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La Isla Del Carmen, Se Ubica En El Botanical Sciences 92 (3): 453-456, 2014 NOTA BOTÁNICA a Isla del Carmen, se ubica en el OTA SOBRE LA FLORÍSTICA Y ESTADO Lestado de Campeche (17° 52’ y 19° N 01’ N; 90° 29’ y 92° 28’ O), ocupa un área de 37.5 km de longitud por 3 km DE CONSERVACIÓN DE REMANENTES DE de ancho, equivalente a 112.5 km2, lo que representa el 0.19% de la superfi - VEGETACIÓN PIONERA DE DUNA COSTERA cie del estado. Se encuentra bordeada por el Golfo de México y la Laguna DE ISLA DEL CARMEN, CAMPECHE, MÉXICO de Términos; su vegetación de duna costera es escasa y fragmentada. El clima es subhúmedo con lluvias en ve- 1,4 1 rano (Aw2(i’)g y Aw2(i’)gw; Mendoza PATRICIA GUADARRAMA , LUIS SALINAS-PEBA , MIGUEL GARCÍA- y Kú, 2010). Se localiza en la transi- BIELMA2, ESTHELA ENDAÑÚ-HUERTA2, JUAN HERNÁNDEZ-CORTÉS2 ción entre las calizas de la península 3 de Yucatán y los aluviales del Golfo de Y JOSÉ A. RAMOS-ZAPATA México (Contreras, 2010). El uso del 1Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, suelo está enfocado hacia la vivienda; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Sisal, Hunucmá, Yucatán, México además cuenta con usos industrial y 2Maestría en Ciencias en Restauración Ecológica, Centro de Investigación de de servicio para proveer espacio a las Ciencias Ambientales DES Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen. empresas que se dedican a prestar ser- Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, México 3 vicios a la industria petrolera. La zona Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y marina, por su parte, se divide en áreas Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Mérida, Yucatán, México 4Autor para la correspondencia. [email protected] de pesca, y de extracción y conducción de petróleo y gas, esta última área ge- nera impactos ecológicos importantes (Villalobos et al., 1999; García-Cué- costa de Campeche (Castillo y More- cuadro de otro por un espacio de 5 m. llar et al., 2004). A sus playas arriban no-Casasola, 1998), lo cual ya ha sido Se identifi caron y contabilizaron cada a desovar tres especies de tortugas reportado por Ayala (2010); la costa una de las especies dentro del área del marinas: carey (Eretmochelys imbri- puede describirse como una franja cuadro, considerando porcentaje de cata), blanca (Chelonia mydas) y lora angosta de dunas con una pendiente cobertura y altura. Por sitios se obtu- (Lepidochelys kempi; Berzunza, 2010; suave hacia el sotavento. A partir de la vo el valor de importancia, riqueza, y Corbalá, 2010). línea de marea se distribuyen especies se calculó el índice de diversidad de El ecosistema de dunas de arena pioneras, principalmente hierbas, y Shannon-Wiener. que bordea buena parte del litoral de tierra adentro vegetación de matorral. Se encontraron 26 familias, 43 géne- la Península de Yucatán protege a la El objetivo del trabajo fue identifi car ros y 46 especies (la familia Fabaceae costa de los embates de los huracanes las especies de la vegetación pione- fue la mejor representada con cinco tropicales, forma una barrera contra el ra de las dunas costeras, para ello se especies, seguida por Asteraceae y movimiento de las arenas durante tor- realizaron muestreos que abarcaron Poaceae con cuatro especies cada una mentas y oleajes muy fuertes, y actúa la costa desde Puerto Real, km 28-24, (Cuadro 1). Distichlis spicata, Pa- como estabilizador del substrato (Mar- hasta La Quinta Universitaria en el nicum amarum, Passifl ora foetida y tínez et al., 2004; Moreno-Casasola, km 12.5. Con el fi n de comparar la ve- Canavalia rosea, estuvieron presentes 2006). Sin embargo, la vegetación de getación de la parte insular con la con- con los mayores valores de importan- las dunas establecida en la costa frente tinental, se incluyó un punto de mues- cia en todos los sitios (21.7, 19.8, 18.3 al Golfo de México en Isla del Carmen treo en el continente, en las cercanías y 12.6 respectivamente). Cabe señalar ha sufrido una reducción importante en a Isla Aguada (Figura 1). En cada sitio que el estrato herbáceo fue el mejor los últimos años, con consecuencias no se trazaron tres transectos, desde la representado con 23 especies (50%), cuantifi cadas, que incluyen la sustitu- zona de plantas pioneras hasta antes seguido del arbóreo (17%), arbustivo ción y fragmentación de la vegetación del matorral de duna costera, con di- y herbáceo rastrero (13% cada uno), nativa para el cultivo de coco (Cocos rección perpendicular a la playa, cada y las palmeras (6.5%). Se reporta una nucifera), construcción de casas ve- transecto tuvo 40 m de largo con una especie endémica de la península, raniegas, e infraestructura y construc- separación entre sí de al menos de 20 Cienfuegosia yucatanensis; una espe- ción de carreteras (Chan et al., 2002). m, y se colocaron en cada uno de ellos cie amenazada, Conocarpus erectus Existen datos escasos referentes a la cuadros de 5 × 5 m de forma consecu- (NOM-059-SEMARNAT; SEMAR- vegetación de las dunas costeras de la tiva sobre el transecto, separados un NAT, 2010); así como una especie cul- 453 PATRICIA GUADARRAMA ET AL. tes y tomar medidas de control para eliminar a las especies invasoras. Agradecimientos Agradecemos a la Maestría en Cien- cias en Restauración Ecológica de la Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, así como a Roberto Brito, Emma del Carmen Guevara y Luis Enrique Ama- dor del Ángel por su apoyo invaluable, asimismo a los revisores anónimos que mejoraron enormemente este ma- nuscrito. Literatura citada Alonso C., Navarro-Fernández C.M., Ar- ceo-Gómez G., Meindl G.A., Parra- Tabla V. y Ashman T.L. 2013. Among- species differences in pollen quality and quantity limitation: implications for endemics in biodiverse hotspots. Annals of Botany 112:1461-1469. Ayala P.L.A. 2010. Dunas, playas e islas. Figura 1. Localización de los sitios de muestreo en Isla del Carmen y en el continente, en En: Villalobos-Zapata G.J. y Mendo- el estado de Campeche. za-Vega J. Coords. La Biodiversidad en Campeche: Estudio de Estado, pp. 128-135, Comisión Nacional para el tivada, Cocos nucifera (Carnevali et et al., 1994); y Tournefortia gna- Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversi- al., 2010). Se comparten 22 especies phalodes, con hábito restringido a la dad, Gobierno del Estado de Campe- che, Universidad Autónoma de Cam- con las dunas de Sisal, Yucatán (Gua- duna costera y considerada elemento peche, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, darrama et al., 2012) y seis especies estructural con función de fi jación Campeche. con las dunas móviles de la Mancha, del sustrato arenoso (Campos, 2010). Berzunza C. J. 2010. Estudio de caso: Veracruz (Moreno-Casasola, 1986) y Asimismo, es relevante la presencia programa estatal de protección y con- 13 con el sitio continental (Isla Agua- de C. yucatanensis, por ser una es- servación de la tortuga marina en da; Cuadro 1). En relación a los sitios pecie autocompatible con muy ba- Campeche. En: Villalobos-Zapata G.J. de muestreo, el km 28 fue el sitio con jas tasas de visitas fl orales y escasa y Mendoza-Vega J. Coords. La Bio- mayor riqueza y diversidad, mientras producción de frutos (Alonso et al., diversidad en Campeche: Estudio de que el sitio La Quinta Universitaria 2013) cuyas poblaciones se restrin- Estado, pp. 342-343, Comisión Nacio- nal para el Conocimiento y Uso de la presentó los valores más bajos; por gen a la península de Yucatán. Con Biodiversidad, Gobierno del Estado de otra parte, Isla Aguada, presentó seis respecto a las cactáceas, se registró Campeche, Universidad Autónoma de especies que no se encontraron en la presencia de pocos individuos de Campeche, El Colegio de la Frontera Isla del Carmen (Cuadro 1). Existen Acanthocereus tetragonus y Opun- Sur, Campeche. pocos estudios fl orísticos en la zona tia stricta en dos de los sitios de Campos R.M.G. 2010. Boragináceas. de pioneras de las dunas costeras de muestreo. Góngora y Noriega-Trejo En: Villalobos-Zapata G.J. y Mendo- la península de Yucatán; Guadarrama (2010) han señalado la importancia za-Vega J. Coords. La Biodiversidad et al. (2012) reportan 56 especies pio- de estas especies dada su capacidad en Campeche: Estudio de Estado, pp. neras en las dunas costeras de Sisal, de retención de suelo y su valor como 222-227, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversi- Yucatán. En este estudio se reportan fuente alimenticia. Además, la pre- dad, Gobierno del Estado de Campe- 46 especies en pequeños fragmentos, sencia de C. nucifera (especie intro- che, Universidad Autónoma de Cam- pero cabe destacar que aún presentan ducida) y de Crotalaria incana (es- peche, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, elementos representativos, como es el pecie oportunista; Moreno-Casasola Campeche. caso de C. rosea, característica de la et al., 1994), indican la importancia Carnevali F.C.G., Tapia-Muñoz R.J.L., zona de pioneras (Moreno-Casasola de conservar los fragmentos existen- Duno de Stefano R. y Ramírez M.I.M. 454 Botanical Sciences 92 (3): 453-456, 2014 FLORÍSTICA Y ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE REMANENTES DE VEGETACIÓN PIONERA DE DUNA COSTERA DE ISLA DEL CARMEN Cuadro 1. Familias, especies, formas de vida (FV: A, árbol; P, palma; At, arbusto ; H, hierba; Hr, hierba rastrera), número de individuos, riqueza y diversidad (índice de Shannon-Wiener) por sitios de muestreo (PR, Puerto Real; km 24; km 28; LQ, La Quinta Universitaria; IA, Isla Aguada). Estatus de conservación: * endémica, ** introducida, *** amenazada. Familia Especie FV PR km 24 km 28 LQ IA Aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. H - 1 4 2 5 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera fl avens Kunth H - - - - 2 Suaeda linearis (Elliott) Moq.
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