـــﯚﻣـــﺎن gomân to suspect v.t. to doubt; to have, possess: hîch tomato; shitè gumân nâbam I do not possess ﮔـﯚﻧـﻪﺳـﻮورﻩ cheek; ~asûra ﮔـﯚن gon ,(doubtless(ly ﺑــــﮕــﻮﻣــﺎن ~various, anything; be ﮔــﯚﮔــﯚن cheek; ~âgon ﮔــﯚ â~ of all sorts convinced dome ﮔﻮﻣﻪد bat, club gumbad ﮔﯚﭘﺎڵ gopâł testes ﮔﻮن like, manner gun ﮔﯚر gor ,sinner ﮔــــﻮر sin, pity; ~bâr ﮔــــﻮ level, plain (ground); hâtinà gunâ ﮔــﯚڕ (goř (1 ~è to come to the fore, be under dis- transgressor -vil ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪـﺸـﲔ village; ~nishîn ﮔـﻮﻧـﺪ gund ﮔـــﯚڕﺳــــــﺘـــﺎن cussion; (2) grave; ~istân cemetery lager, village-dwelling v.i. to fit, be ﮔــﻮﳒــ -gunje ﮔــﻮﳒــﺎن the Goran division of the gunjân ﮔـــــــــﯚران gorân Kurds; ~î Gorani; song fitting; dagunje biłeyn we may say, it v.t. to change; ~awa is appropriate for us to say ﮔـﯚڕ -goř ﮔـﯚڕـﻦ gořîn wolf; meeting ﮔﻮر ba to exchange for; kho ~ to disguise gur power; flame; threat; ~~ hâtinà ﮔـــﻮڕ change-producing guř ﮔﯚڕﯾﻨﻪر oneself; ~ar ,v.p. to change khwâre to pour down; ba~ powerful ﮔــﯚڕێ -gořre ﮔــﯚڕان gořrân (int.), be changed strong v.i. to have ﮔــــــﻮرێ -gure ﮔــــــﻮران v.t. to suckle a gur|ân ﮔـــــﯚش ـــــﺮدن gosh-kirdin .v.t ﮔــﻮراﻧــﺪن newborn one’s head cut off; ~ândin corner, angle to cut s.o.’s head off ﮔﯚﺷﻪ gosha ;v.i. to roar ﮔــــــﻮڕێ -guře ﮔــــــﻮڕان meat guř|ân ﮔﯚﺷﺖ gosht to ﮔـﻮڕـﻦ v.t. to roar; ~în ﮔـﻮڕاﻧـﺪن łe- v.t. to say ~ândin ﮔﯚﻦ gotin magazine, journal roar ﮔﯚﭬﺎر govâr wolf ﮔﻮرگ see nâz-u-goz) gurg) ﮔﯚز goz rope ﮔﻮرﺲ pot gurîs ﮔﯚزﻩ goza ﺑــــﻪ ﮔــــﻮر quick, soon; ba ~î ﮔــــﻮرج v.t. to keep; gurj ﮔـــــــﯚزێ -goze ﮔـــــــﯚزان gozân -nim ﮔـﻮرج و ﮔـﯚڵ to move from place to quickly, soon; ~ u goł ﮔــــﯚزاﻧــــﻪوﻩ awa~ 187 SORANI KURDISH pres. stem of gwâstin ﮔﻮﺰ -nimbly gwez ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮرج و ﮔﯚﯽ ble; ba ~ u gołî plant ﮔﻴﺎ v.t. to say (see witin): gyâ ــ -łe ﮔــﻮــﻦ gutin ;soul; (following name) dear ﮔـــﻴـــﺎن har b’ aw mabastaî ka gutmân just as gyân we said wa ~ kawtin to escape alive; ~- -lane, passage; area; ~-kir- keshân v.t. to work hard; ~-(a)spâr ﮔــــــﻮزﻩر guzar din ba …(dâ) v.t. to pass by; ~ândin din v.t. to give up the ghost, to die; ;animal, living creature ﮔـــﻴـــﺎﻧـــﺪار v.t. to ~dâr ﮔــــﻮزﻩرــــﻦ -guzaren ﮔــــﻮزﻩراﻧــــﺪن ;moment of death ﮔـﻴـﺎـﮑـﻪـﺸـﺖ spend, pass: hamû zhyân’î lagał ~kanisht alive, living ﮔﻴﺎﻧﺑﻪر mařdârî guzarândûa he has spent his ~labar entire life being a shepherd; zhyân-u- for there to be; haya there ﻫــﻪﺑــﻮون life habûn ژنوﮔﻮزﻩران ân~ excrement, shit is; habû there was; habe u nabe ﮔﻮو gû ”calf “come hell or high water ﮔﻮور gûr week ﻫﻪﻓﻪ hafta ﮔــﻮــﺰ (gwez-(awa ﮔــﻮاﺳــﱳ (gwâstin(awa seventy ﻫﻪﻓﺎ v.t. to move, to relocate; to take a haftâ weekly ﻫﻪﻓﺎﻧﻪ bride to the husband’s house haftâna saddle pack ﻫﻪﮔﺒﻪ as if, as though, you’d say hagba ﮔﻮاﯾﻪ gwâya story, tale; ~khwân ـــــﻪﰷﯾـــــﻪت v.t. to move; = ḥakâyat ﮔـــــــﻮازـــــــﻦ (gwâztin(awa teller of tales, storyteller ﻪﰷﯾﻪﲣﻮان gwâstin physician ﻪﲓ ear; ~-âkhnîn la to ignore; ~- ḥakîm ﮔـــــﻮێ gwe time, turn: la ~ u darfate in ﻫـــــﻪل (bûn la v.i. to hear; ~-dânà … to hal (1 listen to; ~-(râ)girtin la v.t. to listen time, at the right time; la hîch ~ u to marjèk’dâ at no time and under no obedient; aware: wâ gwe- circumstances; (2) opportunity: bo ﮔـﻮـﺒــﺲ gwebîs bîs bûm ka bârân bârîwa I was aware halèk i wâ dagařân they were looking that it had rained for just such an opportunity compound-verbal prefix; for all ﻫــﻪڵ -riverbank hał ﮔﻮﻪم gwecham -ear; ~-dân v.t. to listen; verbs compounded with hał-, see un ﮔـﻮـﭽـﮑـﻪ gwechka ~-girtin v.t. to hear; ~-takândin v.t. der the verbal element -error, mistake; ba ~(dâ) erro ﻫـــﻪـــﻪ to listen hała listener neously ﮔﻮﺪﺮ gweder -haste; ba ~ hurried ﻫـﻪـﻪداوان mule haładâwân ﮔﻮﺪرﮋ gwedrezh listener ly, hastily, in a hurry ﮔﻮﮕﺮ gwegir precipice ﻫﻪﻪت hard of hearing hałat ﮔﻮﮕﺮان gwegirân hał-hâtin = ﻫﻪﻦ handful hałâtin ﮔﻮﻞ gwel ,poem ﻫـﻪـﺒـﻪﺳــﺘـﻪ poet; ~a ﻫـﻪـﺒـﻪﺳـﺖ with hałbast ﮔـﻮـﭙـﭽـ ﮔـﻮـﭙـﭽـ gwepichiř-gwepichiř great difficulty: girtibûyânim, gwe- poetry -election (see bi ﻫـــﻪـــاردن pichiř-gwepichiř rizgârîm hât they hałbizhârdin had captured me, and I was rescued zhârdin) .see hał-wastân (s.v ﻫــﻪــﺪﻩﺳــﺖ -with great difficulty; with alacrity hałdast (attentive wastân ﮔﻮﻘﻮخ gwequłâkh -the prefix hał- with the direc ﻫـــﻪـــ obedient, submissive; hałè ﮔــﻮــﺮاﯾــﻪڵ gwerâyał ~î obedience, submissiveness tional suffix -è; see under hał-hâtin v.t. to draw water ﻫﻪﻨﺎن calf hałenjân ﮔﻮﺮﻩﮐﻪ gweraka type of plant with needle-like ﻫــﻪــﺰ coconut hałiz ﮔﻮﺰﻫﻴﻨﺪ walnut; ~hînd ﮔﻮﺰ gwez 188 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY v.i. to ـﻪﭘـﻪﺳـ -ḥapase ـﻪﭘـﻪﺳـﺎن leaves ḥapasân chance, accident; ba ~ be astounded, stunned ﻫـﻪـﮑـﻪوت hałkawt tit ﻫـﻪق ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪق ~ right; ~ ba ـﻪق، ﻫـﻪق by chance, incidentally; ~û haq ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻪـﮑـﻪوت nice-looking for tat; ~ bûn ba to be right: haq ba ﻫﻪﮑﻪوﺗﻮو in the ﺑــــــﻪﻫــــــﻪق ~attack; ~-birdin/-dân v.t. to a you’re right; ba ﻫـﻪـﻤـﻪت hałmat in the wrong ﺑﻬﻪق ~to attack right; be wage ﻫﻪﻗﺪﻩﺳﺖ eagle haqdast ﻫﻪﯚ hało truth, reality ﻪﻗﻘﻪت haste ḥaqîqat ﻫﻪﭙﻪ hałpa just ﻫـــﻪرﺋـــﻪوﻩﻧـــﺪﻩ just; ~ awanda ﻫـــﻪر type of har ﻫﻪﭙﻪڕﮐ hałpařke be- that much; ~ chonè bû somehow or ﻫـﻪـﺴـﻮﮐـﻪوت rising; ~ukawt ﻫـﻪـﺲ hałs ,however much ﻫـﻪرـﻪﻧـﺪ havior, conduct other; ~chand ﻫــﻪرــﻪ contraction no matter how much; ~chanda ﻫـﻪـﺲ -hałss ﻫـﻪـﺴـﺎن hałssân whatever, no ﻫـﻪرﭼـﯽ although; ~chî ﻧـﺪﻩ .of hał-wastân, q.v ﻫــــﻪرﭼــــﯽ a short rest, stop; matter what; ~chîchikânawa ﻫــﻪــﻮــﺴــﺖ (hałwest (1 no matter what they did; ~ka ﭼـــﲀﻧـــﻪوﻩ point of view, standpoint, stance (2) as soon as: har ka châwî pem ﻫــــﻪرﮐــــﻪ ﻫــﻪموﺗــﻪم concern, grief; ~u tam ﻫــﻪم ham1 sorrow and grief kawt as soon as his eyes fell upon me; ;likewise ﻫـــﻪروا wâ~ ,ﻫـــﻪروﻩﻫـــﺎ both…and ~wahâ ﻫﻪم ... ﻫﻪم ham2…ham even more so ﻫﻪروﻩﺮ that very, the aforemen- ~watir ﻫــــﻪﻣــــﺎن hamân threat ﻫﻪڕ و ﮔﻴﻒ (tioned hař u gîf (gîv prefix with superlative) ﻫـــــــــــــــﻪرﻩ -multicolored, of hara ﻫــﻪﻣــﻪرﻩــﮕــﻪ hamaranga exalted, very ﻫــــﻪرﻩﺑــــﻪرز all sorts, varied sense); ~barz once again, all over high, supreme: dâdga i harabarz ﻫــــﻪﻣــــﺪــــﺲ hamdîs very ﻫـــﻪرﻩﮔـــﺮان again supreme court; ~girân again heavy ﻫﻪﻣﺴﺎن hamîsân -landslide, avalanche (con ﻫـــﻪرﻩس always; ~î constant: haras ﻫـــﻪﻣــــــﺸـــﻪ hamîsha khwâst i hamîshaî a wish one has strued with birdin and henân) .threat; ~-kirdin la v.t ﻫـــﻪڕﻩﺷـــﻪ always had hařasha pregnancy: zhinakáy bâr i to threaten ــــﻪﻣــــﻞ ḥaml v.t. to run ﻫﻪڕا ﺮدن hamlî dabe his wife is pregnant hařâ-kirdin out-of-sorts, in a bad ﻫــــﻪراﺳــــﺎن all, every (+ indefinite): ~ harâsân ﻫـــﻪﻣـــﻮو hamû rozhèk every day mood region ﻫﻪرﻢ second wife (relationship to harem ﻫــــﻪﻧــــﻪ hana ﻫـﻪرﮔـﺰاو ~neg) never; ~âw +) ﻫـﻪرﮔـﺰ child of hargiz ﻫـــــــﻪﻧـــــــﻪزا the first wife); ~zâ never ever ﻫﻪرﮔﺰ another wife, step-child adolescent ﻫﻪرزﻩﰷر pomegranate harzakâr ﻫﻪر hanâr in tatters ﻫــــﻪرزﻩڵ ﻫــــﻪرزﻩڵ breath, sigh; ~ hał- harzał-harzał ﻫــــــــﻪﺳــــــــﻪ hanâsa keshân v.t. to breathe a sigh; ~sardî and shreds, useless ـﻪﺳـ...ه ḥase- -awa ـﻪﺳـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ grief ḥasân|awa ﻫﻪﺳﻪﺳﻪردی ;v.i. to rest, relax, be in repose وﻩ ,a little ﻫـﻪﻧـﺪـﮏ èk~ ,ﻫـﻪﻧـﺪێ è~ :ﻫـﻪﻧـﺪ hand v.t. to let rest, let ــﻪﺳــﺎﻧــﺪﻧــﻪوﻩ a bit, somewhat, rather ~dinawa outside; ~î foreign relax ﻫﻪﻧﺪﻩر handar people, crowd ﻪﺷـﻤﻪت step, pace; ~-nân bo v.t. ḥashîmat ﻫــﻪــﮕــﺎو hangâw feeling; ~-kirdin ba v.t. to ﻫـــﻪﺳـــﺖ to step into hast -honey feel: hast’î ba birsetî kird he felt hun ﻫﻪﮕﻮﻦ hangwen 189 SORANI KURDISH ger; ~yâr (neol.) poet might they not be confusing me with ?somebody else ﻫـــﻪﻫـــﻪﰃ until, even; ~ hatâî ﻫـــﻪ hatâ empty ﻫﺎﯽ forever hâłî earthenware pot ﻫﺎﯚ solar hâło ﻫﻪوى the sun; ~î ﻫﻪو hatâw maternal uncle ﻫﺎﻟﻮ threatening term of address: hâlû ﻫــــــــﻪﰏ hatî bosom, embrace ﻫﺎﻣﺰ hatî! datkuzhim! I’m going to kill hâmez -~ ;motivation, provocation ﻫـــــﺎﻧـــــﻪ you, you devil! hâna orphan dân v.t. to motivate ﻫﻪﺗﲓ hatîm there, take it ﻫﺎ hatîm hâne = ﻫﻪﺗﻴﻮ hatîw shout; ~ i pekanîn peal of ﻫـــــــــــﺎرﻩ first hâra ﻫﻪوﻩﲔ first; ~în ﻫﻪوﻩڵ hawał air, weather laughter ﻫﻪوا hawâ v.i. to be pulverized; ~ndin ﻫـــﺎڕان news hâřâ|n ﻫﻪواڵ hawâł ﻫــــﺎڕاوﻩ v.t. to pulverize; ~wa ﻫــــﺎڕاﻧــــﺪن summer pasture; ~nishîn ﻫـــــــﻪوار hawâr encamped for the summer dust, powder, grist ﻫـــﻪوارـــﺸـــﲔ ;denial; ~-kirdin v.t. to deny ـﺎﺷـﺎ of a nomadic tribe) ḥâshâ) undeniable ﺎﺷﺎﻫﻪﻨﻪﮔﺮ leaven, ferment ~hałnagir ﻫﻪوﻦ hawen marginalia ﺎﺷﻴﻪ toil, effort; ~-dân v.t. to ḥâshiya ﻫــــــــــــــﻪوڵ hawł luck: hâtim niya I don’t have ﻫــــــــﺎت strive, to work hard, to attempt hât ﻫـــــﺎت و ﭼـــــﻮو Arbil, Arbela any luck; ~uchû-kirdin ﻫﻪوﻟﺮ Hawler v.t. to come and go, to frequent ﺮدن cloud ﻫﻪور hawr -pres. subj. be) دێ/ﯾــﻪ -ye-/de ﻫــﺎــﻦ courtyard hâtin ﻫﻪوﺷﻪ hawsha ;v.i. to come (وﻩرﻩ seventy ; impt. sing. wára ﻪو seven; ~â ﻪوت ḥawt (pool (with kas and following subjunctive ﻪوز ḥawz there is, there are; (preceded no one would: kas nâye kârèk i wâ ﻫـــﻪﯾـــﻪ haya by a possessive pronoun) to have: bikât no one would do such a thing; pirsyârekim haya I have a question dâ-~ to be accustomed; hał-~ to run ;impossible away: hât hałè he started to run away ﻫﻪﳞﺎت hayhât desire; ~-kirdin v.t. to desire: râ-~ lagał …dâ to learn from, be ﻫـــــــﻪز haz haz dakam bitbînim I’d like to see taught by, get used to; ~à (+ infini- you tive) to get …: hâtinà kushtin they ~ ;got killed, hâtà girtin he got caught ﻫـﻪژاری poor, unfortunate; ~î ﻫـﻪژار hazhâr poverty, misfortune la to be capable of being: la hałgirtin June (see also huzay- nadahât it couldn’t be picked up ــــﻪزــــﺮان ḥazîrân -v.t. to fre ﻫـــﺎﺗـــﻮﭼـــﯚ ـــﺮدن rân) hâtucho-kirdin (thus quent (a place ﻫﰷ hâkâ prefix) same- (see individual) ﻫـــــﺎو -ruler hâw ﰼ ḥâkim (state, condition; ~ u masala te- words alphabetically ــــﺎڵ ḥâł cry for help; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﻫــﺎوار gayândin v.t. to explain a situation hâwâr to: ~ u masala’y te gayândim he ex- cry for help participant; ~ i … bûn ﻫــﺎوﺑــﻪش plained the situation to me hâwbash -par ﻫـﺎوﺑـﻪﳽ informed; ~-bûn ba to be in- to participate, share in; ~î ﻫـــﺎﻟـــ hâle formed of; ~-bûn ba … la … to be ticipation; ~î-kirdin la …’dâ v.t. to thinking of one thing (ba) instead of participate in grasp ﻫﺎوﮋ another (la), to mistake X (ba) for Y hâwezh pres. stem of hâwîshtin ﻫﺎوﮋ -la): ba kasèk i dîka’m le hâle nabin? hâwezh) 190 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY … ~ ;so, so much, this much ﻫــﻨـﺪﻩ v.t. to bring henda ﻫﺎور -hâwir ﻫﺎوردن hâwirdin summer tâ so much (so) that: bulbul henda’y ﻫﺎوﻦ hâwîn v.t. to khwend tâ kham’î la hamû diłân ﻫـﺎوـﮋ -hâwezh ﻫـﺎوـﺸـﱳ hâwîshtin throw, toss, shoot; dar-~ to toss out, târand the nightingale sang so much throw away that it drove the sorrow from all colleague; ~î-kirdin lagał hearts ﻫـﺎوﰷر hâwkâr a bit; for a ﻫــــﻨــﺪــﮏ، ﻫــــﻨــﺪێ (v.t. to cooperate with hendè(k synonymous, having while ﻫــــﺎوﻣــــﺎ hâwmânâ v.p. to be ﻫــــــﲊێ -henre ﻫــــــﲊان the same meaning henrân namesake; synonym brought ﻫﺎوو hâwnâw -attack; ~-henân ba to at ﻫــــــــﺮش comrade, companion herish ﻫﺎوڕێ hâwře traveling companion tack; ~-birdinà sar … to attack ﻫﺎوﺳﻪﻓﻪر hâwsafar -attacker, ag ﻫــﺮﺷـﻬــﻨـﻪر neighbor (s.o.); ~henar ﻫﺎوﺳﺎ hâwsâ similar gressor ﻫﺎوﺷﻮﻩ hâwshewa (.marshmallow (bot ﻫﺮۆ sister hero ﻫﺎوﺷﲑﻩ hâwshîra still, yet; ~ (+ neg. past ﻫــــــﺸــــــﺘـــﺎ contemporary, of the heshtâ ﻫـﺎوﺗـﻪﻣـﻪن hâwtaman ,no sooner…than ﻫــﺸــﺘـﺎ ... ﮐـﻪ same age perf.) ka unequalled scarcely…when: heshtâ nanustibû ka ﺑﻬﺎو ~equal; be ﻫﺎو hâwtâ lottery dangèk’î ba gwe gaysht no sooner ﻫﺎﯾﺒﻪﺧﺖ hâybakht ready had he fallen asleep than he heard a ﻫﺎزر hâzir extremely noise ﻫﺠﮕﺎر hejgâr v.t.; subj. often) ﻫــ -heł ﻫــﺸـﱳ pres. stem of heshtin heshtin ﻫ -heł +) v.t. to let go; dâ- beł- for biheł-) to leave, let, allow ﻫـــ -hełe ﻫــن hełân ~à khwârawa to let down, lower: subj): nayânheshtim bem they didn’t pat’yân henâ u dâyânhełâ khwârawa let me come; to turn loose, let go; they brought a rope and lowered him (neg.) not to leave (anyone alive); ba down je ~ to leave alone, leave behind, let egg be, abandon: ba je’y heshtim he left ﻫﻠﮑﻪ helka :slow; ~-kirdin v.t. to slow, me alone; dâ-~ to let down, lower ﻫــــﻤــﻦ hemin slow down: hangâwî hemin kird he patèk’im bo benin u dâmbełinà slowed his pace; ~î slowness: ba khwârawa bring me a rope and lower heminî rû’m da hâwřeakám kird u me down strength, power: ~ i atom the ﻫــــــــــﺰ gutim I slowly turned my face to my hez powerful ﺑﻪﻫﺰ ~companion and said power of the atom; ba valued, valuable, dear ﻫﮋا v.t.; pres. stem hezhâ) ﻫــــﻦ -hen ﻫــــﻨــﺎن henân hakâyat = ﺣﲀﯾﻪت often yen-, as in nâyenim for nâhenim ḥikâyat government ﺣﮑﻮوﻣﻪت I won’t bring it) to bring; ~awa sar ḥikûmat political party ﺣﺰب kho- to bring back to oneself; ba je ~ ḥizb really: hî awa niya bâs bikre it’s ﻫــــــﯽ to execute, carry out (an order); dar-~ hî (darenân) to put out, pull out, take not really anything that can be talked off, extract: châwîlkaká’m la châw about neg.) nothing: ~ i tir nothing +) ﻫـﻴـﭻ darenâbû I had taken off my glasses; hîch nobody ﻫﻴﭻ ﮐﻪﺳﮏ dâ-~ to comb the hair down; râ-~ to else; ~ kasèk -tired; ~î tiredness, exhaus ﻫـــﻴـــﻼک teach, to get into shape; to tame hîlâk India tion ﻫﻨﺪ Hend 191 SORANI KURDISH office ادارﻩ peal of laughter; ~ândin idâra ﺣــــــﻠـــﮑـــﻪ ḥîlk|a anymore ﺋﻴﺪی v.t. to laugh îdî ﺣﻠﲀﻧﺪن positive ﺋﻴﺎﰉ v.i. to learn îjâbî ﻫﲔ ﺑﻮون hîn-bûn ,old, aged: rîshim spî bû اﺧــــﻴــﺎر dry ikhtiyâr ﻫﺸﮏ hîshk hope: hîwâ i zhyân’î le nada- tawâw ~ bûwim my beard is white: I ﻫـــﻴـــﻮا hîwâ kirâ there was no hope of his surviv- have become old kilîl = ﳇﻴﻞ without hope, in iklîl ﻫــﻴــﻮاــاو ing; ~biřrâw e-mail ﺋـﻤﻪﯾﻞ despair; îmayl ﻫـــﻴـــﻮاـــاوی despair; ~biřrâwî empire: ~ i ‘usmânî ﺋـﻴــﺮاﺗـﯚری hopeful împirâtorî ﻫﻴﻮادار dâr~ skein, leather bag for oil, cheese, the ﻫــﲒ hîz -imperialist: nata ﺋـــﻤــﺮﻟــﺴـﺖ c. împiryâlîst& reason wa gawra ~akân the great imperialist ﻫﯚ ho campsite nations ﻫﯚﺑﻪ hoba today اﻣۆ room imřo ﻫﯚدﻩ hoda tonight اﻣﺸﻪو v.t. to spin (thread), com- imshaw ﻫــــﯚﻧــــﲔ hon|în the English, the British ﺋــــــﮕــﻠــــﺲ v.t. to string, înglîs ﻫـﯚﻧـﺪن pose (poetry); ~din (wo- (coll.); ~î English (person, language ﻫــﯚﻧــﺪراو to weave together; ~drâw then, next ﺋﺎ ven together, threaded together; ~râw injâ human being اﺴﺎن hondrâw insân = ﻫﯚﺮاو Iraqi ﻋﺮاﰵ Iraq; ~î ﻋﺮاق boom, big noise ‘Irâq ﻫﯚر hor -colonialism, imperial اﺳــــﺘــﻌــﲈر sack isti‘mâr ﻫﯚڕ hoř imperialist اﺳﺘﻌﲈری ugly baby ism; ~î ﻫﻮرﮏ hortik .work, labor, deed; ~-kirdin v.t ﺋــــﺶ consciousness; hâtinawa ~ îsh ﻫـــــــﯚش hosh -~ ;hardworking ﺋــﺸـﮑـﻪر kho- to regain consciousness; la ~ (i to work; ~kar business ﺋﺶ و ﰷر kho) chûn to lose consciousness; be~ u-kâr enclitic, after vowels ’sh and) ـــــــﺶ unconscious; be~-bûn v.i. to -îsh ﺑــــــﻬـــﯚش faint, pass out, lose consciousness ’ysh) too, also, either motion; sign ﺋﺸﺎرﻩت tribe, people, population îshârat ﻫﯚز hoz Islam; ~î Islamic ﺋﺴﻼم hatâ îslâm = ﻫﺘﺎ htâ v.t. to ﺋــﺴــﺘـﻪرﻩم ـﺮدن îstaram-kirdin la ﻫــﻮﻣــــﺪــاو hope; ~biřrâw ﻫــﻮﻣــــﺪ humed hopeless, in despair beg, plead with again, another time ﺋﻴﱰ art, craft, skill; ~mand îtir ﻫـــــــﻮﻧـــــــﻪر hunar permission; ba ~ i khwâ by ﺋــــــــــــﲒن îzn ﺑــﻪﻫــﻮﻧــﻪر ~artist, artisan; ba ﻫــﻮﻧــﻪرﻣــﻪﻧــﺪ skilled God’s leave wishtir = ﺣﻮﺷﱰ ḥushtir (v.t. to tie (animals ــﻪ ــﺮدن June jala-kirdin ﺣﻮزﻩﺮان ḥuzayrân hîn-bûn together in a herd = ﻫﻮون ﺑﻮون hûn-bûn executioner ﻠﻼد hissing jallâd ﻫﻮوﺷﻪ و ﻓﺸﻪ hûsha u fîsha generality, crowd; ~ i ـﻪﻣــﻮورﻩ jambûra ordinary people ﻪﻣﻮورﻩى ﻪ initial i and î are intermingled in alpha- khałk) -excellency: khałk i gunda ــــﻪب betization; the distinction between janâb initial i and î is not always main- kámân châwařwân i janâbitin the in- people of our village are waiting for اﯾـــ and ﺋـــــ tained; initial î is spelled discriminately) your excellency; janâb i pâshâ his elementary majesty, your majesty اﺑﺘﺪاﰃ ibtidâî 192 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY ;child ﺟـﮕـﻪرﮔـﯚﺷـﻪ funeral child to death; ~gosha ﻪزﻩ janâza consoler ﺟﮕﻪرﺳﯚز war, battle ~soz ﻪﮓ jang cigarette; ~-keshân to ﺟـــــــﮕـــــــﻪرﻩ highway robber jigara ﻪردﻩ jarda liver, heart (metaphorical) smoke cigarettes ﻪرگ jarg grief, sorrow ﺟﻐﺎر surgeon jighâr ﻪڕاح jarrâḥ clothes, togs; ~-nân to put on ـــــــــــﻞ leather water bag jil ﻪوﻩﻧﺪﻩ jawanda large sack or saddlebag, clothes ـــــــــــﻪواڵ jawâł usually one of a pair on either side of jila octopus reins ﻪو a donkey or horse jiław v.i. to move ﰖ -jim ﲨﲔ jewels jimîn ﻪواﻫﲑ jawâhîr insult; ~-dân ba to curse at ﺟﻮ festival, celebration jinew ﻪژن jazhn genii ﺟﯚﮐﻪ then, therefore jinoka ﺎ jâ south ﺟﻮوب road, street jinûb ﺎدﻩ jâda .rip; ~-dân v.t. to rip; ~-hâtin v.i ﺟــــ jiř ـﺎدووﮔـﻪر magic, sorcery; ~gar ـﺎدوو jâdû magician, sorcerer to have difficulty, be sad (cooing (of doves ﺟﺮﯾﻮﻩ spider jirîwa ﺎﺎﻮوﮐﻪ jâłjâłûka noble, race ﺟﺴﻦ mirror, glass, pane; bowl jisin ﺎم jâm ﺟـــﻮاﻧـــﻪﻣـــﻪرگ young; ~amarg ﺟـــﻮان animal jiwân ﺎﻧﻪوﻩر jânawar adolescent ﺟﻮاﮑﻪ police died young; ~ka ﺎﻧﺪارم jândârm boot ﺟﺰﻣﻪ satchel jizma ﺎﻧﺘﺎ jântâ -world ﺟــﳱــﺎﻧــﺒــﲔ world; ~bîn ﺟــﳱــﺎن time, instance: dû hafta ~èk once jîhân ـﺎر jâr olden seeing, all-seeing ـــــــــــﺎران every two weeks; ~ân genocide ﺟﻨﯚﺳﺎﯾﺪ once; jînosâyd ــــﺎرــــﮏ times, past times; ~èk ــﲑﻩﺧــﯚر salary, stipend; ~khor ــﲑﻩ once, one time; ba ~e jîra ـﺎرـﮑــﺎن èkyân~ oc- salaried ــﺎرور all at once; ~ u bâr ﺑــﻪــﺎرێ stream ﺟﯚﮔﻪ casionally, from time to time joga weaver ﺟﯚ proclamation; ~-dân la v.t. to jołâ ـــــــــﺎڕ jâř sort, kind; manner: b’ aw jorá in ﺟـﯚر proclaim, to broadcast; ~-keshân v.t. jor ~ba~ ,ﺟــــــﯚراﺟــــــﯚر ~to proclaim, make a proclamation; that manner; ~âw of all sorts, various ﺟﯚرﺑﻪﺟﯚر herald ﺎڕﭼﯽ chî~ sock ﺟﯚراو v.t. to chew jorâw ﺎوﻦ jâwîn bag, saddlebag ﺟﯚڕک place; la ~gâ i instead of; ba ~ jořik ﺟــــــــــ je the month of Gemini ﺟﯚزﻩردان mân v.i. to be left behind; ba ~ jozardân Friday ﺟﻮﻣﻌﻪ heshtin v.t. to leave, leave behind, jum‘a to move, to ﺟــــــﻮوــــــﻪ ــــــﺮدن abandon; ~-mân v.i. to be left behind; jûł|a-kirdin v.i. to ﺟــﻮوﻟــ -jûłe ﺟــﻮوﻻن place, budge; ~ân ﺟــﮕـﺎ place, bed; ~gâ ﺟــﮕـﻪ ga~ heir-appar- move ﺟــــــﺸــﲔ position; ~nishîn farmer ﺟﻮوﺗﻴﺎر pair; ~yâr ﺟﻮوت ent, successor jût answer, reply; ~-dân v.t. to ﺟـــــﻮاب v.t. to finish jwâb ﺟــــﺒــﻪﺟــ ــﺮدن jebaje-kirdin off, to polish off reply ﺟـــــــﻮاﱏ pretty, beautiful; ~î ﺟـــــــﻮان aside from, except for; jwân ﺟــــــﮕــــــﻪ jiga la aside beauty ﺟـــﮕـــﻪ وﻩى without; jiga l’ awaî -sepa ﺟــﺎواز separate, apart; ~wâz ﺟــﺎ from the fact that, in addition to the jyâ -distinguishing fea ﺟــﺎوازی fact that rate; ~wâzî liver, child; ~-sûtân to lose a ture ﺟـﮕـﻪر jigar 193 SORANI KURDISH instead of hał-~ to pull up, uproot, dig ﺟﺎﰏ jyât i ~-v.i. to laugh; pe ﮐـﻪن -kan- ﮐـﻪﻧـﲔ kanîn other, else: hîch i ~’m nâwe I to laugh ﮐــــــــــــﻪ ka1 girl, daughter ﮐﻪﻧﺸﮏ don’t want anything else kanîshk donkey, ass ﮐﻪر when (conj); that (subordinating kar ﮐـــــﻪ ka2 karista = ﮐﻪرﻩﺳﻪ conj.) karasa .See karrat .ﮐﻪڕﻩت pres. stem of kirdin kařat ﮐﻪ -ka ,raw material; instrument ﮐـﻪرﺳــﺘـﻪ bald, mangy karista ﮐﻪﻪڵ kachał but, on the other hand tool, means; feature ﮐﻪﭼﯽ kachî Kirkuk ﮐﻪرﻮوک kawtin Karkûk = ﮐﻪف -kaf ﮐﻪﻓﱳ kaftin time, instance: aw ~á’sh ﮐــــــﻪڕﻩت mountain pass; broken (of karrat ﮐـــــــــــــــﻪل kal odds and ends that time too; la mezhû i kurd’dâ bo ﮐﻪلوﭘﻪل teeth); ~-u-pal rooster hawałîn ~ for the first time in the ﮐﻪب kalabâb pile; ~ a bard pile of rocks ﮐﻪﻪک kałak large clod ﮐﻪرﺳﻪک mountain ram karsak ﮐﻪﻪﮐﻮی kałakewî kawreshik = ﮐﻪروﺸﮏ paraphernalia, baggage karweshik ﮐﻪﭘﯚڕ kalapoř -anybody; ~-u ﮐـﻪﺳـ person; ~è ﮐـﻪس tradition; ~î traditional kas ﮐﻪﭘﻮور kalapûr people, relatives; ~âyatî ﮐـﻪس و ﰷر rooster kâr ﮐﻪﻪﺷﺮ kałasher relationship ﮐﻪﺳﺎﯾﻪﰏ ruin, a ruined building ﮐﻪﻻوﻩ kalâwa livelihood: bâwkim kâr ﮐـﻪﺳـﺎﺑـﻪت use, benefit: kałkî nabû it was kasâbat ﮐـﻪـﮏ kałk useless; ~ war-girtin la to derive u ~î chi bû? What did my father do ben- for a living?; ~-kirdin v.t. to make a ﮐـﻪـﮑــﻪﺧـﺶ benefit from; ~bakhsh useful, beneficial; living ﺑــﻪﮐــﻪــﮏ ~eficial; ba distressed; ~î distress ﮐﻪﺳﺎس useless, worthless kasâs ﺑﮑﻪﮏ ~be stormcloud ﮐﻪش wish, desire for kash ﮐﻪﮑﻪﻪی kałkała i boat, ship ﮐﻪﺷﱴ head kashtî ﮐﻪﻟـ kalla see kas ﮐﻪﺳﻮﰷر culture kasukâr ﮐﻪﻟﺘﻮر kaltur -insult; ~-kirdin ba v.t. to in ﮐــﻪــﻦ kalapoř katin = ﮐﻪﻟﻮﭘﻪل kalupal sult: katinèk i gawra’y pe kirdûm he ﮐــﻪﻣــــﻴــﻨــﺎ little, little bit; ~bînâ ﮐــﻪم kam weak-sighted, unable to see well; has insulted me greatly sieve with large holes ﮐﻪو kaw ﮐـﻪ unproductive; ~tir ﮐـﻪـﻪوـﻦ hawen~ pres. stem of kawtin ﮐﻪو -less; ~ u zor more or less; ~tâkur- kaw ﻣـﱰ herds and flocks; ~~ spread ﮐـــﻪواڵ tè(k) more or less kawâł cliff out ﮐﻪﻣﻪرﲔ kamarchîn then, therefore, in that case ﮐﻪواﺗﻪ pres. stem of kanîn and kanin kawâta ﮐﻪن -kan roasted meat ﮐﻪواو channel (television) kawâw ﮐﻪڵ kanâł spoon ﮐﻪوﮏ edge of ravine kawchik ﮐﻪﻧﺪﻩن kandałân skin (of an animal); ~-kirdin ﮐـــﻪوڵ hill kawł ﮐﻪﻧﺪاڵ kandâł (see kanin to skin (an animal ﮐﻪﻧﺪن kandin old, ancient ﮐﻪورا old; ~ârâ ﮐﻪون v.p. to be pulled up, to kawn ﮐـــﻪﻧـــﺪران kandrân rabbit, hare ﮐﻪورﺸﮏ be dug up; hał-~ to be pulled out, to kawreshik shoe ﮐﻪوش be wrenched out kawsh ;v.i. to fall, befall ﮐـﻪو -kaw ﮐـﻪوـﻦ when?, what time? kawtin ﮐﻪﮕ kange ~-to dar-~ to go outside, to appear; dâ ﮐــﻪن -kan (ﮐــﻪﻧــﺪن kandin) ﮐــﻪــﻦ kanin pull up, off, dig up; dâ-~ to pull off; to fall away; dûr ~awa to get far 194 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY effective; mortal: birîn i ﰷرــﮕــﻪر away; ~à … (+ inf.) to start to, fall to: kârîgar kawtînà qsa kirdin we started talking; ~ mortal wound factory ﰷرﺎﻧﻪ hał-~ la to be situated in kârkhâna affairs, busines ﰷرور when? kâr-u-bâr ﮐﻪی kay -cara ﰷرواـﯽ caravan; ~chî ﰷروان lady kârwân ﮐﻪﯾﺒﺎﻧﻮو kaybânû -caravanse ﰷرواــﺴــﻪرا enjoyment; ~ u safâ kirdin van leader; ~sarâ ﮐـــﻪﯾـــﻒ kayf lagał v.t. to enjoy oneself (sexually) rai dizzy; faint ﰷس with kâs cassette ﰷﺳﺖ Kay-Kaus, shah of kâset ﮐــــﻪــــﲀوس Kaykâwis -merchant, trader, shopkeep ﰷﺳـــﺐ Iran kâsib trade, commerce ﰷﺳﱮ mountain er; ~î ﮐﻪژ kazh ;time: l’ aw ~á’dâ at that time ﰷت khazâł kât1 = ﮐﻪژال kazhâl -when (temporal con ﰷﺗــــﮏ، ﰷ (straw ~è(k ﰷ kâ man, gentleman junction); la ~èk’dâ while, during, at ﰷﺮا kâbrâ pool a time when ﰷچ kâch back of the neck ﰷت paper kât2 ﰷﻪز kâghaz cud; ~-kirdin v.t. to chew ﰷوــــﮋ lettuce kâwezh ﰷﻫﻮو kâhû sir the cud ﮐﻪ elder brother; ~a ﰷک kâk kâbrâ = ﰷورا spider kâwrâ ﮐﻪﻣﻮوﺷﺎن kâkłamûshân playing field ﰷﯾﻪﮔﺎ game; ~gâ ﰷﯾﻪ raw; unripe, immature; light kâya ﰷڵ kâł ?who ﮐ color); faded ke) race, competition ﮐﺒﻪرﮐ cloth, commercial goods kebarke ﰷ kâłâ mountain; cave ﮐﻒ scabbord kef ﰷﻻن kâlân tombstone ﮐﻞ which?, which one? kel ﰷم kâm v.t. to plow ﮐ -keł ﮐن mineral kełân ﰷﺰا mine; ~zâ ﰷن kân the black fabric of which tents ﮐــــــﻦ waterspring ken ﰷﻧﻴﺎو spring; ~âw ﰷﱏ kânî i yekam December; ~ i are made ~ : ﰷﻧـــﻮون kânûn penis ﮐﺮ dûham January ker knife ﮐﺮد work, thing (intangible): nâtwâ- kerd ﰷر kâr -dispute; ~ i … chârasar ﮐــــــﺸـــﻪ nîn am ~á bikayn we can’t do this kesha thing; ~-kirdin v.t. to work, to do kirdin v.t. to deal with ,v.t. to pull ﮐــــــﺶ -kesh ﮐــــــﺸـــﺎن something; ba ~ henrân v.p. to be keshân used, be put to use; ~ ba sarawa bûn draw; râ-~ to draw, pull, select; see v.i. to have a responsibility, have also râ-kishân mountain ﮐﻮ something to do: îdî kâr’it ba sarawa kew pres. stem of khistin ﻪ nabe you have nothing else to do, kha news; awareness; ~bazen ــﻪﺑــﻪر there is nothing further you have to khabar ﺑـﻪـﻪﺑـﻪ ~ba ,ـﻪﺑـﻪردار spy; ~dâr ـﻪﺑـﻪرﺑـﻪزـﻦ ﺑــﲀری unemployed; be~î ﺑــﲀر ~do; be awake, aware, informed; ~-bûnawa ر unemployment ,electricity v.i. to wake up; ~-dân v.t. to report ﰷرﻩ kârabâ worker, servant give news ﰷرﻩﮐﻪر kârakar danger ﻪر catastrophe khabâr ﰷرﻩﺳﺎت kârasât struggle; ~-kirdin v.t. to ـــــﻪت official khabât ﰷرﺑﻪدﻩﺳﺖ kârbadast struggler ﻪﮑﻪر underground water channel; struggle; ~kar ﰷرــــﺰ kârez ;undistinguished family ـــــــﻪﻓـــــــﻪ kârez digger khafa ﰷرﺰﮐﻪن kan~ 195 SORANI KURDISH weak flame; ~-kirdin v.t. to choke, bûn to be busy: ~ i dars-khwendinîn strangle; to lower (flame) we’re busy studying map ﻪرﯾﺘﻪ sor- kharîta ـﻪﻓـﻪﺗـﺒـﺎر sorrow; ~bâr ـﻪﻓـﻪت khafat -outlay, expenditure; ~-kir ــــــﻪرج rowful; ~-khwârdin v.t. to grieve kharj (curse; mistake; deception din v.t. to spend (money ﻪﻪت khałat haystack, threshing ــــــﻪرﻣــــــﺎن v.i. to be kharmân ـﻪـﻪ -khałate ـﻪـﻪن khałatân ;halo around the moon ـﻪرﻣـﺎﻧـﻪ deceived, tricked floor; ~a the month of Virgo ــــــــﻪرﻣــــــــﺎن v.t. to deceive, ~ân ــــﻪــــﻪﻧــــﺪن khałatândin trick (August 23–September 22) estimate, guess; ~ândin ــــــــــﻪرس reward; ~-kirdin v.t. to re- khars ــﻪت khałât .v.t. to estimate; ~-kirdin v.t ـﻪرﺳـﺎﻧـﺪن ward beehive to estimate ﻪﻒ khałef thick woolen carpet ﻪرﺳﻪک people kharsak ﻪﮏ khałk mustard ﻪرﺗﻪ khałk khartala = ﻪﻖ khałq v.t. to ـﻪﺳــﻦ -khasen ـﻪﺳـﺎﻧـﺪن wallowing, floundering; ~ khasândin ـﻪـﺘـﺎن khałtân weltering in emasculate; to prune ـــﻪـــﺘـــﺎﱏ ﺧـــﻮـــﻦ i khwen loss ﻪﺳﺎرﻩت blood khasârat ـــــــﻪﴎﻩو ﭘـــــــﻪروـــــــﺰ Khasraw Parwez ـــﻪﻣــــــﺎر worry, sorrow; ~bâr ـــﻪم kham griev- Chosroës Parvez, Sassanian shah of ـﻪﻣـﮕـ ﺗﺮـﻮو sorrow-raining; ~girtû sorrowful, sad; Iran ــﻪﻣــﮕــﲔ ing, sad; ~gîn mother-in-law, son’s ــــــــﻪﺳــــــــﻮو sympathetic, consoler; khasû ـــﻪﳐـــﯚر khor~ sad wife’s mother ﻪﻣﺎک nâk~ line ﻪت v.i. to be khat ـﻪﻣــ -khamłe ـﻪﻣـن khamłân circumcision; ~sûrân ــــﻪﺗــــﻪﻧــــﻪ decorated, embellished khatana circumcision celebration ﻪﺗﻪﻧﻪﺳﻮوران large vat ﻪﻣﻩ khamřa grave, serious ﻪﺗﻪر wink khatar ﻪﻣﺰﻩ khamza sleep, dream; ~yân le kawt ـــــــــﻪو henna khaw ﻪﻧﻪ khana -ditch they fell asleep; pres. stem of khaw ﻪﻧﺪﻩک khandak ;sleepy-head ــــــــــﻪوــــــــــﻪوی dagger; dânà bar ~ v.t. tin; ~~î ـــﻪﳒـــﻪر khanjar drowsiness ﻪوﻩﻧﻮوﭼﮑﻪ to stab, cut with a knife ~anûchka dream; ~-dîtin v.t. to ــــــــــــــﻪون imperative stem of khistin): khawin) ـــــﻪر -khar bíkhara (impt. sing) throw! dream v.i. to lie ـــــﻪو -khaw ـــــﻪوـــــﻦ ditch, cesspool khawtin ﻪرﻩﻧﺪ kharand bad, out of order, broken down; to sleep: khawtûa he’s asleep ﻪراب kharâb ;idea, thought; imagination ــﻪڵ graceful, walking khayâł ــــــﻪراﻣــــــﺎن kharâmân stately ba ~ i …dâ hâtin to occur to the khirâp mind of = ﻪراپ kharâp cucumber ﻪر khayâr ــﻪراوﻩﮐــﻪ kharâb; ~akar = ــﻪراو kharâw -the month of Scor ـــﻪزﻩـــﻮﻩر robber; ~-witin v.t. khazałwar ــــﻪراوﻩﰷر akâr~ ,ر to curse pio (October 23–November 21) gazelle ﻪزاڵ large measure of weight, khazâł ــﻪرر kharbâr khazân = ﻪزام kilos khazâm 300 autumn ﻪزان kharîk khazân = ﻪرﮏ kharek treasury ﻪزﻨﻪ stranger khazena ﻪرﯾﺐ kharîb treasury; pool in public ـــــﻪ ﻧزـــــﻪ busy, occupied; kharîk- khazna ـــﻪرـــﮏ kharîk 196 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY the Far East دوور treasurer ﻪزﻧﻪدار bath; ~dâr clean, tidy ﺎوﻦ anger khâwen ﻪزر khazr ـــﺎﯾـــﻪرۆن egg; testicle; ~ron ـــﺎﯾـــﻪ father-in-law, son’s khâya ــــــــﻪزوور (khazûr(a wife’s father fried egg habit, custom ﺧ cross khe ﺎچ khâch good; ba ~ well: ba ~ bît be ــــــــــﺮ earth, dust; ~âwî dusty, dirty kher ﺎک khâk Aries (March 21– well; qsa i ~ kirdin bo to put in a ــﮐــﻪﻟــــﻮﻩ khâkalewa April 20) good word for: qsayèk i kherî bo uncle bikirdîtâya she could have put in a ــﺎــﯚ maternal uncle; ~o ــﺎڵ khâł1 (maternal) good word for you ﺑــــﻪ quick, soon, fast; ba ~î ــــــــﺮا spot, mole (on skin); tattoo; ~ kherâ ـــﺎڵ khâł2 quickly, rapidly ﺮاﱙ colors on neck and ــــﺎڵ و ﻣــــــــﻞ u mîl -v.t. to wel ــــﺮاــﻦ ــﺮدن breast of partridge, (meta.) beauty of kherâtin-kirdin the beloved; ~-kutân v.t. to tattoo come v.t. to turn ــــﺴــﻪ ــﺮدن raw khesa-kirdin la ﺎم khâm pencil, pen away from ﺎﻣﻪ khâma owner, lord ﺧﻮ quiet, peaceful; silent; khew ــﺎﻣــﯚش khâmosh khew = ﺧﻮﻩﻧﺪ kirdin v.t. to extinguish; ~î quiet- khewand-~ tent; ~ hał-dân v.t. to ﺧــــــــــﻮﻩت ness khewat lady pitch a tent ﺎﱎ khan, chief; ~im ﺎن khân1 -members of a family, de ــــــﺰان innkeeper khezân ﺎﯽ inn; ~chî ﺎن khân2 man with ــــــــــﺰاﻧـــــﺪار un- pendents; ~dâr ـﺎﻧـﻪﺧـﺮاپ house; ~khirâp ـﺎﻧـﻪ khâna many mouths to feed ـﺎﻧـﻪﻗـﺎ host; ~qâ ـﺎﻧـﻪﺧـﻮێ lucky; ~khwe custom, manner ﺪﻩ khanaqah, dervish hostel; ~wâda khida rolling; ~-kirdinawa v.t. to roll ـــﻞ family, wealthy family khil ﺎﻧﻪوادﻩ family, home; be~ down: bardèkim khil kirdawa I rolled ــــــﺎﻧــــــﻮﻻن khânulân ,rolling ــــــــــــــﻞ ~homeless; be~-kirdin v.t. to a stone down; ~a ﺑــــــﺎﻧــﻮﻻن home- bouncing ﺑـــﺎﻧـﻮﻻﱏ render homeless; be~î v.t. to trick, deceive ﻓﺎﻧﺪن lessness khiłâfândin (molar (tooth ﻠﻨﻪ house khilena ﺎﻧﻮو khânû slippery, slimy; ~a ــــﻠــــــــﺴــــﮏ v.t. to ruin, khilîsk ـــﺎﭘـــﻮور ـــﺮدن khâpûr-kirdin ـﻠــﺴـﲀ slippery place; ~âne ـﻠــﺴـﮑـﻪ destroy ـﻠــﺴـﮑـﲔ în~/ ـﻠــﺴـﲀن good ice-skating; ~ân ﺎس khâs (especially v.i. to slip (on ice ﺎﺳﻪﺗﻪن khâsatan v.i. to ﺧــــــﮑـــ -khinke ﺧــــــﲀن poppy khinkân ﺎﺷﺎش khâshkhâsh for the sake choke; to drown ــﺎــﺮی mind; ~ i ــﺎــﺮ khâtir round: top i zawî khiřa the ﺧــــــــــــ with mind at ease, khiř1 ـــﺎـــﺮـــﻪم of; ~jam in love earth is round; ~-bûnawa v.i. to ﺎﺮﺧﻮا reassured; ~khwâ khâm; = khaw; ~-bûnawa gather: la chî khiř bûnawa what did = ـــﺎو khâw v.i. to lose patience; ~ u khezân they gather for?; ~ dâ-khistin v.t. to ﺧـــ و ـــﺎـــﯽ all the members of a family shut tight, slam; ~ u khâłî ﺎووﺰان pretty ﺧ و ﺧﯚڵ toll empty; ~ u khoł ﺎوﻩ khâwa too big, too large ﺧ owner, possessor; ~shiko khiř2 ــﺎوﻩن khâwan .displeasing; ~î-kirdin ba v.t ﺧـــــﺮا lord, master khirâ ﺎوﻩﺸﮑﯚ to be angry with, displeased by: agar ـﺎوﻩرى east, orient; ~ i dûr ـﺎوﻩر khâwar 197 SORANI KURDISH aw kârá nakan, khirâî’tân pe dakam nim dâkhist I pulled down the tree if you don’t do it, I’ll be angry with branches, la khajâłatî sarî dâkhist he you lowered his head in shame; (4) to v.p. passive of store, put up (food): âzûqam dâkhist I ﺧـــﺮێ -khire ﺧـــﺮان khirân khistin; râ-~ to grow, sprout put up provisions tickle; ~-dân v.t. to ﺧــــــــــﻮوﮐـــــﻪ bad, awful, wrong: ~ te- khitûka ﺧــــــــﺮاپ khirâp gayshtûy you’ve misunderstood; ~ tickle ,v.i. to slip ﺧـــــــﺰێ -khize ﺧـــــــﺰان geřânawa la bâra i …dâ v.i. to khizân bad deed; ~akâr crawl; ~ la to draw near to; râ-~ to ﺧــﺮاﭘــﻪ speak ill of; ~a evil-doer, maleficent; ~akârî sprout ﺧـــﺮاﭘـــﻪﰷر family ﺧـﺰﻣـﺎﯾـﻪﰏ family; ~âyatî ﺧـﺰم evil, maleficence khizm ﺧﺮاﭘﻪﰷری ditto relationship ﺧﮐﻪﺑﻪرد pebble; ~bard ﺧﮐﻪ khiřka ﺧــﺰﻣــﻪــﲀر service; ~kâr ﺧــﺰﻣــﻪت v.i. khizmat ﺧـﺮۆﺷـ -khiroshe ﺧـﺮۆﺷـﺎن khiroshân to be in turmoil, commotion servant; ~-kirdin v.t. to serve; gayshtin ba ~ i to meet, see ﺧـﺮتوـﺮت cylindrical; ~ u pirt ﺧـﺮت khirt (honorific) ﺧــــــ ﺗﺮــــــﻪک junk, worthless things; ~ak foundation; race, origin ﺧﲓ roller (for a chair, bed, &c.) khîm bravery, manly honor ﲑﻩت v.i. to khîrat ﺧــــﺸــــ -khishe ﺧــــﺸــــﺎن khish|ân sand, sandy patch ﲒﻩن khîzałân ﺧـﺸــﻦ -khishen ﺧـﺸـﺎﻧـﺪن crawl; ~ândin self (normally kho refers to the ﺧـــــﯚ kho ﺧـــﺸـــﲔ v.t. to drag on the ground; ~în v.i. to creep, crawl subject of the verb of the clause in ornament which it occurs: kho’y kusht he killed ﺧﺸ khishił creeping himself; with a pron. encl. it also ﺧـﺸـﮑـﻪوـﺸـﮑـﻪ khishka u pishka and crawling functions as a stressed pronoun: kâb- skewer; brick, slab of râ kuřaká’y kusht u amjâr hařasha i ﺧـــــــﺸـــــــﺖ khisht baked clay awa’y le kird ka kho’ysh’î bikuzhe the -level; la ~ birdin v.t. to man killed her son and then he threat ﺧــﺸــــﺘــﻪ khishta level, ruin, destroy, (meta.) to have ened to kill her too); la ~awa by one- illicit relations with, to corrupt self; la ~’râ by oneself; ~-dâ-girtin .v.t., impt. sing. v.t. to lurk in ambush; ~-dâ-kutân v.t) ـــﻪ -kha ﺧـــﺴـــﱳ khistin bikhara; pass. khirân) to throw, put; to take root; ~-dâ-nân v.t. to sacrifice ~à … to throw into: pâdshâ awânî oneself, lay down one’s life; ~-girtin khistà bandîkhâna the king threw v.t. to have patience, be stable; to be them into prison; ~awa to build, success-ful; ~-keshânawa v.t. to make; ~à …awa to pour s.th. into …: withdraw, secede; ~-khurândin v.t. daykhamà kupałayèk i damtangawa to scratch oneself; to participate in I’ll pour it into a jar with a narrow charitable affairs; ~-khwârdinawa -my ﺧــــــﯚم neck; ~à sar to fulfill a wish, to help v.t. to suffer in silence; ~m someone accomplish a goal; dar-~ to self; ~-pârâstin v.t. to defend oneself; express; dâ-~ (1) to shut, close: dar- ~t yourself; ~y him/herself pride, self-satisfaction ﺧﯚﰃ gây dâkhist he shut the door; dalâ- khobâî xenophile, enemy to ﺧـــــﯚﺧـــــﯚر qaká’y la sar dâkhistinawa he shut khokhor the trap door over them; (2) to spread: one’s one people: kurd’îsh chi kurd bařakam dâkhist I spread out the rug; a? mîłat i khokhora pekawa / bo gyân (3) to pull down, lower: likadârakâ- u mâł i yektirî simkoł dakan la khoł 198 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY ﻧـﻪﺧـﯚش ~Malâ Mârif) And what are the the British didn’t like him; na) Kurds? A self-destructive nation alto- ill, sick ﺧــﯚﺷــﻪ ear of grain; ~chîn ﺧــﯚﺷــﻪ gether stomping their hooves in the khosha gleaner ﲔ dust to get at each other’s lives and cheers, bon appetit ﺧﯚﺷﻪﺎن property khoshajân beloved, dear; ~î ﺧـﯚﺷـﻪوـﺴـﺖ natural, not artificial khoshawîst ﺧﯚﺮد khokird dust; ~ i mirdû ba sar’dâ love ﺧـــــــــــﯚڵ khoł dried fruit soaked in ﺧـــــﯚﺷـــــﺎو kirân to be in mourning: khałkakáy khoshâw dałey khoł i mirdû’yân ba sar’dâ water optimistic ﺧﯚﺷﺒﲔ kirâwa you’d think the people were in khoshbîn -good-tasting, de ﺧـﯚﺷـــﮋﻩ mourning; ~akawa ashes; ~amesh khoshchezha gray licious ﺧﻮﻪﻣﺸﯽ ashes; ~ameshî ﺧﯚﻪﻣﺶ happy, in a ﺧــــﯚﺷــــﺪﻩﻣــــﺎخ domestic, personal, own: khoshdamâkh ﺧـﯚﻣـﺎـﯽ khomâłî zimân i ~ mother tongue good mood happy, pleased ﺧﯚﴮﺎل selfish khoshḥâl ﺧﯚﭘﻪرﺳﺖ khoparist pleasure, fun; la ~ân’dâ ﺧـــﯚﳽ self-satisfied, egotis- khoshî ﺧـﯚﭘـﻪﺳــﻨـﺪ khopasind in joy and happiness ﺧﯚﺷﻴﺎﻧﺪا tical ﺧـﯚﺷـﮑــﲎ humble; ~î ﺧـﯚﺷـﮑــﻦ self-defense khoshken ﺧﯚﭘﺎرﺰی khopârezî east, sun- humility ﺧـــﯚرﻩت sun; ~ałât ﺧـــﯚر khor tannery ﺧﯚﺷﺎﻧﻪ khoshkhâna ﺧــــﯚراوا sun; ~âwâ ﺧــــﯚرﻩو rise; ~atâw pretty ﺧﯚﺷﮑﯚک east; khoshkok ﺧـــــﯚرﻫـــــﻪت west, sunset; ~hałât -well-dressed, dan ﺧـﯚﺷـﻠـﻴـﺒـﺎس west(ern); ~wazân khoshlîbâs ﺧـــﯚرـــﺸـــﲔ nishîn~ east dy ﺧﯚروﻩزان delicious ﺧﯚﴰﻪزﻩ suffix meaning eating, con- khoshmaza ﺧـــــــﯚر khor- renowned ﺧﯚﺷﻨﺎو suming khoshnâw calligrapher; ~î ﺧـــﯚﺷــــــﻨـــﻮوس blood; fast flowing of water khoshnûs ﺧﯚڕ khoř calligraphy ﺧﯚﺷﻨﻮوﳻ free, gratis ﺧﯚراﰃ khorâî well-dressed ﺧﯚﺷﭙﯚش dictator khoshposh ﺧﯚڕاﰃ khořâî electric razor ﺧﯚش food khotâsh ﺧﯚراک khorâk sweat, dew ﺧﯚی natural color, colorfast khoy ﺧﯚڕﻩﮓ khořang would that (+ irrealis ﺧـــــــﯚزﮔـــــــﻪ stubborn, intractable khozga ﺧﯚڕا khořâ wild, uncultivated mood): khozga ahâtî would that you ﺧﯚرﺳﺖ khorist -~ ;young, youth had come; ~-birdin v.t. to wish ﺧﯚرت khort good, well; khwârdin v.t. to wish ﺧــﻮﻩش khwash ,ﺧــﯚش khosh God; ~î divine, God-given ﺧﻮدا râ-bwârdin v.t. to have a good khudâ ~ turn, revolution; ~-dân v.t. to ﺧــــﻮل time, enjoy: l’ awe khoshmân râ- khul bwârd we had a good time there; ~- revolve; ~-khwardin v.t. to revolve, .v.i ﺧــﻮﻟــ -khule ﺧــﻮﻻن bûn ba to be happy with, pleased by: spin (int.); ~ân pem khosh bû hâtî I’m glad you to spin, turn wish, desire, daydream ﺧﻮﻟﻴﺎ came; ~-kirdin v.t. to be nice: hawâ khulyâ bud ﺧﻮﻪ khoshî kird the weather turned nice; khuncha ;sudden rush of water, in flood ﺧـﻮڕ to fan a flame; to make ready, to im- khuř hemorrhage ﺧﻮﻦوﺧﻮڕ ~ prove; ~-kirdinawa v.t. to make up, khwen u ;v.i. to itch ﺧــﻮرێ -khure ﺧــﻮران make peace; ~-wîstin v.t. to love, to khurân1 v.t. to ﺧـــﻮرـــﻦ -khuren ﺧـــﻮراﻧـــﺪن like: înglîsîakân khoshyân nawîstûa ~din 199 SORANI KURDISH south; hâtinà ~e to come ﺧـــــــــــــــﻮاروو scratch .v.p. passive down, get down; khistinà ~awa v.t ﺧـﻮرێ -khure ﺧـﯚران khurân2 of khwârdin to throw down .v.t., pass) ﺧـــــﯚ -kho ﺧـــــﻮاردن khwârdin ﺧــــﻮردﻩ food; small, tiny; ~a ﺧــــﻮرد khurd carper, khurân) to eat; ~awa to drink ﺧـــﻮردﻩﮔـــﲑ small change; ~agîr (bare (foot, head ﺧﻮاس caviler khwâs request; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﺧــﻮاﺳــﺖ wool khwâst ﺧﻮری khurî v.t. to yell, shout, neigh, request ﺧــــﻮڕــــﻦ khuřîn v.t. to ﺧــــﻮاز -khwâz ﺧــــﻮاﺳــــﱳ whinny; te-~ to yell at, shout at khwâstin saddlebag want, desire ﺧﻮرج khurj ,proposal of marriage ﺧـﻮازﺑــﲎ date khwâzbenî ﺧﻮرﻣﺎ khurmâ scream, yell; ~ân engagement ceremony; ~ i X kirdin ﺧـــــــــــــــﻮرۆش khurosh -v.i. to la Y v.t. to ask Y for X’s hand in mar ﺧـــﻮرۆﺷـــ -khuroshe ﺧـــﻮرۆﺷـــﺎن scream, to yell riage: khwâzbenî i kichá la âshawân powerful, strong dakâ he asks the miller for the girl’s ﺧﻮرت khurt -suit ﺧـﻮازﺑــــﮑـﻪر pox, pockmark hand in marriage; ~kar ﺧﻮرووﮐﻪ khurûka sorrow or ﺧﻮﺳﻪ khusa khwâstin = ﺧﻮازﻦ for no good khwâztin ﺧـــﻮﺗـــﻮﺧـــﯚڕاﰃ khut-u-khořâî ـــﺎﻧـــﻪﺧـــﻮێ ~owner: khâna ﺧـــﻮێ reason, for no reason at all khwe1 ;v.t. to show, householder, home-owner, host ﺧــــــﻮ ــــــﺮدن khuyâ-kirdin avenger, seeking ﺧـﻮاـﻨـﻪﺧـﻮێ ~make obvious khwena custom; ~-girtin v.t. to become retaliation ﺧــﻮو khû salt ﺧﻮێ accustomed khwe2 ﺧــﻮــﻨــﻪﺧــﻮێ blood; ~akhwe ﺧــﻮــﻦ pig khwen ﺧﻮوگ khûg -dâku~ ,ﺧـــﻮـــــــــﻪﺳـــﺖ v.i. to get soft in water; avenger; ~bast ﺧـــﻮوﺳـــﺎن khûsân ;cease-fire ﺧــــﻮــــﻨــــﺪــــﻮژاﻧــــﺪن v.t. to zhândin ﺧـﻮوﺳــﻦ -khûsen ﺧـﻮوﺳـﺎﻧـﺪن din~ hot-blooded; ~gir ﺧـــﻮـــﻨـــﮕـــﻪرم soften in water ~garm -immediate member of a mur ﺧــﻮــﻨــﮕــﺮ hunchbacked ﺧﻮوژ khûzh sun dered man’s family; ~jimmân ﺧﻮﻩر khwar ﺧـﻮـﻨـﮑـﻪر blood pressure; ~kar ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺠـﻤـﲈن khosh = ﺧﻮﻩش khwash ;bloodthirsty ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺨـﻮا sister murderer; ~khwâ ﺧﻮﻩﺸﮏ khwayshk mortal enemy; ~rizh ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺨـﻮار God: khwâ yek a u nâbe ba ~khwâr ﺧـــــــﻮا khwâ1 bloodshedder, murderer; ~tâł ﺧــــﻮــــﲊژ ,dû God is one and is not two (an oath dull, sluggish ﺧﻮﺎڵ by God almighty”); ~bakhshîw the“ v.t. to ﺧــﻮــﻦ -khwen ﺧــﻮــﻨــﺪن late (for a deceased person); ~ḥâfîz khwen|din ;literate ﺧـﻮـﻨـﺪﻩوار good-bye; ~ḥâfîzî kirdin la call; to read; ~dawâr ﺧــﻮاــﺎﻓــﲒ illiterate; ~ar ﻧــﻪﺧــﻮــﻨــﺪﻩوار v.t. to say good-bye to; ~leykhoshbû na~dawâr reader ﺧﻮﻨﻪر ﺧـﻮاﭘـﻪ the late; ~parist ﺧـﻮا ﻟــﯽ ﺧـﯚﺷــﺒـﻮو free, at no cost ﺧﻮاﰃ God-fearing khweřâî رﺳﺖ ﺧـــﻮﺷـــﮑـــﻪزا sister; ~azâ ﺧـــﻮﺷـــﮏ whether: ~ bitawe yân natawe khwishk ﺧـﻮا khwâ2 -sis ﺧــﻮﺷــﲀﯾــﻪﰏ whether you want to or not nephew, niece; ~âyatî eager, impatient; ~ i terhood ﺧـــﻮاﺧـــﻮا khwâkhwâ girl, daughter ﮐﭻ impatient for kich winding sheet, shroud; ~ u difn ﮐـﻔـﻦ dining table kifn ﺧﻮان khwân v.t. to shroud and ﮐـﻔـﻦودﻓـﻦ ـﺮدن down; ~û kirdin ﺧــــﻮارێ down; ~è ﺧــــﻮار khwâr 200 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY bury ridden ;v.i. to crawl up ـﺸـ -kishe ـﺸـﺎن hat: ~yân chû sare “they were kish|ân ﮐـو kiłâw to ـــﺸـــﺎﻧـــﻪوﻩ window, to pass quickly; ~ân-awa ﮐـــو ﻧڕۆژـــﻪ fooled”; ~řozhina skylight draw back, go backwards, stretch: corpse; bin ~ i … chûn wak lâstîk la bar yek dakishetawa it ﮐــــــﺸــﻪ kiłesha v.i. to deceive, dupe stretches like rubber; râ-~ân to ــــﺸــــﺎﻧــــﺪن key stretch out, crawl; ~ândin ﮐ kiłeł ,ﳇﻴﻞ kilîl v.t. to drag on the ــــــﺸــــــــــــﻦ -finger; tail; pen kishen ﳇﮏ kilk -ground; to stretch; to weigh; ~ândin ﮐــــﯚ lump, clod, clump; ~ qand ﮐــــﯚ kiło to pull back; to reweigh ﺸﺎﻧﺪﻧﻪوﻩ mud awa ﮐــــﯚ ﮔــ lump of sugar, ~ gił ﻗــﻪﻧــﺪ agriculture ﺸﺘﻮﰷڵ clod kishtukâł limp, thin, light; despondent; ~î ﮐــــــﺰ manner, way: ba hîch ~èk in kiz ﳇــــــﯚج kiloj no way whatsoever despondency cold dry wind ﮐﺰﻩ wretched kizabâ ﮐﯚڵ kiłoł v.t. to cringe ﮐﺰۆﻪ ﺮدن hollow kizoła-kirdin ﳇﯚر kilor kilogram ﻴﻠﯚ commissioner kîlo ﳈﺴﻪر kimîsar young girl ﮐۆﻪ side, by the side of kîzhoła ﻦ kin collection, assembly; ~-bûnawa la ﮐـﯚ ko ﮐــــﭗوﮐــــﻪڕ deaf; silent; ~ u kař ﮐــــﭗ kip deaf: gwem kip u kara my ear’s deaf; v.i. to assemble, gather around s.o.; ~-kirdin v.t. to silence, shut up: kip- ~(wa)-kirdin v.t. to gather, collect; mân kirdin we shut them up ~bûnawa (n.) meeting, assembly -~ ;decampment, migration ﮐـــــــــﯚچ v.p. passive of kir- koch ـــﺮێ -kire ـــﺮان kirân din; ~awa to be opened: bakhtî kirâ- kirdin v.t. to leave, depart, decamp; ~ watawa he has had a stroke of luck i dwâî kirdin v.t. to pass away, die; ﮐـﯚﭼـﻰ migrant, migratory; ~î ﮐـﯚـﻪر shirt ~ar ﺮاس kirâs upripe, immature (year) of the Hegira ﺮچ kirch wooden milk bowl; concave ﮐﯚد act kod ﺮدﻩ kirda back of the neck, middle of the ﮐـــــﯚڵ behavior, act, deed koł ﺮدﻩوﻩ kirdawa v.t., passive kirân) to shoulders; burden, load; ~-dânawa) ﮐـﻪ -ka ـﺮدن kirdin do (for -kirdin compounds, see first v.t. to lay down a burden, to give up; element); ~à …awa to put s.th. in/on: ba ~’dâ dân v.t. to sling something daykamà dawrîyèk i pânawa I’ll put it over one’s shoulder: kalupalakáy ko on a flat plate; ~awa to open; ~ ba kirdawa u ba kolî’dâ dâ u wa re kawt …dâ to pick up, take away; ~ da to he gathered his things, slung them set on, put to: râwchî tânjî’yân te kird over his shoulder, and went on his u kushtyân the hunters set their dogs way; la ~ kawtin v.i. to disappear; la on it, and they killed it; hał-~ to pass ~ kirdin v.t. to throw over the shoul- porter; ~wâna ﮐـــﯚـــﮑــــــﺶ one’s life; to roll up (sleeves, pant der; ~kesh sack, back-pack ﮐﯚﻮاﻧﻪ -legs); to light (fire); hał-~awa to at column ﮐﯚﻪﮐﻪ tack kołaka lane ﮐﯚن wage kołân ﺮێ kire v.i. to boil; ~awa ﮐــــﯚڵ -koł ﮐــــﯚــــﲔ blizzard kołîn ﮐﻮﻩ kiřewa -v.t. to investigate, research; le ﮐـﯚـﻴـﻨـﻪوﻩ laborer, worker ﺮﲀر kirekâr to assemble; le~awa ﻟــــﮑــﯚﻟــﻴــﻨــﻪوﻩ křîn ~awa = ﮐﻦ kiřîn assembly, council ﻟﮑﯚﻴﻨﻪوﻩ -wormy, worm ـﺮﻣـﯚڵ worm; ~oł ـﺮم kirm 201 SORANI KURDISH ingratitude; curse ﻮﻓﺮ imperfect, pseudo- (precedes kufr ﮐـﯚـﮑـﻪ kołka eye, sight ﻮل word it modifies): ~malâ pseudo- kul -boiling, raging grief, over ـــــــــــــﻮڵ mulla, ~shekh pseudo-sheykh, ~pyâw kuł1 half-baked guy whelming sorrow; hâtinà ~ to come :society, organization; to a boil; ~ u ko raging, boiling ﮐـــــــﯚﻣـــــــﻪڵ komał ;societal, social; ~ga kułuko dâmird it went up in flames ﮐــﯚﻣــﻪﯾــﻪﰏ âyatî~ v.i. to boil; ~ândin ـﻮـ -kułe ـﻮن society ~ân ﮐﯚﻣﻪﮕﺎ gâ~ ,ﮐﯚﻣﻪﮕﻪ v.t. to boil ﻮﻦ -kułen ﻮﻧﺪن tribe, nation, republic ﮐﯚﻣﺎر komâr short ﮐﯚڵ aged, old in kuł2 ﮐــﯚﻧــﻪﺳــﺎڵ old; ~asâł ﮐــﯚن kon1 hole, lair, nest; ~-kirdin to ـــــــــــــﻮن years kun ;hole ــــــــﻮ tent make a hole, to pierce; ~â ﮐﯚن kon2 anthill ﻮﻣﻮری miserable; ~âmurî ﮐــﯚرﻩوﻩر blind; ~awar ﮐــﯚر kor owl ﻮﻧﺪﻩﺑﻮ misery kundabu ﮐﯚری î~ water sack ﻮﻧﻨﻪ gathering place, meeting place; kunna ﮐــــﯚڕ koř jar, jug ﻮﭘﻪﻪ society; group, delegation: ~èk i am- kupała boy, son ﻮڕ rîkâî châwpekawtinèkyân lagał aw kuř the ــــــﻮردﻩواری Kurd; ~awârî ــــــﻮرد ḥâkimá bûwa an American delegation kurd ;Kurdishness ــــﻮرداﯾــــﻪﰏ has had an interview with that ruler; Kurds; ~âyatî ــﻮردی Kurdistan; ~î ــﻮردﺳــــﺘــﺎن bastin v.t. to meet, hold a meeting ~istân-~ Kurdsat, the ـــــﻮردﺳـــــﺎت newborn Kurdish; ~sât ﮐﯚرﭘﻪ korpa apron Kurdish satellite broadcast network ﺑﻪرﮐﯚش ~lap; bar ﮐﯚش kosh palpitating ﻮرﮐﻪﻮرﮐ attempt, endeavor kurkakurke ﮐﯚﺷﺶ koshish ;in short ﺑـــﻪ ـــﻮرﰏ short; ba ~î ـــﻮرت v.i. to strive; te- kurt ﮐـﯚش -kosh ﮐـﯚﺷـﲔ koshîn ﭘــﺎش ــﻮ ﺗرــﻪ وــﺎﻧــــﻚ to attempt, strive pâsh ~a wichânèk ~ kiosk, pavilion; palace after a short pause ﮐﯚﺷﮏ koshk v.t. to ـــﻮرووﺷـــﮑـــﻪ ـــﺮدن hill, difficulty: ba be ~ u kurûshka-kirdin ﮐـــــﯚﺳـــــﭗ kosp kand leaving no stone unturned curl up v.t. to kill ﻮژ -kuzh ﻮﺷﱳ shackles and kushtin ﮐــــــﯚت و زﳒــــــﲑ kot u zinjîr piece; ~-kirdin v.t. to chop into ـــﻮت fetters kut ـﻮتوﻣـﺖ ﭼـﻮون pieces; ~ u mit chûn la ﮐــﯚﺗــﻪرﻩدار tree trunk; ~dâr ﮐــﯚﺗــﻪرﻩ kotara ـــﻮت tree trunk v.i. to look exactly like; ~ u piř (sudden(ly و -end; ~-henân ba v.t. to con ﮐـــﯚﰃ kotâî strike, blow; ~ pyâ mâłîn ــــﻮﺗــــﻪک clude, put an end to kutak a wooden bowl v.t. to strike: kutakèk’î pyâ mâłî he ﮐﯚﮏ kotik dove struck him ﮐﯚﺮ kotir ;v.t. to beat, strike ــﻮ -kute ــﻮن ko-kirdin kutân = ﮐﯚوﻩ ﺮدن kowa-kirdin kirân dâ-~ to drive into the ground: aw = ﺮێ -kre ﺮان krân v.t. to scratch; singá’m dâkutâ I drove that stake into ـﺮـﻦ -kren ـﺮاﻧـﺪن krândin hał-~ to scratch the ground; hał-~à sar to attack; te-~ v.t. to buy to hit, strike, poke ﮐ -kř ﮐﻦ křîn kutak = ﻮﮏ v.t.; dâ-~ to kutik ـﺮۆژ -krozh ـﺮۆﺷـﱳ kroshtin see kishtin, kuzhân ﻮژ -crunch with the teeth kuzh ,v.i. to go out ــﻮژێ -kuzhe ــﻮژان student; ~khâna kuzhân ﮐـﺘـﺎوی book; ~î ﮐـﺘـﺎو ktâw to be ــــﻮژاﻧــــﻪوﻩ library be extinguished; ~awa ﮐﺘﺎوﺎﻧﻪ ktâw extinguished, be silenced = ﮐﺘﻮ ktew 202 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY v.t. to vicious, spiteful ــﻮژــﻦ -kuzhen ــﻮژاﻧــﺪن kuzhândin stately walk, grace; ~-u-lâr ﳒـــــــﻪ extinguish; dâ-~ to extinguish, put lanja out stately, graceful walk ,loose; ~-kirdin v.t. to loosen ق lane laq ﻮوﻪ kûcha jar shake loose; shwen ~-kirdin ba to ﻮوﭘﻪ vat; ~ala ﻮوپ kûp deep, steep dislodge, displace: b’ aw hîwâyáî ﻮوڕ kûř goods, wares shwen’yân pe laq nakâ in hopes that ﻮوڵ kûtâł kuzh- he wouldn’t displace them = ﻮوژ -kûzh title, nickname ﻗﻪب where is…? laqab ﻮا kwâ laqab = ﻗﻪم where?: la ~ya? where is it? laqam ﻮێ kwe ;v.t. to shake ﻗــﻦ -laqen ﻗـﺎﻧـﺪن ken, (2) = kwe laqândin = ﻮﻦ (kwen (1 mis- sar-~ to shake the head ـــﻮـــﺮﻩوﻩر blind; ~awar ـــﻮـــﺮ kwer stork ﻗق misery; laqlaq ـــــــﻮـــــــﺮﻩوﻩری erable; ~awarî puny ڕ semi-literacy; ~âî lař ـﻮـﺮﻩﺳـﻪواد asawâd~ v.i. to shake; ~-awa to ر -lar رــﻦ blindness larîn ﻮﺮاﰃ mountainous region tremble, quiver ﻮﺴﺘﺎن kwestân to shake, tremble; ~ok رزـــــﻦ .larz|în v.i trembling: ba dangèk i ~ pey رزۆک ,la (with encl. pronouns, le) in, at from; la …-awa from; la …-dâ in, at wit he said to him in a trembling for the sake of, because of; ~ voice; zawî la zher pey’dâ dalarzî the ﺑـــﻪر labar awaî because, since, inasmuch as; ~ ground shook under his foot body ش dast i …dâ in front of, in the pres- lash army; ~-keshân v.t. to ﺷـــــﮑـــــﺮ ence of, with lashkir instead of mobilize an army ﰏ labât i piece, bit; ~-kirdin v.t. to cut ت with; ~ awaî ka (conj.) de- lat ﮔـــــــﻪڵ lagał spite the fact that, in addition to the into pieces; ~-u-pat bûn to be fact that shattered into bits; ~-u-pat kirdin to tunnel tear to pieces ﻪم lagham pasture وﻩڕﮔﺎ soldered lawařgâ ﺣـﻤﮑﺮاو laḥîmkrâw ,v.t. to pasture وﻩڕاﻧــــــــــــﺪن lawař|ândin ﮐـــﻪ spot, stain, blemish; ~dâr ﮐـــﻪ laka to pasture وﻩڕﻦ stained, spotted; ~-kirdin v.t. to graze; ~în دار ,for, in the opinion of ﻻی side; ~ i ﻻ stain lâ self-satisfied next to, near: lâ i ewâra bû it was ﺧﯚرازێ lakhorâzî -labar near evening; to: am râzá’y lâ dir = ﻣﻪڕ lamař ~ ;previously; kând he disclosed this secret to him ﻣـــﻪوﺑـــﻪر bar~ :ﻣـــﻪو lamaw at least; ~-chûn v.i. to ﻻی ﮐــــــﻪم henceforth, hereafter i kam ﻣﻪوﭘﺎش pâsh~ see mezh get away, go aside: lâ cho! get out of ﻣﮋﯾﻨﻪ lamezhîna ;obstacle here!; ~-dân v.t. to shove, push aside ﻣﻪر lampar London to remove; to take up residence: la ﻧﺪﻩن Landan anchor; balance; ~-girtin pař i shârawa lâ’yân dâ khânèk they ـــﮕـــﻪر langar v.t. to balance oneself: chona l’ am took up residence in a house on the sar dîwâr a bârîká langarî girtûa? edge of the city; to be a guest; to de- how has he kept his balance atop this viate; ~-dirân v.p. to be removed; ba between; ~t wâ ﺑــﻪ ﻻی ...هوﻩ narrow wall? ~ i …awa …don’t think that ﻻت وا ﻧﻪ nabe ﺑـــﻪﳒـــﺒـــﺎز viciousness, spite; ~bâz ﱋ lanj 203 SORANI KURDISH :boast; ~-dân v.t. to boast together; ~-dânawa v.t. to interpret ﻻف lâf flood ba shûm bo khoyân lek dâyawa they ﻻﻓﺎو lâfâw village; ~î villager interpreted it as an ill omen; ~-hâtin ﻻﮔﻪ lâga v.i. to beg, v.i. to go well together: makhmar u ﻻﻟـــــ -lâłe ﻻﻧـــــﻪوﻩ lâłân-awa beseech konadawâr lek nadahât velvet and decentralization old tent material would not go well ﻻﻣﻪرﮐﻪزی lâmarkazî at least together; ~-nân to close, put together ﻻﱏ ﮐﻪم extent; ~ i kam ﻻن lân -poor, helpless, lost the two parts of something: châwa ﻻﻧﻪواز lânawâz -cradle kânim lek-nâ I closed my eyes, kteba ﻻﮏ lânik page ká’m lek nâ I shut the book; ~birrâw ﻻﭘﻪڕﻩ lâpařa separated ﻟﮑاو leg ﻻق lâq assembler, collector ﻟﮑﯚر lekolar ﻻر و ﭘـــــﺎل crooked; ~ u pâl kawtin ﻻر lâr -assembly, collec ﻟــــﮑــﯚﻟــﻴــﻨــﻪوﻩ to fall in a heap lekolînawa ﻛﻪوﻦ disobe- tion; investigation ﻻﺳـﺎرى disobedient; ~î ﻻﺳـﺎر lâsâr v.t. to sully, muddy ﻟ ﺮدن dience leł-kirdin -interrogation, in ﻟـــﺮﺳـــﻪوﻩ corpse lepirsînawa ﻻﺷﻪ lâsha poor, wretched; punk; ~-u-lût vestigation; khistinà bar ~ v.t. to ﻻت lât ruffian, hooligan interrogate ﻻتوﻟﻮوت grief-stricken (see ﻟــــــﻘـــﻪوﻣـــﺎو out of the corner of one’s eyes: leqawmâw ﻻﺗــﲑ lâtîr ~ twâshây kirdim he looked at me out qawmân) forest ﻟ of the corner of his eyes leř downpour ﻟﺸﺎو youth, young man leshâw ﻻو lâw lip ﻟﻮ foreign lew ﻻوﻩﰽ lâwakî tree ـــﮑـــﻪدار branch, limb; ~adâr ـــﮏ skinny lik ﻻواز lâwâz handful branch ﻻوﭻ lâwech lik = ﻟﻖ partisan liq ﻻﯾﻪﮕﺮ lâyangir (roar (of a flood, oven ﻟﺮﻓﻪ، ﻟﺮف (appropriate lirf(a ﻻﯾﻪق lâyaq cloying ﻟﻴﻨﺞ necessary lînj ﻻزم lâzim lira, pound ﻟﲑﻩ see la lîra ﻟ le mud, mire ﻟﻴﺘﻪ v.t. to hit, strike, play lîta ﻟــــــــــــﺪان le: ~-dân drinking glass ﻟﻴﻮان musical instrument); to up and…: lîwân) beads strung on a string ﻟﲒﮔﻪ mâlâwâîy kird u leydâ u roysht he lîzga committee ﻟﻧﻪ said goodbye and upped and left; ~- lîzhna rumor ﻟﯚﻪت kirdin to separate, take away; ~- loghat celebration, rejoicing ﻟﯚﺎن kirdinawa to separate; pick (fruit); ~- loghân cotton ﻟﯚﮐﻪ nân bo v.t. to fix (food) for: shorbâm loka beginning of certain Kurdish ﻟـــــﯚﻟـــــﯚ bo le-nâwa I’ve fixed soup for him lolo łe- pres. stem of witin songs -a professional singer and enter ﻟــــﯚﰏ quilt lotî ﻟﻔﻪ lefa worthy, considerable tainer ﻟﻬﺎﺗﻮو lehâtû pearl ﻟﻮﻟﻮ apart, from one another; ~-bir- lulu ﻟــــﮏ lek continual ﻟـﻮورﻩﻟـﻮور growl; ~lûr ﻟـﻮورﻩ rân v.p. to be separated; ~-bûn v.i. to lûra resemble each other; to be separated; growling ,v.t. to swallow ﻟــــﻮوش ــــﺮدن bûn-awa v.i. to break into pieces; lûsh-kirdin-~ to end (hostilities); ~-dân v.t. to mix gulp down 204 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY nose; ~ ba bar kho hâtinawa without cause ﻟـــــﻮوت lût miłâz = ﻣﻪس to regret; ~ ba kho dâ hâtinawa to małâs area, region ﻣﻪﺒﻪد be humiliated; ~-chûzânawa v.i. to małband babe in ﻣـﻪﻟـﯚـﮑـﻪ malotka , ﻣـﻪﻟـﯚـﮏ be disappointed; ~-girtin v.t. to hold malotik the nose; ~-hał-kirdin v.t. to get swaddling clothes breast ﻣﻪﻣﮏ angry; ~-shikân v.i. to be disap- mamik country, realm ﻣﻪﻣﮐﻪت pointed, ashamed; ~-shikândin v.t. to mamlakat pot ﻣﻪﳒﻪڵ disappoint, to chastize; ~barz haugh- manjał stopping place, destination ﻣﻪﺰل ty, nose in the air; dast ba ~awa manzil station ﻣﻪﻗﺎم girtin to hold one’s nose maqâm sheep ﻣﻪڕ mař state, condition ﻣﻪرﻩد neg. imperative prefix: máro marad ﻣـــــــــــﻪ -má wishing, wondering; la ~ i ﻣــــﻪراق don’t go marâq neg. impt. sing. of bûn) don’t …dâ bûn v.i. to wonder about) ﻣـﻪﺑـﻪ mába ﻣــــﻪ mashed, squashed; ~în ﻣــــﻪرچ be march ;v.i. to be mashed, squashed رـــــــــــــﲔ aim, goal ﻣﻪﺑﻪس mabas v.t. to mash, squash ﻣﻪرﺎﻧﺪن mabas ~ândin = ﻣﻪﺑﻪﺳﺖ mabast ﻣــﻪرــﺰــﺎﻧــﻪ sick, ill; ~khâna ﻣــﻪرــﺰ principle marezﻣﻪﺑﺪﻩء ’mabda arm infirmary ﻣﻪﻪک machak death ﻣﻪرگ introduces an affirma- marg ﻣـــﻪﮔـــﻪر (magar (1 the late ﻣﻪرﺣﻮوم tive question to which a negative an- marḥûm promise, condition; b’ aw ~áî ﻣـﻪرج swer is expected: magar dazânî? you marj ,subj.) on condition that +) ﺑـﻪو ﻣـﻪرـﻪی don’t know, do you?; (2) introduces a negative question to which an affir- provided that center ﻣﻪرﮐﻪز mative answer is expected: magar markaz time, instance; degree ﻣﻪڕﺗﻪﺑﻪ namgut? didn’t I say so?, (3) unless: mařtaba affair, question, object ﻣﻪﺳﻪ magar bimirim, danâ daykam unless I masala battle ﻣﻪﺳﺎف die—otherwise I’ll do it masâf ﺳــﻪرﻣــﻪ ~exercise, drill; sar ﻣــﻪﺷــﻖ fly mashq ﻣﻪﮔﻪز magaz lesson ﺷﻖ magar = ﻣﻪﮔﲔ magîn -constitution; ~a ﻣــــــﻪﴍووﺗــــــﻪ Mahmud, masc. proper mashrût|a ﻣـﻪﲪـﻮود Maḥmûd ;constitutionalist ﻣـــﴩووﺗـــﻪﺧـــﻮاز name khwâz the Constitutional ﻣـــﻪﴍووﺗـــﻴـــﻪت tools, stuff, ~iyat ﺷـﺖوﻣـﻪک ~-shit-u :ﻣـﻪک mak paraphernalia Movement in Iran -drunk; ~î drunkenness, ine ﻣــﻪﺳــﺖ place mast ﻣﻪﰷن makân velvet briation ﻣﻪﲬﻪر makhmar riddle; ~-zândrân v.p. for a ﻣــﻪﺗــﻪڵ a crowded place, gathering, matał ﻣـــﻪﮐـــﯚ mako cluster riddle to be figured out to crouch on the ﻣـــــــــــــــﻪ دان bird matâ-dân ﻣﻪل mal swimming; ~-kirdin v.t. to ground in expectation, ambush ﻣــــــــــﻪ mala (edge, tip (of sword); (2 ﻣـﻪودا (swimmer mawdâ (1 ﻣﻪوان swim; ~wân mulla, religious period (of time); (3) distance: gundèk ﻣــــــﻪ małâ ,ﻣــــــﻪﻻ malâ authority i dîka habû ka mawdây la mâl i najâr dawn zor bû there was another village, the ﻣﻪﻻﮕﺪان malâbângdân -reason, cause; be~ distance of which from the carpen ﻣــــــﻪﻣــــــﻪت małâmat 205 SORANI KURDISH ter’s house was great; (4) opportunity, negotiate with, bargain with chicken ﻣﺎﻣﺮ chance: mawdâm niya biyânbînim I mâmir (uncle (paternal ﻣﺎﻣﯚ won’t have a chance to see them; la ~ mâmo teacher ﻣﺎﻣﯚﺳﺘﺎ i through, by means of mâmostâ ,.v.i. to remain; (neg ﻣــــﻦ -men ﻣــﺎن metrical, having poetic mân ﻣــﻪوزوون mawzûn meter namân) to cease to exist, to be no field, arena more; ~-awa v.i. to stay behind, be ﻣﻪﯾﺪان maydân ,grief left behind; dâ-~ to be flabbergasted ﻣﻪﯾﻨﻪﰏ maynatî possible; ~-kirdin v.t. to perplexed; râ-~ to pause, to stop and ﻣـﻪـﺴـﻪر maysar make possible, carry out think meaning, significance; ~dâr ﻣـــــــﺎ groom mânâ ﻣﻪﯾﺘﻪر maytar significant ﻣﺎدار auction, sale ﻣﻪزات mazât tired; ~-bûn v.i. to be ﻣـــــــﺎﻧـــــــﺪوو great, huge mândû ﻣﻪزن mazin mazinda tired; ~-kirdin v.t. to tire out: zorî = ﻣﻪزﻧﻪ mazina ;guess, estimate; ~-kirdin mândû kirdim it made me very tired ﻣـﻪ ﻧزـﺪﻩ mazinda ;tiredness, exhaustion ﻣــــــــﺎﻧــــــــﺪووﱙ ba v.t. to estimate at ~î farm ~nabûn kirdin la v.t. to greet ﻣﻪزرا mazrâ v.i. to stay, someone who is working ﻣـﻪزرێ -mazre ﻣـﻪزران mazrân tiredness, exhaustion ﻣﺎﻧﺪوﱴ dwell, be established; dâ-~ to be set mândwetî ﻣــﺎــﮕــﺎﻧــﻪ moon, month; ~âna ﻣــﺎــﮓ up (tent), be established, be appointed mâng ,monthly ﻣــــﺎــــﮕــــﯽ v.t.: monthly salary; ~î ﻣـﻪزرـﻦ -mazren ﻣـﻪزراﻧـﺪن mazrândin dâ-~ ba to set up (tent), appoint as, lunar cow ﻣﺎﮕﺎ establish mângâ obstinate ﻣﺎﮕﺮ kiss; ~-kirdin v.t. to kiss mângir ﻣﺎچ mâch snake ﻣﺎر as long as mâr ﻣﺎدام mâdâm marriage; ~-kirdin la v.t. to ﻣـــــــﺎرﻩ carpet mâra ﻣﺎﻓﻮور mâfûr like give in marriage to: kichaká i khoy le ﻣــــﺎــــﻪﰽ house, home; ~akî ﻣــــﺎڵ mâł family, a member of the household; mâra kird he gave him his daughter in wedding gift ﻣﺎرﻩﰃ marriage; ~î ﻣــﺎــﻪﮐــﯚڵ possessions; ~lakoł ﻣــﺎت ât~ scorpion ﻣﺎرﻩﻮڵ nomadic, vagrant, wanderer; ~werânî mârakuł autombile, car ﻣﺎﺷﻦ destruction, devastation; mâshen ﻣـــــﺎـــــﻮـــــﺮاﱏ fish; ~-girtin v.t. to fish; ~gir ﻣـــﺎﳻ chûnà ~è v.i. to go home mâsî fisherman ﻣﺎﺳﻴﮕﺮ .goodbye; ~î-kirdin la v.t ﻣــــﺎوا mâłâwâ yoghurt ﻣﺎﺳﺖ to say goodbye to mâst sinew ﻣﺎﺳﻮوﮑﻪ v.t. to strike, hit; to rub: ronî mâsûlka ﻣــﺎــﲔ mâłîn ;silent; stunned into silence ﻣـــــــــــﺎت pyâ bimâla rub some oil on it; to mât sweep; dâ-~ to take off, throw off: jil grief-stricken; shorter than others: aw i pâshâî’y la bar khoy dâmâlî she bardânaî da regat girtûa yekyân ~a threw off her regal garb; râ-~ to one of those stones you have lined up sweep away, drive off, repel; ~awa to is shorter than the others; ~î stunned take everything away, to clear; to pol- silence; perplexity; sorrow; ~-kirdin ish to checkmate; to stun into silence ﻣـﺎﺗـﻪﻣـﺰﻩدﻩ bereavement; ~zada ﻣـﺎﺗـﻪم paternal uncle mâtam ﻣﺎم mâm transaction, interaction; bereaved, grieving, mourning ﻣــﺎﻣــﻪــﻪ mâmała ,period (of time): dwâ i ~yek ﻣــــﺎوﻩ kirdin lagał v.t. to interact with; to mâwa-~ 206 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY pâsh ~yèk after a while; mâwayèk râ- ground nation ﻣﻠت bwârd a period of time passed millat ,happy, felicitous ﳑــــــﺒــــــﺎرﻩک mare mimbârak ﻣﺎﻦ mâyin female blessed ﻣ me I, me ﻣﻦ min ﻣــﮕـﻪ flock, herd; ~ a mař ﻣــﮕـﻪل megal grateful for ﻣﻪﺗﺒﺎری flock of sheep minatbâr i ﻣﻪڕ childish; ~î ﻣــﺎﻧـﻪ child; ~âna ﻣــﺎڵ calamity, catastrophe minâł ﻣﻤﻞ memil small ﻣــﺎـﯚﭼـﮑـﻪ childhood; ~ochka ﻣــﺎـﯽ man, husband ﻣﺮد merd meadow child, baby ﻣﺮگ merg tower, minaret ﻣﺎرﻩ minâra ﻣــــﺸــﻮو fly, honeybee; ~ûla ﻣــــﺶ mesh minâl = ﻣﺪاڵ mosquito mindâł snort: mingayèkî lewa dahât ﻣــﮕـﻪ brain, mind; skull minga ﻣﺸﮏ meshik mosquito u wa dar dakawt he snorted and left ﻣﺸﻮو meshûla ,yelling, screaming ﻣـــﻘـــﯚﻣـــﻘـــﯚ marma- miqomqo ﻣــــﻮﻩرۆن fruit; ~ron ﻣــــﻮﻩ mewa lade: wak mewaron labar dast i uproar duck; ~îshk ﻣـــــــﺮاوی hen; ~âwî ﻣـــــــﺮ dawlata khâwan zordârân-dâ bûn mir chicken ﻣﺮﺸﮏ they were like putty in the hands of -satiated, sated: awanda’y khwâr ﻣــ powerful nations miř host; dûa miř bûa he ate his fill ﻣــــﻮاﻧــﺪار guest; ~dâr ﻣــــﻮان mewân fight, quarrel ﻣ و ﻣﺸﺖ v.t. to host miř-u-misht ﻣﻮاﻧﺪاری ﺮدن dârî-kirdin~ frowning ﻣﯚچ raisins moch ﻣﻮژ mewizh v.t. to cause ﻣـﺮـﻦ -miren ﻣـﺮاﻧـﺪن table, desk mirândin ﻣﺰ mez turban to die; kho- ~ to play dead ﻣﺰﻩر mezar pearl ﻣﺮاری long time; la ~-a for a long mirârî ﻣــــــــــﮋ mezh ﻣـﺮﭼـﻘــﻦ -mirchqen ﻣـﺮﭼـﻘـﺎﻧـﺪن time, (+ neg. pres. perf.) it’s been a mirchqândin long time since: la ~a namdîtûyta it’s v.t. to crumple carrion ﻣﺮدار been a long time since I saw you, I mirdâr v.i. to die ﻣﺮ -mir ﻣﺮدن haven’t seen you for a long time; mirdin man ﻣﺮدۆڤ ancient, very old mirdov ﻣﮋﯾﻨﻪ la~îna dead; ba ~î dead ﻣﺮدوو his- mirdû ﻣــﮋووﻧـﻮوس history; ~nûs ﻣــﮋوو mezhû chicken ﻣﺮﺸﮏ torian mirîshk -v.i. to subside; dâ-~ to set ﻣــﺮﰷن kitchen mirkân ﻣﺪﺑﻪق midbaq Miḥimid tle down: bo chi nâmirkî why don’t ,ﶊـﺪ Miḥmid ,ﳏـﻪﻣـﻪد Miḥamad ,Mohammed, masc. proper name you settle down?; to die down (flame ﶊﺪ box, chest fire): âgir dâmirkâwa the fire has died ﳎﺮی mijrî neck; ~-nân la v.t. to head for; down; dâ-mirkândin mirken- v.t. to ﻣـــــــﻞ mil tough, bully; charlatan; quieten down ﻣــــﻠــــﻬــــﻮڕ huř~ passion, lust ﻣﺮخ obedient, subservient; la mirkh ﻣـﻠـﮑـﻪچ kach~ -man, person, one: ~èk i feu ﻣـﺮۆڤ dân v.t. to behead mirov ~ sniff; ~-kirdin v.t. to sniff; ~-u- dâl u pûldâr bûwa he was a feudal ﻣـــــ mił v.t. to sniff and wealthy man ﻣــــ و ﻣــــﯚ ــــﺮدن mo kirdin mirârî = ﻣﺮواری around looking for food mirwârî frequent ﻣﺸﻪ kho ~-dânawa v.t. to misha : ﻣــــــــــــــــز miłâz mouse ﻣﺸﮏ crouch on the ground in ambush: khoy mishik -insured; ~ kirdin to in ﻣـﺴـﯚﮔـﻪر le miłâz dâwa he crouched on the misogar 207 SORANI KURDISH bankrupt, impoverished ﻣﻮﻓﻠﺲ sure muflîs -miracle; ~yek i pâsha ﻣــــﻮﲺــــﲒﻩ fist; palm (of the hand), hand- mu‘jîza ﻣـﺴـﺖ mist ful; ~-washândin v.t. to box, hit, rozh a latter-day miracle of the Mukri region ﻣﻮﺮﱏ strike with the fist mukriyânî -Muslim; ~î Muslim ﻣــﻮﺳــﻮﳌﺎن study, contemplation musulmân ﻣﺎ mitâłâ safe, secure (ba) in, trust- ism, Islam ﻣـﻧـﻪ mitmâna accused ﻣﻮﺗﻪﻫﻪم ing (ba) in mutaham -temporary, provi ﻣـــــــﻮﻩﻗـــــــﻪت wage; expense muwaqat ﻣﺰﻩ miza -mosque sional: hikûmatèk i muwaqat i Kurdis ﻣﺰﮔﻪوت mizgawt good news tân a provisional government of ﻣﺰﮔﻦ mizgen mizgawt Kurdistan = ﻣﺰﮔﺖ mizgit depilatory ﻣﻮوﺧﯚر hair; ~khor ﻣﻮو inhaling; ~-dân v.t. to inhale: mû ﻣـــــــﮋ mizh ﻣــﻮوــﻪ wrist, ankle; ~awâna ﻣــﻮوچ èk i qûlî la jigarakáy dâ he took a mûch~ bracelet واﻧﻪ deep drag on his cigarette portion; wage; one-family ﻣــﻮوــﻪ good news mûcha ﻣﮋدﻩ mizhda -salaried, wage ﻣـﻮوـﻪﺧـﯚر brain farm; ~khor ﻣﮋی mizhî v.t. to suck earner: kâkim ~ i dawlata my brother ﻣﮋ -mizh ﻣﮋﻦ mizhîn deprived, destitute is salaried by the government ﻣﺰﻣﻪﺣﻞ mizmaḥîl .v.t ﻣـﻮوــﻦ -mûchen ﻣـﻮوـﺎﻧـﺪن roof mûchândin ﻣﭻ mîch (media to bend; dâ-~ to turn up (cuff, hem ﻣﺪ mîdyâ v.t. to ﻣـﻮوﻧــﻦ -mûnen ﻣـﻮوﻧـﺪن stripe (in cloth) mûnândin ﻣﻞ mîl (national spin (thread ﻣﻠﰏ nation; ~î ﻣﻠت mîll|at nasality, talking through the ﻣــﻨـﮕـﻪ mînga no ﻧﻪ nose na negative subjunctive prefix ﻧﻪ -legacy, heritage ná ﻣﲑات mîrât weak, feeble ﻧﻪﺑﻪﮔﻪ governmental nabaga ﻣﲑی mîrî animal that spurns its own ﻧـــــــﻪن ant nabân ﻣﲑوو mîrûla meter young; not on speaking terms: kâkim ﻣﱰ mîtr guest lemân ~a, nâmândwene my brother’s ﻣﻮان mîwân brain, marrow; ~-keshân v.t. not on speaking terms with us, he ﻣـــﯚخ mokh to bother, annoy doesn’t speak to us; ~-kirdin v.t. to staring: châwî ba molaq spurn, to disown; to turn away from ﻣـــــــــﯚق molaq pulse ﻧﻪﺰ wastâ he stood staring into space nabz oil, petroleum ﻧﻪﻓﺖ respite naft ﻣﯚﻪت mołat calamity; unlucky ﻧﻪﮔﺒﻪت candle nagbat ﻣﯚم mom ;stubborn, badly behaved ﻧــﻪﮔــﺮــﺲ frowning; hard stare; ~-bûn- nagrîs ﻣــــــــﯚڕ moř awa la to stare at mean, evil unspoken: ~ la jwâbakám ﻧــﻪﮔــﻮﺗــﻪ violet; virgin; seal; ant; ash; ~ naguta ﻣــــــﻮر mor kirdin to seal te gaysht he understood my unspoken crack in a mud wall; game answer ﻣـــــــــﯚرﻩ mora aristocratic ﻧﻪﺟﱫادﻩ piece najîbzâda carpenter; ~î carpentry ﻧﻪﺎر sorrow, worry najâr ﻣﻮ mu and not: ~ pechawânakáy and ﻧـــــﻪک shiver, shudder nak ﻣﻮﭼﮐﻪ muchiřka ,auspiciousness, good not vice-versa; dû jâr’it le birdawa ﻣــــﻮﻓــــﻪڕک mufařik omen nak se you’ve beat him twice, not 208 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY three times; ba râstî awaî tyâ chûa courage; to trip, stumble type, sort ﻧﻪوع ‘minim, nak aw really the one who naw grandchild ﻧﻪوﻩ was lost was I, not he nawa fall planting ﻧﻪوﻩﻧﺪﻩ ill, patient; kho ~- nawanda ﻧـــــــﻪﺧـــــــﯚش nakhosh v.i. to bend over ﻧﻪو -naw ﻧﻪوان khistin v.t. to pretend to be ill; ~î nawân v.t. to ﻧـــﻪوـــﻦ -nawen ﻧـــﻪواﻧـــﺪن nawândin ﻧــﻪﺧــﯚﺷــــﺎﻧــﻪ illness; ~khâna ﻧــﻪﺧــﯚﳽ hospital lower; dâ-~ to lower, bring down v.i. to cave in: bânakáy ﻧـــــــﻪوـــــــﻦ role: ~ i daraja dû yâ sey nawîn ﻧــﻪﺧــﺶ nakhsh haya it has a secondary or tertiary nawîbû his roof had caved in the vernal equinox ﻧﻪورۆز nawroz ـــ ﻧـــﻪﺧـــﺶو ﻧـــﻴـــﮕـــﺎر role; piř ~ u nîgâr poet ﻧﻪوﺷﻪﰷر poetry; ~kâr ﻧﻪوﺷﻪ beautiful nawsha ,Anosharwan ﻧــــــﻪوﺷــــــﲑوان map, plan; ~-dâ-nân v.t. Nawshîrwân ﻧـﻪﺧـﺸـﻪ nakhsha to lay a plan; ~-keshân v.t. to lay a Sassanian shah of Iran race, lineage ﻧﻪژاد plot; ~-keshânawa v.t. to draw maps, nazhâd short story ﻧﻪزﯾ make plans nazîla poetry ﻧﻪزم nazm ﻧـــﻪ -nakhshen ﻧـــﻪﺧـــﺸـــﺎﻧـــﺪن nakhshândin v.t. to draw nâ no, oh no ﺧﺸﻦ unusual, unaccustomed ﺋﺎﺳﺎﰃ a bit, a lit- nââsâî ﻧـﻪﺧـــﮏ (bit; ~è(k ﻧـﻪﺧـﺖ nakht disbelief وﻩڕی nâbâwařî ﻧــﻪﺧــﺖو ﭘــﻮﺧــﺖ tle, a while; ~-u-pukht helpless, there was nothing ـــﺎر completely: qsaká’y ~ la bardam’dâ nâchâr nâ he had his say completely he could do invisible, unseen در especially nâdyâr ﻧﻪﺧﻮازا nakhwâzâ navel ف illiterate nâf ﻧﻪﺧﻮﻨﺪﻩوار nakhwendawâr -destitute, poverty ﮔـــــــــــــﻮزوور accursed nâguzûr ﻧﻪﻻﻣﻪت nalâmat sapling stricken ﻧﻪﻣﺎم namâm ~ dishonest, unrightful; ba ــــﻪق v.t. to have nâḥaq ﻧــــﻪﻣــــﺎم ــــﺮدن namâm-kirdin unjustly ﺑﻪ ﻪق someone walled up: khân kâwrâyèkî ugly; enemy ﻪز namâm kird the khan had a man nâḥaz suddenly, all of a ﰷو walled up nâkâw, la mân sudden → ﻧﻪﻣﺎن namân depth, interior: la ~ i âkh’dâ خ grandmother nâkh ﻧﻪﻧﻪ nana disguise: la ~ in dis- inside the earth, in the grave ﻧــﻪﺳــــﻴــﻮی nanâsîwî -no; ba ~ i gyânim unwill ﻧــﻪــــﺮ guise, in secret; kho la ~ dân la v.t. nâkher to be secretly in favor of ingly ﺧـــــﯚﳽ unpleasant; ~î ﺧـــــﯚش v.t. to nâkhosh ﻧـــﻪﻗــــــﻦ -naqen ﻧـــﻪﻗـــﺎﻧـــﺪن naqândin choose, select unpleasantness horse ﺪار horseshoe; ~dâr ڵ v.t. to roar, nâł ﻧـﻪڕـﻦ -nařen ﻧـﻪڕاﻧـﺪن nařândin ,sad ر scream nâla wail, lament; ~bâr ladder, staircase lamentable ﻧﻪردﯾﻮان nardîwân -v.t. to be ﻟــــــﻦ -nâlen ﻻﻧـــﺪن narcissus nâlândin ﻧﻪرﮔﺰ nargiz custom, manner moan ﻧﻪرﯾﺖ narît pamphlet ﻣﻠﮑﻪ letter; ~îlka ﻣﻪ eglantine nâm|a ﻧﻪﺳﺘﻪڕﻦ nastařin stranger, foreign ﻣﯚ nation: ~ yekgirtûakân the nâmo ﻧــﻪﺗــﻪوﻩ natawa ,bread, food; ~-khwârdin to eat ن national nân ﻧﻪﺗﻪوﻩﰃ United Nations; ~î dry crust of ﻧـﻪرﻩق courage; ~-birdin v.t. to lose have a meal; ~araq ﺗــﻪــﺮﻩ natra 209 SORANI KURDISH deficient, incomplete; ~î ﺗــﻪواو nâtawâw ﻧـــﻪزگ baker; ~azig ﻧـــﻪوا bread; ~awâ someone who works for his board; deficiency -~ ;in despair, desperate ﺋــﻮﻣــــﺪ breadmaker, baker nâumed ﻧﻪﮐﻪر kar~ :ne- (v.t., pass. nirân nre-) to kirdin v.t. to dash someone’s hopes ن nân put, place; dâ-~ to put down, set hîwâdârim nâumedmân nakay I hope down, to compose, put together you won’t dash our hopes; ~î despair ;midst, middle; among, between و book): ktebèkî dânâwa he has writ- nâw1) ten a book; râ-~ v.t. to exhibit, show; la ~ birdin v.t. to eradicate, get rid of; le-~ bo to fix food for: shorbâm bo la ~ chûn v.i. to disappear, cease to middle; ~arok وﻩڕاﺳــــﺖ le-nâwa I’ve fixed soup for him; pe- exist; ~ařâst ;center وﻩ ﻧرـــــﺪ contents; ~and وﻩرۆک à to make it to: agar aw shawá~ وـــــﺎو central; ~châw وﻩﻧـــــﺪی bimâbâya, pemân danâyà rozh i sha- ~andî waist; ~râst وﻗـــــــــــﻪد sham if he had remained that night, forehead; ~qad -middle, center; ~châw-tur وراﺳـــــــﺖ we would have made it to the sixth v.t. to frown وﺎو ﺗﻮرﺷﺎﻧﺪن day; sar-~awa to lay one’s head shândin -fame, re وــــــﮓ name; ~bâng و down (to sleep) nâw2 renowned; ba~bâng ودار unclean, filthy nown; ~dâr ﭘﺎک nâpâk famous, well-known ﺑﻪوﮓ -unhappiness, dissatisfac ڕﻩزاﰃ nâřazâ|î at an unusual وﻩﺧــــــــــــﺎ ditto nâwakhtâ, la ڕازاﯾﻪﰏ tion; ~yatî unreadable time, unexpectedly ڕﻩوا nâřawâ -administra ﻧــﻮـﻪ newcha ,وـﻪ indirect nâwcha راﺳﺘﻪوﺧﯚ nârâstawkho unhappy, dissatisfied tive region رازی nârâzî pit: ~ a khurmâ date pit وک v.t. to send nâwik ﻧﺮ -ner ردن nârdin dial. var. for nâheł- (see ﯾــــــــــــﻪڵ -ladder nâyeł ردﯾﻮان nârdîwân (v.p. to be heshtin ردرێ -nârdre ردران nârdrân see henân ﯾﻪن -sent nâyen ;dear, cute زدار coquetry; ~dâr ز v.t. to nâz ﺳــــــﻦ -nâsen ﺳـــﺎﻧـــﺪن nâsândin introduce, make known ba ~-u-goz bakhew-kirdin v.t. to (it’s not right, it’s not proper, spoil (a child ﺷـــ nâshe tender shoot زﻻو shouldn’t nâzlâw nickname, nom de plume زو v.t. to bury in the nâznâw ﻧــﮋ -nezh ﺷـﱳ nâshtin ground, plant in the ground ne pres. stem of nân prey ﻧﲑ fine, thin nechîr ﺳﮏ nâsik negative ﻧﮕﻪﺗﭫ v.t. to know, be ac- negatîv س -nâs ﺳــﲔ nâs|în male; ~îna male ﻧﺮ quainted with, recognize; ~înawa ner nârdîwân = ﻧﺮدﯾﻮان to recognize: nâynâsîtawa nerdîwân ﺳــــــــــــﻪوﻩ nerrân = ﻧﺮدران don’t you recognize him?; ~rân v.p. nerdrân passive of) ﻧــــــﺮرێ -nerre ﻧــــــﺮران to be known, recognized; ~rân nerrân ﴎان v.p. to be known as; ~râw nârdin) to be sent ﴎان ﺑـــﻪ ba nâw, nâwcha = ﻧﻮ new ﺳــﻴـﺎر well-known, famous; ~yâr ﴎاو contents ﻧﻮﻩرۆک acquainted; newarok ﺳــﻴـﺎو acquaintance; ~yâw forehead, brow ﻧﻮﺎوان unacquainted: nanâs- newchâwân ﻧـﻪﺳــﻴـﺎو na~yâw pres. stem of nâshtin ﻧﮋ -yâwèk biydîbân if someone who nezh nagrîs = ﮕﺮﺲ didn’t know them were to see them nigrîs -secret, hidden; ~î secret, hid ﳖــــﻦ an infected sore, gangrene nihen ﺳﯚر nâsor 210 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY chickpea ﻧـــــﯚﰷو chickpea; ~âw ﻧـــــﯚک den thing; ba ~î in secret, secretly nok floor, story soup ﳖﯚم nihom ﻧـــﯚﮐـــﻪراﯾـــﻪﰏ servant; ~âyatî ﻧـــﯚﮐـــﻪر ingrate, un- nokar ﳕــﻪــﺒــﻪــﻪرام nimakbaḥarâm grateful servitude, service nouveau riche ﻧﯚﮐﺴﻪ example, sample; ~ nî- nokîsa ﳕـــــﻮوﻧـــــﻪ nimûna soft: zhûshik ba bechû i khoy ﻧــــــــــﯚڵ shân-dân v.t. to give as an example noł v.p. passive of nân dałe okhay roła narm u nołakám the ﺮێ -nre ﺮان nirân rumble, rumbling sound porcupine says to its baby, “O my ﺮﮐﻪ nirka ”v.t. to soft little one ــﺮﮐــــﻦ -nirken ــﺮﰷﻧــﺪن nirkândin colt ﻧﯚﻣﺎ grunt, to make a rumbling sound nomâ newly wed ﻧﯚﻣﺎڵ valu- nomâł ـﺮـﺪار value, worth; ~dâr ـﺮخ nirkh turn ﻧﯚرﻩ worthwhile, valuable; nora ﺑــﻪــﺮخ ~able; ba i gyân cheers, bon appetit ~ :ﻧﯚش v.t. to evalu- nosh ـﺮــﻦ -en~ ـﺮـﺎﻧـﺪن ândin~ v.t. to drink ﻧﯚش -nosh ﻧﯚﺷﺎن ate (ba as) noshân bleach ﻧﯚﺷﺎﺮ nîshân noshâtir = ﺸﺎن nishân nose ﻧﻮﻓﺖ inscription nuft ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ niwishta v.t. to ﻧـﻮـﺮـﻦ -nukren ﻧـﻮـﺮاﻧـﺪن need; desire nukrândin ﻧﻴﺎز niyâz (water exuded from anything carve (on wood or stone ﺰاو nizâw joke, pleasantry ﻧﻮﮐﺘﻪ low: ba dang i ~ in a low nukta ــــــــــــــﺰم nizim v.i. to disappear, be ﻧــﻮﰴ ﺑــﻮون lowliness nuqim-bûn ﺰﻣﺎﰃ voice; ~âî near; la khoy ~ khistinawa lost ـــﺰـــﮏ nizîk point ﻧﻮﻗﻪ v.t. to seat s.o. near oneself nuqta v.i.: ~awa to ﻧــﻮﺷــ -nushe ﻧــﻮﺷــﺎن fingernail nushân ﻧﯚک nînok ﻧــﻮﺷــﺎﻧــﺪﻧــﻪوﻩ April bend, be folded; ~dinawa ﻧﺴﺎن nîsân v.t. to bend, fold ﻧﻮﺷﻦ -pres. stem of nîshtin nushen ﻧﺶ -nîsh manuscript, copy ﻧﻮﲯﻪ target; trace, sign; ~-dân nuskha ﻧــــــﺸـــﺎن nîshân v.i. to sleep, go to ﻧـــﻮ -nu ﻧـــﻮﺳـــﱳ v.t. to show, give forth; ~-shikândin nustin v.t. to practice archery; ~shiken sleep tip, point: nûk a chaqo point ﻧــــــﻮوک sharpshooter nûk ﻧﺸﺎﺸﮑﻦ sign, mark; ~-girtin la of a knife; beak; whimper ﻧــــــﺸـــﺎﻧـــﻪ nîshâna now, at that time ﻧﻮوﮐﻪ to take aim at nûka ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﻦ whimper: am ~á la ﻧــﻮوﮐــﻪﻧــﻮوک successor nûkanûk ﻧﺸﺘﻪﺟ nîshtaje ?country, homeland; ~î chiya? what’s this whimpering for ﻧــﺸــن nîshtimân nûka = ﻧﻮوﰷ nûkâ ﻧــﺸــﻧـﭙـﻪروﻩر national; ~parwar ﻧــﺸــﱏ ﻧـﻮو -nûqe ﻧـﻮوﻗـﺎن dunked; ~ân ﻧـﻮوق patriot nûq ﻧـــــﻮوﻗـــــﺎﻧـــــﺪن v.i. to sit; dâ~ to v.i. to be dunked; ~ândin ﻧــﺶ -nîsh ـﺸــﻴـﱳ nîshtin v.t. to dunk ﻧﻮوﻗﻦ -sit down, to dwell nûqen v.t. to close, shut: châwit ﻧــــﻮوﻗــــﲔ noon, mid- nûqîn ﻧـﻴـﻮﻩڕۆ half, mid-; ~ařo ﻧـﻴـﻮ nîw midnight binûqe shut your eyes ﻧﻴﻮﻩﺷﻪو day; ~ashaw writer, author; ~ândin ﻧــــــﻮوﺳــــــﻪر Nizami (1141–1209), a nûs|ar ﻧـــــﲒاﻣـــــﯽ Nîzâmî v.t. to write ﻧﻮوﺳﻦ -nûsên ﻧﻮوﺳﺎﻧﺪن very well-known Persian poet v.t. to write; ~ânawa ﻧــــﻮوﺳــــــــﻦ -nizîk nûs|en = ﻧﲒﮏ nîzîk .v.t ﻧـﻮوس -nûs ﻧـﻮوﺳـﲔ copy; ~în ﻧـﻮوﺳـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ ninth ﻧﯚﻫﻪم، ﻧﯚﻩم nine; ~(h)am ﻧﯚ no ,v.t. to copy ﻧـﻮوﺳـــﻪوﻩ turn; ba ~ by turn to write; ~înawa ﻧﯚﺑﻪ noba turn to transcribe; literature ﻧﯚﮔﻪ noga 211 SORANI KURDISH ba v.i. to stick grab, snatch, attack ﻧـﻮوﺳـ -nûse ﻧـﻮوﺳـﺎن nûsân eyelid ﭘﻪـﮓ to, to be stuck to, in pałg tress, leaf, branch; ~ i châw ﭘـــﻪـــﮏ ba v.t. to palk ﻧـﻮوﺳــﻦ nûsen ﻧـﻮوﺳـﺎﻧـﺪن nûsândin tress ﭘﻪﮑﻪ eyelid; ~a ﭘﻪﮑﯽ ﺎو clutch at a type of plane tree ﭘﻪـﮏ office pałk ﻧﻮوﺳﮕﻪ nûsînga v.t. to pick ﭘــﻪــﮑــــﺶ ــﺮدن heavy darkness palkesh-kirdin ﻧﻮوﺗﻪک nûtak moan up ﻧﻮوزﻩ nûza endurance: palupoy pichiřâ ﭘـﻪﻟـﻮﭘـﯚ v.t. to repre- palupo ﻧــﻮــﻦ -nwen ﻧــﻮاﻧــﺪن nwândin sent, look like; kho ~ to show oneself he couldn't take it any longer; la ~ new; ~-kirdinawa v.t. to re- kawtin to come to the end of one’s ﻧـــــــــﻮێ nwe new, to renovate endurance cotton ﭘﻪﻣﻪ bedclothes, sheets pama ﻧﻮﻦ nwen -~ ;shelter, refuge, asylum ﭘــــــــــــﻪ pres. stem of nwândin panâ ﻧﻮێ -nwen representative birdin ba v.t. to take refuge in; ~bar ﻧﻮﻨﻪر nwenar refugee ﭘﻪﺑﻪر rennet ﻧﻮﺸﮏ nweshk advice ﭘﻪﻧﺪ prayer (one of the five daily pand ﻧــﻮــﮋ nwezh cheese ﭘﻪﻧﺮ Muslim prayers); ~-khwendin v.t. to paner v.t. to be ﭘـــﻪـــﮓ ﺧـــﻮاردن perform prayer; ~-kirdin v.t. to pray pang-khwârdin pent up wonderful, rare, strange ﭘﻪﳖﺎن journey, good omen for a panhân ﺋــــــﯚﻏــــــﺮ oghir .hand; claw; ~-dân lagał v.t ﭘــﻪﳒــﻪ journey: oghrit kher bet bon voyage panja organ to fight with, contend with; ~ i kho ﺋﯚرﮔﺎن orgân -rest, calm gastin v.t. to bite one’s fingers, to ex ﺋﯚﺧﮋن okhizhn campsite press surprise ﺋﯚردووﮔﺎ camp; ~gâ ﺋﯚردوو ordû window ﭘﻪﳒﻪرﻩ autonomy panjara ﺋﯚﺗﯚﻧﯚﻣﯽ otonomî claw ﭘﻪﳒﯚﻪ panjoła papka-bastin v.t. to coil: ﭘـــﻪـــﮑـــﻪ ﺑـــﻪﺳـــﱳ pak need, necessity; amazing mârakân papkayân bast the snakes ﭘﻪک pakhsh dispersal; ~-bûn v.i. to coiled up ﭘـــــﻪﺧـــــﺶ spread out, to be dispersed pař1 side, direction: aw~ i on the ﭘــــــــــﻪڕ pakhsha publication other side of, past ﭘﻪﺧﺸﻪ pakhshân prose; dispersed; ~- pař2 feather ﭘـــﻪﺧـــﺸـــﺎن ﭘﻪڕ bûn v.i. to be dispersed, to spread pařa petal: ~ i gul rose petal ﭘﻪڕﻩ -~ ;out; ~-kirdin v.t. to scatter parasandin v.i. to be in gen- ﭘــﻪرﻩﺳــﻪﻧــﺪن kirdinawa v.t. to distribute eral use pala haste; ~-kirdin v.t. to hurry; ba pařawâza wandering, homeless ﭘــﻪ ﭘﻪڕﻩوازﻩ in haste, hurriedly ~ pařândin pařen- v.t. to ﺑﻪ ﭘﻪ ﭘــــﻪڕــــﻦ ﭘــــﻪڕاﻧــــﺪن pała1 field, farm make leap, jump; to cause to flee; to ﭘﻪﻪ pała2 stain, spot cut off part of something: am liká ﭘﻪﻪ pałahawr bird bipařena cut off this limb; to leave ﭘﻪﻪﻫﻪور palapalî confusion out: la khwendinawa’dâ khatèkit ﭘﻪﭘﻪﱃ palaqâzhe flailing the hands and pařând you left out a line in your ﭘـﻪﻗـﺎژێ feet reading; to remove: lamparim pařând palawar , palawir bird :I removed the obstacle; ~awa to save ﭘﻪور ﭘﻪوﻩر palâmâr attack; ~-dân v.t. to ;pařândûtimawa you've saved me ﭘـــــــﻪﻻﻣـــــــﺎر 212 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY dar-~ la to drive away from, to chase against the wall -regretful, sorry; ~-kir ﭘـﻪﺷــن out of; dâ-~ to shake: la dârakáwa pashîmân am sewâná’m dâpařândà khwâr I dinawa to dissuade .v.i ﭘـﻪﺷـﯚﮐـ -pashoke ﭘـﻪﺷـﯚﰷن shook these apples down from the pashok|ân ﭘـــﻪﺷـــﯚﰷو tree; râ-~ to wake up, roust out of to get upset, be terrified; ~âw terror ﭘﻪﺷﯚﰷوی sleep terrified; ~âwî approval ﭘﻪﺳﻨﺪ notebook pasind ﭘﻪڕاو pařâw -dejec ﭘـﻪﺳــﱴ low, dejected; ~î ﭘـﻪﺳـﺖ past ﭘــﻪراوــﺰێ -parâweze ﭘــﻪراوــﺰان parâwezân dejectedly ﺑﻪ ﭘﻪﺳﻪوﻩ v.t. to edit tion; ba ~îawa v.t. to stuff, cram; to ﭘـﻪﺳــﺘـﺎوـﻦ bangs pastâwtin ﭘﻪرﻪم parcham v.t. to pound beat with the feet, kick ﭘـــﻪرچ داﻧـــﻪوﻩ parch-dânawa rope, cord: pat i hîwâ kawtà ﭘـــــــــﻪت the head of a nail) flat pat1) ,cheap, insignificant bârîk the thread of hope wore thin ﭘﻪرﭼﯽ parchî glass, tumbler there was not much hope left ﭘﻪرداخ pardâkh see lat-u-pat ﭘﻪت day before yesterday pat2 ﭘﻪرێ pare potato ﭘﻪﺗﻪ v.p. passive of pa- patâta ﭘــﻪڕــﻨــﺪران pařendrân paydâ = ﭘﻪ řândin payâ message; ~-nârdin to send a ﭘـﻪم place for harvested grain payâm ﭘﻪرﺰ parez v.t. to message ﭘــــﻪرﺳــــﺖ -parist ﭘــــﻪرﺳــــﱳ paristin visible, found; ~-bûn v.i. to ﭘــﻪﯾــﺪا serve, adore, worship paydâ peri, fairy happen, to become visible; ~-kirdin ﭘﻪری parî v.i. to leap, jump; te- v.t. to find ﭘـﻪڕ -pař ﭘـﻪڕـﻦ pařîn ;investigator, researcher ﭘــﻪﳚــﯚر (la to pass by/through payjo(r ~ v.t. to rely ~î investigation, research ﭘـﻪرﻣـ -parme ﭘـﻪرﻣـﻮون parmûn promise; ~-bastin lagał ﭘــــﻪﳝــــﺎن on oneself; râ-~ to consider worthy, paymân to find s.o. capable (+ subj.) of doing v.t. to make a promise to someone -constantly, contin ﭘـﻪﯾـﺘـﺎ ﭘـﻪﯾـﺘـﺎ something paytâ-paytâ scattered; ~ u bilâw kirdin- uously ﭘــﻪرش parsh connection, relation ﭘﻪﯾﻮﻩﻧﺪ v.t. to scatter, let paywand ﭘـﻪرش و ﺑـﻼو ـﺮدﻧـﻪوﻩ awa sheep ﭘﻪز loose: kichá qizh’î parsh u bilâw paz sorrow, worry ﭘﻪژارﻩ kirdawa the girl let her hair fly loose pazhâra v.t. to pound; dâ-~ to split ﭘـــﺎـــﲔ answer, response pâchîn ﭘﻪرﺳﭫ parsiv book from top to bottom ﭘﻪرﺗﻮک partuk -reward; ~-dânawa to re ﭘـﺎداﺷـﺖ v.t. to pâdâsht ﭘــــــﻪروﻩردﻩ ــــــﺮدن parwarda-kirdin raise, rear (flocks, herds) ward pure, clean; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﭘـــــــــــﺎک opportunity pâk ﭘﻪرژ parzh broadcast, widespread clean ﭘﻪڕژ pařzh side; back; inside: la ~ khoy’dâ ﭘــــــﺎڵ relation; business pâł ﭘﻪرژﻦ parzhîn v.i. to be tûřaya he’s angry inwardly; ~-dân ﭘـــﻪرژێ -parzhe ﭘـــﻪرژان parzhân busy v.t. to push: nâbizue: wara dagalmân to be pleas- pâl da it won’t budge: come push ﭘـﻪﺳـﻪﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻮون pasand-bûn la ing to with us; ~-dânawa v.t. to lean back, :v.t.: hał-~ rest; ~-dân ba v.t. to lean against ﭘـﻪﺳــﺮ -paser ﭘـﻪﺳـﺎردن pasârdin ba ...awa to lean against: bel ba ~im ba dîwârawa dâ I leaned against dîwârawa hałpasera lean the shovel the wall; ~-kawtin v.i. to lie down; ~ 213 SORANI KURDISH pewa nân v.t. to push; la ~ a kho’dâ portune; ba ~ i in account of; ~ pewa for one’s own part, on one’s own be- nân v.t. to get a move on, to hightail half it out; dang i ~yek the sound of a -champion, hero; ~etî footstep; ~ la kawsh’(d)â bûn to in ﭘـــــﺎـــــﻪوان pâławân heroism sist, to be firm: peyèkit la kawsh’â bet ﭘﺎﻪواﻧﻴﻪﰏ iyatî~ , ﭘﺎﻪواﻧﱴ pelâw u aw pekát nakirdibe ba jey bela be = ﭘﺎ pâłâ backing, support firmly resolved, stick to your guns ﭘﺎﺸﱴ pâłpishtî postposition) see ba; ~… wâ) ﭘــــــــــ overcoat pe3 ﭘﺎﺘﺎو pâłtâw :wide, broad, shallow bûn to think, be of the opinion that ﭘﺎن pân last year pem wâ bû I thought so; pey wâ bû ﭘﺎر pâr money diz u regirin he thought they were ﭘﺎرﻩ pâra v.i. to beg, be- robbers and brigands ﭘـــــﺎڕێ -pâře ﭘـــــﺎڕان pâřân -cmpd. vb. element, see under ver ﭘـ seech pe4 ,la v.t. to bal element: pe-gayshtin, pe-kanîn ﭘـــﺎرـــﺰ -pârez ﭘـــﺎراﺳـــﱳ pârâstin protect from, keep pe-wîstin see under chûn ba ﭘﭽﻮون pârastin pe-chûn = ﭘﺎرازﻦ pârâztin :v.t. to force, oblige ﭘــــــــﮑــــﺮدن avoidance, abstaining; am- pe-kirdin ﭘــــﺎرــــﺰ pârez bush; ~-birdin v.t. to ambush; ~-chûn pe’yân kirdim aw kârá bikam they v.i. to wait in ambush; ~-kirdin v.t. to forced me to do it; to fool; to light (v.p. to be pro- (fire); dast ~ (+ inf.) to begin (doing ﭘــــﺎرــــﺰران abstain; ~rân reverse, opposite; ba ﭘـــﻪواﻧـﻪ defender, pro- pechawâna ﭘـﺎرـﺰﻩر tected, kept; ~ar on the contrary ﺑﻪ ﭘﻪواﻧﻪوﻩ wa~ ﭘـــﺎرـــﺰﮔـــﺎر tector, defence lawyer; ~gâr ;v.t. to fold, wrap ﭘــﭻ -pech ﭘـــﺎن protection; ~î- pechân ﭘــــــﺎرــــــﺰی protector; ~î v.t. to protect hał-~ v.t. to roll up ﭘﺎرﺰی ﺮدن kirdin v.p. to be ﭘــﭽـﺮێ -pechre ﭘــﭽـﺮان morsel pechrân ﭘﺎروو pârû guard; ~î surveillance wrapped ﭘﺎﺳﻪوان pâsawân piedmont plain ﭘﺪﻩﺷﺖ after (prep); ~-kawtin to fall pedasht ﭘــــــﺎش pâsh paydâ = ﭘﺪا behind, be backward; ~-khistin v.t. to pedâ pewîst = ﭘﺪاوﺴﺖ delay; to neglect, ignore; ~ awaî (ka) pedâwîst prophet ﭘﻐﻪﻣﻪر after (conj.); la ~’â afterwards; ~a- peghamar together, in order; ~-ânîn v.t. to ﭘــﮏ pek ﭘـﺎﺷـﮑـﻪوﺗـﻮو future; ~kawtû ﭘـﺎﺷـﻪرۆژ rozh left-over; la- accomplish, to reconcile; ~-biřrân ﭘـﺎﴰـﻪﻧـﻪ backward; ~mana henceforth v.i. to be suitable: to u aw kirâsá ﻣﻪوﭘﺎش ~maw back of the skirt; hind leg daley pek biřrâwin it’s as though you ﭘﺎﺷﻪڵ pâshał king, prince and that shirt were made for each ﭘﺎﺷﺎ pâshâ leg (of an animal) other; ~-gayshtin v.i. to meet, see ﭘﺎﺷﻮ pâshu rank each other; ~-hâtin v.i. to agree, get ﭘﺎﯾﻪ pâya -~ ;(autumn along together; to consist (la of ﭘﺎﺰ pâyiz ,portion, section; document henân v.t. to put together, produce ﭘﺎژ pâzh ﭘــﮑـﻪوﻩ adj.) (1) fasting: min amřo peyim accomplish; to reconcile; ~awa) ﭘـ pe1 I’m fasting today; (2) on hand: pûl’it together; ~awa-nân v.t. to shut, close peya? do you have any money on (book, eyes), to stick together; rek u ordered, arranged رﮏوﭘﮏ ~ hand?; (3) lit (fire): âgir peya the v.i. to laugh ﭘﮑﻪﻧﲔ fire’s lit pe-kanîn v.t. to hit with an ﭘــﮑـ -peke ﭘــﲀن foot; ~-dâ-girtin v.t. to insist, im- pekân ﭘـ pe2 214 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY ~ ;dân see ba …awa dân ~ :ﭘــــــﻮﻩ arrow or bullet, hit the mark pewa shoes girtin see ba …awa girtin ﭘو pełâw -contact, link; ~-girtin la ﭘــــﻮﻩﻧــﺪ eyelid pewand ﭘﯚ peło identity, identity card gał v.t. to form a link with ﭘﺎس penâs v.t. to measure ﭘﻮ -pew ﭘﻮان la ~ i ...’dâ for, for the sake pewân :ﭘـــﺎو penâw unseen, invisible ﭘﻮار of: la penâw i âzâdî’dâ khom bakht pewâr measure, rule ﭘﻮدان akam I’ll risk my life for the sake of pewdân -ne ﭘــﻮـﺴــﱴ necessary; ~î ﭘــﻮـﺴـﺖ freedom pewîst fifth; ~sham- cessity ﭘــــﻪم five; ~am ﭘـــﺞ penj pe2 = ﭘﯽ Thursday pey ﭘﺠﺸﻪﳑﻪ ma .v.t ﭘـﭽــﻦ -pichiřen ﭘـﭽـاﻧـﺪن pedestrian; sidewalk; pro- pichiřândin ﭘــــــــﻩو peřaw gram to break, break apart ,v.t. to break ﭘــﭽــ -pichiř ﭘــﭽــ ــﻦ pare pichiřîn = ﭘﺮێ pere :before, ahead; ~ awaî (ka) be- cut; ~-awa la to sever relations with ﭘــﺶ pesh fore (conj); ~-girtin ba v.t. to kâkim la ema pichiřîwatawa, hâtu- prevent: la chûn pesh’yân pe girtim chû’mân nâkâ my brother has severed they prevented me from going; ~- relations with us—he doesn’t come to girtin la v.t. to stand in front of; ~- see us; hał-~ to force a cover off v.p. to be ﭘـﭽـێ -pichiřre ﭘـﭽـان kawtin v.i. to advance, go forward, pichiřrân get ahead of: peshmân kawtûn they broken, snapped little, tiny ﭘﭽﯚک have gotten ahead of us; dânà ~ to pichok puff; ~-kirdin v.t. to puff, blow ﭘﻒ drive forward pif finger, toe ﭘﻞ foreword pil ﭘﺸﻪک peshak plan ﭘﻼن leader pilân ﭘﺸﻪوا peshawâ pilaf, cooked rice ﭘو piłâw ﭘــﺸــﻴـــﺎن former, olden; ~îân ﭘــﺸـﲔ peshîn tiger ﭘﻠﻨﮓ the ancients, ancestors, forefathers piling ,v.i. to be mashed ﭘـــﺸـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ present, gift; ~-kirdin piłîshâ|nawa ﭘــﺸـﮑـﻪش peshkash v.t. to ﭘـــﺸـﺎﻧـﺪﻧـﻪوﻩ ba v.t. to present to; ~-krân v.p. to be squashed; ~ndinawa presented squash eyelid ﭘﻠﮏ advanced, progres- pilk ﭘــﺸـﮑـﻪوﺗـﻮو peshkawtû full; for compounds, see next ــــــــــــ sive piř la , ــــﲀ la ~èk’á , ــ ~ guerilla, freedom element; la ﭘــــﺸــﻤــﻪرﮔــﻪ peshmarga suddenly, all at once; ~ la ــــــدا fighter ~dâ proposed, suggested; …awa full of; ~-bûn la to be angry ﭘــــﺸــﲊاو peshnirâw proposal with: let piřim: mamdwena I’m angry suggestion; ~-kirdin with you: don’t speak to me; ~’î ﭘــــﺸــــــﺎر peshnyâr v.t. to suggest pe’dâ kirdin v.t. to snatch away; ~âî midst, middle: la piřâî i âwakádâ ــاﰃ suggestion; ~-kirdin ﭘــــﺸــــــﺎز peshnyâz v.t. to suggest in the middle of the water; majority: early, untimely piřâî i khałkaká hât the majority of ﭘﺸﻮﻩﺧﺖ peshwakht greeting: hât ba peshwâz the people came ﭘــﺸـﻮاز peshwâz bridge ﺮد i merdakáyawa she came to greet her pird whinny, snivel ﻣﻪ husband; ~î kirdin v.t. to receive piřma ray ﺮﺷﻨﮓ skin pirshing ﭘﺴﺖ pest la v.t. to ask ﺮس -pirs ﺮﺳﲔ capital pirsîn ﭘﻪﺧﺖ petakht 215 SORANI KURDISH old age; the act of going out to ﭘـــــــﲑی .question; ~-kirdin la v.t ـﺮﺳــﻴـﺎر pirsyâr to ask s.o. greet a superior; ba ~î i …awa hâtin haste; ba ~ hâtin to rush to come/go out to greet و piřtâw Piranshahr, a town in ﭘــﲑاــﺸــﺎر piece Pîrânshâr ﺮﺗﻮک pirtuk small sack Iranian Kurdistan ﺮﺳﮑﻪ piryâska happy, blessed, auspicious ﭘﲑۆز v.i. to be scattered, sprin- pîroz ـــــژان piřzhân ﭘــــﺲ ﮔــﺎل dirty, filthy; ~ gâl-dân ﭘــــﺲ kled; hał-~ to grapple; to squirt: pe’m pîs v.t. to stir up filth; dil ~-kirdin la دان le nâ, quř u lîta’m pe hałpirzhâ I put my foot in it and mud squirted up all v.t. to suspect the worst of trade, craft ﭘﺸﻪ over me pîsha trace; ~-dân v.t. to show ﭘﺸﺎن v.t. to pîshân ـژـﻦ -piřzhen ـژاﻧـﺪن piřzhândin letter of the alphabet ﭘﺖ scatter, sprinkle, squirt pît bit, little bit ﭘﺖ و ت v.i. to break, snap pît u lat ﺴﺎن pisân onion ﭘﻴﻮاز kitten pîwâz ﺸﻴ cat; ~la ﺸﯽ pishî weft ﭘﯚ v.t. to po ـﺸـﮑـﻦ -pishkin ـﺸـﮑــﲔ pishkinîn (flock (of birds ﭘﯚل examine pol -grade: la pol i penjam i ibtidâ ﭘــــــﯚڵ back; reliance; generation; ~ poł ــﺸــﺖ pisht ba khwâ for God’s sake; ~ bastin ba î’dâ in the fifth grade of elementary v.t. to click on; ~-dân v.t. to run school; group, squadron steel ﭘﯚ away; ~-dân-awa v.t. to calm down: połâ ~-cock’s comb, forelock; lik-u ﭘـــﯚپ biro ~ i khot’î le bidawa go calm pop branches and twigs ﮏوﭘﯚپ ~ ;down; ~-girtin v.t. to help, protect ;hair (on the head); partridge ﭘــــــــــﯚڕ hał-kirdin v.t. to turn away in anger; poř wide, broad ﭘﺎنوﭘﯚڕ ~ kirdin ba v.t. to rely on; ~ te-kir- pân u-~ v.t. to wear, put ﭘـﯚش -posh ﭘـﯚﺷـﲔ din v.t. to turn the back on, ignore; ~- poshîn behind; ~î on ـﺸــﱴ astûr complacent; ~ i chic; happy; ~-kirdinawa ﭘـﯚﺷــﺘـﻪ solid, firm, poshta ﺑــﻪــﺸــﺖ ~bolster; ba ــﺸــــﱴ strong v.t. to dress in fine clothes .skin, peel; ~-girtinawa v.t ﭘـــﯚﺳـــﺖ gunpowder sack; type of post1 ـﺸــﺘـﺎو pishtâw pistol to peel: post i am khayârá bigirawa stable peel this cucumber ﺸﺘﺮ pishter post, mail; ~ i alîktronî ﭘــــــﯚﺳــــــﺖ breath; ~-dân v.t. to take a post2 ــــﺸــــﻮو pishû e-mail ﭘﯚﺳﱴ ﺋﻪﻟﻴﮑﱰۆﱏ breath remains of a decayed ــــــﺮووﺳــــــﮏ expert prûsk ﺴﭙﯚڕ pispoř feeling corpse ﺴﻮو pisû v.t. to nibble ﺮووﺷﻪ ﺮدن strong, firm prûsha-kirdin ﭘﺘﻪو pitaw the month of Cancer ﭘﻮﺷﭙﻪڕ earlier; more pushpař ﭘﱰ pitir money ﭘﻮوڵ doctor, physician pûł ﮋﺸﮏ pizhîshk v.t. to store ﭘﻮوڕ ﺮدن sneeze pûř-kirdin ﮋﻣﻪ pizhma skin ﭘﻮوس v.i. to sneeze pûs ﮋم -pizhm ﮋﻣﲔ pizhmîn dried grass ﭘﻮوش pizhîshk pûsh = ﺰﺸﮏ pizîshk weight equal to sixteen kilos ﭘﻮوت pilân pût = ﭘﻴﻼن pîlân pe’(d)â = ﭘﻴﺎ woman, pyâ ﭘـــــــﲑﻩک old, aged; ~ak ﭘـــــــﲑ pîr cup ﭘﻴﺎﻪ old man; ~azhin pyâła ﭘـﲑﻩﻣــﺮد wife; ~amerd walk, stroll; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﭘــﻴــﺎﺳــﻪ old woman; ~î pyâsa ﭘـــﲑـــﮋن ezhin~ ,ﭘـــﲑﻩژن 216 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY grave, tomb ﻗﻪور take a stroll, go for a walk qawr scissors ﻗﻪﯽ manhood, qaychî ﭘـــﻴـــﺎوﻩﰏ man; ~atî ﭘـــﻴـــﺎو pyâw ;(impediment; link (in a chain ﻗــﻪﯾــﺪ manliness, generosity; ~ a gawrakân qayd dignitaries ~e nâkâ never mind, it doesn’t matter judgeship, judiciary ﻗﻪزاوﻩت onion qazâwat ﭘﻴﺎز pyâz leg; har ~èk kirdin ba duân ﻗــــــﺎچ qâch thick v.t. to run as fast as one can: kichá har ﻗﻪﺑﻪ qaba acceptance; ~-bûn v.i. to be qâchèkî dakâ ba duân the girl runs as ﻗـﻪﺑـﻮوڵ qabûł acceptable; ~-kirdin v.t. to accept, fast as her legs will carry her; ~ khis- agree to tinà sar … v.t. to step on; ~ râ- mountainside keshân v.t. to stretch out the legs ﻗﻪدﭘﺎل qadpâl ;smuggling, contraband ﻗـــﺎـــﺎخ closet, storeroom qâchâkh ﻗﻪﻓﻪزﻩ qafaza smuggler ﻗﺎﺎﺧﭽﯽ crowd ~chî ﻗﻪﻪﻟﻎ qałabâłigh carpet ﻗﺎﱃ pen qâlî ﻗﻪﻪم qałam finger, finger joint ﻗﺎﻣﮏ velar- qâmik ﻻﱉ ﻗــﻪــﻪو ~ fat; lâm i ﻗــﻪــﻪو qaław qe- v.i.: hał-~ da to get stuck ﻗـــﺎن ized l qân fortress on: dâwenim d’ aw bizmârá hałqâ my ﻗﻪﻪ fort; ~ycha ﻗﻪ qałâ extermination skirt got stuck on that nail ﻗﻪﻻﭼﯚ qalâcho dish ﻗﺎپ chain of rocks on a moun- qâp ﻗــﻪــﺒــﻪز qałbaz shell, hollow shell ﻗﺎﭘﻠﮏ waterfall qâpelk ﻗﻪﺒﻪزﻩ tain; ~a door, gate ﻗﺎﭘﯽ v.i. to split, crack qâpî ﻗﻪﻟﺸﲔ qalishîn paper ﻗﺎﻗﻪز crack, split qâqaz ﻗﻪﻟﺸﺖ qalisht heroism ﻗﺎرﻩﻣﺎﱏ hero; ~î ﻗﺎرﻩﻣﺎن gallows qâramân ﻗﻪرﻩ qanâra -mush ﻗـﺎرـﮏ mushroom; ~ik ﻗـﺎرچ hał-~ v.t. to uproot, dig qârch :ﻗــــﻪﻧــــﺪن qandin up, get out room saddlehorn ﻗﺎرﭘﯚز hał-~ qârpoz :ﻗــﻪﻧــﺪرێ -qandre ﻗــﻪﻧــﺪران qandrân melon; lampshade ﻗﺎرﭘﻮز v.p. to be uprooted, dug up qârpuz time: hazâr ~ jwântir a thousand ﻗـﺎت nearness, vicinity; kho nadân qât ﻗـــﻪرﻩ qara la ~ i … not to get anywhere near times more beautiful rumor; ~ dâ-khistin v.t. to ﻗـــــــــــــﺎو qalabâligh qâw1 = ﻗﻪرﻩﺦ qarabâłikh edge, outskirts spread a rumor ﻗﻪراخ qarâkh dish, plate, container ﻗﺎو butcher qâw2 ﻗﻪﺳﺎب qasâb coffee ﻗﺎوﻩ intention; la ~ intentionally qâwa ﻗﻪﺳﺖ qast meat fried in small ﻗـــــــﺎورﻣـــــــﻪ absolutely qâwirma ﻗﻪت qat murder pieces ﻗﻪﺗﻞ qatl v.i. to agree to ﻗﺎﯾﻞ ﺑﻮون ﺑﻪ phonograph record; ~- qâyil-bûn ba ﻗـــــــــــــﻪوان qawân ba ~ quick, fast, hard : ﻗﺎﱘ khwendinà gwe i … v.t. to harp on qâyim ﻗـﺎزاﻧـﻪﺳـﻪر pot, cauldron; ~asar ﻗـﺎزان the same theme to, to keep repeating qâzân into s.o.’s ear bogey man profit; ~-kirdin v.t. to make ﻗــﺎزاﱋ accepted, acceptable qâzânj ﻗﻪوﯾﻞ qawîl v.i. la to a profit ﻗــﻪوﻣــ -qawme ﻗــﻪوﻣــﺎن qawmân cadi, Islamic judge ﻗﺎزی have something wrong or bad happen qâzî -revulsion: ba ~ u bezawa with re ﻗــﺰ to: wak ley naqawmâbe wâ bû it was qez as though nothing bad had happened pugnance small fortress, castle ﻗﻪ to him qiłâycha 217 SORANI KURDISH nonsense ﻗﯚڕ v.i. to split; qoř ﻗـــﺶ -qiłîsh ﻗـــﺸـﺎن qiłîshân rumble, rumbling sound ﻗﯚڕﻩ dâ-~ to split from top to bottom qořa v.t.; ~awa to snatch ﻗـﯚز -qoz ﻗـﯚزـﻦ v.t. qoztin ﻗـــﺸــﻦ -qiłîshen ﻗـــﺸـﺎﻧـﺪن qiłîshândin to split, be split; dâ-~ to be split from out of the air: topaká’m hałdâ, la ha- top to bottom wâ qoztîawa I threw the ball up and waterpipe, long-stemmed he caught it in mid air ﻗـــﻠـــﻴـــﺎن qilyân words, speech, story; ~-pe-birîn ﻗـﺴـﻪ smoking pipe qsa buttocks v.t. to interrupt: ba tundî qsaká’m pe ﻗﮓ qing upright, upturned biřî u gutim I quickly interrupted him ﻗﺞ qinj patience and said; ~-kirdin v.t. to speak, to tell ﻗﻴﺎت qinyât sound of cracking, splinter- a story ﻗــﺮــﻪ qircha ing; ~-kirdin v.t. to splinter qtâw = qutâb qabûl = ﻗﻮﺑﻮوڵ v.i. to melt (fat over fire); qubûł ﻗــﺮــﺎن qirchân mountain peak ﻗﻮ awa to sting, hurt; hał-~ to be qula-~ (.crane (zoo ﻗﻮﻪﮓ heated over fire, sizzle, shrivel up qułang ~sensitive (of the ear); gwe ﻗـﻮخ v.t. to qułâkh ﻗـﺮــﻦ -qirchen ﻗـﺮـﺎﻧـﺪن qirchândin heat fat, grease; to make something bûnawa v.i. to listen attentively lock; ~-kirdin v.t. to lock ﻗﻮﻒ shrivel up over heat; ~-awa to cau- qułf draught, drink: ~e âw a drink of ﻗـﻮم terize qum a shout for joy water ﻗﺮﯾﻮﻩ qirîwa mud; ba ~ girtin v.t. to seal with ﻗـﻮڕ peep, chirp quř ﻗﺮﺗﻪﻗﺮت qirtaqirt v.t. to cut mud: mâlit ba quř gîre “may your ﻗـ ﺗﺮــﻦ -qirten ﻗـﺮﻧـﺪن qirtândin (with scissors), to tear with the teeth; house be mudded up,” damn you -sacrifice; (vocative) qúr ﻗـــﻮرن to crack (seeds with the teeth) qurbân crab bân sir, sire; ~î-kirdin labar pe i ﻗﺮژاﮓ qirzhâng cute …dâ v.t. to sacrifice for the sake of ﻗﺸﺖ qisht .v.t ﻗـﻮرــﻦ -qurchen ﻗـﻮرـﺎﻧـﺪن v.t. to eliminate qurchândin ﻗﺖ ﺮدن qit-kirdin hair (on the head) to swallow; dâ-~ to swallow, gulp ﻗﮋ qizh the kiblah, the direction of Is- down ﻗــﺒـ qîbla throat ﻗﻮرگ lamic prayer qurg piastre ﻗﻮرۆش spite qurosh ﻗﲔ qîn (lead (metal ﻗﻮڕﻗﻮﴌ tar, pitch; ~rezhî-kirdin v.t. to quřqushim ﻗــــــــﲑ qîr heavy, weighty ﻗﻮرس cover with tar qurs footstool of a throne ﻗﻮرش erect, in order; kho ~-kirdin v.t. qursh ﻗــﺖ qît frog ﻗﻮرواق to put oneself in order, straighten one- qurwâq short, brief ﻗﻮت stylish; ~ u qut ﻗــــــﺖوزﯾـــﺖ self up; ~ u zît ;student ﻗـــــــﻮﰉ book; ~î ﻗـــــــﻮب tall and elegant qutâb ﻗﺖوﻗﯚز qoz school ﻗﻮﲞﺎﻧﻪ qî- ~khâna ﻗـــاﻧـــﺪن cry, scream; ~ândin ﻗـــ qîzh ,v.t. to beat, strike ﻗــﻮ -qute ﻗــﻮن v.t. to scream qutân ﻗﻦ -zhen arm, sleeve; ~ hał-mâlân v.t. to hit ﻗــــﯚل qol small box; small lamp ﻗﻮﺗﻴ roll up one’s sleeves, get to work in qutîla = ﻗــﻮوــــﻦ -qûchen ﻗــﻮوــﺎﻧــﺪن earnest qûchândin qonâkh qûjândin = ﻗﯚغ qonâgh v.t. to ﻗــﻮوــــﻦ -qûjen ﻗــﻮوــﺎﻧــﺪن lodging, place to stay the qûjândin ﻗـــــﯚخ qonâkh night; historical event close together (eyes, fingers) 218 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY v.t. to rouse رﻩت داﻧﻪوﻩ depth: la ~ i rat-dânawa ﻗــــﻮوﰃ deep; ~âî ﻗــــﻮوڵ qûł nomad رﻩوﻩﻧﺪ dilawa kâr’î kirdûa he labored from rawand v.t. to allow رﻩوا دﯾﱳ depth rawâ-dîtin ﻗﻮوﯽ the bottom of his heart; ~î herd: ~ a asp herd of horses رﻩوگ fruit basket rawg ﻗﻮوﻴﻨﻪ qûłîna manner رﻩوﺷﺖ rawisht ﻗـﻮوﱏ ﻗـﻪم anus, butt; ~ i qalam ﻗـﻮون qûn v.i. to shy, run away رﻩوﻦ stub of a pencil rawîn -face, mien, aspect; ~girân dul رﻩزا Constanti- razâ ﻗــﻮوﺳــــﺘــﻪﻧــﺘــﻪﻧــﻴــﻪ Qûstantaniya nople lard -agreement, accept رﻩزاﻣــﻪﻧــﺪی razâmandî root; ~-birînawa v.t. ance رﻩــﻪــﻪک rachałak -the month of Libra (Sep رﻩزﺑــــــﻪر to uproot, eradicate razbar (observation; ~-kirdin v.t. tember 23–October 22 رﻩــــﺎو rachâw -stingy, tightfisted; ~î stingi رﻩزﯾــــــﻞ to observe razîl friend, comrade ness رﻩﻓﻖ rafîq view, opinion را vein, root râ رﻩگ rag -cmpd. vb. agent; see under the ver را -râ زﻩﮔـﻪزاﯾـﻪﰏ origin, race; ~âyatî رﻩﮔـﻪز ragaz racism bal element: râ-bwârdin, râ-girtin, râ- wanderer, nomad hâtin, râ-henân, râ-keshân, râ-wastân رﻩﻫﻪﻧﺪﻩ rahanda to be awakened, roused; la راﺑـﻮون v.i. to râ-bûn رﻩﺧــﺴــ -rakhse رﻩﺧــﺴــﺎن rakhsân come into existence khaw ~ to be roused from sleep last, past: rozh i shamma راـــﺮدوو râbirdû رﻩﺧـﺴــﻦ -rakhsen رﻩﺧـﺴـﺎﻧـﺪن rakhsândin v.t. to bring about accidentally i ~ last Saturday; la chand sada i ~’dâ herd; ~kî common, ordinary over the last several centuries رﻩﻣـــــﻪ rama râbirdû = راﺑﻮردوو people), of the common herd râburdû) to wake ـﻪو راـﻪﻧـﲔ color; ~-dân da/la to hap- râ-chanîn, la khaw رﻩـــــــﮓ rang1 pen to; ~-dânawa to bleed (as color from sleep with a start ,v.t. to choose راـــﺎو ـــﺮدن onto a fabric); ~dânawa i … bûn v.i. râchâw-kirdin to be in accordance with; ~-hałbizir- select, elect degree, extent: tâ ~yèk to an رادﻩ kân v.i. to lose color, go pale; ~hałbi- râda ?pale, “white as a extent; tâ chi ~yèk to what extent رﻩــﮓﻫــﻪــﱫرﰷو zirkâw communications رﮔﻪﻧﺪن colorful râgayândin رﻩﮕﲔ sheet” (with fright); ~în comfortable راﻫﻪت râhat +) رﻩــﮕــﻪ ﮐــﻪ possible; ~ a ka رﻩــﮓ rang2 solution; salvation راﻫﯽ subj.) it’s possible that râhî v.t. to run رﺮدن pain, suffering; ~-dân to take râ-kirdin رﻩﱋ ranj ;shepherd, herdsman راﻣــــــــــــــــﺎر pains; to go to trouble; to suffer râmyâr stiff; ~ hał-hâtin v.i. to be statesman, politician رﻩق raq herd ران frozen stiff; ~-kirdin v.t. to freeze; ~- rân1 leg, thigh ران madness rân2 رﻩقوﻫﺸﮑﯽ ﺳﻪر u-hîshk i sar v.t. to drive; to رــــــﻦ -ren راﻧــــــﺪن hard, stoney ground rândin رﻩﻗﻪن raqan (pure, pure-blooded throw (stones رﻩﺳﻪن errand, charge راﺳﭙﺎردﻩ dust storm; râspârda رﻩﺷـــﻪ black; ~abâ رﻩش rash charge, commission راﺳﭙﺮی black tent, nomadic tent; râsperî رﻩﺷــــﲈڵ mâl~ right, correct, true; ~-bûnawa راﺳـﺖ clad in black râst رﻩﺷﭙﯚش posh~ ;the month of Pisces to get up; ~-bûnawa la to loom over رﻩﺷـــــﻪﻣـــــﻪ rashama truth: ~y bo darkawt راﺳــﺘـﻪﻗــﻨـﻪ February 20– March 20) ~aqîna) 219 SORANI KURDISH wayfarer رـﺒﻮار the truth dawned on him; ~awkho rebwâr marmalade رﺎر rechâr ,رﺎڵ straight, direct: ~ biro go rechâł راﺳــــــﺘـــﻪوﺧـــﯚ ;path of a swarm of insects رـﭽـﮑـﻪ actually, rechka ﺑــﻪراﺳــــﱴ straight ahead; ba ~î really, frankly; dast i ~ right hand; ~î ~-bastin v.t. to swarm (of insects); ~ truth hał-kirdin v.t. to send out a swarm راﺳﱴ -~ ;road, way; la ~ i…awa via رـﮕـﻪ salary, stipend: ~ dadre ba rega راﺗـــــــــﺐ râtib darskhwen u kârkar i dawlat stipends girtin ba v.t. to stop, make halt: pâsa- are given to students and government wân rega’yân pe girt the guards workers stopped him; ~-kutân v.t. to travel; ;road; ~ i âsin railroad رﮕﺎ theological student’s stipend regâ راﺗﻮ (râtu(a highway robber, bandit رﮕﺮ v.t. to explain regir راوﻩ ﺮدن râva-kirdin -~ ;smooth, organized, correct رــــﮏ prey, hunt; ~-kirdin v.t. to hunt; rek راو râw ~-nân v.t. to hunt down, track down: kawtin v.i. to go well, to be smoothly; polîs râwî nây the police tracked you ~-kawtin lagał v.i. to arrange with; ~- -khistin v.t. to rub together; to organ راوﻩڕـﻮی ﻫــﻨـﺎن down; ~ařewî-henân bo -~ ;v.t. to foxhunt; to sidetrack; ~ashaw ize; to make up; to make a truce ﺑـﯚ -hunter, kirdin v.t. to smooth, arrange; ~kew راوﭼـــﯽ night hunt; ~chî راوﻩﺷـــﻪو hunter; ~- u- tin arrangement, agreement; ~-u-pek راوﮐــــﻪر out hunting; ~kar arranged, in order رﮏوﭘﮏ hunting راووﺷﲀر shikâr ~ chance, accident: ba رــــﮑــــﻪوت speaking (lagał with), man- rekawt راوـﮋ râwezh ner of speaking by chance, by accident leader; ~î-kirdin v.t. to رـــﻨـــﻮـــﻦ idea, plan renwen رای rây rug lead راﯾﻪخ râyakh ~ crossroads; chance: ba رـــــــــﻩو conversation; story reřaw راز râz v.i. to be embel- tûshî bûm I met him by chance رازێ -râze رازان râz|ân wound, wounded رﺶ v.t. resh رازــﻦ -râzen رازاﻧــﺪن lished; ~ândin way رێ و ﺷﻮﻦ to reushwen رازاﻧـــﺪﻧـــﻪوﻩ to embellish; ~ândinawa guide رﻮان adorn, embellish rewân fox رﻮی embellished, decorated rewî رازاوﻩ râzâwa rîz = رﺰ satisfied, content; lakho~ rez1 رازی râzî respect; ~-girtin la v.t. to show رــــﺰ self-satisfied rez2 ﺧﯚڕازی -re رــــﺰﻟــــــــﮕــــﲑاو way, road; ~-dân v.t. to admit, respect for; ~legîrâw رێ re respected, eminent ﺑﻪرﺰ ~allow in; ~-girtin v.t. to commit high- spected; ba pres. stem of ristin رﺰ way robbery; ~-kawtin la to chance rez-3 bit, little bit; la ~ i ...dâ equal رـــــﺰﻩ upon: ~m l’ aw jegâyá kawt I chanced reza upon that place; ~ te-chûn to be pos- to: kichim la reza i kuř i aw’dâya my sible; ba ~ kirdin v.t. to escort out/ daughter is equal to his son pres. stem of rishtin رﮋ -away; ba ~wa birdin v.t. to lead, rezh -gram رـﺰﻣـﺎﱏ grammar; ~î رـﺰﻣـﺎن manage, administer; ba ~wa kawtin rezmân to get under way, hit the road; birdi- matical elder ردﺴﭙﯽ nà ba ~wa to carry out, execute; la ~ i ridenspî shelf رف by way of, through, via rif رﻰ rif = رﲿﻪ the month of Aquarius rifḥa رـﺒـﻪﻧـﺪان rebandân stirrup رﮐﻒ January 21– February 19) rikef) spear رم leader, guide rim رـﺒﻪر rebar 220 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY line, rank: rîz i lashkir i duzhmin رــﺰ v.t. to rîz2 رﻣــــــــﻦ -rimen رﻣــــﺎﻧــــﺪن rimândin destroy enemy army ranks; ~-kirdin v.t. to dâ-~ v.t. to shed (skin, line up, arrange :رن rinân rozh = رۆ clothes) ro window, skylight: ~akán رۆﭼــــــﻦ v.t. to scratch with the finger- rochin ﻧرـــــﲔ rinîn nails; ~-awa ditto; qizh-~awa to pull bikaynawa let’s open the windows child رۆﻪ the hair out roła story رۆﻣﺎن român رﻗــــﻪﺑــــﻪر spite, spitefulness; ~abar رق riq oil, grease, fat رۆن ron رﻗـــﻪﺑـــﻪراﯾـــﻪﰏ spiteful rival; ~abarâyatî -intel رۆﺷــــﻨــــﲑ bright; ~bîr رۆﺷــﻦ spiteful rivalry roshin butt of a joke lectual, enlightened; ~-kirdin v.t. to رﺷﻘﻪﳒﺎر rishqanjâr (v.t. to pour; ~awa light, turn on, start (machines رــﮋ -rezh رﺷــﱳ rishtin Rustam, the legendary رۆﺳــــﺘــﻪم to pour, cast (metal), to stir up Rostam رﺷــــــﻪوﻩ trouble; dâ-~ = dâ-rizhândin; hał-~ champion of Iran ,v.i. to go (away رۆ -ro رۆــﺸــﱳ to shed (tears) royshtin line, dog collar off), leave رﺳﺖ rist daily; ~(h)alât رۆژاﻧــﻪ day; ~âna رۆژ noodle; sentence rozh رﺳﺘﻪ rista east, orient, dawn: rozhałât i رۆژﻫـــﻪت (v.t. to spin (thread رﺰ -rez رﺳﱳ ristin v.i. to be green (of a field) nâwrâst the Middle East; ~hałâtnâs روان riwân رۆژاوا orientalist; ~âwâ روژﻫـــــﻪﺗـــــﻨـــــﺎس mien رواﻪت riwâłat -one day; ~nâ رۆژــﮑــــﺎن v.i. to rot; dâ-~ to be over- west; ~èkyân رزان rizân newspaper; ~nâmanûs رۆژﻣـــــــــــﻪ cooked; to rot and fall to pieces ma journalist رۆژﻣﻪﻧﻮوس /v.t. to make رزــﻦ -rizen رزاﻧــﺪن rizândin days, time: la ~ân i رۆژﮔــــــــــــــﺎر let rot rozhgâr saved, rescued; ~-bûn v.i. to kon’dâ in olden times; fate رزﮔـﺎر rizgâr fasting; ~-girtin to fast رۆژوو be saved, to escape: rizgâryân bû they rozhû v.i. to روﺧـــــــــ -rukhe روـــــــــﺎن were saved, they escaped; ~-kirdin rukhân v.t. to rescue, to save: tanyâ to dat- collapse v.t. to روــﻦ -rukhen روـﺎﻧـﺪن wânî l’ am balâyá rizgârmân bikay rukhândin only you can save us from this catas- destroy, pull down .permission; ~-dân v.t روﺧــﺴــﻪت trophe; ~î salvation, liberation, res- rukhsat .liberationist; to give permission; ~-khwâstin la v.t رزﮔــــﺎرﳜــــﻮاز cue; ~îkhwâz rescuer, savior to request permission of رزﮔﺎرﮐﻪر kar~ face روﺧﺴﺎر v.i. to pour out, be poured rukhsâr رژان rizhân rûnâk = روک out; dâ-~ to pour down, fall down runâk ;obviousness; hypocrisy رواــــﻪت v.t. to pour ruwâłat رژـﻦ -rizhen رژاﻧـﺪن rizhândin out; dâ-~ to pour, mold; lay (founda- ba ~ obviously face, aspect, mien; ~-dân v.t. to روو tion) rû miserliness, stinginess happen, occur; ~-dân ba yek v.t. to رژدی rizhdî ,rishtin frown; ~-kirdin rwaw v.t. to face = رژﻦ rizhtin ,tape recorder turn toward; ~-kirdinà … to face رﮑﯚردﻩر rîkordar bird droppings head for (s.o., s.th.); ~ ba ~ i face to رﯾﻘﻪ rîqna beard; ~-tâshîn v.t. to shave face with, opposite; ~ i dam kirdinà رﺶ rîsh root … v.t. to turn to face …; ba ~ kho’dâ رﺸﻪ rîsha small, tiny henân to reveal; khistinà ~ v.t. to رﺰ rîz1 221 SORANI KURDISH v.t. to ﺳــﻪﮔــﻪﺳــﻪﮔــﻪ ــﺮدن bring to light, to reveal; l’ am ~áwa sagasaga-kirdin in this respect play ’possum مرووﻩوﻩ confused, perplexed; ~î ﺳــﻪــت river saghlat روور rûbâr confusion ﺳﻪﰏ event روودڕاو rûdiřâw field ﺳﻪﺣﺮا event, incident saḥrâ رووداو rûdâw hard, difficult ﺳﻪﺧﺖ frowning sakht رووﮔﺮژ rûgirzh bench ﺳﻪﮐﯚ v.t. to sako رووﮐــــــﻦ -rûken رووﰷﻧـــﺪن rûkândin heart attack; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﺳـﻪﮐـﺘـﻪ scratch sakta cover have a heart attack رووﰷر rûkâr رۆى ﺳـــــﻪ ~ resurrection; ro i ﺳـــــﻪ cheerful; ~î cheerful- sałâ رووﺧـــــﯚش rûkhosh ness doomsday healthy; ~î health; ba ﺳـــﻪﻻﻣـــﻪت cheek salâmat رووﻣﻪت rûmat bright, clear; ~-kirdin v.t. to ~î in good health روون rûn v.t. to ﺳـﻪـﻤــﻦ -sałmen ﺳـﻪـﲈﻧـﺪن explain sałmândin intel- prove, to accept رووـــﺒـــﲑ bright; ~bîr رووک rûnâk ﺳـﻪـﻤــﲊێ -sałmenre ﺳـﻪـﻤــﲊان brightness sałmenrân رووﰽ lectual; ~î page v.p. to be proven رووﭘﻪڕ rûpař -salpen ﺳـﻪـﭙـﺎﻧـﺪن oar; ~ândin ﺳـﻪـﭗ v.i. to be scratched; ~din sałp رووﺷـــﺎن rûshân v.t. to row ﺳﻪﭙﻦ v.t. to scratch رووﺷﻦ -rûshen رووﺷﺎﻧﺪن single, unmarried; ~azalâm ﺳــــﻪــــﺖ naked; ~alî sałt رووﺗـــــــﻪل naked; ~al رووت rût a solitary traveler on foot ﺳﻪﺘﻪزﻩﻻم nakedness رووﺗﻪﱃ fruit ﺳﻪﻣﻪر frowning, with a sour samar رووڵ rûtâł amazing: shitèk i sayr u ﺳــﻪﻣــﻪرﻩ expression samara wasteland, desert ~ya it’s something amazing; toil رووﺗﻪن rûtan dance; ~-kirdin v.t. to dance ﺳﻪﻣﺎ toward samâ روﻩو rwaw patient, calm ﺳﻪﻣﺎس v.i. to grow, sprout: samâs روێ -rwe روان rwân samovar ﺳﻪﻣﺎوﻩر tokaî chândim rwâ the seed I planted samâwar v.t. to take, take ﺳــــﻦ -sen ﺳــﻪﻧــﺪن standpoint, view- sandin رواــﮕــﻪ sprouted; ~ga point hold of, get, buy v.i. to ﺳـــﻪـــﮕـــ -sange ﺳـــﻪـــﮕـــﺎن v.t. to look; ~à ... to look sangân رواﻧــــــﲔ rwânîn ﺳـﻪـﮕــﻦ -sangen ﺳـﻪـﮕـﺎﻧـﺪن at: rwânîyânà min they looked at me; weigh; ~din hał-~ ba to look something over from v.t. to weigh, evalute; hał-~din to top to bottom, to give s.o. the “once- evaluate, assess heavy ﺳﻪﮕﲔ over” sangîn chair ﺳﻪﻧﻨﻪﱃ sannalî ;v.i. to be imposed, forced ﺳـــﻪﭘـــﺎن sag sapân = ﺳﻪ sa -v.t. to im ﺳـﻪﭘــﻦ -sapen ﺳـﻪﭘـﺎﻧـﺪن hour, clock, o’clock: la ~ (i) ~din ﺳـﻪـﺎت sa‘ât chwâr-dâ at four o’clock pose dangerous: pyâwèk i saqat ﺳــﻪﻗــﻪت concerning, about, saqat ﺳـﻪرﻩت ﺑـﻪ sabârat ba in terms of a— nâwerim bichimà lây he’s a dan- tobacco pipe gerous man—I don’t dare go near him ﺳﻪﺑﻴﻞ sabîl Saqqez, a town in Iranian ﻗــــــﻪﻗــــــﺰ hundred; ~a century Saqiz ﺳﻪد sad trip; ~-kirdin v.t. to travel Kurdistan ﺳﻪﻓﻪر safar watercarrier, waterseller ﺳﻪﻗﺎ dog; ~ i pe-sûtâw wandering saqâ ﺳــــــﻪگ sag -head (verbal expressions involv ﺳـﻪر aimlessly sar 222 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY ing sar are given below; for all other shâr it has come to my mind to go to compounds, see alphabetically): ~ âw town beginning of spring ﺳﻪرﻩﺑﻪﻫﺎر chûnawa v.i. to go to the bathroom; ~ sarabahâr :head, chief, president ﺳــــــــــــﻪرﻩک bilind-kirdinawa v.t. to rebel; ~ dâ- sarak nwândin ba to bow the head to; la ~ sarak wazîrân prime minister; ~î main, chief ﺳﻪرﻩﰽ dân v.t. to decapitate; ~ dar-henân in the end, finally ﺳﻪرﺋﻪﳒﺎم v.t. to appear: gyâ sar’î darhenâwa sar’anjâm in addition to ﺳﻪرﻩڕای the plants have appeared; to stick the sarařâ i headstrong ﺳﻪرﻩڕۆ head out: sar’î la panjara darhenâ sarařo beginning ﺳﻪرﻩ she stuck her head out of the window; saratâ upward ﺳﻪرﻩوﻩ kho hâtin v.i. to recover; ~ la far- sarawa ~ (guardian (of a child ﺳﻪرﻩوﮔﺮد mân i … hał-pechân to disobey; ~ la sarawgird headed down ﺳﻪرﻩوﺧﻮار re dân v.t. to disappoint: sar’mân la sarawkhwâr headed down ﺳﻪرﻩوژﺮ re’t dâya you’ve disappointed us; ~- sarawzher headed up ﺳﻪرﻩوژوور birdin v.t. to spend (time); ~ cha- sarawzhûr government building ﺳﻪرا mândin v.t. to lower the head, to give sarâ -from head to foot, com ﺳـــــﻪراﭘـــــﺎ up, submit; ~-dar-chûn la v.i. to sarâpâ understand: sarim le darnâche I don’t pletely spring ﺳﻪراو understand; ~-dâ-nawândin v.t. to sarâw ,well-known ﺳــــﻪرﺑــــﻪدﻩرﻩوﻩ lower the head; ~-dân la v.t. to visit, sarbadarawa go to see; ~-gum-kirdin v.t. to get famous -independent; ~î inde ﺳـﻪرﺑـﻪﺧـﯚ excited; ~-hał-girtin v.t. to break the sarbakho reins; ~-keshân v.t. to peek; ~ khis- pendence headed ﺳـﻪرﺑـﻪرﻩوژـﺮ(ه) (tinà ~ v.t. to tease: saryân khistà sar- sarbaraw|zher(a headed ﺳـــﻪرﺑـــﻪرﻩوژوورﻩ (mân they teased us; ~-khulânawa v.i. down; ~zhûr(a to be dizzy; kirdinà ~… v.t. to im- up ,honorable, respected ﺳــــﻪرﺑــــﻪرز pose on, charge with: pâshâ dakâtà sarbarz sar âshawân kichaká’y bidâtè the with one’s head held high free, independent; ~î ﺳـــﻪرﺑـــﻪﺳـــﺖ king forces the miller to give him his sarbast daughter; ba ~ kirdinawa v.t. to visit; freedom, independence roof ﺳﻪرن le-shewân v.i. to be helpless, in dis- sarbân ~ soldier; ~î military ﺑﻪرز tress; ~-nânawa v.t. to lay one’s head sarbâz proud ﺳﻪرﺑﻠﻨﺪ down (to sleep): dabûâya sarî be sarbilind shortcut: ~ royshtim, zû ﺳــــــﻪرــــــ shew binetawa he would have had to sarbiř lay his head down without supper; gayshtim I took a shortcut and got ~pechî-kirdin v.t. to be obstinate; ~- here early adventure ﺳﻪرﺑﻮرد spârdin ba v.t. to rely totaly upon: sarburd adventure ﺳﻪرﺑﻮوری sar’im pe daspere she relies totally sarbûrî -~ ;source, spring ﺳــــــﻪرــــــﺎوﻩ upon me; ~-tâshîn v.t. to have a hair- sarchâwa cut; ~udar dar-kirdin la v.t. to un- girtin la v.t. to originate with leadership of a ring ﺳـــﻪرﭼـــﯚﭘـــﯽ derstand: l’ am kârá sarudar darnâ- sarchopî kam I don’t understand this; ba ~ dance ﺳـﻪردﻩﻣــﮏ (moment; ~è(k ﺳـﻪردﻩم hâtin v.i. to happen; birdinà ~ v.t. to sardam temporary ﺳﻪردﻩﻣﯽ spend (time); hâtinà ~ v.i. to think, to all at once; ~î ﺳـﻪردﻩﺳــﺘـﻪﰽ sleeve; ~akî ﺳـﻪردﻩﺳـﺖ come to mind: hâtûtà sarim bichim bo sardast 223 SORANI KURDISH desultory, superficial ﺳﻪرﭘﯚت standing (doing something normally sarpot lid ﺳﻪرﻗﺎپ done seated or lying down): ~ tifang’î sarqâp caravan leader ﺳﻪرﻗﺎﻓﭼ hâwîsht he fired the rifle standing sarqâfilachî stubborn ﺳﻪررﻩق visit to sarraq ﺳﻪرداﱏ sardân i in addition; by the by; on the ﺳـﻪررا leader, chief sarrâ ﺳﻪرر sardâr lifetime way ﺳﻪرﻦ saren expertise ﺳﻪررﺷﺘﻪ head- sarrishta ﺳـﻪرـﺸـﺎن sareshân ,ﺳـﻪرـﺸـﻪ saresha bareheaded, schoolchild ﺳﻪررووت ache sarrût flighty, empty-headed ﺳﻪرﺳﻪری perplexity sarsarî ﺳﻪرﮔﻪرداﱏ sargardânî perplexed, dumbfounded ﺳﻪرﺳﺎم amusing sarsâm ﺳﻪرﮔﻪرﻣﮑﻪر sargarmkar humiliated ﺳﻪرﺷﯚڕ lazy, drunk sarshoř ﺳﻪرﮔﺮان sargirân amazement: ba ﺳـــﻪرﺳـــﻮڕﻣـــﺎن adventure sarsuřmân ﺳﻪرﮔﻮروﺷﺘﻪ sargurushta event sarsuřmânawa gutim I said with ﺳﻪرﻫﺎت sarhât scrutiny, investigation; ~- amazement ﺳــــــﻪرﱋ sarinj ﺳـــــــﻪ barber; ~khâna ﺳـــــــﻪرش dân la to scrutinize, investigate close- sartâsh barbershop رﺷﺎﻧﻪ -ly; ~ râ-keshan v.t. to attract the at unrivaled (in beauty or ﺳــــﻪ ﺗرــــﯚپ attractive sartop ﺳﻪرﳒﺮﮐﺶ tention; ~râkesh pillow bravery): l’ am nâwá’dâ ~a he is ﺳﻪرﻦ sarîn collection, ensemble, al- unrivaled in these parts ﺳــﻪرــﻪم sarjam form, shape ﺳﻪروﮔﻮﻼک sarugwelâk ﺳـــﻪ together; ba ~ together with; ~gal leader; ~î leadership ﺳﻪروﻩر community sarwar رﻪﻣﮕﻪل altogether ﺳﻪرﯾﻪک successful, having saryek ﺳـــﻪرﮐـــﻪوﺗـــﻮو sarkawtû earth, land ﺳﻪرزﻩوی attained one’s desire, having made an sarzawî all talk and no action ﺳﻪرزارﻩﰽ trium- sarzârakî ﺳـﻪرﮐـﻪوﺗـﻮواﻧـﻪ achievement; ~âna talk, speech ﺳﻪرزاری phantly sarzârî census ﺳﻪرژﻣﺎری drunk sarzhimârî ﺳﻪرﺧﯚش sarkhosh basket ﺳﻪوﻩ commander, leader; ~aî sawa ﺳـﻪرـﺮدﻩ sarkird|a -commerce, trade; love; ec ﺳــــﻪودا leadership, command; ~âyatî sawdâ ﺳـﻪرـﺮدﻩﰃ -afflicted with ecze ﺳـــــــﻪوداﰃ leadership zema; ~î ﺳﻪرﺮداﯾﻪﰏ president ma; violently in love ﺳﻪرﮐﯚﻣﺎر sarkomâr slowly: ~ qsa bika speak ﺳــــــــــــﻪور reproach, rebuke sawr ﺳﻪرﮐﯚﻧﻪ sarkona stupid slowly ﺳﻪرﻮﺮ sarkwer green ﺳﻪۆز distressed sawz ﺳﻪرﻟﺸﻮاو sarleshewâw sag = ﺳﻪی lesson; hâtinà ~ to say ﺳــﻪرﻣــﻪﺷــﻖ sarmashq automobile ﺳﻪرﻩ serve as an example sayâra hunter ﺳﻪﯾﺪﻩوان cold, coldness; ~-khwârdin saydawân ﺳـﻪرﻣـﺎ sarmâ -sayyid, title borne by descen ﺳـﻪﯾـﺪ v.t. to catch cold sayid the month of Sagit- dants of the Prophet Muhammad ﺳـــﻪرﻣـــﺎوﻩز sarmâwaz -~ ;strange, odd: ~a that’s odd ﺳـﻪـﺮ tarius (November 22–December 21) sayr famous, well-known kirdin v.t. to look: sayr i amá ka look ﺳﻪرس sarnâs !at this ﺳـــﻪرۆﰷﯾـــﻪﰏ leader; ~âyatî ﺳـــﻪرۆک sarok ﺳـﻪـﺮاـﮕـﻪر outing, trip; ~gar ﺳـﻪـﺮان leadership sayrân chief, head excursioner, tourist ﺳﻪرﭘﻪرﺷﺖ sarparisht then, so ﺳﺎ obstinate, refractory sâ1 ﺳﻪرﭘﭻ sarpech shadow; na bikay na bikhoy, har ﺳـــــﺎ brimful sâ2 ﺳﻪر sarpiř 224 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY ﺳـــ و دوو tamâshâ i sâ i gardinî bikay you waffle; be seudû lekirdin without hesitation ﻟﮑﺮدن wouldn’t be able to do anything or eat shadow ﺳﻪر anything, you’d just look at the shad- sebar gallows ﺳﺪارﻩ ow of her neck (an expression for be- sedâra flood, deluge ﺳو ing mesmerized by beauty) sełâw apple ﺳﻮ soap sew ﺳﺎﺑﻮون sâbûn .dawn; ~-dân v.t. imprs ﺷــــﻪﺑــــﻪق simple shabaq ﺳﺎدﻩ sâda -for dawn to break: wirda wirda sha ﺳـــﺎﻏـــﯽ whole, hail, healthy; ~î ﺳـــﺎغ sâgh health; ~-bûnawa to reach a conclu- baqî dadâ little by little dawn was sion, come to an end breaking tired; ~î exhaustion ﺷﻪﮐﻪت straightforward shakat ﺳﰷر sâkâr -shikând = ﺷﻪﰷﻧﺪ -fabricated, false shakând ﺳﺎﺧﻪ sâkhta person, personage ﺷﻪﺧﺲ building shakhs ﺳﺎﺧن sâkhtimân ~ steeped; la khwen ﺷــــــــــــــــــﻪڵ year; ~gâr a long period of time shałâł ﺳﺎڵ sâł fear: sâm’î le nîsht he was steeped in blood ﺳــــــــــــــﺎم sâm match ﺷﻪﻣﻪ frightful; shamcha ﺳـﺎﻣــﺎک gripped by fear; ~nâk Saturday ﺷﻪﳑﻪ shamma ــﺳــﺎم ~fearful, terrible; piř ﺑــﻪﺳــﺎم ~ba ﺷـﻪﻣـﺸـﻪ bat; ~kwera ﺷـﻪﻣـﺸـﻪﻣـﻪ fearful, frightful shamshama bat ﻣﻪﻮﺮﻩ (clear (sky, weather ﺳﺎﻣﺎڵ sâmâł winnowing ﺷﻪن sitândin shan = ﺳﻦ -sen ﺳﺎﻧﺪن sândin slap ﺷﻪپ tree trunk shap ﺳﺎﻗﻪﺗﻪ sâqata wave ﺷﻪﭘﯚڵ cold; ~î coldness; ~î u garmî i shapoł ﺳــﺎرد sârd slap, kick; ~ hał-dân ba to ﺷــــــــﻪق zhyân dîtin to have much experience shaq in life kick; ba ~ pe-kirdin to kick around: bandage ba shaq tarâten i hawshaká’yân pe ﺳﺎرﻏﯽ sârghî healed; ~-bûn v.i. to heal kirdim they kicked me all around the ﺳـــﺎڕـــﮋ sâřezh (wound) courtyard; ~-birdin v.t. to crack, split; Sassanian to go to pieces, to fly into a rage ﺳﺎﺳﺎﱏ Sâsânî flutter, sound of a bird’s ﺷــــــﻪﻗــــــﻪ time, moment; la dwâ ~ i aw shaqa ﺳــــــــﺎت sât rozhá in the aftermath of that day wing in flight; dân la ~ i bâl v.t. to v.t. to rub, wear flap the wings ﺳــــﺎو -sâw ﺳــــﺎوان sâwân street ﺷﻪﻗﺎم down shaqâm big step ﺷﻪﻗﺎو poor, beggarly shaqâw ﺳﺎوﯾﻠﮑﻪ sâwîlka shaqa = ﺷﻪﻗﻘﻪ because shaqqa ﺳـﺎﯾـﻪى shadow; la ~ i ﺳـﺎﯾـﻪ sâya -~ ;fight; ~-kirdin v.t. to fight ﺷــــﻪڕ of, on account of shař -musical instrument; happy; nânawa v.t. to stir up war; ~ajwen ﺳـــــــــــــﺎز sâz .v.t ﺷــﻪڕﻩﺟــﻮــﻦ ــﺮدن دﻩﮔــﻪڵ kirdin dagal ﺳــ ﻧﺎزــﺪﻩ wealthy; ready; baggage; ~inda ﺷـــﻪ musician; ~-kirdin v.t. to construct; to exchange curses with; ~agařak ,war between city quarters ڕﻩﮔـــــــــﻪڕﻩک krân la v.p. to be constructed of-~ hostile ﺷﻪڕاﱏ civil war; ~ânî ﺑـﯚ ﺳــﺒـﻪﯾـ tomorrow; bo ~e ﺳــﺒـﻪﯾـﲎ sbayn|î :shame, embarrassment ﺷــــــــــــﻪرم the next morning, tomorrow morning sharm ;sbaynî sharm girtimî I was embarrassed = ﺳﺒ sbene embarrassed ﺷﻪرﻣﻪزار third; ~sham- ~azâr ﺳـــﻬـﻪم three; ~ham ﺳـ se pants, trousers ﺷﻪرواڵ Tuesday; ~-u-dû-(le) kir- sharwâł ﺳــﺸـﻪﳑـﻪ ma sixth ﺷﻪﺷﻪم six; ~am ﺷﻪش to hesitate, shash ﺳــ و دوو (ﻟــ) ــﺮدن .din v.t 225 SORANI KURDISH dialect ﺷﻮﻩزوان to tie up tight ~zwân ﺷﻪﺗﻪک دان shatak-dân very small valley ﺷﻮﻩﻪ tonight; shewała ﺋـــﻪﻣـــﺸـــﻪو ~night; am ﺷـــﻪو shaw v.i. to be in ﺷـــﻮێ -shewe ﺷـــﻮان by shewân ﺷــﻪوێ banquet; ~è ﺷــﻪوــﻪرﻩ chara~ ﺷـــﻮـﻦ -shewen ﺷـــﻮاﻧـﺪن all night long distress; ~din ﺷﻪوﮔﺎر night; ~gâr Satan, the devil v.t. to cause distress ﺷﻪﯾﺘﺎن shaytân shîwâz = ﺷﻮاز capital; ~rag shewâz ﺷـﺎـﺸـﲔ king; ~nishîn ﺷـﺎ shâ cave ﺷﮑﻪﻓﺖ artery shikaft ﺷﺎرﻩگ v.i. to break ﺷﮑ -shke ﺷﲀن wing feather shikân ﺷﺎڵ shâbâł v.t. to ﺷــﮑــــﻦ -shken ﺷــﲀﻧــﺪن happy; ~î joy, rejoicing; ~-bûn shikândin ﺷــﺎد shâd v.i. to rejoice at seeing someone from break, to vanquish, to dishonor hunting ﺷﲀر whom one has been separated shikâr mountain crag ﺷﮑ gaity, joy shikeř ﺷﺎدﻣﺎﱏ shâdimânî matches ﺷﺎﺗﻪ overjoyed, about to shikhâta ﺷـﮔـﻪﺷـﮑـﻪ shâgashka shikaft = ﺷﮑﻔﺖ faint from joy shikift defeat; ~-henân v.t. to ﺷـــﮑـــﺴـــﺖ witness shikist ﺷﺎﻫﻴﺪ shâhîd mountain; horn defeat; ~-khwârdin v.t. to be defeated ﺷﺎخ shâkh -loose, weak, flabby; wet, wa ﺷــــــــﻞ a square of woolen cloth shil ﺷﺎﻴﻨﻪ shâłîna I wish (+ past cond.) shâłłâ tery; ~-kirdin v.t. to loosen, untie (a ﺷــﺎــ shâłłâ bíhâtîtâya I wish you had come knot); ~~-kutân v.t. to beat to a pulp: shoulder; ~-dânà bar v.t. to shilshil kutâyânim they beat me to a ﺷـــــــﺎن shân undertake pulp v.i. to ﺷــﻪژێ -shiłazhe ﺷــﻪژان v.t. to show shiłazhân ﺷﺎن دان shân-dân stage get confused ﺷﺎﻧﯚ shâno splash ﺷپ pride; ~-kirdin ba v.t. to shiłâp ﺷــﺎزی shânâzî a type of tulip ﺷﻠﻠﺮ take pride in shiller splat, splash; (meta.) very ﺷــــــﭙـــﻪ urbane, citi- shiłpa ﺷــــﺎرﻩزا city; ~azâ ﺷــــﺎر shâr fied; ~azâ la knowledgeable, expert greasy pilaf belongings ﴰﻪک world traveler; shimak ﺷــــﺎراــــﮕــــﻪڕ in; ~ângař hawk ﴰﻘﺎر exiled, driven from shimqâr ﺷــــﺎرﺑــــﻪدﻩر badar~ sword ﴰﺸﺮ civiliza- shimsher ﺷـﺎرﺳــﺘـﺎﻧـﻴـﻪﰏ town; ~istâniyatî huffing and puffing ﺷﻨﻪﺷﻦ shinashin ﺷــﺎرۆﭼــﮑــﻪ urban; ~ochka ﺷــﺎری tion; ~î -v.t. to bestir one ﺷــــﻨــﮕــ دان town shingił-dân ﺷﺎرۆﮐﻪ town; ~oka awa v.t. to self-~ :ﺷـــﺎر -shâr ﺷـــﺎردن shârdin v.i. to blow (wind); ~awa to ﺷــﻨـﲔ hide, conceal shinîn (a sheaf of reaped wheat blow (in the wind ﺷﺎرۆ shâro scattered, distracted ﺷﺮزﻩ bragging shipirza ﺷﺎت و ﺷﻮوت shât u shût to be ﺷــــــــ و وڕ ﺑــــــــﻮون shâdî; ~ u zamâwand kir- shiř-u-wiř-bûn = ﺷـــﺎﱙ shâyî din lagał to get married to ripped: kirâsakám shiřuwiřbûwa my breeze; ~î patience, stealth shirt is ripped and torn ﺷﻪ shena ﴍﳜــﻦ -shirîkhen ﴍﳜـﺎﻧـﺪن cancer shirîkhândin ﺷﺮﭘﻪﳒﻪ lion; ~panja ﺷﺮ sher crazy; ~-bûn v.i. to go crazy; v.t. to roar ﺷــــﺖ shet thing ﺷﺖ insane asylum shit ﺷﺎﻧﻪ khâna~ .v.t.; 3rd sing. pres) ﺷـــﯚ -sho ﺷـــﱳ dinner, evening meal shitin ﺷﻮ shew1 shîw shwâ) to wash; ~awa to wash again = ﺷﻮ shew2 juice ﺷﻴ style, manner; dialect; shîla ﺷـــــــــــــــﻮﻩ shewa 226 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY city wall ﺷﻮورﻩ dark blue, dark green; ~-bûn shûra ﺷـــــﲔ shîn1 shame, disgrace ﺷﻮورﻩﰃ to become green (plants); ~-bûnawa shûraî glass; ~band windshield ﺷﻮوﺷﻪ la v.i. (1) to importune, pester: to bo shûsha -third sing. pres. of shi) ﺷــــﻮا(ت) (la min shîn bûyawa u das bar nâday? shwâ(t why are you pestering me so inces- tin) shepherd ﺷﻮان santly?; (2) to turn blue from laughter: shwân -place; ~ a gishtîakân pub ﺷــﻮــﻦ la pekanîn shîn bûmawa I died laugh- shwen ing lic places; ~ … kawtin v.i. to follow, wail, lament pursue, chase: shwen kilâw i bâbirdû ﺷﲔ shîn2 ;shînaward kawtûa he’s on a wild goose chase = ﺷﻪﰏ shînatî ba ~ regâ i …dâ gařân to look for a ﺷــــــﻪورد shînawird/ﺷــــــﻪوﻩرد shînaward ,remain ﺷــــﻮــــﻨــــﻪوار summer garden way to …; ~awâr ﺷــــﻮــــﻨــــﻪواری milk; sword monument, ruin; ~awârî ﺷﲑ shîr sweet, nice monumental ﺷﲑﻦ shîrîn ;faithful ﺑـﻪﺳـﻔـﻪت ~fidelity; ba ﺳـﻔـﻪت Shirin, Armenian princess sifat ﺷـــﲑـــﻦ Shîrîn ﺳــﻔــﻪﰏ unfaithful; be~î ﺳــﻔــﻪت ~and wife of the Sassanian Chosroës be Parvez infidelity red ﲭﻪ bot- sija ﺷــﺸـﻪ skewer, stake; ~a ﺷــﺶ shîsh belly, womb; ~-dâ-nân v.t. to ﺳــــــﮏ tle; skewer sik -narrow valley give birth; ~-kirdin v.t. to get preg ﺷﻴﻮ shîw appearance, form nant ﺷﻴﻮاز shîwâz coin ﺳﮑﻪ without sika ﺑــﺸـﯚ ~limit, boundary; be ﺷـﯚ sho complaint ﺳﲀ limit sikâłâ secretary ﺳﮑ ﺗﺮﺮ pres. stem of shitin sikirter ﺷﯚ -sho .v.t ﲰــﮑــﯚل ــﺮدن hoof; ~kol-kirdin ﰟ graceful, beautiful; jokester; sim ﺷـــﯚخ shokh beautiful, en- to stomp the hooves on the ground ﺷــﯚخ و ﺷــﻪــﮓ u shang ~ side ﲰﺖ chanting simt box ﺳﻨﺪووق trace; ~gîrî-kirdin v.t. to pur- sindûq ﺷــﯚن shon stake, peg ﺳﻨﮓ sue, look for sing class ﺳﻨﻒ v.t. to let sinif ﺷـــﯚڕ ـــﺮدﻧـــﻪوﻩ (shoř-kirdin(awa chest, trunk ﺳﻨﻮوق sinûq ,ﺳﻨﯚق down, lower; mil ~-kirdin to bend the sinoq boundary, border ﺳﻨﻮور neck, submit; sar ~-kirdin to bow the sinûr u sâgh hail ~ ﺳـﭗ و ﺳـﺎغ ;perfect ﺳـﭗ head sip soup, broth and hearty ﺷﯚر shorbâ army ﺳﭙﺎ uprising, rebelion sipâ ﺷﯚرش shorish unfaithful; ~î infidelity ﺳﭙﻪ plow; ~-kirdin v.t. to plow sipła ﺷﻮ shu v.i. to ﴎﻩوێ -sirawe ﴎﻩوان February siraw|ân ﺷﻮت shubât gratitude become calm, be at rest ﺷﻮﺮ shukir ﴎﻩوــﻦ -sirawen ﺳــﻬــﺮﻩواﻧــﺪن v.t. to wash sirawândin ﺷﻮر -shur ﺷﻮردن shurdin husband; ~-kirdin v.t. to marry: v.t. to make calm; to strike; kho-~ la ﺷـﻮو shû khwayshkim shûy-kird my sister got to hit against, collide with sarinj = ﴎﱋ married; ba ~ dân v.t. to marry (a sirinj v.t. to wipe clean ﺳﯾﻨﻪوﻩ girl) off: dagâtà taman i bashûdân siřînawa v.t. to ﴎﮐــــــﻦ -sirken ﴎﰷﻧـــﺪن she is reaching a marriageable age sirkândin ill-omened, gloomy mutter ﺷﻮوم shûm 227 SORANI KURDISH whisper ten, to bleach ﴎﺗﻪ sirta beggar ﺳﻮاﮑﻪر v.t. to suâlkar ﺗﴎــــــــﻦ -sirten ﴎﻧــــﺪن sirtândin sija = ﺳﻮﻪ whisper suja sok = ﺳﻮک nature suk ﴎوﺷﺖ sirusht sultan, ruler ﺳﻮﺘﺎن anthem sułtân ﴎوود sirûd army ﺳﻮﭘﺎ breeze supâ ﴎوﻩ sirwa spâs = ﺳﻮﭘﺎس bad, grievous: châkbûnaway supâs ﺳــﺘـﻪم sitam sorâgh = ﺳﻮراخ zor ~a prospects for his recovery are surâkh sirusht = ﺳﻮرﺷﺖ very slim surisht corner ﺳﻮوچ v.t. to get, sûch ﺳــﺘــﻦ -siten ﺳــﺘـﺎﻧـﺪن sitândin profit, benefit ﺳﻮود take, buy; hał-~ to flush (animals) out sûd -Sudaba, wife of Kay ﺳـــــﻮوداﺑـــــﻪ of their holes, lairs, &c. Sûdâba politics; ~atmadâr Kaus and step-mother of Siyawush ﺳــــــﻴـــﺎﺳـــﻪت siyâs|at ,light in weight; deprecation ﺳـــــﻮوک political sûk ﺳﻴﺎﳻ politician; ~î ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻪﲤﻪدار -Siyawush, son of the contempt: khałk ba sûkawa ley da ﺳــــــﻴـــﺎوش Siyâwish Iranian shah Kay-Kaus řwânîn the people were looking at gizzard him with contempt; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﺳﻴﮑﻪﺗﯚرﻩ sîkatora -mouse- lighten (a weight), thin out; to depre ﺳــﻴـﻼﻣــﺶ hole; ~mîsh ﺳــﻴـﻼ sîlâ hole cate red; ~-kirdin-awa v.t. to ﺳــــــــﻮور (breast sûr (1 ﺳﮓ sîng -~ tray fry, saute; gul a ~ rose; châw ﺳﲎ sînî withered; ~-bûn to wither kirdinawa la v.t. to glare at: kârakar ﺳﺲ sîs greetings; ~-kirdin la v.t. to châw’î le sûr kirdimawa the servant ﺳــــــو słâw greet; ~-sandinawa v.t. to acknowl- glared at me; (2) insistent, deter- edge a greeting: slâw’yân nasandîna- mined; ~ lasar determined to; ~âî redness ﺳﻮوراﰃ wa they did not acknowledge our ~ spin; ~-mân to spin: sarî ﺳـــــــــــﻮوڕ greeting sûř doubtless(ly) damene his head is spinning ﺑﺴﯚ ~doubt; be ﺳﯚ so v.i. to turn ﺳـــــﻮوڕێ -sûře ﺳـــــﻮوڕان light, lightweight: ~ u hâsân sûřân ﺳــــــﯚک sok easy: zhyân boy sok u hâ- around, to circle around; ~-awa to ﺳــﯚکوﻫــﺎﺳــﺎن sân bû life was easy for him walk about, stroll; hał-~ to spin, be reason; la ~ i because of moved; to evolve ﺳﯚﮕﻪ songa v.t. to ﺳــﻮوڕــﻦ -sûřen ﺳــﻮوڕاﻧــﺪن trace; ~-kirdin v.t. to look sûřândin ﺳـــﯚراغ sorâgh for, search out; hâtinà ~ v.i. to come turn, spin; hał-~ to turn, spin, accom- after, to come looking for: hâtà sorâ- plish (a task) v.i. to burn ﺳﻮو -sûte ﺳﻮون ghim dâwâ i qarzaká’y kird he came sûtân v.t. to ﺳــﻮوﺗــــﻦ -sûten ﺳــﻮوﻧــﺪن looking for me to ask for his loan sûtândin back; ~ i … pirsîn la to ask (s.o.) the burn v.i./t. to burn ﺳﻮوز -sûz ﺳﻮوزن lost, sûzyân ﺑــــــﺴـــﯚراغ ~whereabouts of …; be pottery ﺳﻮاﻪت disappeared without a trace swâłat v.t. to rub ﺳﻮێ -swe ﺳﻮان sorâgh swân = ﺳﯚراخ sorâkh … horseman, mounted; ~ i ﺳــــــــﻮار sipâ swâr = ﺳﭙﺎ spâ v.t. to entrust bûn to get in, ride in/on (vehicle); ~ i ﺳﭙﺮ -sper ﺳﭙﺎردن spârdin thanks; ~-kirdin v.t. to thank … kirdin v.t. to mount on, let into (a ﺳﭙﺎس spâs white; ~-kirdinawa v.t. to whi- vehicle): swâr i karèkyân kird they ﺳــﭙـﯽ spî 228 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY telephone ﺗﻪﻓﯚن put him on a donkey talafon -~ ;talisman, magic spell ﺗـــــــﻪﰟ longing, yearning, regret; ~- talasm ﺳـــــــﻮێ swe bûnawa to yearn for someone, to pine khwendin ba sar …dâ v.t. to cast a oath; ~-khwârdin v.t. to spell over ﺳـــﻮـــﻨـــﺪ swend v.i. to walk ﺗــــﻪﺗــــﻪل ﭼــــﻮون take an oath, to swear: swend’im bo talatal-chûn dakhoy beytawa? do you swear to me very quietly television ﺗﻪﭬﺰﯾﯚن you’ll come back? talavizyon -divorce; ~-dân v.t. to di ﺗــــــــــــﻪق dregs, swill tałâq ﺳﻮﻨﮑﻪ swenka Switzerland; ~î Swiss vorce: ~’î dâwim he has divorced me ﺳﻮﺲ Swîs hall, room in an upper story ﺗﻪﻻر talâr talasm = ﺗﻪﻟﺴﻢ platter talîsm ﺗﻪﺑﻪق tabaq -dust; mist, fog; puff on a ciga ﺗـــــــﻪم preparations; ~-kirdin tam ﺗـــــﻪدارﻩک tadârak v.t. to prepare: ~ i safar’im bo âmâda rette; ~-rândin v.t. to bury age: la ~ i mindâlî i khoydâ ﺗـﻪﻣـﻪن bikan let them prepare for me the par- taman aphernalia for a journey during one’s childhood hurly-burly ﺗﻪﻣﻪرﻩ difference tamara ﺗﻪﻓﺎوﻩت tafâwat -de ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎى desire, greed; ba ~ i ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎ wheel (of cart, carriage) tamâ ﺗﻪﮔﻪرﻩ tagara greedy ﺗﻪﻣﰷر plan, plot sirous of; ~kâr ﺗﻪﮔﺒﲑ tagbîr tamâkâr = ﺗﻪﻣﺎﺣﲀر near, next to, opposite tamâḥkâr ﺗﻪک tak tobacco ﺗﻪﻣﮐﯚ motion; ~-dân v.t. to shake; tamâko ﺗــــﻪﰷن takân spectacle; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﺗـﻪﻣـﺎﺷـﺎ khwârdin v.t. to move, budge: tamâshâ-~ pyâwaká takân’î nakhwârd the man look at; to watch (a performance), to theater ﺗﻪﻣﺎﺷﺎﺎﻧﻪ didn’t budge see (a sight); ~khâna tomato ﺗﻪﻣﺎﺗﻪ v.t. to tamâta ﺗـــﻪﮐــــــﻦ -taken ﺗـــﻪﰷﻧـــﺪن takândin lazy ﺗﻪﻣﻪڵ shake; hał-~ ditto; râ-~ ditto tambał -admonition; ~-kirdin to ad ﺗــــﻪﻣــــ v.i. to avoid tame ﺗﻪﻴﻨﻪوﻩ takîn-awa la smooth, flat; throne, bed; ~- monish, to instruct ﺗــﻪﺧــﺖ takht clean ﺗﻪﻣﺰ kirdin v.t. to flatten; ~ i zawî kirdin tamez July ﺗﻪﳑﻮوز v.t. to flatten to the ground; to wipe tammûz healthy ﺗﻪﻧﺪروﺳﺖ body; ~drust ﺗﻪن throne and tan ﺗــــــﻪﺧــــــﺖوﱋ out; ~ u tânj tin, tin can ﺗﻪﻧﻪﮐﻪ crown; la sar ~ dâ-nân v.t. to seat on tanaka rope ﺗﻪف the throne, to enthrone tanâf especially ﺗﻪﻧﻪ(ت) (board, slab; ~-bûn v.i. to be tanâna(t ﺗـﻪﺧــﻪ takhta oven; ~-dâ-khistin v.t. to ﺗـﻪﻧـﺪوور boarded shut: bâzâr ~ ya the market’s tandûr boarded shut; ~-kirdin v.t. to board light an oven tight, narrow; saddle strap; ba ﺗـﻪـﮓ up: dukânakáy ~ kirâwa his shop has tang awa bûn v.i. to belong to, to be… ~ ﺗـــــﻪﺧــــــــــﻪرﻩش been boarded up; ~rash hectic ﺗـﻪـﮕـﻪو blackboard encompassed by; ~atâw v.t. to ﺗــﻪــﮕــﻪو ن affirmation; ~-kirdinawa pressure; ~atâw-nân ﺗــﻪــﮑــــﺪ ta’kîd narrow ﺗــﻪــﮕــﺎﻧــﻪ lasar to reaffirm put pressure on; ~âna ﺗــــﻪــــﮕــــﺎو pass, strait; dire straits; ~âw ﺗــــﻪ ordered, organized; ~î ﺗــــﻪــــﻮوز takûz orderliness, organization under pressure, in dire straits; ~dast ﻮوزى ﺗـﻪـﮓوـﻪـﻪ poor; ~ u chałama ﺗـﻪـﮕـﺪﻩﺳـﺖ trap, snare; ~-nânawa v.t. to lay ﺗـﻪـﻪ tała difficulty ﻣﻪ a trap only; alone; ~î loneliness ﺗﻪﳖﺎ student tanhâ ﺗﻪﻪﺑﻪ tałaba 229 SORANI KURDISH beside, next to house they had set aside for him ﺗﻪﻧﺸﺖ tanîsht tarragon ﺗﻪرﺧﻮن commercial goods; in- tarkhun ﺗــــﻪﳔــــﻮا tankhwâ body, corpse ﺗﻪرم vestment capital tarm reversed, upside down ﺗﻪرﺳﻪ alone, only; following a neg. tarsa ﺗــﻪﻧــﻴــﺎ tanyâ hail ﺗﻪرزﻩ clause, tanyâ…nabe nothing/nobody tarza v.t. to heal, to ﺗـﻪﺷـﻪ ـﺮدن but: kasim niya, tanyâ dâyk a pîrèk tashanâ-kirdin nabe I have no one but an old mother; heal over ﺗــﻪﴍﯾــﲎ ﯾــﻪﻛــﻪم i yekam ~ :ﺗــﻪﴍــﻦ kam yân zor roysht kasèk nâzâne tashrîn -No ﺗـﻪﴍﯾـﲎ دووﻫـﻪم tanyâ Khwâ nabe how far he went October; ~ i dûham solitude, vember ﺗــــﻪﻧــــﻴــــﺎﱙ only God knows; ~î narrow ﺗﻪﺳﮏ alone, forlorn task ﺗﻪﻧﻴﺎڵ loneliness; ~bâł trust in God ﺗﻪوﻩﻮل v.t. to stuff, tawakul ﺗـﻪﭘــﻦ -tapen ﺗـﻪﭘـﺎﻧـﺪن tapândin aim ﺗﻪوﻩر cram; to kick, beat with the hands tawar tafâwat = ﺗﻪواﻓﻪت v.i. to collapse tawâfat ﺗﻪﭘﲔ tapîn agreement, co-operation ﺗﻪواﻓﻖ plate tawâfiq ﺗﻪﴗ tapsî pistol ﺗﻪواﻪ thump, thud, sound of a heavy tawâncha ﺗــﻪﻗــﻪ taqa v.t. to fold ﺗﻪوﻦ -tawen ﺗﻪواﻧﺪن thing falling tawândin complete; ~-bûn v.i. to be ﺗـــــــﻪواو stitch; ~-dân v.t. to stitch; ~ tawâw ﺗـــﻪﻗـــﻪڵ taqał le-dân v.t. to stitch; ~ hał-dân la to finished; ~-kirdin v.t. to finish; ba ~î take a stitch in completely pressure ﺗﻪوژم attempt; ~-kirdin v.t. to try, tawizhm ﺗــﻪﻗــﺎﻻ taqâlâ top of ﺗــﻪوﻗــﻪﺳــﻪر ring; ~ a sar ﺗــﻪوق attempt tawq the head: ba ~ i sarîawa on top of his ﺗـﻪﻗــﻨـﻪ v.i. to burst; ~înawa ba ﺗـﻪﻗـﲔ taq|în to break out in, burst out into; ~a- head وﻩ ﺑـﻪ taunt ﺗﻪوس explosive material taws ﺗﻪﻗﻪﻣﻪﱏ manî tame, trained ﺗﻪی elo- tay ﺗـﻪڕدﻩم moist, wet; nice; ~dam ﺗـﻪڕ tař v.t. to traverse ﺗﻪی ﺮدن expert, dextrous tay-kirdin ﺗﻪڕدﻩﺳﺖ quent; ~dast ready ﺗﻪر in exile tayâr ﺗﻪرﻩ tara airplane ﺗﻪرﻩ advancement, progress; tayâra ﺗــــــــــﻪرﻩﰵ taraqî progressive: koř i tâ1 (1) to, up to: l’ erawa tâ awe from ﺗــﻪرﻩﻗــــﺨــﻮاز khwâz~ yekiyatî u taraqîkhwâzî i kurd Society here to there; (2) by the time: tâ min for the Unity and Advancement of gayshtim namâ by the time I arrived Kurds he wasn’t there any longer; (3) until prancing of a (conj. + neg. subj.): tâ nayey, nâyem I ﺗــــﻪراﺗــــــــﻦ، ﺗــــﻪرات (tarât(en horse up and down the field won’t come until you do; until (intro- all around (prep) ducing final clause + indicative) min ﺗﻪراﺗﲎ tarâten i tarîq l’ era bot dâdanem tâ deytawa I’ll put = ﺗﻪرﻖ tareq ;lost it here for you until you come back ﺗﻪرﻓﻪﻧﻪ tarfana -shy; ~î shyness (4) (prep.) until tâ sa’ât i penj châ ﺗﻪرﯾﻖ tarîq special, devoted (ba/bo wařwânit dakam I’ll wait for you until ﺗـــﻪرـــﺎن tarkhân to); exempt from taxes and imposts; five o’clock; (5) the longer, to keep on ~-kirdin bo v.t. to give someone ex- (getting …er): ~ dahât as time went clusive use of something: îtir la nâw by, the longer (a situation pertained): aw khânûá bo’yân tarkhân kirdibû, tâ dahât, girântir dabû as time went nadagunjâ he no longer fit in the by, the heavier it got; tâ de, rangî 230 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY for a وــﮏ (period of time; ~è(k و zard u lâwâz dabe he keeps on getting tâw1 ;so that, in while ــــﻮو paler and thinner; ~kû -heat, burning, fever, long (1) و order that (+ subj.) tâw2 tâ2 fever ing, grieving: la ~ i dûrî i kuřakáy har tâ3 fold; ~-kirdin v.t. to fold: kâghaza- dû châwî kwer bûbû both his eyes had ká tâ bika fold the paper gone blind from grieving over separa- crown tion from his son; (2) downpour (of ج tâj sole, solitary, alone; ~-u-tanyâ rain): ~ i bârân nabiřrâyawa the ک tâk ,downpour has not ceased; (3) turn ک (all by oneself; ~-u-tarâ(k کوﺗـﻪﻧـﻴـﺎ miscellaneous charge, gallop; ~-dân v.t. to make (a وﺗﻪرا(ک) subj.) in order that; (prep.) horse) gallop; ~-girtin v.t. to work +) ــــﻮو tâkû until: ~ estâ until now assiduously; ~-kirdin v.t. to trick s.o. bitter into believing; ~ sandin v.t. for heat ڵ tâł plunder; ~-kirdin v.t. to to become intense ن tâłân ;reward; fault, guilt, crime وان pillage, plunder tâwân1 ;blameworthy, guilty واﻧـــــــﺒـــــــﺎر taste; ~-kirdin v.t. to taste ~bâr م tâm -eager, ~bâr-kirdin v.t. to blame; ~ rek ﻣـــﺎزرۆ tâmâzro ,ﻣـــﻪزرۆ tâmazro eagerness, craving khistin v.t. to accuse falsely ﻣﻪزرۆﰃ craving; ~î v.i. to melt; ~din وێ -tâwe وان warp (weaving) tâwân2 ن tân v.t. to melt وﻦ -tâwen واﻧﺪن taunt; ~ le-dân v.t. to taunt ﻧﻪ tâna tent وڵ tâj tâwił = ﱋ tânj summer وﺳﺘﺎن hunting dog tâwistân ﳒﯽ tânjî wire basket spun to heat وﻣـــﻪ taunt, abuse tâwlama ﻧﻮوت tânût ghost, apparition charcoal ﭘﯚ tâpo v.i. to suffer وﺗﻮێ ﺮان sole, only: ~ a kuřèkî dabe he tâwtwe-kirân ق tâq personal, special, devoted ﯾــﺒــﻪت has only one son; odd, not even tâybat ;especially ﺑـــــﻪﯾـــــﺒـــــﻪﰏ anxious, (ba to); ba ~î ﺑـــﺎﻗـﻪت ~energy; be ﻗـﻪت tâqat characteristic ﺒﻪﲤﻪﻧﺪی sad ~mandî -adoles زﻩﻻو new, fresh; ~lâw زﻩ only child tâza ﻗﺎﻧﻪ tâqâna group cent ﰴ tâqim whip, lash ژان test, trial; ~-kirdinawa v.t. to tâzhân ﰵ tâqî hunting dog ژی try, to test tâzhî Arabic زی Tehran tâzî ران Târân whip زﻧﻪ v.t. to drive tâziyâna رــﻦ -târen راﻧــﺪن târândin away forever te see da; ~-birdin (v.t., = birdin da) description: la ~ nâye it can’t to put something inside something رﯾــﻒ târîf be described, it is beyond description else; ~-chûn (v.i., = chûn da) to suf- dark fer loss; to cost a lot: mâlakám zorî te رﮏ târîk -~ ;history chûwa my house has cost me a lot رﱗ târîkh ,v.i. to choke, be gayândin v.t. to make understand ﺳــــ -tâse ﺳــــﺎن tâsân -v.t. explain to: hâl u masala’y te gayân ﺳــﻦ -tâsen ﺳـﺎﻧـﺪن strangled; ~din to choke, strangle dim he explained the situation to me; gayshtin v.i. to understand; ~-girtin-~ ﺷــﻪﺑــﻪ big slab of rock; ~abard ش tâsh ditto v.t. to take aim at: bardî te bigra aim رد -~ ;v.t. to shave at the rock; ~-gîrân v.i. to tangle ش -tâsh ﺷﲔ tâshîn 231 SORANI KURDISH kishân v.t. to pass quickly: b’ era dâ ing had enough sleep; ~-khwârdin la hât u tekishâ he came there and to eat one’s fill of large saddlebag ﺗﺮ quickly passed by; ~-kirdin v.t. = ter2 pile, heap; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﺗــــــﺸـــﻮ kirdin da to pour onto: âwî te ka pour teshu some water on it; to make ready: sabîl make a pile; to have breakfast tîshk = ﺗﺴﮑﻪ te ka get the pipe ready; ~-mân v.i. to teska -spit; ~-kirdin v.t. to spit; ~-kir ﺗــــــﻒ be bewildered tif -tife ﺗـــﻔـــﺎن te- cmpd. vb. agent; see te-gayshtin, dinawa v.t. to spit out; ~ân ﺗـﻔـﺎﻧـﻪ دﻩم ﯾـﻪ v.i. to spit; ~ânà dam yek ﺗـﻔـ te hał-chûn, te-kutân to plot, conspire ک lit, burning; ~-bûn v.i. to be ﺗــــــﻪر tebar rifle, shotgun; ~-hâwîshtin ﺗـﻔـﻪـﮓ lit (fire), to burn; ~-dân v.t. to light tifang (fire): âgirî tebar dâ he lit a fire; to set v.t. to fire a rifle ,v.t. to drip ــﮑــــﻦ -tiken ــﲀﻧــﺪن a dog on tikândin :observation cause to drip; âbřû-~ to dishonor ﺗﲎ tebînî together; ~-bar-bûn v.i. to fight; âbřû’y tikândim he dishonored me ﺗــﮏ tek provisions ﺗﻔﺎق birdin v.t. to throw things together; tifâq-~ mouth-puckeringly sweet ﺗﻔﺖ chûn v.i. to change, lose one’s com- tift-~ ,stretched out on the ground ﲣــــ posure, to get mixed up; ~-chûn la to tikheł be mistaken, be the wrong person: prone, prostrate near; ~ i ... kawtin to get ﲣــــــــﻮن lem tek chûy I thought you were tikhun someone else; ~-chûn lagał to dis- near: tikhun i âgir nakawî you agree with; ~-dân v.t. to spoil, mix shouldn’t get near the fire -v.i. to be sha ﺗــﻪﮐـ -tiłake ﺗــﻪﰷن up; ~-hał-dân v.t. to kick; to lock tiłakân horns; ~-khirân v.p. to get tied to- ken; râ-~ to be shaken up (as liquid in gether; ~-khistin v.t. to tie together; a bottle); râ-tiłakândin tiłaken- v.t. ~-kirdinawa v.t. to break someone’s to shake up tiłakân = ﺗﻪﻗﺎن bones in a fight: lashyân hamû tek tiłaqân ;v.i. to toss and turn ﺗـــﻠـــ -tile ﺗـــﻼن kirdawa they beat him to a pulp; ~- tilân ;v.t. to toss; to juggle ﺗـﻼﻧـﺪﻧـﻪوﻩ shikân v.i. to collapse ~dinawa (with, along with; bo ~ ba to deal (ba with ﺗــــــــﮑــــﻪڵ tekał drenched, sopping wet; ~ân ﺗـــﻠــــــﺲ together with; ~-pekał all mixed up, tilîs ;v.i. to get drenched ﺗـﻠــﺴـ -tilîse ﺗـﻠــﺴـﺎن jumbled; ~-dân v.t. to stir: shîraká v.t. to ﺗـﻠــﺴــﻦ -tilîsen ﺗـﻠــﺴـﺎﻧـﺪن tekał da stir the milk; dast ~-kirdin ~ândin lagał v.t. to have carnal relations with: wet ~ ~ ripped, torn: kirâsakám ﺗـــــــــﺶ damawe lagałim rek bikawî u dast’im tiłîsh lagał tekał bikay I want you to lie bû my shirt was ripped to shreds; ~- with me and have sex with me birdin v.t. to split: dâr tilîshî bird the .v.i ﺗـــﺸـ -tilîshe ﺗـــﺸـﺎن to tree split; ~ân ﺗــــﮑــﯚﺷــ -koshe- ﺗــــﮑــﯚﺷــﺎن te-koshân ﺗـــﺸــﻦ -tilîshen ﺗـــﺸـﺎﻧـﺪن strive, to struggle to split; ~ândin altogether; ba ~î in general, v.t. to split ﺗــــﮑــﺮا tekrâ tiryâk = ﺗﻠﻴﺎک generally tilyâk v.t. to leave, allow ﺗ -tiłe ﺗﻴﺎن bûn ba sar …dâ v.i. (for tiłyân-~ :ﺗــــــﻪر tepar -other; hîch i ~ nothing else: nama ــﺮ time) to pass after …; ~-kirdin la v.t. tir to exceed, surpass twânî hîch i tir bikam I couldn’t have hav- done anything else; yek~ each other ﺗــﺮـﻪو full, satiated; ~khaw ﺗــﺮ ter1 232 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY -v.i. to go to pieces; ~ la pe dakan he thought they were mak ـــــــــﺮازان tirâzân shwen kho to be unrecognizable ing fun of him v.t. to make fun ﺗــﲒ ــﺮدن ﺑــﻪ grapes tîz-kirdin ba ﺮێ tire ,v.t. to disgrace, to of; ~-kirdin ba ...awa v.t. to poke ــــۆ ــــﺮدن tiřo-kirdin drive away in disgrace poke fun at -sharp, hot, spicy; fast, quick; in ﺗـــ tîzh ـﺮﭘـﻪى of a footfall; ~ i pe ـﺮﭘـﻪ tirpa sound footstep sistent ﭘ ,request; ~-kirdin v.t. to request ـــــﲀ fear tkâ ﺮس tirs la v.i. to be beg: tkâ akam please ــــﺮﺳــــ -tirse ــــﺮﺳــــﺎن tirsân (.you (sing ﺗﯚ afraid of, fear to sack ﺗﯚﺮﻩ v.t. to tobra ــﺮﺳــــﻦ -tirsen ــﺮﺳــﺎﻧــﺪن tirsândin -blizzard, del ﺗــﯚﻓــﺎن blizzard; ~ân ﺗــﯚف frightening, tof ـــﺮﺳـــــــــﻪر scare; tirsenar scary uge tree bark ﺗﯚک bitter; khoshit be u ~it be tok ـــــــــــــﺮش tirsh revenge; ~ i … kirdinawa v.t. to ﺗـﯚـﻪ whether you like it or not toła opi- take revenge for: biřyâr’yân dâ toła i ـﺮکﮐــﺶ opium; ~kesh ـﺮک tiryâk -opium addict am âbřûchûnáyân bikanawa they de ﺮﰽ um smoker; ~î fart (noiseless); ~-dân v.t. to fart; cided to take revenge for this outrage ـــﺲ tis farter, “old fart,” idler; ~în against their dignity ــــﺴــــﻦ in~ -seed, grain; tom ﺗـــــــﯚﻣـــــــﻪ، ﺗـــــــﯚم (v.i. to fart tom(a ﺴﲔ v.i. to collect (liquid), washândin v.t. to sow, scatter seed ـﺰێ -tize ـﺰان tizân record, document; ~-kirdin ﺗــﯚﻣــﺎر well up: dastim khwenî te tizâwa tomâr blood has collected in my hand; fir- v.t. to record ;round ﺗــــﯚﭘــــﺎل ball; big lie; ~al ﺗــــﯚپ mesk la châwim tizâ tears welled up top cannoneer; liar ﺗﯚﭘﭽﯽ in my eyes ~chî -v.i. to die (of an ani ﺗـﯚپ -top ﺗـﯚﭘـﲔ blade topîn ﺗﻴﻎ tîgh bit, piece mal); hał-~ to drop dead ﺗﻴﮑﻪ tîka ﺗـﯚﭘـﻼـﻪ piled up; ~a-kirdin ﺗـﯚﭘـﻼخ v.t. to care for the toplâkh ﺗــر ــﺮدن tîmâr-kirdin v.t. to pile up: payn u qur ba sar ـــــﺮدن ill power, force; ba ~awa powerful- yekâ toplâkhay kirdûa he’s piled up ﺗـــﲔ tîn powerless, weak dung and mud on top of each other ﺑﲔ ~ly; be top: bardèkî la ~ i sarim dâ he ﺗــــــﯚق thirsty: ~ma I’m thirsty; ~wetî toq ﺗـــﻮو tîn|û thirst threw a stone on top of my head ﺗﻮﱴ patch: ~ a tûtiřikèk a patch of ﺗـﯚﻗـﻪڵ group, contingent; team toqał ﺗﭗ tîp arrow wild strawberries ﺗﲑ tîr tom; ~ i mirîshik egg = ﺗﯚو clan, family branch, subdivision tow ﺗــﲑﻩ tîra ;dust; ~-kirdin v.t. to stir up dust ﺗـــﯚز of a hoz toz a little bit ﺗﯚزﮏ èk~ , ﺗﯚزێ frost that ~e ﺗــــﺸــﻪــ sprout; ~biř ﺗــــﺸــﻪ tîsha researcher, investigator ﺗﯚژﻩر kills young sprouts tozhar v.i. to go to ــــــﺮازێ trâze ــــــﺮازان ray trâzân ﺗﺸﮏ tîshk clump of hair; bunch of pieces, fall apart; kâr la kâr ~ to be ﺗــــــــــﺴـــــﮏ tîsk grapes; long-haired: mařèk i ~ long- all over v.t. to ــﺮــﮑــــﻦ -trîken ــﺮــﲀﻧــﺪن haired sheep trîkândin joke; ~-kirdin ba v.t. to make scream ﺗــــــﺎڵ tîtâł -v.i. to guf ـﺮﯾـﻘـ -trîqe ـﺮﯾـﻘـﺎﻧـﻪوﻩ fun of, play a joke on: pey wâ bû tîtâlî trîqânawa 233 SORANI KURDISH faw, laugh out loud ness of character; ~-kirdin v.t. imprs. :(lightning to be cold and rainy (of the weather ﺮﺸﻘﻪ trîshqa v.i. = topîn hawâkay tûsh kird the weather turned ﺮۆﭘﲔ tropîn bad weather ﺗﻮوﳽ trumbîl bad; ~î = ﺮۆﻣﻞ trombel wild strawberry ﺗﻮوک automobile tûtiřik ﺮوﻣﻴﻞ trumbîl = v.t. to want; ~awa ﺗـــﻮێ -twe ﺗـــﻮان v.i. to twân ـﺮوﺷـﮑـ -trushke ـﺮوﺷـﲀن trushkân squat; hał-~ to squat down tâwân ability: hargiz la twânâm’â ﺗـــــــﻮا v.i. to blink: twânâ ـﺮووﮐـ -trûke ـﺮووﰷن trûkân la châw trûkânèk’dâ in the twinkling niya it will never be within my ability, trûken- ba pe i ~ inasfar as possible ـــــــﺮووﰷﻧـــــــﺪن of an eye; ~din +) v.t. to be able ﺗـﻮان -twân ﺗـﻮاﻧـﲔ v.t. to blink twânîn ﺮووﮐﻦ (subj ـﺮووﺳـﮑـﻪ shine, gleam; ~a ـﺮووﺳـﮏ trûsk disapprobation; ~-girtin da to ﺗـﻮاﱋ faint twânj ـــــﺮووﺳـــــﲀﰃ glimmer, gleam; ~âî find fault with ـﺮووﮐـ -trûske ـﺮووﺳـﲀن glimmer; ~ân -tamâshâ = ﺗــــﻮاﺷــــﺎ ــــﺮدن v.i. to shine, to gleam twâshâ-kirdin v.i. to fall to pieces kirdin ﺗـــــﻮﻧـــــﻪوﻩ tułân-awa :v.t. to rip to shreds ﺗــﻮێ ــﺮدن from being cooked too much): gosh- twe-kirdin) taká hend kulîwa tulâwatawa the bulbul ka garm i naghmaya âgir da- meat has been so overcooked it’s kâtawa / khuncha hazîna, jarg u dilî fallen to pieces bo dakâ twe (Nâlî) the nightingale, wouldn’t you know? hot with song, bursts into flame; the ﺗﻮﻣﻪرز tumaz tomâr bud is saddened and rips her heart to = ﺗﻮﻣﺎر tumâr tight; fast, swift; hot, spicy; ~- shreds for him ﺗــﻮﻧــﺪ tund forehead ﺗﻮ kirdin v.t. to hold tight, to make fast tweł tey(d)â in it; ~-birdin v.t. to do = ﺗــﻴــﺎ bag, sack tyâ ﺗﻮرﺑﻦ turben Turcoman away with, to eliminate; ~-chûn v.i. to ﺗﻮرﮐﲈن turkmân .go away, disappear; ~ râ-mândin v.i ﺗـــــﻮرﺷـــــﺎﻧـــــﺪن sour; ~ândin ﺗـــــﻮرش tursh v.t. to make sour to be perplexed, confused; to ponder ﺗﻮرﺷﻦ -turshen ﺗــﻴــﺎــﺮۆــﺎﻧــﻪ theater; ~khâna ﺗــﻴــﺎــﺮۆ tobacco tyâtro ﺗﻮﻦ tutin hair on the theater ﺗـﻮوﮐـﻪﺳـﻪر hair; ~asar ﺗـﻮوک tûk head and و a small hunting dog u ﺗﻮو tûla desperate, in ﺋـﻮﻣــﺪ ~hope; nâ ﺋـﻮﻣــﺪ anger: umed ﺗــــﻮوڕﻩﱙ angry, mad; ~î ﺗــــﻮوڕﻩ tûřa ba tûřaîawa rû’y le kirdim he turned despair Europe ﻮرووﭘﺎ away from me in anger urûpâ automobile ﺋﻮﺮوﻣﻴﻞ sack, bag utrumbîl ﺗﻮورﻩﮐﻪ tûraka Turan, the traditional ﺗـــــــــــــــﻮوران Tûrân ba: wakhabar = bakhabar, wa = وﻩ Transoxanian enemy of Iran wa1 meeting, involved; ~-bûn v.i. re = ba re; wadast = ba dast ﺗـﻮوش tûsh1 and وﻩ to meet, come across: dwene la sha- wa2 offshoot, offspring وﻩچ qâm’dâ tûshî bûm I met him in the wach -promise; ~-dân v.t. to prom وﻩـــــﺪ street yesterday; ~-kirdin v.t. to get wa‘d someone involved: to tûshit kirdim ise ba dast = وﻩدﻩﺳﺖ you got me involved wadast death; ~-kirdin v.t. to die وﻩﻓﺎت cold, rainy weather; mean- wafât ﺗـــــــﻮوش tûsh2 234 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY delegation shaken out: jilakát dâwashâ your وﻩﻓﺪ wafd male offspring; ~kwer clothes have been shaken out; râ-~ to وﻩـــــــــﺎخ wajâkh -childless be shaken; to waste away (from ill وﻩﺎخﻮﺮ like; ~ yek alike, all the same; ness): lashî dâwashâwa his body has وﻩک wak ~î ka on the other hand wasted away; ~-awa la to be suitable -time: l’ aw ~á’dâ at that for, proper for: am kârá la to nâwa وﻩﺧــــــــﺖ wakht time; ~ bû, ~â bû nearly, almost (+ shetawa this is not suitable for you, subj.) wakht bû bizîqene he almost am jilá la to dawashetawa these screamed; wakht-a la birsân bimirim clothes suit you v.t. to وﻩﺷــﻦ -washen وﻩﺷـﺎﻧـﺪن I’m about to die of hunger; ~ basar washândin birdin ba v.t. to while away time by; shake, scatter; dâ-~ to bend down and -temporary shake: dârèkî bo dâwashând barî na وﻩﺧﱴ î~ as though (+ subj.): ~ shitèk’î kawt he bent down a tree and shook it وﻩـﻮو wakû bîr kawtibetawa as though he remem- but the fruit didn’t fall; hał-~ to rip bered something open, rip apart; râ-~ to shake violent- answer, response; ~-dân v.t. ly وﻩم wałâm hidden وﻩﺷﺎرﺗﻮو to answer washârtû master, professor وﻩﺳﺘﺎ wakht wastâ = وﻩﻗﺖ waqt wastân = وﻩس -wass وﻩﺳــــــــــــــﺎن come!, come on! (impt. sing. wassân وﻩرﻩ wára of hâtin) wast- .v.i., pres) وﻩﺳــﺖ -wast وﻩﺳــــﺘــﺎن v.i. to fall; to writhe; hał-~ wastân وﻩران warân to fall down tense often contracted to dast- for dawast-) to stand, stop; ~ la to be وﻩرﮔــــــان translator; ~ân وﻩرﮔــــــ wargeř translation tired of: wastâwim la kâr I’m tired of v.t. to translate; ~à working; ~awa la to confront: ley وﻩرﮔــــــــان war-geřân sar ... to translate into: am ktebáy wastâmawa shaqèkim te hałdâ I con- wargeřâyà sar fârsî he translated this fronted him and gave him a kick; hał- book into Persian; ba pishtè ~ to ~ to get up, stand up; ba pe i … hał-~ knock (s.o.) over on his back, to to carry out, execute; râ-~ to stand up, knock down stop, stay .v.t وﻩﺳــﺘــﻦ -wasten وﻩﺳــﺘـﺎﻧـﺪن come!, come on! (impt. pl. wastândin وﻩرن wárin of hâtin) to stop; (2) to tire out; (3) to take fed up, exasperated back, to get back: dabe aw qarzáy le وﻩڕﺳﺖ (wařis(t v.i. to bark: sa i hîch darkèk wastenim I have to get that loan back وﻩڕـــﻦ wařîn pet nâwaře “you’re a stranger at no from him bride, daughter-in-law وﻩوی door”; hał-~ = hał-warân wawî down وﻩز bored waz وﻩڕس wařs situation وﻩزع ‘tall (= barz); season of plant- waz وﻩرز warz ~-v.t.: dâ وﻩزـﻦ -wazen وﻩزاﻧـﺪن ing and harvesting wazândin (height, promontory, hill to let out/off (of vehicle وﻩرزﻩ warza ministry: ~ i darawa وﻩزارﻩت sports, exercise wazârat وﻩرزش warzish will and testament; ~-kir- ministry of the interior وﻩﺳــــﺖ waset pain, hurt, annoyance وﻩزن din v.t. to make one’s last will wazin v.i. to blow (wind); dâ-~ to وﻩزــــﻦ v.i. to be wazîn وﻩﺷـــــ -washe وﻩﺷـــــﺎن washân shaken, to be scattered; dâ-~ to be get out/off (of a vehicle), to come 235 SORANI KURDISH after a short pause وﺎﻧﮏ down; (2) to lose (game); hał-~ to beast of burden وخ jump up wiłâkh walâm = وم vizier, minister: sarak ~ân wiłâm وﻩزـــــــﺮ wazîr country, state; homeland: ~ a وت prime minister wiłât thus yekgirtûakân i Amerikâ the United وا wâ appointed time, usual time States of America وادﻩ wâda lost; ~-bûn v.i. to be lost; la ون mind, brain: ~im wiř-mâ my win واق wâq brain spun châw ~-bûn v.i. to disappear from actuality, reality: la ~ i zhyân sight: tâ la châw win nabet until it واﻗــــﻊ ‘wâqi zor ba dûrin they are far from the disappears from view; ~-kirdin v.t. to reality of life lose dizzy; ~-bûn/mân v.i. to spin, be وڕ raining wiř وارﺷﺖ wârisht i.e., that is to say dizzy; ~-kirdin v.t. to make dizzy واﺗﻪ wâta bear ورچ v.t. to leave, wirch واز ﻫــــــﻨـــﺎن wâz-henân la little وردﻩ وردﻩ little, tiny; ~a ~a ورد abandon; to dissuade, persuade … not wird to: zor hawl dadâ bâwkî l’ am kalkalá by little, slowly; ~-bûnawa v.i. to i zhin henâná wâzbene he is trying investigate, examine closely; ~ u v.t. to ورد و ـــــﺎش ـــــﺮدن hard to dissuade his father from his khâsh-kirdin -investi وردﻩﰷر wish to take a wife crush, smash; ~akâr وردﻩ vocabu- gator; ordered, regular; ~akârî واژﻩﮔـــــــﻪل word; ~gal واژﻩ wâzha investigation; order, regularity ﰷری lary -v.t. to talk non وڕـﻨـﻪ ـﺮدن lighted, afire: âgir weya the fire’s wiřena-kirdin وێ we lit; ~-kawtin v.t. to try: we kawa bizâ- sense, to talk in one’s sleep tripe ورگ na la kweya try to find out where it is; wirg -~ ;childish begging, whining وڕک kirdin v.t. to light: âgiraká we ka wiřk-~ light the fire; ~-rizân v.t. to bother, girtin la v.t. to pester destroyed, damaged ورم annoy: wem darize dastim le bar nâdâ wirm brightness, glitter; ~dâr ورﺷــــــــــﻪ he annoys me constantly wirsha bright, loud in color ورﺷﻪدار -loose, wandering, stray; mis وـــــــــ weł clever; observant: wiryây ba ور aimed, misfired; ~-bûn v.i. to search wiryâ (ba dwâ i …dâ for); ~-kirdin v.t. to observe it carefully v.i. to be excited (of a ورووژان let go, turn loose, cease wirûzhân (flock, crowd وـــﻨـــﻪﮔـــﺮ picture, image; ~gir وـــﻨـــﻪ wena v.i. to be quiet: wis ba وس ﺑــــﻮون photographer wis-bûn !along with be quiet!, shut up وﺮای werâ i dictionary وﺷﻪدان word; ~dân وﺷﻪ destroyed, ruined wisha وﺮان werân dry; ~-bûn to stop dead in وﺷـــــﮏ v.t. + subj.) to wishk) وـــﺮێ -were وـــﺮان werân dare: nayawerâ bibizûetawa he didn’t one’s tracks: la je i khom wishk bûm I dare budge was glued to the spot camel وﺷﱰ ambush, sneak attack wishtir وﺰﻩ weza awake; ~-bûnawa v.i. to وﺷــــﻴــﺎر v.t. to speak, wishyâr وــﮋێ -wezhe وــﮋان wezh|ân speak- wake up, be awake وـﮋﻩر literature; ~ar وـﮋﻩ say; ~a -lan وت و وـــــﮋ speech; ~-u-wezh وت literary wit وﮋوان er, announcer; ~wân guage, speech, talk; ~-u-wezh-kirdin وـــــــﺎن ~rest, pause; be وـــــــﺎن wichân ,word وﺗــــــــــﻪ v.t. to talk, to discuss; ~a ﭘـﺎش ـﻮ ﺗرـﻪ without rest; pâsh kurta ~èk 236 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY speech, man ور speech; ~âr ;one: ~e l’ awân one of them ﯾــــــــﻪک ba v.t. to say to, tell: yek ــــــ -łe وــــــﻦ witin pe’m wit I told him; ~awa to repeat ~èkyân one of them; each other; dânà v.p. to be said; ~ v.t. to throw together; har ~ay each وـــﺮێ -witre وـــﺮان witrân ~ ba to be called: Hama’y pe dawitre one of them; hâtinà ~ to collapse, to he is called Hama go to pieces; ~-girtin v.i. to unite; ~ la :iron; ~-kirdin v.t. to iron; ~chî dwâ i ~ one after another, successive وﺗــﻮو witû rizhem a yekladwâiyekakân i ‘erâq وﺗـﻮوـﺮاو ironer, cleaner; ~kirâw ﮐـﺘـﻮوﭼـﯽ ironed successive regimes in Iraq; ~-khistin power, ability v.t. to unite وزﻩ wiza - = (indef. encl. after vowels) ﯾـــــﻪک charm, incantation; ~-khwen- -yèk وــــﺮد wîrd din to recite an incantation èk union: yekatî i sovyet the ﯾــــﻪﮐــــﻪﰏ will yekatî وﺴﺖ wîst v.t., pres. tense Soviet Union) وێ -we وــــــﺴــــــﱳ wîstin (unanimous(ly ﯾﻪﮐﺪﻩرﮓ d)atawe, yekdang) دﻩﺗـــــﻪوێ ,d)amawe) دﻩﻣـــــﻪوێ la one of ﯾﻪﮐ it yekè- ـﺖ دﻩوێ ,im (d)awe- ـﻢ دﻩوێ c., or& +) someone, anyone who ﯾــﻪﮐــــﮏ d)awe, &c.) to want; pe-~ to be yekèk) necessary subj) yekatî = ﯾﻪﮐﱴ wird yeketî = وورد wurd -united: natawa yekgir ﯾـﻪﮐـﮕـ ﺗﺮـﻮو yekgirtû ووﺗـﻮوـﮋ ـﺮدن ﮔـﻪڵ wutuwezh-kirdin lagał v.t. to converse, hold talks with tûakân the United Nations ,at once, altogether; ~î last ﯾـﻪــﺎر witin yekjâr = ووﻦ wutin witû final = ووﺗﻮو wutû unification ﯾﻪﺨﺴﱳ yekkhistin immediately, right away ﯾﻪﺴﻪر collar: dastyân dâyà yakha i yeksar ﯾــﻪــﻪ yakha -alike, identical; ~î identi ﯾــﻪــﺴــﺎن yek they grabbed each other by the yeksân v.t. to lay cality ﯾـــﻪـــﻪ ﮔـــﺮـــﻦ collar; ~-girtin Sunday ﯾﻪﺸﻪﳑﻪ hands on, get hold of, trap: ~’y girtim yekshamma each other, one another ﯾﻪﮐﱰ she trapped me yektir -without pause, straight ﯾـــﻪـــﻮدوو yakha yekudû = ﯾﻪﻗﻪ yaqa to away ﻫــــــﻨـــﺎﻧـــﻪ د ~ memory; henânà د yâd see henân ﯾﻦ -yen دﻩﮔــــﺎر call to mind, remember; ~agâr :v.i.&t.) to hurt) ﯾــﺶ -yesh ﯾــﺸـﺎن memory, souvenir, memento; ~âwar yeshân reminder sarim ayeshâ I had a headache داوﻩر or ﺧﻮد yâkhud huge, enormous زﻩﺑﻪﻻح or zabalâḥ ن yân blow, force, strength زﻩﺮ club zabr ﻧﻪ yâna miserable, helpless; ~î زﻩﺑــــــــــــﻮون friend zabûn ر yâr misery, helplessness زﻩﺑﻮوﱏ potato رﻩﲈﳻ yârałmâsî trouble, difficulty زﻩﲪﻪت zaḥmat ری ــــﺮدن play, game; ~-kirdin ری yârî the ﻻﱉ زﻩﻋــﻴــﻒ ~ thin; lâm i زﻩﻋــﻴــﻒ player za’îf رﮑﻪر v.t. to play; ~kar help, assistance liquid l رﯾﺪﻩ yârîda big, large; fellow زﻩﻻم v.t. zalâm رﻣـﻪﰏ دان help; ~-dân رﻣـﻪﰏ yârmatî wretched, downcast زﻩﻟﻴﻞ to help zalîl time زﻩﻣﺎن police- zamân ﺳـﺎول law, statute; ~wil ﺳـﺎ yâsâ 237 SORANI KURDISH i ~ Ministry of Education زﻩﻣــــﺎوﻩﻧــــﺪ zamâwand , زﻩﻣــــﺎون zamâwin mouth: zârim bû ba tala i taqîw زار wedding; ~-kirdin v.t. to wed zâr1 دﻩم و ~-ornament I was left speechless; dam-u زﻩﻣﻪر zambar mouth زار earth, globe زﻩﻣﲔ zamîn miserable; la ~î in misery زار forearm zâr2 زﻩﻧﺪ zand accent, dialect; zârawagal زاراوﻩ bell zârâwa زﻩﮓ zang dialect bundle زاراوﻩﮔﻪل zargal = زﻩﮕﻪڵ zangał dialect, accent زارﻩوۆک black zârawok زﻩﮕﯽ zangî mouth, opening زارک rich zârik زﻩﮕﲔ zangîn child زارۆ outstanding zârola زﻩق zaq -being, personage; courage, dar زات gold; ~angar goldsmith zât زﻩڕ zař -agriculture ing; ~ i … bûn to dare to (do some زﻩراﻪت zarâ’at thing): ley datirsân u zât i nizzîk زﻩردﻩوا yellow, blond; ~awâla زﻩرد zard bûnawayân nabû they were afraid of زﻩردﻫــﻪــﮕــﻪڕاو wasp, hornet; ~hałgařâw yellowed him and didn’t dare get near -husband, in-law; father’s sis زاوا smile; ~-girtin, - zâwâ زﻩردﻩـــﻪﻧـــﻪ zardakhana kirdin v.t. to smile ter’s husband; daughter’s husband; leggings sister’s husband زﻩرﮔﻪڵ zargał echo زاﯾﻪﻪ wasp zâyała زﻩڕﻦ zařîn lost; ~-bûn to be lost زاﯾﻪ jaundice, hepatitis zâye زﻩرﰽ zarkî A.D.: sada i زاﯾــــــﲎ zâyînî , زاﯾـــﲎ glitter, glimmer; ~î glittering, zâyinî زﻩرق zarq bright nozdaham i ~ the 19th century A.D. marsh زﻠﲀو particle, atom zelkâw زﻩررﻩ zarra golden زﻦ gold; ~în ز earth, ground, floor zeř زﻩوی، زﻩوﻦ (zawî(n -poison ژﻩﻫـﺮاوی poison; ~âwî ژﻩﻫـﺮ angry; ~ bûn la to be angry zhahr زﻩوــــﺮ zawîr with ous; ~âwî-kirdin v.t. to poison meal ژﻩم happiness zham زﻩوﰵ taste; ~î زﻩوق zawq sustenance ژﻩﻣﻪن v.t. to usurp zhaman زﻩوت ﺮدن zawt-kirdin v.t. to rub, stick (s.th. into ژﻩﻧــﺪن v.i. to be born; to be col- zhandin زێ -ze زان zân lected (liquid), to well up: châwim s.th. else); hał-~ ditto: har dû dast’î firmeskî te zâ tears welled up in my hałzhandà khwen i azhdîhâká’dâ she eyes; âw zâyà dammân we’re drool- rubbed both hands in the dragon’s ing (in anticipation) blood .rust, verdigris; ~ le-dân v.t ژﻩــﮓ knowledge, zhang زاـﺴـﺖ learned; ~ist زا zân|â to rust, get rusty زاـﺴــﺘـﮕـﺎ istgâ~ ,زاـﺴــﺘـﮕـﻪ learning; ~istga pain, illness; ~-kirdin v.t. to ژان teaching, in- zhân زاـــﺴــــــﱴ university; ~istî -head ژاﻧــــﻪﺳــــﻪر v.t. to hurt, be painful; ~asar زان -zân زاﻧــــــــــــــﲔ struction; ~în know: wâ bizânim as I believe, I think ache v.t.: râ-~ to ژــــــﻦ -zhen ژاﻧــــــﺪن so); wâ’m zânî gâlta’m dagal dakâ I zhândin) thought he was joking with me; ~în shake, rock Japan ژاﻧﭙﯚن zhânpon زاـــﺮان zân- ba v.t. to consider as; ~rân poor, miserable; poison; ~-dân ژار v.p. to be known, discov- zhâr زاــﺮێ -zânre discovery, finding; v.t. to poison زاــــــــﺮاو ered; ~râw under, beneath; la ~ …awa ژـــــــــــﺮ learned, erudite; ~yârî zher زاﻧـــــــﻴـــــــﺎر yâr~ knowledge, education: wazârat from beneath, secretly; la ~ …dâ زاﻧـﻴـﺎری 238 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY ,animation ﻧزـﺪﻩﮔـﺎﱏ under back to life; ~agânî -animal, liv ﻧزــــــﺪﻩوﻩر number, issue liveliness; ~awar ژﻣﺎرﻩ zhimâra v.t. to ing creature ژﻣــــــــﺮ -zhimer ژﻣــــﺎردن zhimârdin chain زﳒﲑ count; ~ ba to consider as zinjîr زڕـــــﺮا barren tree; fart; step-; ~birâ زڕ v.p. to be counted, ziř ژﻣــــــــــﺮران zhimerrân -step زڕﺧـﻮﺷـﮏ reckoned step-brother; ~khwishk woman, wife; ~-henân v.t. to sister ژن zhin knee زراﱏ get married (of a man), to take a wife; zirânî زراوﺗــﯚﻗــﲔ gall, courage; ~toqîn زراو wo- zirâw ژﱏ wife’s brother; ~î ﻧژـــــــــﱪا brâ~ manhood galling ;v.i to ring زرـﮕـ -ziringe زرـﮕـﺎن v.t. to hear, ziringân ﻧژـﻪو -zhinaw ﻧژـﻪوـﻦ zhinawtin to reverberate زرﮕﺎﻧﻪوﻩ listen to ~awa explosion, blast زرﻣﻪ cute, darling zirma ژﮑﻪﻪ zhîkała crooked old man زرﺗﻪﺑﯚز ember under ashes zirtaboz ژﯾ(ﻣﯚ) (zhîla(mo winter زﺳﺘﺎن life zistân ژﯾﻨﻪژان life; ~azhân ژﻦ zhîn zimân = زوان hedgehog ziwân ژﺸﮏ zhîshik more زـــﺮ much, more; ~tir la ز room; upward direction; la ziyâ ژوور zhûr inside; than ژوورێ inside; ~è ژوورﻩوﻩ awa~ much; ~î increase; ~tir la زد on the other ziyâd ﺑـــــــــــﻪرﻩوژوور baraw~ la side of more than; ~-kirdin v.t. to add banquet زﻓﻪت north ziyâfat ژووروو zhûrû damage, loss زن hedgehog ziyân ژووژوو zhûzhû zhîlamo = زﯾﻣﯚ meeting place zîlamo ژواﮕﻪ zhwânga clever زﯾﺖ love of zît ژﻧــﺪۆﺳــــﱴ life; ~dostî ژن zhyân saddle زﻦ life zîn alive, living thing زﯾﻨﻪوﻩر v.i. to live; bízhî … zînawar ژی -zhî ژن zhyân -see zind زﯾﻨﺪ -long live … zînd prison زﯾﻨﺪان urban life zîndân ژر zhyâr zindû = زﯾﻨﺪوو zimân zîndû = زن zibân v.t. to زﯾـــﻘــــــﻦ -zîqen زﯾـــﻘـــﺎﻧـــﺪن rough, coarse zîqândin زﺮ zibr sik scream = زگ zig clever زﺮﻩک congenital, native: zwân i zîrak زﮔــــﲈک zigmâk unhappy, angry زﺰ im my native language zîz~ zabân = زﻣﺎن sik zmân1 = زک zik zimân = زﻣﺎن zigmâk zmân2 = زﮐﲈک zikmâk bastard زۆڵ large in body, huge zoł زل zil force; ~-henân bo v.t. to apply زۆر zalâm zor1 = زﻻم zilâm slap; ~-sirawândin v.t. to slap force to; ~-kirdin la kho- v.t. to force ز zilla ;(.oneself, try hard (+ subj., to do s.th زﻣـﺎﻧـﺒـﻪد tongue, language; ~bad زﻣـﺎن zimân -forceful, cruel, oppres زۆردار foul-mouthed, ill-speaking; ~wân ~dâr -cruelty, oppres زۆرداری linguist sive; ~dârî زﻣﺎﻧﻮان strong, forceful زۆر ~prison sion; piř زﻧﺪاﻧﻪ zindâna ~ very; a lot, much; …èk i زۆر alive: zor2 ﺑــﻪ ﻧزــﺪووﰃ alive; ba ~ûî ﻧزــﺪوو zind|û ba zindûî darhenrâ he was taken out many: shitèk i zor many things; ~’î pe alive; ba ~ heshtinawa v.t. to bring nachû before long, it wasn’t long be- 239 SORANI KURDISH clarion زوڕ fore zuřnâ circumstances زورووف wrestling; ~-girtin v.t. to zurûf زۆران zorân early, soon; ba ~î quickly, fast زوو wrestle zû rough, coarse زوور large quantity; majority; ~ i zûr زۆرﺑــــﻪ zorba ;zimân tongue, language = زوان zor i the vast majority of zwân1 -lin زواﻧـﻨـﺎﳻ linguist; ~nâsî زواﻧـﻨـﺎس clever; ~î cleverness ~nâs زۆرزان zorzân ﺷــــــﻮﻩزوان ~mountainous region, sum- guistic, linguistics; shewa زۆزان zozân mer pasturage dialect time: b’ am ~á at this time زوان zimân zwân2 = زون zubân garbage زوﻞ zwel زوﱂ injustice, tyranny; ~lekrâw زوﱂ zulm angry زوﺮ oppressed zwer ﻟﮑﺮاو zwer = زوﺮ corn zwîr زوڕات zuřât zorba = زورﺑﻪ zurba

240 General Index

‘Able, be’ §21 §12.1 Adjectives, attributive §5; compara- Orthographic peculiarities §41 tive §13; with definite nouns §8; Participles, past passive §34.1; per- superlative §13; synopsis §9 fect active §28 Alphabet, pp. 4–7 Phonology, pp. 1–3 Bîr §22 Possession §6 Calendar §12.3 Postpositions §14 Circumpositions §14 Prepositions §14, preposed pronom- Conditionals §19(5), §32(a), §33 inal prepositional complements Conjunctions, subordinating §38 §14.1; possessive pronouns dis- Copulas §15 placed by preposed prepositional complements §27.4 Days of the week §12.2 Pronouns, agent affixes §27, as Demonstratives §4 logical objects of past transitive Directionals §40 verbs §27.2; personal §10; pos- -è §40 sessive §10.1; preposed pronom- Ergativity §27, §27.1 inal complements §14.1; preposi- ‘Have’ §16 tional complements with agent af- -îsh §11 fixes §27.3; possessive pronouns Izâfa §6, §7 displaced by preposed preposi- tional complements §27.4; pro- Months §12.3 nominal objects of verbs §23 Moods, irrealis §32 Relative clauses §39 Noun, absolute state §1; definite ‘Remember’ §22 state §3; indefinite state §2; plural nouns with attributive adjectives South Sorani §27.1 §8; postposed verbal comple- Stress, p. 3 ments §35; synopsis of states §9 Temporal duration §37 Numbers, cardinal §12, ordinal Twânîn §21 241 SORANI KURDISH Verbs, factitive §36; imperative perfect tense §29, §29.1; present §24; irrealis mood §32; in -awa subjunctive §19; simple past §25; §18; passive voice §34; past con- §27 ditional §33; past habitual/pro- Vowel contractions §42 gressive (intransitive) §26; past ‘Want’ §20 passive participle §34.1; past per- Wîstin §20 fect tense §30, §30.1; present ha- bitual/progressive §17; present -yatî §15, §29.1

242