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Estaciã³n De Investigaciones Marinas El Carmen, Universidad Nacional Gulf of Mexico Science Volume 28 Article 5 Number 1 Number 1/2 (Combined Issue) 2010 Estación de Investigaciones Marinas El Carmen, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Elva Escobar Briones Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Raymundo Lecuanda Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México DOI: 10.18785/goms.2801.05 Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/goms Recommended Citation Briones, E. E. and R. Lecuanda. 2010. Estación de Investigaciones Marinas El Carmen, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Gulf of Mexico Science 28 (1). Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/goms/vol28/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Gulf of Mexico Science by an authorized editor of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Briones and Lecuanda: Estación de Investigaciones Marinas El Carmen, Universidad Nacion Gulf of Mexico Science, 2010(1–2), pp. 22–35 ESTACIO´ N DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS EL CARMEN UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTO´ NOMA DE ME´ XICO ELVA ESCOBAR BRIONES AND RAYMUNDO LECUANDA BACKGROUND AND SETTING FOR THE CREATION OF tions. The extraction of shrimp through artisanal UNAM’s FIELD STATION IN CIUDAD DEL CARMEN and offshore fisheries had been a major source of income and development of infrastructure in The Estacio´n de Investigaciones Marinas El Ciudad del Carmen from 1945 until the mid Carmen (the Station of Marine Research in 1970s. Shipyards, canneries, and freezing indus- Ciudad del Carmen) is a subunit of the Instituto tries flourished through at least three decades. de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologı´a (Institute of On the other hand, the early exploratory work Marine Sciences and Limnology [ICML]) of the for oil started in the late 1950s and continued Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico into the late 1960s (Table 1). In spite of Isla del (UNAM) (Fig. 1). The station is located on Isla Carmen’s isolation from the continent and its del Carmen, the barrier island of Terminos distance from Mexico City, it grew as a strategic Lagoon, State of Campeche, in the southern economic location until the middle of the 20th Gulf of Mexico. The station, since its origin, has century; however, it lacked the support of been a major landmark for the development of scientific research. Biological and general geo- scientific projects by UNAM research centers and logical knowledge was needed to help under- institutes in collaboration with many other stand the interaction between Laguna de Te´rmi- national and oceanographic institutions. nos and the Bay of Campeche and guarantee the persistence of their natural resources. The concept of a ‘‘natural laboratory’’ for the Strategic regional relevance.—To describe the rele- study of different aspects of sedimentology and vance of the station it is useful to compare its oceanography in which the effects of various origin to the local, regional, and international factors can be isolated had been applied in the events of the time, since oceanographic knowl- Gulf of California in the early 1960s (van Andel edge evolved regionally and globally (Table 1). and Shor, 1964) and was an applicable concept For almost 40 years the region’s development for the new laboratory in the southern Gulf of was economically linked to the marine ecosys- Mexico. The large variations in many factors tems but without scientific or technical support controlling sedimentation plus the nearly land- and with no guidance for better management of locked character of Laguna de Te´rminos and its coastal environments. The region of Campeche well-defined water circulation made Ciudad del and the city of Ciudad del Carmen are related to Carmen an ideal place. the country’s economy through two main pro- The studies of modern sediments along the ductive activities, shrimp fishery and oil produc- northwestern margin of the Gulf of Mexico were tion. These two activities link the regional carried out at the same time under the auspices population growth to the coastal sea and its of the American Petroleum Institute (API) in the resources and to recent sedimentary environ- 1950s by a group of marine geologists at Scripps ments. From the fishery side, Ciudad del Carmen Institution of Oceanography and the newly was selected because the landings in Campeche founded department at the Agricultural and accounted in the 1960–70s for one-third of all Mechanical College of Texas, now known as Gulf finfish production and half of all shrimp Texas A&M University (Table 1). These studies, landings. Although several coastal ecological also known as API Project 51, were the pioneer- factors determine the biological productivity of ing effort in basin-wide sedimentology and the Gulf fisheries, the most important produc- ecology directed by Prof. Francis P. Shepard tion mechanisms underlying these fisheries was (Shepard et al. 1960) (Table 1) and carried out thought to be the combination of estuaries and by a renowned group of scientists of the time lagoons with coastal vegetation (mangroves, that set the stage and contributed with the submerged vegetation), which provide the ideal essential elements for subsequent work in deltas habitat as refuge, breeding grounds, and nurs- and shorelines around the world. API Project 51 eries (Sobero´n-Cha´vez and Ya´n˜ez-Arancibia, was an important trigger in creating a station of 1985). Ciudad del Carmen, which is located next marine research in Ciudad del Carmen and to Laguna de Te´rminos, provided these condi- generating knowledge of recent sedimentary E 2010 by the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium of Alabama Published by The Aquila Digital Community, 2010 1 ESCOBAR-BRIONESGulf of AND Mexico LECUANDA—ESTACIO Science, Vol. 28 [2010], No. ´1,N Art. DE 5 INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS EL CARMEN 23 Fig. 1. Timeline of the subunit that originated from the Institute of Biology and Geology. environments that would help in understanding (Table 1). The Olympic Games stimulated a the unexplored continental shelf, ecosystems, wide range of improvements, among which were and their resources (Fig. 2). the government developing an infrastructure for investment in science and exploring partner- The national setting.—In 1968 the eyes of the ships in the public–private sector, a mixed world and the country were focused on the economic model. The story of the marine Mexico City Olympic Games, which became a research station in Ciudad del Carmen is a good significant catalyst for change in the country example of success wrapped in a world of https://aquila.usm.edu/goms/vol28/iss1/5 2 DOI: 10.18785/goms.2801.05 Briones and Lecuanda: Estación de Investigaciones Marinas El Carmen, Universidad Nacion 24 GULF OF MEXICO SCIENCE, 2010, VOL. 28(1–2) TABLE 1. Chronological history of regional, national, and international landmarks in oceanography that define the national setting of marine sciences at UNAM and that led to the development of ICML and Estacio´n de Investigaciones Marinas El Carmen. Published by The Aquila Digital Community, 2010 3 ESCOBAR-BRIONESGulf of AND Mexico LECUANDA—ESTACIO Science, Vol. 28 [2010], No. ´1,N Art. DE 5 INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS EL CARMEN 25 TABLE 1. Continued. https://aquila.usm.edu/goms/vol28/iss1/5 4 DOI: 10.18785/goms.2801.05 Briones and Lecuanda: Estación de Investigaciones Marinas El Carmen, Universidad Nacion 26 GULF OF MEXICO SCIENCE, 2010, VOL. 28(1–2) TABLE 1. Continued. turmoil, where some countries—i.e., the United were many advantages to setting the marine Kingdom and Germany—experienced similar research station in Ciudad del Carmen. The results transformations and trends toward collaboration could be compared with information from similar without undergoing the difficulty of widespread environments in the Gulf of Mexico (highly saline worker and student movements that France and Laguna Madre of South Texas to low-salinity bays Mexico experienced in 1968. east of Galveston) to results from the API Project 51 (Table 1) allowing generalizations, and results The scientific vision.—Little is known on how much from Laguna de Te´rminos and the nearby coastal UNAM through the Institutes of Geology and zone were of interest to the industry. Research in Biology followed the API Project 51 ideas; however, the nearby coastal zone gradually moved offshore a group of scientists of the Institute of Geology in the following decades to investigate the process- took the lead in the study of recent sediments, es of continental shelves and slopes. choosing Laguna de Te´rminos as the first area of investigation. This produced the special publica- National policy requirements.—The discovery of oil tion of the Institute of Geology, Bulletin 67 in a large scale in the southern Gulf of Mexico in (Table 1) (Salas 1963a, b), which in turn resulted the early 1970s, in what was called ‘‘the oil boom in the 1962 Oceanography and Marine Geology of the Southeast,’’ generated the prompt estab- Symposium (Table 1), which set the baseline for lishment and growth of the oil industry off sedimentology in Laguna de Te´rminos. There Campeche. The development and trends of the Published by The Aquila Digital Community, 2010 5 ESCOBAR-BRIONESGulf of AND Mexico LECUANDA—ESTACIO Science, Vol. 28 [2010], No. ´1,N Art. DE 5 INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS EL CARMEN 27 Fig. 2. Eastern view of newly constructed Estacio´n de Investigaciones Marinas El Carmen in Playa Norte ca. 1969. Image from the Ayala Collection. Courtesy G. Nun˜ez Nogueira. regional oil industry saw substantive changes in THE CREATION OF THE ESTACIO´ NDE INVESTIGACIONES the productive, demographic model and devel- MARINAS ‘‘El CARMEN’’ opment that persists today. The research sup- porting the oil industry developed with the El Diario de Campeche (Diario de Yucata´n) strategic participation of UNAM, the National newspaper published a note on 13 June 1968 Polytechnic Institute, and the Mexican Institute reporting on the creation of the Estacio´n de of Petroleum.
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