Psicologia Histórico- Cultural Da Memória

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Psicologia Histórico- Cultural Da Memória SANDRO HENRIQUE VIEIRA DE ALMEIDA PSICOLOGIA HISTÓRICO- CULTURAL DA MEMÓRIA Educação: Psicologia da Educação – PUC/SP São Paulo – 2008 SANDRO HENRIQUE VIEIRA DE ALMEIDA PSICOLOGIA HISTÓRICO- CULTURAL DA MEMÓRIA Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Educação: Psicologia da Educação, sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Mitsuko Aparecida Makino Antunes. Educação: Psicologia da Educação – PUC/SP São Paulo – 2008 ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Dedico este trabalho àqueles que permitiram que esta tese se realizasse AGRADECIMENTOS Diversas pessoas contribuíram para que este trabalho fosse realizado e a elas agradeço. Infelizmente não posso escrever o nome de todos. Assim, agradeço especialmente - primeiramente aos meus pais Vera e Sérgio por caminharem junto comigo nas descobertas e obstáculos da vida; - à Adriana e Emerson e ao meu irmão Sérgio pelo amor e incentivo; - à Mimi pelas preciosas orientações e confiança; - ao amor, carinho e ininterrupto incentivo de minha sempre linda Flávia; - às preciosas sugestões, correções e auxílios de José Paulo Netto e Betty Oliveira, cada qual com suas especificidades, no entendimento do marxismo, educação e União Soviética; - à juventude de amigos – Adriana Eiko, Marcelo, Fernanda, Netto, Celinha, Adriana Louro, Flávia – que dia-a-dia participaram de minhas reflexões e enfrentamentos; - aos amigos Tiago, Amauri, Saletinha, Nádia, Débora e Agnes que em todos os momentos de ofereceram inestimável ajuda; - ao carinho, sugestões e incentivo de Maria do Carmo, Ia, Abigail e Sueli; - à paciência, sugestões e amizade de Irene e Helena; - ao apoio financeiro do CNPq. RESUMO O objetivo desta tese foi investigar as pesquisas da psicologia histórico-cultural soviética sobre a memória a partir das obras de alguns autores, sendo os principais Leontiev, Luria, Zinchenko e Smirnov. Tendo como referência que o indivíduo é ontogeneticamente social, que sua relação com o mundo é ativa e que é por meio dessa atividade que seu psiquismo é formado, buscou-se uma compreensão atual da memória, considerando não só as produções soviéticas como as atuais concepções sobre os processos mnêmicos. Assim, tem-se que a memória é entendida como um processo complexo de elaboração da informação, dividido em uma série de etapas que, por seu caráter, se aproxima à atividade cognoscitiva (pensamento). Organiza-se no cérebro em um complexo sistema funcional, ativo por seu caráter, que se desdobra no tempo em uma série de elos e organizado em vários níveis. Esse caráter complexo e sistêmico está presente nos processos fundamentais da memória e se refere por igual ao processo de registro (ou recordação) e ao de reprodução (ou evocação) das informações. A memória estabelece relação sistêmico-específica com a linguagem e com os demais processos psicológicos, isto é, está relacionada à formação do sistema psicológico/ funcional e não por uma relação de associações sensoriais mecânicas entre ambas. Apóia-se em um sistema multidimensional de conexões que incluem componentes elementares (sensoriais), complexos (perceptivos) e muito complexos (conceituais), sendo estes processos também dependentes do material a ser recordado, do tempo que se tem para registro e do lugar que a memorização ocupa na estrutura da atividade. Todo o processo mnemônico é também regulado pelas emoções e sentimentos dos indivíduos e, assim, também é determinado pelos motivos e necessidades da atividade e pelos significados e sentidos da realidade (e dos conteúdos memorizados) para o indivíduo. ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis was to investigate the research of the soviet historical-cultural psychology about memory from studies of some authors, especially Leontiev, Luria, Zinchenko and Smirnov. Having as reference that the individual is ontogenetically social, which his (their) relationship with the world is active and is from this activity their psychism is formed an actual understanding of memory has been searched, considering not only the soviet productions but also actual concepts of mnesics processes. In this sense, the memory is understood as a complex process of information elaboration, divided in a series of stages which, by its character, it is near to cognoscitive activity (thinking). The brain is organized in a complex functional system, active in its character, unfolds in time in a series of links and organized in various levels. This systemic and complex character is presented in the fundamental processes of memory and equally report to the register process (or remembering) and to the reproduction (or evocation) of information. The memory establishes a systemic-specific relationship with the language and with other psychological processes, i.e., it is related to the formation of the psychological/functional system and not to the relation of mechanical sensorial associations. The memory is supported by a multidimensional system of connections that includes elementary components (sensorial), complexes (perceptive) and very complexes (concepts), being these processes dependent on the materials to be remembered, on the time which these processes have to happen, and on the place that the remembering occupies in the activity structure. All the mnemonic process is also regulated by the individual's emotions and sentiments and therefore it is also determined by motives and necessities of the activity and by the meaning and personal meaning from the reality to the subject. RESUMEN El objetivo de esta tesis fue investigar las pesquisas de la psicología histórico cultural soviética sobre la memoria partiendo de la obra de algunos autores, los principales son Leontiev, Luria, Zinchenko y Smirnov. Tomando como referencia que el individuo es ontongeneticamente social, que su relación con el mundo es activa y que es por medio de esa actividad que su psiquismo es formado, se buscó una compreensión actual de la memoria, teniendo en cuenta no sólamente las producciones sovieticas como también las actuales concepciones sobre los procesos mnémicos. Así, se tiene que la memoria es compreendida como un proceso complejo de elaboración de la información, dividido en muchas etapas que, por su caracter, se aproxima de la actividad cognoscitiva (pensamiento). Se organiza en el cerebro un complejo sistema funcional, activo por su caracter, que se despliega en el tiempo en una serie de eslabones y ordenado en varios niveles. Ese carácter complejo y sistémico está presente en los procesos fundamentales de la memoria y se refiere por igual al proceso de registro (o recordación) y al de reproducción (o evocación) de las informaciones. La memoria establece relación sistémica específica con el lenguaje y con los demás procesos psicológicos, o sea, está relacionada a la formación del sistema psicológico/funcional y no por una relación de asociaciones sensoriales mecánicas entre las dos. Se apoya en un sistema multidimensional de conexiones que incluyen componentes elementares (sensoriales), complejos (perceptivos) y muy complejos (conceptuales), así que estos procesos también dependen del material a ser recordado, el tiempo que se tiene para registro y del lugar que la memorización ocupa en la estructura de la actividad. Todo proceso nemónico es también regulado por las emociones y sentimientos de los individuos de modo que también es determinado por motivos y necesidades de la actividad y por los significados y sentidos de la realidad (y de los contenidos memorizados) para el individuo. i SUMÁRIO SUMÁRIO ....................................................................................................... i LISTA DE FIGURAS ....................................................................................... iv APRESENTAÇÃO ............................................................................................ v INTRODUÇÃO .............................................................................................. 01 1. MOLDURAS E RETRATOS ......................................................................... 08 2. A TEORIA DO CONHECIMENTO E A PSICOLOGIA CONCRETA DO HOMEM .17 2.1. O Reflexo Psíquico da Realidade ........................................................................... 17 2.1.1. A Filogênese do Reflexo Psíquico da Realidade ................................................. 30 2.2. O Reflexo Psíquico Consciente da Realidade ........................................................ 33 2.2.1. A Estrutura da Atividade ..................................................................................... 36 2.2.2. A Estrutura da Consciência ................................................................................. 41 2.2.3. Formação do Sistema Psicológico ....................................................................... 44 2.2.4. O Problema da Organização Cerebral da Atividade Consciente Humana .......... 48 2.3. Síntese ..................................................................................................................... 53 3. A CONSTRUÇÃO DE UMA PSICOLOGIA REVOLUCIONÁRIA:UMA NOVA FORMA DE ENTENDER A MEMÓRIA ............................................................. 55 3.1. Antecedentes: A Psicologia Materialista Pré-Revolucionária ................................ 56 3.1.1. Retrato Desbotado ..............................................................................................
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