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Revista De Temas Nicaragüenses. Dedicada a La Investigación Sobre No. 57 – Enero 2013 ISSN 2164-4268 TT E E M M A AS S NNI I C C A A R R A A G G Ü Ü E E N NS S E E S S una revista dedicada a documentar asuntos referentes a Nicaragua Contenido NUESTRA PORTADA Imposición de la Democracia por el Imperio Norteamericano: Reflexiones Críticas sobre las Elecciones Nicaragüenses de Noviembre de 1928 ..............................................................................4 Michael J. Schroeder ENSAYOS.......................................................................................................................................................15 Léxico Modernista en los Versos de Azul... (novena entrega) ...........................................................15 Eduardo Zepeda-Henríquez La enfermedad de Centroamérica: El hogar .........................................................................................18 Salvador Mendieta Cascante “Caminos para Nuevos Forjadores de la Universidad”.......................................................................56 Cefas Asensio Flórez Mis recuerdos de la construcción del Teatro Nacional Rubén Darío ...............................................71 Eddy Kühl La Noche de los Anillos de Chuno Blandon..............................................................................................77 Alejandro Serrano Caldera Reflexiones sobre el Descalabro de España..........................................................................................79 Alejandro Sequeira Arana Anécdotas bibliotecarias: (5) Maten al televisor, lean un libro ...........................................................87 James Campbell Jerez Efemérides Darianas Mes de Enero.......................................................................................................89 Héctor Darío Pastora ANTROPOLOGÍA Tradiciones Orales de los Indios Sumus (5º parte)..............................................................................90 Gotz Von Houwald y Francisco Rener HISTORIA La Ocupación Inglesa de Corinto en 1895: Un Desplante Imperial Británico por la Mosquitia ..94 Marvin Saballos Ramírez “Aquí fue Granada”: Informe Oficial del Gral. C. F. Henningsen..................................................113 Charles Frederick Henningsen 1 La Evacuación de las Tropas de Henningsen de la Granada en Cenizas .......................................127 John P. Waters Diario del Bucanero Francés Jacques Raveneau De Lussan.............................................................131 Introducción ............................................................................................................................................131 José Mejía Lacayo Viaje en los Mares del Sur......................................................................................................................135 Jacques Raveneau de Lussan Traducción de Nubia O. Vargas La Captura e Incendio de Granada .............................................................................................135 El Descenso de los Bucaneros por el Río Coco........................................................................152 Tácticas de Guerrilla en las Segovias....................................................................................................172 José N. Román Los Bucaneros de América....................................................................................................................178 Alexandre O. Exquemelin Traducción de Nubia O. Vargas The Buccaneers of America...................................................................................................................184 Alexander O. Exquemelin RECURSOS NATURALES Del Ganado Antiguo de Nicaragua ......................................................................................................196 José Mejía Lacayo BIOGRAFÍA Biografía de la profesora Ana María Alfaro Calvo.............................................................................221 MSC Francisco-Ernesto Martínez 2 Editor: José Mejía Lacayo [email protected] Sitio Web: www.temasnicas.net Correo: [email protected] Diseño de portada: Flavio Rivera Montealegre ISSN 2164-4268, Revista de Temas Nicaragüenses, No. 57, Enero 2013, publicada mensual- mente por José T. Mejía, 3861 S. Deerwood Dr., Harvey, LA 70058, USA ISSN 2164-4268, Revista de Temas Nicaragüenses, No. 57, January 2013, published monthly by José T. Mejía, 3861 S. Deerwood Dr., Harvey, LA 70058, USA Derechos de Autor © Los autores de los artículos – Enero 2013 Cada artículo es propiedad del autor del artículo y no puede ser distribuido ni reprodu- cido individualmente, salvo aquellos que sean del dominio público. La publicación de cada artí- culo requiere la autorización del autor del artículo, quien puede enviarle una copia del artículo solicitado. © José T. Mejía, editor – Enero 2013 La revista entera como archivo PDF es propiedad de José T. Mejía, quien no es respon- sable del contenido de los artículos. Se autoriza la redistribución de la revista entera para uso no comercial, y la impresión de una copia para uso no comercial. La integridad del archivo PDF debe respetarse; se prohíbe la extracción de los artículos individuales de la revista. Copyright Notice © The authors of each article - January 2013 Each article is the property of its author and may not be individually reproduced or distributed, except those that are in the public domain. Publication of the individual articles requires prior written permission from the author, who may send a copy of the article upon request. © Jose T. Mejia, editor – January 2013 The magazine as a whole as a PDF file is property of José T. Mejía, who is not respon- sible for the contents of the articles. Its redistribution for non-commercial use is authorized as well as the printing of one copy for non-commercial use. The integrity of the PDF file shall be respected; the extraction of any individual article from the magazine is prohibited. 3 NUESTRA PORTADA La fotografía de la portada es una reproducción digital de un original en los Records of the United States Department of State relacionados con los asuntos internos de Nicaragua, Reco- rd Group 84, decimal file 817.00, Box 8114, United States National Archives II, College Park, Imposición de la Democracia por el Imperio Norteamericano: Reflexiones Críticas sobre las Elecciones Nicaragüenses de Noviembre de 1928 Michael J. Schroeder Lebanon Valley College Annville, Pennsylvania, EE.UU. En su estudio majestuoso de la historia moderna de América Latina, John Charles Chasteen describe el proceso de “elecciones manipuladas", que permitían a los ricos y poderosos mantenerse en el poder en la etapa de gestionar las elecciones: "Hasta 1930", escribe Chasteen, "el balance de la po- blación y el poder descansaba en el campo, donde los terratenientes controlan no sólo la riqueza nacional, sino también el sistema electoral. Este fenómeno - por el cual un propietario de tierras en Chile o en Brasil, o en prácticamente cualquier lugar de América Latina, llevaba a sus clientes a las urnas el día de las elecciones a "votar" - era la columna vertebral de to- do gobierno fuerte en la región. Estas "elecciones manipuladas" son esenciales para el sistema político del neocolonialismo… Elecciones manipuladas cons- tituían un tira y afloja entre las redes clientelares riva- les…Todo el mundo sabía sobre del frau- de…Mayormente, la gente soportó el fraude y apren- dió a vivir con él, llegó a ver las elecciones manipula- das como la forma más normal del mundo".1 General Emiliano Chamorro, octubre En el caso de Nicaragua, tales "elecciones de 1928. Registros 817.00/6298 de los manipuladas" se convertirían en una parte integral de Archivos Nacionales del Departamento la maquinaria del imperio norteamericano, comen- de Estado de los Estados Unidos. zando en 1910, a raíz del derrocamiento del presiden- 1 John Charles Chasteen, Born in Blood & Fire: A Concise History of Latin America, 3 rd ed. (New York: Norton, 2011), pp. 194-96. 4 te José Santos Zelaya orquestrado por los Estados Unidos. De conformidad con los Pactos Dawson de octubre de 1910, los norteamericanos controlaron cuidadosamente las elecciones nicaragüenses de 1912, 1916, 1920 y 1924 - en 1912 y 1916, excluyendo explícitamente a los liberales de la partici- pación, “de acuerdo con la desaprobación escrita por el Departamento de Estado contra ‘cualquier resurgimiento de Zelayaismo’.”2 Como era de esperar, estas elecciones, diseñadas e implementadas por los norteamericanos, las ganaron con facilidad los candidatos conservadores apoyados por el Departamento del Estado (Adolfo Díaz en 1912, Emiliano Chamorro en 1916, Diego Manuel Cha- morro en 1920, y Carlos José Solórzano en 1924). Este control imperial y neo-colonial, sin embargo, no borró la influencia de los actores nica- ragüenses. Los principales políticos conservadores, sobre todo Emiliano Chamorro, fueron muy hábiles en el uso de apoyo norteamericano para ampliar y profundizar su dominación de cargos polí- ticos locales, regionales y nacionales, a través de movilizar sus redes de clientes y aliados. Al mismo tiempo trabajaban en estrecha colaboración con los oficiales norteamericanos y operaban dentro de la estructura electoral general que ellos habían impuesto. En 1922, en respuesta a la clara evidencia que demostró el flagrante fraude y corrupción de las elecciones de 1920, el Departamento de Estado encargó a Harold W. Dodds, profesor de ciencias políticas en la Universidad de Princeton, para crear una nueva ley electoral. En marzo de 1923 la Asamblea Nacional de Nicaragua
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