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Nasa Tm X-1864 *
NASA TECHNICAL. • £HP2fKit NASA TM X-1864 * ... MEMORANDUM oo fe *' > ;ff f- •* '• . ;.*• f PROPULSION • FOR *MANN1D E30PLORATION-k '* *Of THE SOEAE " • » £ Moedkel • - " *' ' ' y Lem$ Research Center Cleveland, Qbt® NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SFACE ADMINISTRATION • WASHINGTON, D. €, * AUCUST 1969 NASA TM X-1864 PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR MANNED EXPLORATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM By W. E. Moeckel Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and. Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTI price $3.00 ABSTRACT What propulsion systems are in sight for fast interplanetary travel? Only a few show promise of reducing trip times to values comparable to those of 16th century terrestrial expeditions. The first portion of this report relates planetary round-trip times to the performance parameters of two types of propulsion systems: type I is specific-impulse limited (with high thrust), and type n is specific-mass limited (with low thrust). The second part of the report discusses advanced propulsion concepts of both types and evaluates their limitations. The discussion includes nuclear-fission . rockets (solid, liquid, and gaseous core), nuclear-pulse propulsion, nuclear-electric rockets, and thermonuclear-fusion rockets. Particular attention is given to the last of these, because it is less familiar than the others. A general conclusion is that the more advanced systems, if they prove feasible, will reduce trip time to the near planets by factors of 3 to 5, and will make several outer planets accessible to manned exploration. PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR MANNED EXPLORATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM* byW. E. Moeckel Lewis Research Center SUMMARY What propulsion systems are in sight for fast interplanetary travel? Only a few show promise of reducing trip times to values comparable to those of 16th century terrestrial expeditions. -
Pulsed Fusion Space Propulsion: Computational Ideal Magneto-Hydro Dynamics of a Magnetic Flux Compression Reaction Chamber
Pulsed Fusion Space Propulsion: Computational Ideal Magneto-Hydro Dynamics of a Magnetic Flux Compression Reaction Chamber G. Romanelli Master of Science Thesis Space Systems Engineering PULSED FUSION SPACE PROPULSION: COMPUTATIONAL IDEAL MAGNETO-HYDRO DYNAMICS OFA MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION REACTION CHAMBER by Gherardo ROMANELLI to obtain the degree of Master of Science at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Friday February 26, 2016 at 10:00 AM. Student number: 4299876 Thesis committee: Dr. A. Cervone, TU Delft, supervisor Prof. Dr. E. K. A. Gill, TU Delft Dr. Ir. E. Mooij, TU Delft Prof. A. Mignone, Politecnico di Torino An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. To boldly go where no one has gone before. James T. Kirk ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. A. Cervone who has always sup- ported me despite my “quite exotic” interests. He left me completely autonomous in shaping my thesis project, and still, was always there every time I needed help. Then, I would of course like to thank Prof. A. Mignone who decided to give his contribute to this seemingly crazy project of mine. His advice arrived just in time to give an happy ending to this story. Il ringraziamento più grande, però, va di certo alla mia famiglia. Alla mia mamma e a mio babbo, perché hanno sempre avuto fiducia in me e non hanno mai chiesto ragioni o spiegazioni alle mie scelte. Ai miei nonni, perché se di punto in bianco, un giorno di novembre ho deciso di intraprendere questa lunga strada verso l’Olanda, l’ho potuto fare anche per merito loro. -
Deuterium – Tritium Pulse Propulsion with Hydrogen As Propellant and the Entire Space-Craft As a Gigavolt Capacitor for Ignition
Deuterium – Tritium pulse propulsion with hydrogen as propellant and the entire space-craft as a gigavolt capacitor for ignition. By F. Winterberg University of Nevada, Reno Abstract A deuterium-tritium (DT) nuclear pulse propulsion concept for fast interplanetary transport is proposed utilizing almost all the energy for thrust and without the need for a large radiator: 1. By letting the thermonuclear micro-explosion take place in the center of a liquid hydrogen sphere with the radius of the sphere large enough to slow down and absorb the neutrons of the DT fusion reaction, heating the hydrogen to a fully ionized plasma at a temperature of ~ 105 K. 2. By using the entire spacecraft as a magnetically insulated gigavolt capacitor, igniting the DT micro-explosion with an intense GeV ion beam discharging the gigavolt capacitor, possible if the space craft has the topology of a torus. 1. Introduction The idea to use the 80% of the neutron energy released in the DT fusion reaction for nuclear micro-bomb rocket propulsion, by surrounding the micro-explosion with a thick layer of liquid hydrogen heated up to 105 K thereby becoming part of the exhaust, was first proposed by the author in 1971 [1]. Unlike the Orion pusher plate concept, the fire ball of the fully ionized hydrogen plasma can here be reflected by a magnetic mirror. The 80% of the energy released into 14MeV neutrons cannot be reflected by a magnetic mirror for thermonuclear micro-bomb propulsion. This was the reason why for the Project Daedalus interstellar probe study of the British Interplanetary Society [2], the neutron poor deuterium-helium 3 (DHe3) reaction was chosen. -
Hyperspace NASA BPP Program Books 8
Advanced Space Propulsion Concepts for Interstellar Travel Gregory V. Meholic [email protected] Planets HR 8799 140 LY 11/14/08 Updated 9/25/2019 1 Presentation Objectives and Caveats ▪ Provide a high-level, “evolutionary”, information-only overview of various propulsion technology concepts that, with sufficient development (i.e. $), may lead mankind to the stars. ▪ Only candidate concepts for a vehicle’s primary interstellar propulsion system will be discussed. No attitude control No earth-to-orbit launch No traditional electric systems No sail-based systems No beamed energy ▪ None of the following will be given, assumed or implied: Recommendations on specific mission designs Developmental timelines or cost estimates ▪ Not all propulsion options will be discussed – that would be impossible! 2 Chapters 1. The Ultimate Space Mission 2. The Solar System and Beyond 3. Challenges of Human Star Flight 4. “Rocket Science” Basics 5. Conventional Mass Ejection Propulsion Systems State-of-the-Art Possible Improvements 6. Alternative Mass Ejection Systems Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Matter/Antimatter Other Concepts 7. Physics-Based Concepts Definitions and Things to Remember Space-Time Warp Drives Fundamental Force Coupling Alternate Dimension / Hyperspace NASA BPP Program Books 8. Closing Information 3 Chapter 1: The Ultimate Space Mission 4 The Ultimate Space Mission For humans to travel to the stars and return to Earth within a “reasonable fraction” (around 15 years) of a human lifetime. ▪ Why venture beyond our Solar System? Because we have to - humans love to explore!!! Visit the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud – Theoretical home to long-period comets Investigate the nature of the interstellar medium and its influence on the solar system (and vice versa) – Magnetic fields, low-energy galactic cosmic rays, composition, etc. -
Energy Sources for Propulsion To, and for Distributed Use On, Mars
id10495406 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com Mehtapress 2015 Print - ISSN : 2319–9814 Journal of Online - ISSN : 2319–9822 SpFauclle pEapxerploration Full Paper WWW.MEHTAPRESS.COM Mitchell Swartz Energy sources for propulsion to, and for SPSR distributed use on, Mars Received : July 06, 2015 Accepted : August 12, 2015 Published : October 14, 2015 *Corresponding author’s Name & Add. Mitchell Swartz SPSR MORE POWER IS NEEDED Curiosity, in space, measured 1.8 millisieverts per day, with 97% from galactic cosmic rays and the rest from Mars is the future. How do we know that? Because solar particles. This is a very high level which is six times as many people signed up (202,586) for a associated with carcinogenesis and other unwanted one-way ride than did for the Affordable Care Act effects. In Mars, this exposure decreased to circa 0.7 which means that people would rather buy a ticket to millisieverts per day, similar to the exposure received the vast unknown than get healthcare as they age. on the International Space Station. What is holding back the transport of humans to Mars, Other dangers beyond the unwanted irradiation and its colonization, is energy. We need more powerful include biological changes from bone loss and muscle rockets to take people there quicker, and we need more atrophy to electrolyte changes. The goal is to decrease accessible, more portable distributed power sources the transit to Mars in less time than 3 months each for exploring, making outposts on, and terraforming way, compared to the 12 to 16 months, as it is now. -
Nuclear Pulse Propulsion: Orion and Beyond
AlAA 2000-3856 Nuclear Pulse Propulsion - Orion and Beyond G.R. Schmidt, J.A. Bunornetti and P.J. Morton NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama 36th AIAMASMEEAWASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit 16-19 July 2000 Huntsville, AIabam a AIAA 2000-3865 NLCLEAR PULSE PROPULSION - ORION AND BE\I*OND G.R. Schmidt,* J.A. Bonometti** and P.J. Morton+++ IWSA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alnbnnin 35812 A bgtract As alL\a>s. cost is a principal factor driving the need for systems with much greater performance. The race to the Moon dominated manned space However. when considering transportation of human flight during the 1960's. and culminated in Project crews over distances of billions of kilometers, safety Apollo. which placed 12 humans on the Moon. becomes an equal if not more important concern. The Unbeknownst to the public at that time, several U.S. biggest safety issues stem from the severe radiation government agencies sponsored a project that could environment of space and limitations imposed by have conceivably placed 150 people on the Moon, and human physiology and psychology. Although eventually sent crewed expeditions to Mars and the countermeasures. such as artificial graviw. could outer planets. These feats could have possibly been greatly mitigate these hazards. one of the most accomplished during the same period of time as straightforward remedies is to significantly reduce trip Apollo. and for approximately the same cost. The time by travelling at very high-energy. hyperbolic project. code-named Orion. featured an extraordinary trajectories. This will demand propulsion systems that propulsion method known as Niiclear Pulse can deliver far greater exhaust momentum per unit Pni,n:rlsioti. -
To Access Digital Resources Including: Blog Posts Videos Online Appendices
To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/800 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. ANZUS and the Early Cold War With and Without Galton Vasilii Florinskii and the Fate of Eugenics in Russia NIKOLAI KREMENTSOV WITH AND WITHOUT GALTON About the Publisher Open Book Publishers is a not-for-profit, scholar-led Open Access academic press and we are dedicated to revolutionising academic publishing, breaking down the barriers of high prices and restricted circulation so that outstanding academic books are available for everyone to read and share. If you believe that knowledge should be available to everyone, you can support our work with a monthly pledge or a one-off donation and become part of the OBP community: https://www.openbookpublish/pledge About the Author Nikolai Krementsov is a Professor at the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto (Canada). He has published several monographs and numerous articles on various facets of the history of science, medicine, and literature in Russia and the Soviet Union. His latest publications include A Martian Stranded on Earth: Alexander Bogdanov, Blood Transfusions, and Proletarian Science (2011), Revolutionary Experiments: The Quest for Immortality in the Bolshevik Science and Fiction (2014), and The Lysenko Controversy as a Global Phenomenon (2017), 2 vols. (co-edited with William deJong-Lambert). With and Without Galton Vasilii Florinskii and the Fate of Eugenics in Russia Nikolai Krementsov https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2018 Nikolai Krementsov This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). -
Shirak Region Which Was Also After the Great Flood
NOTES: ARAGATSOTN a traveler’s reference guide ® Aragatsotn Marz : 3 of 94 - TourArmenia © 2008 Rick Ney ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - www.TACentral.com a traveler’s reference guide ® Aragatsotn Marz : 4 of 94 - TourArmenia © 2008 Rick Ney ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - www.TACentral.com a traveler’s reference guide ® soil surprisingly rich when irrigated. Unlike Talin INTRODUCTIONB Highlights the Southeast has deeper soils and is more heavily ARAGATSOTN marz Area: 2753 sq. km farmed. The mountain slopes receive more rainfall Population: 88600 ²ð²¶²ÌàîÜ Ù³ñ½ then on the plateau and has thick stands of Marz Capital: Ashtarak • Visit Ashtarak Gorge and the three mountain grass and wildflowers throughout the sister churches of Karmravor, B H Distance from Yerevan: 22 km By Rick Ney summer season. Tsiranavor and Spitakavor (p. 10)H MapsB by RafaelH Torossian Marzpetaran: Tel: (232) 32 368, 32 251 EditedB by BellaH Karapetian Largest City: Ashtarak • Follow the mountain monastery trail to Aragatsotn (also spelled “Aragadzotn”) is named Tegher (pp. 18),H Mughni (p 20),H TABLEB OF CONTENTS Hovhanavank (pp. 21)H and after the massive mountain (4095m / 13,435 ft.) that hovers over the northern reaches of Armenia. Saghmosavank (pp. 23)H INTRODUCTIONH (p. 5) The name itself means ‘at the foot of’ or ‘the legs NATUREH (p. 6) • See Amberd Castle, summer home for of’ Aragats, a fitting title if ever there was one for DOH (p. 7) Armenia’s rulers (p 25)H this rugged land that wraps around the collapsed WHEN?H (p. 8) volcano. A district carved for convenience, the • Hike up the south peak of Mt. -
A Propulsion Oriented Study of Mission Modes for Manned Mars Landing
NASA TECHNICAL I N.1S4 TM X-53265 MEMORANDUM June 29, 196: A PROPULSION ORIENTED STUDY OF MISSION MODES FOR MANNED MARS LANDING By G. R. WOODCOCK Future Projects Office NASA George C. Mdrshall Spdce Flight Center, Huntsuille, A labama TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM A PROPULSION ORIENTED STUDY OF MISSION MODES FOR MANNED MARS LANDING G. R. Woodcock George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama ABSTRACT Results are given of a systems analysis of manned Mars landing missions for a variety of mission modes, including chemical, nuclear, and electric propulsion, and aerodynamic braking. Consistent ground rules and assumptions were used. The baseline mission requires 450 days for execution and places 4 men on the surface of Mars for 20 days. Advanced missions are discussed. Each mission was analyzed assuming first Saturn V, and then a large reusable Post-Saturn ve hicle to be available, in order to provide a comparison. A cost advantage was found for the reusable Post-Saturn for all but very minimal planetary programs. Of the available technologies, the graphite nuclear rocket was found generally preferable to other systems for mission propulsion. Advanced nuclear propul sion, such as ORION, was found fo have great potential for advanced missions. NASA - GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER NASA - GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM X-53265 June 29, 1965 A PROPULSION ORIENTED STUDY OF MISSION MODES FOR MANNED MARS LANDING BY G. R. Woodcock FUTURE PROJECTS OFFICE -11111111i1 I 11111III I1111 I Ill Ill Ill1 I II I1 I I TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY ........................................... 1 INTRODUCTION........ -
Nuclear Propulsion ..;
This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of MILLIONS of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY FORT GEORGE G. MEADE, MARYLAND 20755-6000 FOIA Case: 103629A 12 September 2018 JOHN GREENEWALD 27305 W LIVE OAK ROAD SUITE 1203 CASTAIC CA 91384 Dear Mr. Greenewald: This responds to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request of 19 February 2018 for Intellipedia records on Project Pluto. As stated in our initial response to you dated 7 March 2018, your request has been assigned Case Number 103629. For purposes of this request and based on the information you provided, you are considered an "all other" requester. As such, you are allowed 2 hours of search and the duplication of 100 pages at no cost. There are no assessable fees for this request. Your request has been processed under the provisions of the FOIA. For your information, NSA provides a service of common concern for the Intelligence Community (IC) by serving as the executive agent for Intelink. As such, NSA provides technical services that enable users to access and share information with peers and stakeholders across the IC and DoD. Intellipedia pages are living documents that may be originated by any user organization, and any user organization may contribute to or edit pages after their origination. -
Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Systems (Last Updated in January 2021) Eric PROUST Eric Proust
Lecture Series on NUCLEAR SPACE POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS -2- Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Systems (Last updated in January 2021) Eric PROUST Eric Proust To cite this version: Eric Proust. Lecture Series on NUCLEAR SPACE POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS -2- Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Systems (Last updated in January 2021) Eric PROUST. Engineering school. France. 2021. hal-03147500 HAL Id: hal-03147500 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03147500 Submitted on 19 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. FROM RESEARCH TO INDUSTRY LECTURE SERIES ON NUCLEAR SPACE POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS -2- Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Systems Eric PROUST Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - www.cea.fr Last update: January 2021 Lecture Series on SPACE NUCLEAR POWER & PROPULSION SYSTEMS -2- Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Systems (last updated in January 2021) Eric PROUST Nuclear Space Power & Propulsion in the last 2 month news Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Nuclear Electric Propulsion Space Nuclear Power Reactor -
Alexei Kojevnikov Alexei Kojevnikov Since 1948, the Lysenko Case Has Become Generally Known As the Symbol of the Ideological
GAMES OF SOVIET DEMOCRACY IDEOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS IN SCIENCES AROUND 1948 RECONSIDERED. Alexei Kojevnikov* Alexei Kojevnikov Alexei Kojevnikov Since 1948, the Lysenko case has become generally known as the symbol of the ideological dic- tate in science and its damaging consequences. It is often explained that in the years following World War II, the Stalinist leadership launched an ideological and nationalistic campaign aimed at the creation of Marxist-Leninist and/or distinctively Russian, non-Western science. Concepts and theories which were found idealistic or bourgeois were banned and their supporters si- lenced. In no other science was this process completed to the same degree as in biology after the infamous Session of the Soviet Academy of Agricultural Sciences in August 1948, at which Lysenko declared the victory of his "Michurinist biology" over presumably idealistic "formal" genetics. The August Session, in turn, served as the model for a number of other ideological dis- cussions in various scholarly disciplines. This widely accepted interpretation encounters, however, two serious difficulties. The first ari- ses from a selective focus on one particular debate which fits stereotypes the best. It was critics of the Stalinist system who singled out the Lysenko case as the most important example of the application of Soviet ideology to science. The communist party viewed it differently. It did re- gard the event as a major achievement of the party ideological work and a great contribution to the progress of science (until 1964 when the mistake was quietly acknowledged). But what is more interesting and less expected, is that communists claimed five main ideological successes in science rather than one.