Christine Riegel: Transformation

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Christine Riegel: Transformation Christine Riegel: Transformation Schriftenreihe des Interdisziplinären Zentrums für Bildung und Kommunikation in Migrationsprozessen (IBKM) an der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Nr. 59 Herausgegeben von Rudolf Leiprecht, Inger Petersen, Winfried Schulz-Kaempf Rudolf Leiprecht, Seddik Bibouche (Hrsg.) „Nichts ist praktischer als eine gute Theorie“ Theorie, Forschung und Praxis im Kontext von politischer Kultur, Bildungsarbeit und Partizipation in der Migrationsgesellschaft BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Ohne die finanzielle Unterstützung der Max-Traeger-Stiftung wäre diese Publikation für unseren gemeinsamen Kollegen Josef Held nicht zu Stande gekommen. Wir bedanken uns recht herzlich. Für Korrektur und Formatierung bedanken wir uns herzlich bei Marei-Liselotte Radke Oldenburg, 2011 Verlag / Druck / Vertrieb BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2541 26015 Oldenburg E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bis-verlag.de ISBN 978-3-8142-2238-7 Inhalt Einleitung 9 Seddik Bibouche/Rudolf Leiprecht I. Was ist gute Theorie? Frigga Haug Die Menschen machen die Geschichte nicht aus freien Stücken, aber sie machen sie selbst – Zum Verhältnis von Theorie und Praxis bei Rosa Luxemburg 29 Manolis Dafermos/Athanasios Marvakis Vermitteltes Erkennen der Welt – Lernen nach Sergei L. Rubinstein 41 Rainer Treptow Was heißt heute Kritik? Randüberlegungen und Fragen 77 II. Theorien und Alltagstheorien Ilze Plaude Theorien auf Reisen: zur (Un-)Möglichkeit internationaler Forschung 87 Rudolf Leiprecht/Christine Riegel Feindbildkonstruktionen zu ‚Balkan‘ und ‚Islam‘ – Politische Diskurse über eingewanderte Gruppen in der Schweiz und in den Niederlanden 101 III. Theorie, Forschung und Praxis im Kontext subjektorientierter und interkultureller Ansätze Albert Scherr Subjektorientierte Bildungspraxis – eine immer noch aktuelle Orientierung für die Theorie und Praxis der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe? 135 Rudolf Leiprecht Die Frage von Einwanderungsgesellschaft und Subjekt in der Sozialisationsforschung 155 Christine Riegel Intersektionalität – auch ein Ansatz für die Praxis? Perspektiven für Reflexion, Kritik und Veränderung 169 Vjeran Katunarić Civic (and intercultural) education in the EU countries 197 Seddik Bibouche/Josef Held Rechtsextreme Dynamiken in der politischen Kultur. Zur sinnvollen Verbindung von quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden am Beispiel eines Forschungsprojektes 213 Seddik Bibouche Integration evaluieren: zwischen Pragmatismus und Illusion 235 IV. Bildung und soziale Werte Martin Allespach Politische Bildung: kritisch, emanzipatorisch und subjektorientiert – die Bildungsarbeit der IG Metall 263 Airisa Šteinberga Lettlands Schulen: Faktoren, die das Wohlbefinden von Schülerinnen und Schülern bestimmen 273 Mara Vidnere/Ausma Špona Einstellungen als soziale Werte von Teenagern 283 Liste der Autorinnen und Autoren 291 Seddik Bibouche / Rudolf Leiprecht Einleitung „Nichts ist praktischer als eine gute Theorie“ Ein Zitat von Kurt Lewin (1890–1947) für Josef Held Die langjährige Arbeit in Forschung und Lehre, getragen von kritischem Geist, grenzenloser Neugier und Engagement, weit über das enge Korsett des Provinziellen hinaus, aber dennoch das Lokale schätzend und würdigend, hinterlässt manchmal im Rückblick erstaunliche Erkenntnis- und Erfahrungs- landschaften. Dieses Buch spiegelt so eine Landschaft wider, in der ganz unterschiedliche Formationen ihre Spuren hinterlassen haben. Allen gemein- sam ist ihr Bezug zur Biographie von Josef Held, von dessen Arbeitsleben hier die Rede ist. Diese unterschiedlichen Formationen bezeugen allerdings alles andere als Beliebigkeit oder Eklektizismus, vielmehr sie sind unerläss- liche Faktoren in der Komposition einer zusammenhängenden wissenschafts- bezogenen Biografie, welche stets von den Grundorientierungen Kritik, Emanzipation und Entdeckungswille angetrieben wurde. Daraus entstanden Pionierleistungen, die auf den ersten Blick weit von einander entfernt er- scheinen, bei genauerem Hinschauen jedoch ihre verborgenen Verzahnungen erkennen lassen. Eine dieser Pionierleistungen von Josef Held war es, in den bewegten Zeiten des Zusammenbruchs des ehemaligen Ostblocks eben dort Kontakte zu knüpfen und zu versuchen, einen themenbezogenen Forschungs- verbund auf europäischer Ebene zu schaffen, in dem völlig unterschiedliche wissenschaftliche Traditionen, Organisations- und Kommmunikationsgepflo- genheiten, politische Horizonte, Sprachen und nicht zuletzt Kulturen zusam- menwirken sollten. In diesem Verbund wirkten Kollegen und Kolleginnen aus Lettland, Kroatien, den Niederlanden und Griechenland mit, später wurde die Kooperation auf Spanien, Polen und die USA erweitert. Alle haben in ihren jeweiligen Besonderheiten einen Beitrag zur Entstehung einer spezifi- 9 schen Erkenntnislandschaft geleistet, einige von ihnen auch zu diesem Buch. Erst vor dem Hintergrund dieser Vielfalt an Theoriebezügen, Forschungs- traditionen und Praxen in sehr unterschiedlichen nationalen Kontexten ver- steht man die ungewöhnlichen Kontraste in diesem Band. Dennoch sind es eben diese Kontraste, die zu den spannenden Untersuchungen des internatio- nalen Forschungsverbunds unter der Federführung von Josef Held geführt haben. Erst durch die Unterschiede bezüglich der zugrunde liegenden Theo- rien, der angewandten Forschungsmethoden und dem Umgang damit und der Kommunikation zu Kontextbedingungen, Vorgehensweisen und Ergebnissen entstanden Perspektiven, welche die je eigenen nationalen Zugänge und Praxen differenzierter erscheinen ließen und zu deren Entwicklung positiv beitrugen. Im Übrigen funktionieren die Beziehungen, die durch diese Kooperationsarbeit geschaffen wurden, auch heute noch auf vielfältige Weise, so z.B. durch Lehrveranstaltungen, Publikationen, Studierendenaus- tausch usw.. Charakteristisch für Josef Held war und ist seine große Sensibilität für alle Phänomene der Unterdrückung, Ausbeutung und Ausgrenzung. Sie prägte seine Arbeit und mündete in intensive Kooperationen mit Organisationen und Gruppen, welche sich mit denselben Fragestellungen beschäftigten: Gewerk- schaften, Organisationen von Eingewanderten, Träger der Sozialen Arbeit und politisch engagierte Initiativen. Diese Kooperationen beschränkten sich nicht auf den Austausch von Informationen und gegenseitiger Unterstützung, sie wurden vielmehr integraler Bestandteil der Forschung der Tübinger For- schungsgruppe und Rückgrat mehrerer Studien und Untersuchungen (vgl. Held et al. 1991, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002). Es versteht sich von selbst, dass sich solch eine intensive Zusammenarbeit in besagter Erkenntnislandschaft stark einprägt, und selbstredend findet sich dazu auch in diesem Band einiges wieder, nicht zuletzt als weitere Kontrastierungsdimension. Zum Aufbau dieses Textes Josef Held war unser Lehrmeister, und dies ist positiv gemeint: Wir haben sehr viel von ihm, bei ihm und mit ihm gelernt. Dabei verhielt er sich uns – in unseren sich verändernden Positionen als Student, Doktorand oder Mitarbeit- er – gegenüber niemals besserwisserisch, abgehoben und distanziert, sondern war vielmehr zugänglich, freundlich und interessiert. Wir spürten bei Josef Held deutlich, dass es hier um ernste Themen ging, die man trotzdem mit viel Humor bearbeiten konnte, um Themen, die mit dem langen Weg zur Selbst- 10 bestimmung und den vielen Hindernissen auf diesem Weg zu tun hatten; einem Weg, den man nur in der Kooperation mit vielen anderen, die auch in ähnlicher Weise unterwegs waren, begehen konnte. Durch seine Nachfragen, Hinweise und Anregungen, ja durch seine bloße Anwesenheit, schuf er für uns einen idealen ‚Lernraum‘, der ein gemeinsames genaues Nachdenken möglich machte. Wir fühlten uns bei ihm aufgehoben in einer Gemeinschaft von Lernenden und Forschenden, die ein ähnliches Interesse verfolgten. In dieser Erinnerung wollen wir – nach einer kurzen allgemeinen Einführung, die wir zu zweit verfasst haben – jeweils individuell einige Erfahrungen schildern, und zwar zunächst mit dem Schwerpunkt auf dem Forschungskon- zept, das man bei Josef Held kennen lernen konnte (Seddik Bibouche), und danach mit dem Schwerpunkt auf den Medieneinsatz, welcher für Josef Held typisch war (Rudolf Leiprecht). Anschließend erläutern wir – wiederum zu zweit – den Aufbau des vorliegenden Bandes. Ein Zitat, das typisch für Josef Held war Wer Lehrveranstaltungen, Forschungskolloquien oder Mitarbeiterbespre- chungen von und mit Josef Held besuchte, hatte des Öfteren die Gelegenheit, diesen Satz von Kurt Lewin zu hören: „Nichts ist praktischer als eine gute Theorie“.1 Damit wurden wir mit sanftem Nachdruck immer mal wieder auf die große Bedeutung von theoriebezogener Reflexion und Begründung hingewiesen, wonach stets auch immer deutlich gemacht wurde, dass beim Theoriebezug Probleme, die sich in der Praxis zeigen, nicht vernachlässigt werden dürften, im Gegenteil: Theorie ist ‚gut‘ für eine ‚verbesserte‘ Praxis, und ‚gute‘ Theo- rie ist eine solche, die zu einer solchen Verbesserung beitragen kann. Das Ernstnehmen von Praxisproblemen stand also im Mittelpunkt, wobei mit ‚Praxis‘ recht Verschiedenes gemeint sein konnte: eine berufliche Praxis, und hier waren mit Bildung, Sozialer Arbeit und Therapie vor allem Pädagoginnen/Pädagogen und Psychologinnen/Psy- chologen in unterschiedlichsten Berufsfeldern angesprochen; 1 Die Urheberschaft dieses Spruches wird mehreren renommierten Autoren zugesprochen. Aufgrund unserer beruflichen Affinität haben wir uns für Kurt Lewin entschieden. 11 eine studentische Praxis, also eine Praxis
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