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Gender Equality and the Safety of Journalists
Published in 2018 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 7523 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO and University of Oxford, 2018 ISBN: 978-92-3-100297-7 Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The present license applies exclusively to the textual content of the publication. For the use of any material not clearly identified as belonging to UNESCO, prior permission shall be requested from: [email protected] or UNESCO Publishing, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP France. Title: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Regional Overview Arab States 2017/2018 This complete World Trends Report (and executive summary in six languages) can be found at en.unesco.org/world-media-trends-2017 The complete study should be cited as follows: UNESCO. 2018. World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report, Paris The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimiation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. -
The Revival of Economic Sociology
Chapter 1 The Revival of Economic Sociology MAURO F. G UILLEN´ , RANDALL COLLINS, PAULA ENGLAND, AND MARSHALL MEYER conomic sociology is staging a comeback after decades of rela- tive obscurity. Many of the issues explored by scholars today E mirror the original concerns of the discipline: sociology emerged in the first place as a science geared toward providing an institutionally informed and culturally rich understanding of eco- nomic life. Confronted with the profound social transformations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the founders of so- ciological thought—Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Georg Simmel—explored the relationship between the economy and the larger society (Swedberg and Granovetter 1992). They examined the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services through the lenses of domination and power, solidarity and inequal- ity, structure and agency, and ideology and culture. The classics thus planted the seeds for the systematic study of social classes, gender, race, complex organizations, work and occupations, economic devel- opment, and culture as part of a unified sociological approach to eco- nomic life. Subsequent theoretical developments led scholars away from this originally unified approach. In the 1930s, Talcott Parsons rein- terpreted the classical heritage of economic sociology, clearly distin- guishing between economics (focused on the means of economic ac- tion, or what he called “the adaptive subsystem”) and sociology (focused on the value orientations underpinning economic action). Thus, sociologists were theoretically discouraged from participating 1 2 The New Economic Sociology in the economics-sociology dialogue—an exchange that, in any case, was not sought by economists. It was only when Parsons’s theory was challenged by the reality of the contentious 1960s (specifically, its emphasis on value consensus and system equilibration; see Granovet- ter 1990, and Zelizer, ch. -
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report
Published in 2018 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 7523 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO and University of Oxford, 2018 ISBN 978-92-3-100242-7 Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repos- itory (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The present license applies exclusively to the textual content of the publication. For the use of any material not clearly identi- fied as belonging to UNESCO, prior permission shall be requested from: [email protected] or UNESCO Publishing, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP France. Title: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report This complete World Trends Report Report (and executive summary in six languages) can be found at en.unesco.org/world- media-trends-2017 The complete study should be cited as follows: UNESCO. 2018. World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report, Paris The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authori- ties, or concerning the delimiation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. -
Despite All Odds, They Survived, Persisted — and Thrived Despite All Odds, They Survived, Persisted — and Thrived
The Hidden® Child VOL. XXVII 2019 PUBLISHED BY HIDDEN CHILD FOUNDATION /ADL DESPITE ALL ODDS, THEY SURVIVED, PERSISTED — AND THRIVED DESPITE ALL ODDS, THEY SURVIVED, PERSISTED — AND THRIVED FROM HUNTED ESCAPEE TO FEARFUL REFUGEE: POLAND, 1935-1946 Anna Rabkin hen the mass slaughter of Jews ended, the remnants’ sole desire was to go 3 back to ‘normalcy.’ Children yearned for the return of their parents and their previous family life. For most child survivors, this wasn’t to be. As WEva Fogelman says, “Liberation was not an exhilarating moment. To learn that one is all alone in the world is to move from one nightmarish world to another.” A MISCHLING’S STORY Anna Rabkin writes, “After years of living with fear and deprivation, what did I imagine Maren Friedman peace would bring? Foremost, I hoped it would mean the end of hunger and a return to 9 school. Although I clutched at the hope that our parents would return, the fatalistic per- son I had become knew deep down it was improbable.” Maren Friedman, a mischling who lived openly with her sister and Jewish mother in wartime Germany states, “My father, who had been captured by the Russians and been a prisoner of war in Siberia, MY LIFE returned to Kiel in 1949. I had yearned for his return and had the fantasy that now that Rivka Pardes Bimbaum the war was over and he was home, all would be well. That was not the way it turned out.” Rebecca Birnbaum had both her parents by war’s end. She was able to return to 12 school one month after the liberation of Brussels, and to this day, she considers herself among the luckiest of all hidden children. -
What Is Economic Sociology and Should Any Economists Care?
What Is Economic Sociology and Should Any Economists Care? Robert Gibbons* Robert Gibbons is Sloan Distinguished Professor of Organizational Economics and Strategy, Sloan School of Management and Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. * I am grateful to Tim Taylor for helpful comments and to Jim Baron, Roberto Fernandez, Jim March, Joel Podolny, Jesper Sorensen, and Ezra Zuckerman for patient tutoring. 1 A couple years ago, two of my colleagues independently proposed approximately the same title for their respective contributions to a series of lunchtime talks: “Why Erving Goffman Is My Hero (and Should Be Yours, Too).” I emerged from these two lunches mightily impressed – both by Goffman’s (1959) insights into The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life and by the potential for Goffman’s micro-sociological research to inspire a major new research stream in behavioral game theory. In a similar spirit, I considered titling this introduction “Why Robert Merton Is My Hero,” but this approach seemed prone to at least two problems. First, explaining hero worship in a short space would probably require poetry, which is not my forte. Second, I feared that the title would be opaque to those economists who would immediately think of Robert C. Merton, the Nobel Laureate in financial economics, rather than his father Robert K. Merton, one of the great sociologists in the history of that discipline. I take the ideas in these papers and their underlying sociological literatures quite seriously. In fact, one sociologist friend recently declared that I have an “economist’s eye for the sociological guy.” More precisely, my interest is in economic sociology, which I will define as the sociology of economic actors and institutions; see the two Handbooks of Economic Sociology by Smelser and Swedberg (1994, forthcoming) for volumes of detail. -
Contents PROOF
PROOF Contents List of Tables viii List of Figures xii List of Abbreviations xv Acknowledgements xxi Notes on Contributors xxii Foreword: South East Europe Means Business xxix Valentin Inzko South East Europe: A Diversity of Perspectives on a Diverse Region xxxi Part I Political and Legal Perspectives on South East Europe 1 South East Europe 1980–2010: A Short Historical Overview 3 Christian Promitzer 2 Europeanization in South East Europe 25 Danica Fink-Hafner and Damjan Lajh 3 Political Culture in South East Europe: The Examples of Bulgaria and Romania 51 Karin Liebhart 4 Corruption in South East Europe 87 Ruslan Stefanov and Dobromir Hristov 5 Networks and Informal Power Structures in South East Europe 109 Åse Berit Grødeland 6 Legal Certainty and the Rule of Law in South East Europe 150 Alexander Patsch v October 19, 2011 8:5 MAC/STEN Page-v 9780230_278653_01_prexxxviii PROOF vi Contents Part II Perspectives on Economic Developments in South East Europe 7 Regional Disparities and Economic Convergence in South East Europe 169 Reinhold Kosfeld and Alexander Werner 8 Macro-Economic Consequences of the Integration of the SEE Area into the Eurozone 189 Reinhard Neck 9 Innovation Capacity in the SEE Region 207 Ðuro Kutlaˇca and Slavo Radosevic 10 Small Firms as a Development Factor in South East Europe 232 Will Bartlett 11 Direct Taxation of Business in South East European Countries 251 Christian Bellak and Mario Liebensteiner 12 Consumer Behaviour and Food Consumption Patterns in South East Europe 271 Elka Vasileva and Daniela Ivanova -
Intersecting Inequalities: Four Essays on Race, Immigration, and Gender in the Contemporary United States
INTERSECTING INEQUALITIES: FOUR ESSAYS ON RACE, IMMIGRATION, AND GENDER IN THE CONTEMPORARY UNITED STATES by Emily K. Greenman A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Public Policy and Sociology) in The University of Michigan 2007 Doctoral Committee: Professor Yu Xie, Co-Chair Professor Mary E. Corcoran, Co-Chair Professor Sheldon H. Danziger Professor Pamela J. Smock © Emily K. Greenman 2007 To Mom and Dad, who have unfailingly supported my education from the earliest days. ii Acknowledgements I would like first to acknowledge the contributions of my advisor, Yu Xie, to Chapters 2 and 4, which will be published as coauthored papers. This dissertation was written with financial support from both the University of Michigan’s Population Studies Center and Rackham Graduate School. I was a trainee in both the Population Studies Center and the Quantitative Methodology Program at the University of Michigan during my graduate studies, and I have benefited greatly from the supportive and intellectually dynamic environments of both these programs. I owe great thanks to my committee, who couldn’t have been more generous with their support, time, and feedback. Pam Smock has always been able to make me think of my research from new directions and has helped me hone my critical thinking skills. Sheldon Danziger provided copious amounts of detailed and astute comments on my work, making sure that I wouldn’t be caught off guard by anything journal reviewers might have to say. A special thanks goes to Mary Corcoran, who recruited me into the joint Public Policy and Sociology doctoral program and who has been a continual source of support and encouragement ever since. -
Social Sciences $€ £ ¥
social sciences $€ £ ¥ Article Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEM Sarah Thébaud and Maria Charles * Department of Sociology, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9430, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 May 2018; Accepted: 4 July 2018; Published: 9 July 2018 Abstract: Scientific, technical, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) occupations are strongholds of gender segregation in the contemporary United States. While many Americans regard this segregation as natural and inevitable, closer examination reveals a great deal of variability in the gendering of STEM fields across time, space, and demographic groups. This article assesses how different theoretical accounts accord with the available evidence on the gender composition of scientific and technical fields. We find most support for accounts that allow for a dynamic interplay between individual-level traits and the broader sociocultural environments in which they develop. The existing evidence suggests, in particular, that Western cultural stereotypes about the nature of STEM work and STEM workers and about the intrinsic qualities of men and women can be powerful drivers of individual aptitudes, aspirations, and affinities. We offer an illustrative catalog of stereotypes that support women’s STEM-avoidance and men’s STEM-affinity, and we conclude with some thoughts on policy implications. Keywords: gender; STEM; segregation; stereotypes; culture; work; occupations; science; inequality For more than three decades, American educators, policy makers, activists, and business leaders have engaged in research and policy initiatives to increase the presence of women and other underrepresented groups in scientific, technical, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) occupations and fields of study. These efforts have been motivated by interests in broadening opportunities in lucrative, high-status occupations and in ameliorating acute STEM labor shortages that are believed to threaten national prosperity, private profits and the public welfare. -
The Revival of Economic Sociology Chapter Author(S): Mauro F
Russell Sage Foundation Chapter Title: The Revival of Economic Sociology Chapter Author(s): Mauro F. Guillén, Randall Collins, Paula England and Marshall Meyer Book Title: New Economic Sociology, The Book Subtitle: Developments in an Emerging Field Book Editor(s): Mauro F. Guillén, Randall Collins, Paula England, Marshall Meyer Published by: Russell Sage Foundation. (2002) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610442602.5 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Russell Sage Foundation is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to New Economic Sociology, The This content downloaded from 68.8.44.142 on Sat, 14 Mar 2020 00:04:00 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Chapter 1 The Revival of Economic Sociology MAURO F. G UILLEN´ , RANDALL COLLINS, PAULA ENGLAND, AND MARSHALL MEYER conomic sociology is staging a comeback after decades of rela- tive obscurity. Many of the issues explored by scholars today E mirror the original concerns of the discipline: sociology emerged in the first place as a science geared toward providing an institutionally informed and culturally rich understanding of eco- nomic life. Confronted with the profound social transformations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the founders of so- ciological thought—Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Georg Simmel—explored the relationship between the economy and the larger society (Swedberg and Granovetter 1992). -
The Ginger Fox's Two Crowns Central Administration and Government in Sigismund of Luxembourg's Realms
Doctoral Dissertation THE GINGER FOX’S TWO CROWNS CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNMENT IN SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBOURG’S REALMS 1410–1419 By Márta Kondor Supervisor: Katalin Szende Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department, Central European University, Budapest in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies, CEU eTD Collection Budapest 2017 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION 6 I.1. Sigismund and His First Crowns in a Historical Perspective 6 I.1.1. Historiography and Present State of Research 6 I.1.2. Research Questions and Methodology 13 I.2. The Luxembourg Lion and its Share in Late-Medieval Europe (A Historical Introduction) 16 I.2.1. The Luxembourg Dynasty and East-Central-Europe 16 I.2.2. Sigismund’s Election as King of the Romans in 1410/1411 21 II. THE PERSONAL UNION IN CHARTERS 28 II.1. One King – One Land: Chancery Practice in the Kingdom of Hungary 28 II.2. Wearing Two Crowns: the First Years (1411–1414) 33 II.2.1. New Phenomena in the Hungarian Chancery Practice after 1411 33 II.2.1.1. Rex Romanorum: New Title, New Seal 33 II.2.1.2. Imperial Issues – Non-Imperial Chanceries 42 II.2.2. Beginnings of Sigismund’s Imperial Chancery 46 III. THE ADMINISTRATION: MOBILE AND RESIDENT 59 III.1. The Actors 62 III.1.1. At the Travelling King’s Court 62 III.1.1.1. High Dignitaries at the Travelling Court 63 III.1.1.1.1. Hungarian Notables 63 III.1.1.1.2. Imperial Court Dignitaries and the Imperial Elite 68 III.1.1.2. -
American Economic Association
American Economic Association A Sociological Perspective on Gender and Career Outcomes Author(s): Barbara F. Reskin and Denise D. Bielby Source: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter, 2005), pp. 71-86 Published by: American Economic Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4134993 Accessed: 10/01/2009 17:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aea. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Economic Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Economic Perspectives. -
Toward Gender Equality: Progress and Bottlenecks
Chapter 8 Toward Gender Equality: Progress and Bottlenecks Paula England s the significance of gender declining in America? Are men's and women's lives and rewards becoming more similar? To answer this question, I examine trends in market work and unpaid household work, including child care. I consider whether men's and women's employment and hours in paid work are converging, and examine trends in occupational sex segregation and the sex gap in pay. I also consider trends in men's and women's hours of paid work and household work. The emergent picture is one Iof convergence within each of the two areas of paid and unpaid work. Yet progress is not continuous and has stalled recently. Sometimes it continues on one front and stops on another. Gender change is also asymmetric in two ways: things have changed in paid work more than in the household, and women have dramatically increased their participation in formerly "male" activities, but men's inroads into traditionally female occupations or household tasks is very limited by comparison. I consider what these trends portend for the future of gender inequality. Robert Max Jackson argues (see chapter 7, this volume) that continued progress toward gender inequality is inevitable. I agree with him that many forces push in the direction of treating similarly situated men and women equally in bureaucratic organizations. Nonetheless, I conclude that the two related asymmetries in gender change—the sluggish change in the household and in men taking on traditionally female activities in any sphere- create bottlenecks that can dampen if not reverse egalitarian trends.