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Rhode Island 1 THE SEWER OF NEW ENGLAND “History ... does not refer merely to the past ... history is literally present in all that we do.” — James Baldwin, 1965 “UNNAMEABLE OBJECTS, UNSPEAKABLE CRIMES” NOTE: During the early period “Rhode Island” was an ambiguous designator, as it might refer to the moderately sized island in Narragansett Bay, or it might refer to the entire colony of which said island was a part, together with the extensive Providence Plantations on the mainland shore. Also, since that period, there have been significant trades of land and towns between Rhode Island and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts — such as the entire city of Fall River. GO BACK TO THE PREVIOUS PERIOD 1. This was the opinion of the Reverend Cotton Mather, who actually did know a thing or two about sewage. HDT WHAT? INDEX RHODE ISLAND ROGUE ISLAND 17TH CENTURY 1650 Thomas Angell was a member of the Town Council in Providence and surveyor and commissioner, and one of six jurymen. The settlers in Rhode Island, who had not yet been able to reimburse Roger Williams with the agreed sum of £100 for his trip to England to secure them their charter, at this point needed to persuade him to return to England and appear before the Committee on Plantations and represent their interests. To get him again to go, they pledged that they would indeed pay this three-year-old debt, and would pay in addition another £100. They would not, however, be able to advance him any money for the voyage and for his family to live on during his absence, so Williams at this point sold his trading house. During his stay in England, in order to earn money to support himself, he would need to teach Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch. READ EDWARD FIELD TEXT In Providence, Rhode Island 52 5-acre house lots were laid out, going up the hill from Towne Street (now Main Street) running along the base of College Hill, to what is now Hope Street running along the crest of the nose of land that is now known as College Hill. Mathurin Ballou owned 12 acres roughly from North Main Street to Camp Street. On a building at the corner of North Main Street and Pleasant Street, there is a “tablet marking the original homestead of Mathurin Ballou, Progenitor of the Ballous in America circa 1650-1662, erected by his descendants 1919.” The Ballou house would not be completely consumed by the fire set by the native Americans. Remnants would be enlarged and expanded upon until, by 1886, it had become a 2-story with two chimneys. (It’s entirely gone now. But there’s the tablet.) 1650. The General Assembly (which title the Commissioners now first assumed) probably with a view to put the inhabitants in a 196 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX ROGUE ISLAND RHODE ISLAND posture of defence against the Indians, passed an order for the towns to furnish themselves with arms and warlike stores, and Providence was required to have one barrel of powder, 500 pounds of lead, six pikes and six muskets, to be kept fit for use. Warwick was to have a similar supply, and each of the towns of Portsmouth and Newport were required to furnish more than double the quantities of such arms ammunition. Edward Bland, exploring in the vicinity of the Chowan, Meherrin, and Roanoke rivers what he characterized as “New Brittanie,” referred to Eno tribespeople as the “Wainoke.” The 1st white settlements near Albemarle Sound, in what today is North Carolina, were made by frontiersmen from Virginia (many had been indentured servants, who had just completed the terms of their indenture that had paid for their crossing of the ocean, who had just been liberated from this obligation, and had been replaced at their duties by black slaves). Professor John Fiske of Harvard College would comment in 1897 on the sort of people who made up this migration: [T]he English settlers who thus came southward from Virginia were very different in character from the sober Puritans, who went northward into Maryland. North Carolina was to Virginia something like what Rhode Island was to Massachusetts — a receptacle for all the factious and turbulent elements of Society; but in this case the general character of the emigration was immeasurably lower. The shiftless people who could not make a place for themselves in Virginia society, including many of the “poor whites,” flocked in large numbers into North Carolina. They were, in the main, very lawless in temper, holding it to be the chief end of man to resist all constituted authority, and above all things to pay no taxes. The history of North Carolina was accordingly much more riotous and disorderly than the history of any of the other colonies. “There were neither laws nor lawyers,” says Bancroft, with slight exaggeration. “The courts, such as they were, sat often in taverns, where the Judge might sharpen his wits with bad whiskey, while their decisions were not recorded, but were simply shouted by the crier from the inn door, or at the nearest market place.” CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 197 HDT WHAT? INDEX RHODE ISLAND ROGUE ISLAND In Rhode Island, Friend Nicholas Easton was governor. William Dyer would be serving as Attorney General until 1653. 198 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX ROGUE ISLAND RHODE ISLAND November 11, Friday: The Reverend Roger Williams made an appeal to the town council of Providence, Rhode Island, urging that a “distracted woman,” Mrs. Weston, be provided for — this amounts (according to W.R. Street) to one of our earliest recorded references in America to public care for persons with mental illnesses.2 PSYCHOLOGY I crave your consideration of yt lamentable object Mrs. Weston, my experience of ye distempers of persons elsewhere makes me confident yt (although not in all things yet) in a great measure she is a distracted woman. My request is yt you would be pleased to take what is left of hers into your own hand, and appoint some to order it for her supply, and it may be let some publike act of mercy to her necessities stand upon record amongst ye merciful actes of a merciful town yt hath received many mercies from heaven, and remembers yt we know not how soon our own wives may be widows and our children orphans, yea, and ourselves be deprived of all or most of our reason, before we goe from hence, except mercy from ye God of mercies prevent it. READ EDWARD FIELD TEXT 2. Street, W.R. A CHRONOLOGY OF NOTEWORTHY EVENTS IN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1994. Indeed, the author may be correct in this claim, for I am unable to discover in the early records of the town of Ipswich any such concern for the mentally ill, and instead I find records of an insistence that every person receiving town assistance must be assigned some sort of useful work for the town. “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 199 HDT WHAT? INDEX RHODE ISLAND ROGUE ISLAND 1651 The Dyer family on Aquidneck Island became entangled in a sectarian dispute and sailed to England to get it resolved. MARY DYER WILLIAM DYER DYER OR DYRE 200 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX ROGUE ISLAND RHODE ISLAND The Reverend Hugh Peters at this point returned to England. It became necessary for the Reverend Roger Williams to return to England to confirm the charter for Rhode Island that he had obtained in 1644. He sold his trading post to finance the voyage. READ EDWARD FIELD TEXT While in London, he published EXPERIMENTS OF SPIRITUAL LIFE, AND HEALTH AND THEIR PRESERVATION, which he dedicated: “To the truly honorable the Lady Vane.” He described this work as having been done “in the thickest of the naked Indians of America, in their very wild houses and by their barbarous fires.” He would write to his wife while abroad. “My dearest love and companion in this vale of tears,” congratulating himself and her upon her recovery from recent illness: “I send thee, though in winter, a handful of flowers made up in a little posy, for thy dear selft and our dear children to look and smell on, when I, as grass of the field, shall be gone and withered.” Samuell Gorton was elected as the 1st President over the towns of Warwick and Providence, which at that time were being referred to as the Providence Plantations. That the lawe making Assemblie of this Collonie shall Consist of six men of every Towne of this Collonie, and that these six men of every Town shall be chosen by the free inhabitants of every severall Towne, and the major vote of this assembly shall Acte in making lawes. “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 201 HDT WHAT? INDEX RHODE ISLAND ROGUE ISLAND April 3, Monday: A new charter for the Massachusetts Bay colony was signed by Lord President Bradshaw. A year earlier, William Coddington had falsely informed the Council of State that it was he who had discovered the islands of “Aquedneck” and “Conanicut” in the Narragansett Bay, that it was he who had purchased them from the leaders of the local red indigenes, and that ever since he had been in quiet enjoyment of them. Saying that he was desirous of being governed by English laws under the protection of the Commonwealth, he petitioned that the Council of State issue him a personal Parliamentary grant of ownership.
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