TIiE STORY OF TIiE. NATIONS
EDITION
Qrbe ~torp of tbe lElations.
ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. THE STORY OF THE NATIONS.
I. ROME. n~' ARTHO: GIL~IAS, ". THE BYZANTINE ElIIlPmE. \1. \. Br C w. C. ()~IA". ~. THE vTEWS. }:y Prvf. J. K. ;1 SICILY: Phcenician, Greek II, '~'-II'·l<. and Roman. J:y t:,e I;u" GERMANY. Elr Re\. S. RARI!'to- l-',. ;. L. \.. l- "FJ'\~.\". (, ~[,,\. 3~· THE TUSCAN REPUl5LICS, 4. CARTHAGE. IIr Prof. ALFRED !:y ]'1 1.1..', J J. fOn', • I. ( L " Ln:-;DO;-;: T. FISHER UNWIN, PATF.RNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. bC::;, II} :\L~:.\.-\:-'VEK "IHI': loR!o:AT. ,Hrilish ).Iuseum.) ALEXANDER'S EM PI RE BY JOHN PENTLA~D. MAHAFFY, D.O., Prof {If Ani:. llist. ill tJh' C1ti<'~'rsity of Dublin, A1;THOIt OF "SOCIAL I,)~~: I~ c.~F.J:(:t; }"j{,)M HU~!ER TO MESAND£R," " RAMRLES ANlJ ~': ~'lJl,"~ II' "REECE," "A HISTORY' Ot' "RUK CLASSICAL t.ITERATIJRE," ETC. WITH THE COLLAIlORATJON OF ARTH l:R GILMAN, M.A., Al'THO~ 0,- " THE ~TOJtY OF HOME," ATe EIGHTH nlI'RESslO~ ~o"bo" T. FISHER UNWIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE Copyright by T. FISHER UNWIN. 1888. ALEXANDRO LEEPER LL.D. CoIl. 55. Trin. apud Melb. Pra:positc DDD TOTO ORBE SEJUNCTUS • TOTO CORDli: CONJUNcrus .\UCTOW. PREFACE. THE story of the conquests of Alexander has been told many times, and his nam~ is familiar in our mouths as household words; but the history of the different portions of the great Empire that he founded, how• they rapidly gained and lost their independence, and finally were absorbed into the dominions of Rome, is by no means equally well known. It w.as not to be expected that such a conqueror as the great Macedonian should leave behind him any single suc~essor equal to the t~k of holding his vast Empire together, and it is therefore no matter of surprise that it was speedily broken up; but there is, nevertheless, a deep interest in tracing the progress of disintegration, in the course of which one ruler after another was obliged to resign his pcwer, and the inner life of the world was completely trans formed. The succession of violent deaths that mark the story. indicate dearly the condition of society at the " PREFACE. period; but, as we thread our way through the laby. rinth of bloody wars and assassinations, we find our attention happily distracted by studying the influence, which is perceptible in them all, of the ideas that Alexander impressed upon the peoples • that he conquered. It is one of the purposes of this volume to present this complex truth distinctly to the reader, and to show also h'ow considerably, Rome was influenced by the ideas of conquered Greece, as well as to indicate the manner in which Hellenistic influences modified the characteristics of the dominant people. CONTENTS. PAce J. ALEXANDER'S PLACE IN HISTORY Tbe infiltl'nCe of a .;;ingle g:l'nius, I-The rise of Alexander a tuclling-point in Greek history, 2-Thc scope of this book, 3. II. YOUTH AND ACCESSION OF ALEXANDER l'hilip of ~L:J.cedon. 4-The chaTJ.ctcc of OlympiM, Alex ander's mother. 7-I'hilip aS~:l5sinated. 7-Alc",1nd{'r'~ C:'lm· pan ions, 8, 9--Ilis early training, 9-Experi<'nc,· gained while sen-jng in the heavy ca\"alry, ~His con III. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE SUPREMACY OF THE WORLD O:.C. 334--330) 12-30 All'x:lOdcc's army, I2-Th~ start for the .East! 13-The u.1.ttle of Gr:micus, I5-l'lan of the camp:Jign, 16 -19-The victory of lssus, 20 '23-The hattIe of Arbela, 24-Alexamler in PeTsil, 2"'~27-Darius Codomannus, 28. IV. THE MACEDONI.\N EMPIRE A1..-o ITS LIMITS UP TO ALEXASDER'S DEATH (n.c. 323) The Penian Empire, 31, 3Z-The conquest of iI'S thrt.:e divi IX xii CONTENTS. PAG. sions, 32, 33 - Alexander's march, 34 - Wild schemes of masterin~ the whole world, 35-Pas<;.1.::!C of the Hilhiukush, 36-The whole of the Punjab in Akx:mder':; hanus, 36-His twops refuse to go furthcr, 36-J1;5 return, 37-He11f:nistic influences on India, 37-At Bahylon Alexander reClrg,mizes his army, and also his \'3St dominii)n~, 38, 39-Pullishment of offendJng gO\'emors, 39--The king in his camp, 40, 41- His death. 4I-The confusion that followed, 42. V. THE PROBLEM OF THE SUCCESSION (B.C. 323-313) The claimants to the throne, 43~ Philip Arridgeus made titu!l1r king. 44-Division of the empire, 45-The socces~rs in the pru\'inces, 45, 46-Tht· wars of the Succession, 47- The attack on Egypt, 47, 4S-The Lamian War,4S-Tbe fale uf Demoslhenes, 49·-The I>iarlochi, 49~ The Clreer'> of Eurnenes, Se!et1cus, and Ca<;ander, SO-5z-The fate of Alex ander's child, 53-Cleopatra, 54. VI. THE LATER WARS OF THE DIADOCHI DOWN TO TOE B,\TTLE OF Ipsus (B.C. 313-301).-THE CAREER OF DEMETRIUS .\ 55-ti8 The general tpoch of Hel1enism, 55-Monarc.hy becom~ the form of govcrn~lt, 55, 56-The reasons why, 56-The prin ciple of Feder:nion d('~·e1oping, 57-The fi"e masters of the spoil, 58-Demetrius's attack Oll Rh'des, 59-61-The Rhodian Republic and Federation., 6z-Alltigor.llS' attempts (or unl\'ersal ma.,tery, 65-The fortunes o( :-:.eieucus, Lysiruacl,u5, a.od Ptolemy, 65-67-Tbe fate of Demetrius, 67, 68. VII. FROM THE BATTLE OF Ipsus TO THE INVASION OF THE CELTS (B.C. 301-:278) • 69-75 A new epoch for the Diadochi, 69-Thdr family relations, 70 -Ptolemy's children, 71-The family quarrel, 72-The death CONTENTS. Xlll rAG_ of Seleucus, 73-Keraunos' career, 73-The state ot Alexan der's Empire in 280 B.C., 74, 75. VIII. THB INVASION or THE: CELTS (GALATIANS) AND ITS CONSEQUENCES • 76-84 Another epoch, 76-The Galatre, 79-The effects of their inva· sion, 8o-The monument of Ancyra, 83-The welding together of the feeling;; and interests Qj the Hellenistic world, 4 • IX. KING PYRRHeS OF EPIRUS • 85-8.8 Pyrrhus, the Epirot king. 8S-His marriages, 85. 86-His early career, 86-His ineffectual efforts to check the- ad'''ance of Rome, 86-Pyrrhus' struggles in Greece J.nd Maceth,nia, 87 -Mis death, S7-The que"tion of supremacy between the East and the West, 88. X. THE GOLDEN AGE OF HELLENISM The three great kiugdoIllS; 1,1) Macedonia, 89-{Z) Eb)'pl, 8:)-(3) Syria, 9Qr-The lesser power;;,90-92-,,-IIomonymous towns, 92, 93 - \Vho were the people who inhabited these towns? 93, 94-Hellenistic city life, 95. XI. TFn: NEW LINES ADoPTED BY PHILOSOPHY UNDER THE DIADOCH[ • rjj- 110 A succession of philosophers, 96--PJato, 96.-Aristolle, 97 -The philosophers out of tune with the politics of the day, 98 -The monarchy of Alexandcr, 99--The effects of Ihe Forty. five Years' War, 99. Ioo-Three new sy~:ems of philosophy, I02-Epicurus. [03-His teaching. I04-The St(lics, 105- The differences of the two schools, 105, I06-Quicti:.ts, [06- The old schools at Athens, to7-The opening of the golden age, loS-The New Comedy, 109. 110. xiv CONTENTS. XII. THE S fAGES OF HRLLENISM IN THE THIRD CE~TURY B.C. III-lt4 A curious coincidence. III-A chronological table, 112- The Syrian wars, 113. XIII. THE THREE YOUNG KINGS.-A SKRTCU OF ANTI- GONGS GONATAS, HIS AIOiTS AND CHARACTER t 1 5-141 Antigonus GonatllS, I IS-His first great ')iCtal)", t 16-Pyrrhus, 116-Career of Antigor,us, fJ7-11is difficulties with Greece, II8-Hi~ last year;;, lIf}-l'tolemy Philaue!phus, IC.2-Alex- and ria. 120, 12I-1t5 chief features, l21-The ~reat mart of Europe and Asia, I2I-Athcr:.a'\lS' account of the feast that iU3ug-urated l'hiladdphus' reign, 122-The policy of Ptolemy Phil., 133-His am0urs and Il:S griefs, I34-His death, I35- Antioehus Soter, I3s-Antioch, I36--The S,.:ptuagint, IJ7- Theos sllcceeds to the throne, IJi-The events of his reign, 138---BrLctri:ln Hellenism, 139--A<;pka adopts the Butlrlhist creed, I4~Huudhi"t mi;;siomrics in the Hellenistic world. 14o-Diifusion of Greek, 141. XIV. SCIENCE AND ·LETTERS AT ALEXANDIJA IN THE DAYS OF PHILADELPHUS 142-155 Little in Science and Literature left to us, 142-The Uui· versity, I42-The Museum and the Library, J43-The Librarians, I44-Erudition at A!exandria, 145-Three original developments in literature, I46-The pastoral i(lyll, 146~ Specimens of Theocritus' work, 147-J5~Thc other j'oets, lSI-Love in Alexandrian literature, lSI-The tragic and comic pacts, IS2-The Septuagint, 153-Influence of a common language, IS4-Euclid, 155- XV. THE THIRD GENERATION OF HELLENISM..-THE THREE GREAT KINGDOMS J 56-J62 Chronological table of the third generation of Hellenism, 156 CON1'ENTS. xv 'AG. -Ptolemy Eut!rget~. IS7-His campaigns, 157. IS8-His character and achievements, 159, t60-The strides of iCience. t61-DemetrillS'struggles, 161, 16:1. XVI, , THE RISE OF THE ACHtEAN LEAGUE UNDER ARATUS. -HIS POLlCY • 163-169 rlutarch'$ "Lh'es," I63-Early history and youth of Aratus, 164-His training, 16t -His great ambition. 167-A success ful adve-nture at Sicyoo, 167, 16S-Aratus and the Ach~an League, 168;-Aratus' policies and o:arel!f, 163, 170. • XI It KING Ams OF SPARTA.-THE POLITICAL THEORISTS OF THE DAY 17(H7S The opinions respecting mon:lfchy. 170, 171-Monarc1!y in Sparta. 17I-Spatta in Pllltarch's XVIII, THE RISE ANn SPREAD OF FElJER.-\TIO~S IN 'tHE HELJ~}O:N1STIC \VORLD.-THE ACH.'1':,\N A~D OTHER LEAGUES.-{]NIO~ BECOMES POPULAR 176-183 The H city-states" of l~re{'cc, I76-Autonomy deep set in the Greek mind, l76-Fc(I;'r.ltion, '77-G\lJ.rr~:ng kgJ.in~t pirates, J78-Constittlti0 n uf :he I\ChX.1.lI L(,J.;::~I<', 179--The rrepon. deran<:<: of the wealthy, rSo-Ar:l.tus's J,olicy. 180, lSI-The JEt0!ian LcrlgJt:, ISl- Its wors' point, lS2-)fr. Freeman on the ConstItution of tb!.! Leagues, 182, z83-0ther Leagues. IS3· i';' xvi CONTENTS. XIX. THl: EVENTS OF KrNn DEMETRIUS II.'S REIGN.- TH£ FIRST INTERFERENCE OF THE ROMANS IN THE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER Demetrius 1r., 184-His career, 184. 18s-Roman interfer_ ence, ISs-The cloud in the 'west, 186. xx. COMMERCE AND CULTURE IT PERGAMUM AND RHODES • • 187-1<)8 The movements of Ptolemy Euergetes and Antiocbus Hiel~ J87-Attalus I., ISS-The Dying Gladiator, l~-The Per gamene dyna~ty, IS9-Rhones, I90-The character of its people, I93-The culture of the Rhodians, 193-The RhodiaD navy, 194-Pre~ents to Rhodes after an earthquake in 227 .. C·t 194-198-The Rhodiaa ~r~~.m, 198. • XXI. THE RISE OF ANTIGONUS DOSON AND CLEOWENES (B.C. 229-223) 199-206 The rise of two leaders, 199-Antigoous Doson, :tbo-His movements, ioo, 2OI-Cleomenes, 202--:;His rival Aratus, 203-The fears of the League, 204-Cleomenes' c(JUP d'kal, ~, 2oS-His policy, 205-Cleomenes as king, 206. XXII. THE CLEOMENIC WAR (B.C. 224-221) TO THE BATTLE OF SELLASJA.-THE POLICY OF ARATUS . 207-217 The position of Aratus, 207-He proposes an embassy to Aotigonus, 208-Cleomenes wants hegemony, z08-Hi5 quar. rei with the League, 209-The war that ensu!!'d, z09-The conduct of Aratus, 21o-Antigonus master of the situation, 2Il-His subsequent policy, 21z-Early wars of Antiochus II!., 2J3-Cleomenes forsaken by Ptolemy, 214-The battle of Sellasia, 215-Cleomenes' last days in Egypt, 215, 21~ The end of Antigonus DOSOD, 216, 217. CONTENT:>. xvii XXlIL THR CONDITION OF THE HELLENISTIC WORLD IN 221 B.C. • 218-224 Roman invasion postponed a generation, :!I8-Hellenism in the Far East, 2'9. 220-Bonds of the civilized world, 2:zo, an-Hellenistic literature, 22J. 22l-Developments of posi· tive science, 24 . Xx.JV. THE LAST INDEPENDENT SOVEREIGNS OF THE EMPIRE.-THE ·FATE OF ANTIOCHUS III. AND PTOLEMY IV. (PHILOPATOR) • 22S-23.3 Chronologica.t table, 225, 226-Antiochus c'the Great," 226- The insurgent Molon, 227-Achceus' re,"olt, 227-Various opelJ.tious, 228-The battle of Rapbia, 229-The tJcacherous surrender of Achreus at Sardis, 229. 23o-His (ate, 230- Anti~hus' Eastern campaign, 230, 231-Returns to Antioch, and entitled c. the Great." 231-Theareer ('of Ptolemy at Alex andria, 232-His death, 233. xxv. THE CONDWION OF PERGAMUM AND RHODES 234-236 Condition of Brz:Jn~um, 234. 23S-The Galatiaq,:; in Thmce. 23s--Great olltery in the trading world. 235-The Rhodians instigate a war, 236-Tbe point gained. 2~6-Altalus, 2l6. XXVI. THE REIGN OF PHlLlP V. OF MACEDON, UP TO HIS INTERFERE:\CE IN EASTERN AFFAIRS.-HlS \VARS IN GREECE l37-'143 Philip V. peacefully succeeds to the t~ro.Qe. 237-Troubles from the iEtolbns, 237-The struggle, 238-The coming storm, 238-D~metrius of Pharos, 239-Philip's trealy with Hannibal, 24o-Philip's cruelty and injustice, 24o-Romans in.::ite war with Philip, 241-With Philopcemen he successfully resists a coalition, 241-Roruans displeased at the making of peace, and their attitude towards Philip, 242-A turning-poiot in the history of Alexander's Empire, 242, 24,3. xviii CONTENT/>. XXVIL STATE OF THE HELLENISTIC \VORLD FROM 204 TO 197 B.C.-THE FIRST ASSERTION OF ROME'S SUPREMACY 244-258 Philip's policy of annoyance and insult, 244-tiis treaty with An\iochus III., 247-His aggressions :lnd CTU('lties, 247, 248- The acce~ion of Ptolemy Epiph::mcs, 248 - The Regents Tlepolemus and Sosibius, 251-1 he attack on Egypt, 252- Rome's assistance is accepted,,,25z-Antiochus' proposal, 252 -The people of Abydos, 253-Rome's second war with Philip, 254-The lJaltie of Cynosccphaire, 255, 256-The attitude of the Roman geneul tow::.nis PhiLp. 256, 257-The first blow struck from the West at the Empire of Alel\,3ndria, 257- Macedonian humiliation, 257, 251$. XXVIII. THE HELLENISTIC WORLD FRO~f B,C, 197-190-THE SECOND ASSRRTION OF ROME'S SUPREMACY.- MAGNESIA • 259-266 Flamininus in Greece, 259, 260-Philip and Antiochus become' enemies, 261-Roman struggle WiUi A..ntiochus in Europe, 262 -The supremacy of the sr..-a secured IJY the Romans, 263- Their succes~ at M:lgnesia, z64-The dea~h of Antiochus, 265 -The Galatlans subjugated, 265-Tbe Romans lJecoule plug. derers, 265, 266. XXIX. THE HELLENISTIC WORLD FROM THE BA'ITLE OF MAGNESIA TO THE ACCESSION OF PERSEUS (RC. 190-179) • 267-284 Return to Egyptian affairs, 267-Tbe fate of Tlepolemus, 267 -Epiphanes' coronation, 268-The Rosetta Stone, 268--271 -The decree of Memphis. 272-Pergamum and Rhodes, 275- The powers depend on the beck of Rome, 276-AU the world at Rome, 277-Affairs for ten years after Magnesia, 278-Last years of Philip, 27~Roman policy shifting, 2~Rome and the Lea..,nues, 28I-283-Death of Philo~men, 283. • :J, ., 70 -----ALEXAN"-"------DER'S EM_PIRE i· ' 'r i ~ . _.'\ ·"t_~ 't'· ,i ,- I I R A l_~"=*,/~~ ", • \ ., i.l ." '" liO f.:iS 70 C,_ 65 70 ,-W ) \ I[ ------ALEXAN DER'S \ \, EM_PIRE s A!6rnn4 ,.. """. .... " 1 1 It -~ .. --- CONTENTS. xix xxx. PAC'S rHE STRUGGLE OF PERSFUS WITH THF: ROMANS. THE THIRD ASSERTION OF ROME'S SUPRE- MACY.-PYD~A (B.C. 168) 285-295 Perseus succeeds to the: throne, z3S-His waiting polier. :85- The feeling between Greece and Rllme, 2S6-Analogie:; to modern problems, z87-Perseus' first demoD5tration agail1st Rome, 288 - His want of decision, 289 - DegeoL'fation of Roman chanu:.ter, ZS9-L • .rE. Paull us brill~s the war to a close, 290--The Romans' trea~ent of Macedonia, 291--01 the Epirotes and of Eu..menc", 292-of Rhodes, 293---<>f their allies, 294-Thc history of Pulybius, 295. XXXI. THE LAST SVRIAN WAR, AND FOt:RTH ASSERTION OF ROMAN SUPREMACY. -THE CIRCLE OF Po- Plmus LlENAS (B.C. (68) 296-299 Antiochus IV., king of Syria. 2g6-His attack upon Egypt, 297-Popilius L,~nas' famous circle in the sand, 298-Roman interference, 29S - The Empire of Alexander, completely broken, sinks into dep~ndence upon Rome, 299- XXXII. TilE INFLUENCE OF 'HELLENISM ON ROME 300-3 10 Early Roman intercourse with Greece, 300-InRncnce of the Greeks upon Roman literature, 30I-The (ic;,ire to attain Hellenistic culture, 302-The inJluence of t h~ Greek play upon Roman morality, 303-The baset'~';s vf Roman diplomacy, 304-Roman Hellenism, 305-Some curious details from Poly bius, 306-Greek :trt at Rome, 307-The reactioll upon the East, 307, 308-A great gain to the civilized ","orld being secured, 3Q<}--Roman architecture, 309. 310. LIST OF NAMES EASILY CONFOUNDED 311 INDEX 315 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. • PAG~ COIN OF ALEXANtlER THE GREAT 3 THE MONUMENT OF LYSIKRATES . S MAP OF THE BATTLE OF THE GRANICUS 13 PLAN OF '.PRE BATTLE OF ISSUS 17 MOSAIC OF THE BATTLE OF ISSUS. (FROM POMPEn) 21 MAP OF BATI'LE OF 155US 25 PLAN OF BATTLE OF ARBELA 29 COIN OF PHIL.IP II. OF MACEDON 42 COts OF DEMETRIUS L S4 • • COIN OF DEMETRIUS I. S9 THB NIKE OF SAMOTHRACE, A MONUMENT SET UP BY DEMETRIUS I. . 6] COIN OF PTOLEMY IL 74 THE DYING GALATIAN (GLADIATOR) 77 FROM mE FRIEZE ON THE GREAT ALTAR AT PER· GAMUM 8. COIN OF ANTlOCHUS IV. 83 COIN OF ACH..EUS, SYRIAN PRETENDER 88 EPICURUS 10' COINS OF ANTtOCHUS III. AND PTOLEMY·V. III AN IONIC CAPITAL • 12. xxii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ."GlI CORINTHIAN CAPtTALS 124, 125 ,;mU~THIAN PILASTER '·5 PYLON ·:I'ORTAL) OF A TEMPLE, EDFU 128 A TEMPLE 'AT PHILtE 128 PlT.LAR FROM PHlL£ 129 STATU 10: OF OSIRIS • 129 PERSONIFICATJON OF THE CITV OF ANTIOCH, WITH THE RIVER OR(}~Tlo:S 113 COIN OF SELEUCUS HI. Ob' SYRIA t 141 PLAN OF THE RUIKS OF EPHESUS, WITH THE SITE OF THE TE;\JPLr OF DIANA 165 COINS OF RHODES AND PERGAUUM 187 COIN OF PHlLETiERUS 188 THE LAOCOO~ • 191 THE TORO FARNESE 195 COIN OF RHODES 197 COIN OF A!'l'TIOCHUS III. 220 COIN OF PTOLEMY v. 233 COIN OF PHILIP• V. OF MACEDON • 243 THE VENUS FROM MILO 245 FIGURINE FROM TANAGRA 249 PLAN OF TEMPLE OF DIANA AT EPHESUS 269 PLAN OF EGYPTIAN TF'.'!'tIPLE 273 COIN OF PERSEUS, KING OF MACEDON 284 cOIN OF ANTIOCH US IV. 296 COIN OF LEPIDUS TUTOR REGIS 198