→ THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS
A selection of 99 user stories by local and regional authorities
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www.copernicus.eu | https://sentinels.copernicus.eu authorities and local regional by stories 99A selectionuser of ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS REGIONS EUROPE’S ACROSS USE OF COPERNICUS → THE EVER GROWING → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS
A selection of 99 user stories by local and regional authorities
A selection of xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 1 Dear Reader, called for a long-term commitment for the development of a space-based system in support to EU policies and Europe’s international endeavours in protecting We, the European Commission, the European Space Agency and NEREUS – the the environment, adapting to global climate change, enforcing sustainable Network of European Regions Using Space Technologies, are pleased to present development and ensuring civil security. Putting European public users in the you the publication “The ever growing use of Copernicus across Europe’s regions”, driving seat, and recognising their pivotal role in stimulating and shaping the a collection of articles which document, for a non-specialist audience, the downstream market, the Programme is a clear example of European cooperation growing capabilities of European regions to benefit from Copernicus Sentinel at its best. data and information. Copernicus is achieving its operational maturity. The European Commission, the This edition builds upon the 2012 publication “The Growing Use of GMES across European Space Agency and NEREUS will continue to improve its uptake within Europe’s Regions” and provides an updated snapshot of how Copernicus is being Europe’s regions, yet the Programme is now speaking for itself as a decision- used, primarily by public authorities at local and regional levels, six years on. making tool in a broad range of application domains. The public officers, private Since 2012, the system has significantly evolved and, with seven Copernicus companies and researchers who contributed to this collection provide Sentinel satellites and six Copernicus Services in operation and with planning tangible accounts that the Copernicus-based information is now diffusing for the future well underway, data availability has expanded tremendously. into society. In doing so, they are amongst the best testimonials of the Awareness and understanding about the Programme have also increased and a Programme: We are confident you will recognise this whilst going through the refined set of activities has been put in place to stimulate the emergence of new pages of “The ever growing use of Copernicus across Europe’s regions”. Copernicus-based services and products. We wish you a pleasant reading, The current publication portrays 99 Copernicus user stories submitted by authors from almost all of the Copernicus Participating Countries. The geographical Philippe Brunet, Josef Aschbacher and Michele Emiliano and structural diversity of the examples collected here demonstrate that, from brownfield mapping in Wallonia to afforestation monitoring in Thuringia, from public utility management in Milan to farmland monitoring in Lithuania, Copernicus is truly a shared system producing common benefits across Europe. These articles also show that, in parallel to its global and EU-wide dimension, Copernicus is increasingly bringing concrete benefits to the daily lives of our citizens. With respect to the 2012 edition, local and regional administrations form a much larger group, pursuant to their responsibilities in key public policy domains and mandatory EU directives for which Copernicus provides relevant information, e.g. agriculture, regional development and environmental Philippe Brunet Michele Emiliano Dr. Josef Aschbacher Director of Earth Observation management. Their stories collectively testify to the Programme’s contribution Director of Aerospace, NEREUS President Programmes in modernising the public sector and enabling it to deliver more efficient Maritime, Security European Space Agency public services, thereby contributing to an increased quality of life and level and Defence Industries of satisfaction for European citizens. European Commission In June, we celebrated the 20th anniversary of the Baveno Manifesto, which (DG-GROW)
2 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 3 Cloud-free Europe This mosaic of cloud-free images from the Copernicus Sentinel-3A satellite spans the entire continent of Europe, and more. The view stretches from Iceland in the northwest across to Scandinavia and Russia in the northeast, and from the northern tips of Norway and Finland to as far south as Algeria, Libya and Egypt.
Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2017), processed by Sinergise/ESA 4 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copernicus in a nutshell 18 The Reinforcing Common Agriculture Policy 54 ARMESTO ANDRÉS, Ana Pilar; LAFARGA ARNAL, Alberto; Copernicus Sentinels in a nutshell 19 PETALIOS, Dimitrios; PAPOUTSIS, Ioannis; SITOKONSTANTINOU, Vasileios
Copernicus progress since the 2012 edition in a nutshell 20 Sentinels for Flood and Yield Loss Mapping 56 Introduction 22 ATSTAJA, Zane; IJABS, Harijs; GRINEVICS, Juris
Copernicus User Stories Geographic Index: Sentinels Verify Agricultural Subsidies 58 main areas of application as described in the user stories 29 VOORMANSIK, Kaupo; RAUDVERE, Kai A Farmsourcing Platform for a Smart Nitrogen Management 60 AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES CURNEL, Yannick; GOFFART, Dimitri; PLANCHON, Viviane; GOFFART, Jean-Pierre; DELLOYE, Cindy Introduction 36 A New Detailed Crop and Natural Land Map 62 Overview 38 NAFRÍA, David A.; DEL BLANCO, Vicente; PAREDES, Vanessa; RODRÍGUEZ, Óscar O.; BENGOA, José L. Agriculture CAP Subsidies Control 42 VAITKUS, Gediminas Closing the Yield Gap with Calibrated Crop Maps from Germany 64 HUETTICH, Christian; DAHMS, Thorsten; CONRAD, Christopher Agricultural Damage Mapping in Hungary 44 NÁDOR, Gizella; FRIEDL, Zoltán; ROTTERNÉ KULCSÁR, Anikó; Copernicus Supports Precision Farming for an Apulian Vineyard 66 HUBIK, Irén; PACSKÓ, Vivien; SUREK, György IASILLO, Daniela; RIEU, Guillaume; PALUMBO, Giuseppe
Agriculture Monitoring in Wallonia Using Sentinel Images 46 Copernicus for Efficient Farming in the Western Cape of South Africa 68 LUCAU DANILA, Cozmin; BERIAUX, Emilie; LETEINTURIER, Béatrice GOUDRIAAN, Ruben; JARMAIN, Caren; ROUX, Andre
Copernicus Data and CAP Monitoring in Romania 48 Crop Condition Monitoring at Field Level 70 FLUERARU, Cristian; CUCU-DUMITRESCU, Catalin; GHAZARYAN, Gohar; DUBOVYK, Olena; GRAW, Valerie; BUDILEANU, Marius; COPACENARU, Olimpia KUSSUL, Nataliia; SCHELLBERG, Jürgen
Earth Observation Data to Detect Irrigated Areas: Eo-Based Agro Monitoring System an Application in Southern Italy 50 to Support Regional Decision-Making 72 DE MICHELE, Carlo; FALANGA BOLOGNESI, Salvatore; BELFIORE, Oscar Rosario GRANELL, Carlos; CASTELEYN, Sven; BUSETTO, Lorenzo; PASCUCCI, Simone; GARCÍA-HARO, Javier; GITAS, Ioannis; HOLECZ, Francesco; Earth Observation for Smart Farming and CAP Performance 52 STAVRAKOUDIS, Dimitris; CONFALONIERI, Roberto; BOSCHETTI, Mirco MARIANOS, Nikolaos; KALATZIS, Nikolaos; SYKAS, Dimitrios TABLE OF CONTENTS
Free Internet Programme for Danish Farmers 74 Forest Monitoring Service for South Tyrol 92 HØRFARTER, Rita SONNENSCHEIN, Ruth; UNTERTHINER, Guenther
Precision Farming: Management of Grasslands 76 Forestland Decay in Maresme Using Sentinel-2 Imagery 94 NICOLAS, Hervé; DUSSEUX, Pauline; AIRIAUD, Alain TARDA, Anna
The Challenge of Irrigation Management in Cyprus Operational Afforestation Monitoring 96 Using Copernicus 78 SAGISCHEWSKI, Herbert; STELMASZCZUK-GÓRSKA, Martyna PAPOUTSA, Christiana; KOUTA, Georgia; NISANTZI, Argiro; MAMOURI, Rodanthi-Elisavet; PRODROMOU, Maria; LOULLI, Eleni; Remote Sensing for Garajonay National Park Management 98 NEOCLEOUS, Kyriakos; THEMISTOCLEOUS, Kyriakos; TSOUVARAS, Marios; GUILLÉN-CLIMENT, Maria Luz; ALGEET-ABARQUERO, Nur; CHRISTOFE, Andreas; METTAS, Christodoulos; EVAGOROU, Evagoras; TOMÉ, Jose Luis; YÁÑEZ, Lucía MILTIADOUS, Milto; MICHAELIDES, Silas; HADJIMITSIS, Diofantos G Satellites Monitor Forest Changes in Finland 100 Using Satellite Maps to Support Variable Rate Fertilisation 80 NORPPA, Joni; HUOTARI, Rosanna BUSETTO, Lorenzo; PASCUCCI, Simone; GARCIA-HARO, Javier; Sentinel-Based Azores Regional Forest Inventory 102 KATSANTONIS, Dimitris; GITAS, Ioannis; HOLECZ, Francesco; GIL, Artur; FERNÁNDEZ, Manuel; ISIDORO, Anabela; CONFALONIERI, Roberto; MIRALLES, Ignacio; BOSCHETTI, Mirco MEDEIROS, Vasco; PACHECO, João Luís. Maritime Monitoring for the Conservation of UK Marine Resources 82 Unique Satellite-Derived Forestry Insight for DEFRA 104 SNAPIR, Boris; BIERMANN, Lauren BRISCOE, Philip Copernicus Supports Forest Monitoring for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 84 BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RIEU, Guillaume; THOLEY, Nadine; HAOUET, Sadri Introduction 106 Earth Observation Serving Regional Foresters 86 MEYER, Colette; CASPARD, Mathilde; GIRAUD, Henri; Overview 108 ANCEL, Pascal; BAUMEISTER, Maren Actionable Geoinformation on Burnt Areas 110 EO Based Service for Forest Management 88 AIELLO, Antonello; MODESTI, Fabio; MATTIA, Chiara; BARBIERI, Vincenzo HOSCILO, Agata; LEWANDOWSKA, Aneta; KONIECZNY, Adam; MROCZEK, Krzysztof; KULIK, Sylwester Analysis of Forest Fire Effects with Sentinel 112 COCO, Celso Forest Health Monitoring: an Application in Portugal 90 JOZEFIAK, Maria; AAS, Christina A Space-Based Solution for Oil Spill Detection 114 MOUMTZIDOU, Anastasia; ORFANIDIS, Giorgos; ANDREADIS, Stelios; IOANNIDIS, Kostas; GIALAMPOUKIDIS, Ilias; VROCHIDIS, Stefanos; KOMPATSIARIS, Ioannis TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copernicus Sentinel Data for Local Scale Conservation Activities 116 Regional Flood Monitoring with Sentinels Data 134 POURSANIDIS, Dimitris; BARNIAS, Antonios; LYMBERAKIS, Petros; THOLEY, Nadine; MAXANT, Jerome; STUDER, Mathias; DE FRAIPONT, Paul GIAMBERINI, Mariasilvia; CHRYSOULAKIS, Nektarios The Potential of A Pre-Commercial Procurement Approach Earth Observation and Partnerships In Earth Observations 136 to Support Land Use Management 118 LOURENÇO VIEIRA, Fábio A.; THOMOPOULOS, Stelios C.A.; MURO, Javier; STRAUCH, Adrian; THONFELD, Frank; STEINBACH, Stefanie; ASTYAKOPOULOS, Alkis; DOUKOUDAKI, Eleonora; PAPADOPOULOU, Eirini LEEMHUIS, Constanze; DACONTO, Giuseppe; GAMES, Ian Tree Species Mapping with Multitemporal Sentinel-2 Data 138 Enabling Earth Observation for Protected Areas 120 IMMITZER, Markus; NEUWIRTH, Martin; BÖCK, Sebastian; LUCAS, Richard; MANAKOS, Ioannis; BLONDA, Palma; SONNERSCHEIN, Ruth; VUOLO, Francesco; ATZBERGER, Clement; BRENNER, Harald; KORDELAS, Georgios; WEISER, Frank; WILLM, Loïc; DIAZ-DELGADO, Ricardo; GREISBERGER, Herbert BUSTAMANTE, Javier; GONCALVES, Joao; SANTORO, Mattia; VITERBI, Ramona; GIAMBERINI, Mariasilvia Wetland Functional Assessment 140 << ?? HUBERT-MOY, Laurence; RAPINEL, Sébastien; POTTIER, Eric; EO for Biotope-Type Mapping in the Alpine Zone in Austria 122 MONY, Cendrine; BELLANGER, Aurélien STRASSER, Thomas; LANG, Stefan; LUIDOLD, Anna Katharina; EGGER, Gregory
How Could Copernicus Data Support Grassland Conservation? 124 CLIMATE, WATER AND ENERGY JAKOVELS, Dainis; BRAUNS, Agris; FILIPOVS, Jevgenijs; TASKOVS, Juris Introduction 144 Improving Coastal Ecosystem Benefits Under Increasing Pressure 126 Overview 146 ZIEMBA, Alexander; WANKE, Sonja; GIAMBERINI, Silvia; EL SERAFY, Ghada Earth Observation and the Coastal Zone: Making Seagrasses Great Again from Global Images to Local Information 148 TRAGANOS, Dimosthenis; POURSANIDIS, Dimitris; REINARTZ, Peter; VRIES, Mindert de; MOELLER, Iris; WAL, Daphne van der; PERALTA, Gloria; CHRYSOULAKIS, Nektarios MORRIS, Edward; STANICA, Adrian; SCRIECIU, Albert; WESENBEECK, Bregje van Mapping Burnt Areas Using Sentinel-2 Images 128 Keeping Track of Retreating Glaciers in Iceland 150 STAVRAKOUDIS, Dimitris; STEFANIDOU, Alexandra; MINAKOU, Chara; KRISTINSSON, Gunnar H; HELGASON, Jóhann GITAS, Ioannis; KAPETANIOS, Antonios New Level of Baltic Sea Monitoring Using Sentinel-3 Data 152 Monitoring Coastal Waters in Near Real Time 130 FRANCZAK, Waldemar BOLLANOS, Stelios; SPASTRA, Yiota; TSIPELIS, Serafim Satellite Imagery for Improved Coastal Management 154 Monitoring Mountain Grasslands to Sustain Wild Herbivores 132 CAPO, Sylvain; PAGES, Magali GIAMBERINI, Mariasilvia; PROVENZALE, Antonello; IMPERIO, Simona; BANESCHI, Ilaria; VITERBI, Ramona TABLE OF CONTENTS
Satellite Monitoring of Suspended Particulate Matter 156 How Copernicus Supports the Energy Transition 178 LACAVA, Teodosio; DI POLITO, Carmine; CIANCIA, Emanuele; FRANKE, Jonas; LESSING, Rolf; HAMPEL, Milenka; KONETSCHNY, Claudia; DOXARAN, David; PERGOLA, Nicola; SATRIANO, Valeria; TRAMUTOLI, Valerio SCHMID, Tobias; RICHTER, Silke; HILL, Achim
Sentinel-2 Supports Coastal Management for Optimised Decision Making 158 TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND URBAN PLANNING CABALLERO, Isabel; NAVARRO, Gabriel; HUERTAS, Emma; RUIZ, Javier Introduction 180
Space-Based Approach to Monitoring Peatland Restoration 160 Overview 182 SNELLING, Matthew James; OSBORNE, Christopher; RICHARDS, Joanna; SNOWDEN, Rosie Change Detection Analysis on Walloon Brownfield Sites 184 HALLOT, Eric Jean; BEAUMONT, Benjamin Jean; CLOSE, Odile Marie; Tracking Algal Blooms on the Curonian Lagoon 162 COLLART, Catherine; STEPHENNE, Nathalie VAICIUTE, Diana; BRESCIANI, Mariano; GIARDINO, Claudia; BUCAS, Martynas; PAPADAKIS, Dimitri; LAANEN, Marnix; HOMMERSOM, Annelies Copernicus for Lys Basin Water Management 186 BOSC, Christelle; CHADOURNE-FACON, Lucie; DUVERNEY, Sarah; Tracking Storms and Hurricanes Using SAR Images 164 BATTISTON, Stéphanie; CLANDILLON, Stephen; LECOMTE, Justin HUSSON, Romain; MOUCHE, Alexis; BELLEC, Nicolas; MONBET, Philippe Diognasing the Burjassot Urban Drainage System 188 A View of Your Inland Waterways from Space 166 LOPEZ-BAEZA, Ernesto; ALBERO-PERALTA, Erika; RIVERO-MORO, Carlos; BRESCIANI, Mariano; GIARDINO, Claudia; HOMMERSOM, Annelies; CATALAN-ALCOBER, Domingo Jose; BAUR, Tom; BANSAL, Rahul PAPADAKIS, Dimitri Enabling Periodic Downstream Services Don’t Pour Money Down the Drain -Fix It! 168 via User-Friendly Data Grabbing 190 SØRENSEN, Carlo Sass; HOLMEGAARD, Lars N; DAMGAARD, Thomas CERESI, Andrea; GOFFI, Alessia; RANGHETTI, Luigi; BUSETTO, Lorenzo; STROPPIANA, Daniela; BORDOGNA, Gloria; BOSCHETTI, Mirco; Global Real Time Online Water Quality Mapping 170 BRIVIO, Pietro Antonio; PEPE, Monica; ANTONINETTI, Massimo; ZLINSZKY, András; SUPAN, Peter; ZOBEL, Marc; KOMA, Zsófia STERLACCHINI, Simone Informing Water Resource Managers in Sardinia 172 Local Copernicus Demonstrator in Brittany 192 LATORRE ARAVENA, Carolina Patricia; FUHREN, Hanno; JAGAILLE, Marie; BELLEC, Nicolas; MORICE, Jonathan; PHUNG, Fabrice; TZIMAS, Apostolos; ROMAS, Evangelos MEVEL-VIANNAY, Stéphane Monitoring Groundwater Flooding in Ireland Using Sentinel-1 SAR 174 A Platform for Mapping territories by Satellite in the Indian Ocean 194 NAUGHTON, Owen; MCCORMACK, Ted; BRADFORD, Rebecca; MCATEER, James TESSIER, Pierre Water Bodies Detection on a Portal 176 Measures of Surface Movements in Catalonia Using Sentinel-1 Data 196 IVAČIČ, Matjaž MORA, Oscar TABLE OF CONTENTS
Storytelling Tool for a Forest Fire in Yeste, Albacete (Spain) 198 Copernicus Helping Civil Protection 220 AREVALO TORRES, Juan; PASSARELLO, Gloria; AMEZTOY, Iban; CARIDADE, Pedro Jorge; GOUVEIA-CARIDADE, Carla; CARIDADE, Paulo J.S.B. LOPES BARBOSA, Ana. EO Integrated Approach for Pluvial Flood Management 222 Copernicus Data Used to Understand Landscape VASSILEV, Vassil; TSVETKOVA, Nadya Historical Transformations 200 PREVITALI, Mattia; MAZZETTI, Paolo; NATIVI, Stefano; LATRE, Miguel Ángel Monitoring Landslide Risks in Urban Areas 224 LA MANTIA, Claudio; MELI, Concetta; STAMILLA, Salvatore Copernicus Helps Prague Plan the City of the Future 202 ČTYROKÝ, Jiří; BRADOVÁ, Eliška; MAKOVSKÝ, Lukáš New Frontier for Emergency Response: Satellite Data 226 ROMANO, Giuseppe; NOCENTE, Valentina; FRITTELLI, Stefano EO for Sustainable Urban Planning 204 BEAUMONT, Benjamin; HALLOT, Eric; CLOSE, Odile; WOLFF, Eléonore; Sentinel-1 Monitors Geohazards to Secure Citizens’ Homes 228 POELMANS, Lien; STEPHENNE, Nathalie BAKON, Matus; CZIKHARDT, Richard; PAPCO, Juraj
Modelling and Forecasting Urban Population Patterns 206 The Phlegrean Fields Caldera: a History of Deformation 230 CASU, Francesco; BONANO, Manuela; CASTALDO, Raffaele; DE LUCA, Claudio; GRIPPA, Tais; FORGET, Yann; LOPEZ, Juan-Francisco; VANHUYSSE, Sabine; DE NOVELLIS, Vincenzo; LANARI, Riccardo; MANUNTA, Michele; MANZO, Mariarosaria; WOLFF, Eléonore; SHIMONI, Michal; LINARD, Catherine; GILBERT, Marius; TATEM, Andrew PEPE, Susi; SOLARO, Giuseppe; TIZZANI, Pietro; ZINNO, Ivana Monitor Urban Areas and Green Infrastructures 208 LEFEBVRE, Antoine; BOURIAU, Emmanuel Use of Copernicus Emergency Management Service During Sleet in Slovenia 232 Urban Growth Monitoring with Copernicus Data 210 BANOVEC JUROŠ, Katja THOLEY, Nadine; CASPARD, Mathilde; GASTAL, Vera; DE FRAIPONT, Paul Wildfire Management on the Croatian Territory 234 NEVISTIĆ, Zvonimir; BAČIĆ, Željko CIVIL PROTECTION
Introduction 212 TRANSPORTS, CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SAFETY
Overview 214 Introduction 236
Burnt Area Mapping at Provincial Level Using Sentinel Imagery 216 Overview 238 BOCCARDO, Piero; CASTELLETTI, Ottavio; GENNARI, Marco; GIULIO TONOLO, Fabio; SANDU, Constantin; VASSILEVA, Magdalena; A Village Stricken by Terrain Movements 240 VETTORETTI, Massimo THOLEY, Nadine; MAXANT, Jerome; IASILLO, Daniela; DE FRAIPONT, Paul
Copernicus Data Give Prospects 218 Copernicus Sentinels Help Vessel Traffic Monitoring 242 MISIRLOGLOU, Simos; VAKKAS, Theodoros VLAD SANDRU, Maria Ioana; RADUTU, Alina; NEDELCU, Ion; POENARU, Violeta TABLE OF CONTENTS
Improving Snow Avalanche Forecasting 244 Protection of European Cultural Heritage from Geo-Hazards ECKERSTORFER, Markus; MALNES, Eirik; VICKERS, Hannah; MÜLLER, Karsten; with Satellite Monitoring 266 ENGESET, Rune; HUMSTAD, Tore BEE, Emma Jayne; CROSTA, Giovanni; FRATTINI, Paolo; FERNANDEZ MERODO, Jose Antonio; HARRISON, Anna May; Monitoring the Health of Water and Sewerage Networks 246 LEONI, Gabriele; MARGOTTINI, Claudio; NOVELLINO, Alessandro; MASSIMI, Vincenzo; FORENZA, Giuseppe; ALISCIONI, Andrea SPIZZICHINO, Daniele; THEMISTOCLEOUS, Kyriacos Satellite-Based Maritime Surveillance Services in Europe 248 KERBAOL, Vincent; GARELLO, René; BELLEC, Nicolas; MONBET, Philippe List of Entities authoring the Copernicus User Stories 270 Smartphone Application Delivering Meteo-Marine Data to the Public in Malta 250 Acknowledgments 278 DRAGO, Aldo Panel of Reviewers 280
PUBLIC HEALTH
Introduction 252
Overview 254
An Air-Quality-App for Germany 256 BÄR, Jewgenia; DAUERT, Ute
Mapping Real-Time Airborne Particle Pollution 258 KAZANTZIDIS, Andreas; KOSMOPOULOS, Georgios; SALAMALIKIS, Vasilios; TZOUMANIKAS, Panagiotis; KATSIDIMAS, Kostantinos
CULTURAL HERITAGE, TOURISM AND LEISURE
Introduction 260
Overview 262
Monitoring Heritage at Risk with Sentinel-2 264 TAPETE, Deodato; CIGNA, Francesca Copernicus in a nutshell Copernicus Sentinels in a nutshell
Previously called GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), Copernicus is the The Copernicus Sentinel satellites are a family of Earth Observation space missions specifically EU-lead programme looking at our planet in support to the environment and emergency developed by ESA for the Copernicus Programme. Since April 2014, 7 satellites have been management for the ultimate benefit of all European citizens. launched and have started delivering data in support to various applications. Additional satellites of the family are being progressively launched, targeting the full operational Copernicus supports a broad range of environmental and security applications, including climate deployment by 2020. change monitoring, sustainable development, transport and mobility, regional and local planning, maritime surveillance, agriculture and health. Learn more at https://sentinels.copernicus.eu Copernicus places a world of insight about our planet at the disposal of citizens, public authorities and policy makers, scientists, entrepreneurs and businesses. Copernicus data and information are made available on a full, free and open basis. Learn more at www.copernicus.eu
Copernicus builds on Earth observations from space (both from dedicated and contributing missions) and from terrestrial and aerial sensors (in situ measurements). sentinel-1 sentinel-2 sentinel-3 sentinel-5p Six Copernicus Services transform this wealth of observations into value-added information in carries a radar to provide carries a high-resolution carries an instrument carries a spectrometer, different thematic areas by analysing the data, integrating it with other sources, processing it all-weather, day-and-night multispectral imager package including a radar primarily to monitor global imagery to monitor oceans, to monitor land and altimeter, an infrared atmospheric pollution. and validating the results. ice and land, and to aid vegetation cover. radiometer and an imaging Learn more at www.copernicus.eu/main/services emergency response. spectrometer, to monitor oceans and land.
www.emergency.copernicus.eu www.climate.copernicus.eu
sentinel-4 sentinel-5 sentinel-6 is a spectrometer carried is a spectrometer carried carries a radar altimeter on the Meteosat Third on the MetOp Second to measure global www.land.copernicus.eu www.marine.copernicus.eu Generation Sounder Generation satellites. sea-surface height satellites. It is dedicated to It is dedicated to for operational monitoring air quality over monitoring global air oceanography and Europe. quality. for climate studies.
www.atmosphere.copernicus.eu www.copernicus.eu/main/security
18 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 19 Copernicus progress since the 2012 edition in a nutshell
#Copernicus4regions
sentinel-1b DIAS
sentinel-1a sentinel-3a sentinel-3b 2013 2015 2015 2017 2012 2014 2016 2018
sentinel-2a sentinel-2b
Copernicus Shared Vision and Regulation EC Space Strategy
sentinel-5p
Copernicus Relays Copernicus Academy
20 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 21 Introduction
The Ever Growing Use of Copernicus across Europe’s Regions showcases 99 user stories that The user stories have been submitted by authors in response to a call for papers open to describe how public administrations across Europe are using Copernicus data and information to all Copernicus Contributing Countries4. The stories are grouped according to eight application address their challenges and how this is positively impacting the lives of citizens. domains that are closely related to the competences of local and regional authorities (LRAs)5: The Publication provides an update of the situation with respect to the 2012 publication “The TranspoTransports,r tCsivil, Civil PublicTrPanspoublic Health rHealthts, Civil PCublicultuCultur Healthal ral Cultural Agriculture, Food, Forestry and Fisheries InfIrnfastrurastructucrtue re Infrastructure HeHeritagritage, e, Heritage, 1 andand Sa fSeatfyety and Safety TouTourismrism and and Tourism and Growing Use of Copernicus across Europe’s Regions” , which portrayed 67 contributions in the LeisuLeisure re Leisure Copernicus pre-operational era. The rationale behind these initiatives is that although public Biodiversity and Environmental Protection Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Infrastructure Heritage, and Safety Tourism and authorities (PAs) at national, local and regional level are recognised amongst the key potential Climate, Water and Energy Leisure users of Copernicus2, they are not always aware or ready to exploit the programme’s potential. Roadblocks in this respect are manifold and include poor awareness, lack of specific technical Territorial Management and Urban Planning skills and/or of infrastructure as well as difficulties to modify the internal workflows of the Civil Protection administration to integrate new solutions that are not backed-up by law3. The Copernicus User Stories collected in this publication facilitate an interesting analysis of how and to what extent Tranports, Civil Infrastruture and Safety these challenges are being addressed in many organisations. Public Health Cultural heritage, Tourism and Leisure “Copernicus core users
1 https://esamultimedia.esa.int/multimedia/publications/NEREUS 4 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, 2 See Copernicus Regulation (EU No 377/2014), Articles 2 and 3 Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, 3 The roadblocks to the full deployment of Copernicus amongst LRAs were comprehensively analysed in Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. a previous collaboration between the ESA and NEREUS. See http://www.nereus-regions.ovh/wp-content/ 5 Other thematic areas such as global climate change (e.g. greenhouse gases) and security were not included uploads/2017/11/Brochure.pdf and http://www.nereus-regions.ovh/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Analysis.pdf because they are mostly tackled at global or national scale and fall into different governance schemes.
22 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99 user stories by local and regional authorities | 23 refer to the recently launched Sentinel-5P. Nevertheless, the overwhelming use of Copernicus Figure 2 shows the geographic distribution of the main regions of application of the user stories Sentinel-2 is noticeable, and this can be attributed to the relative ease of use of the high- in Europe at sub-national level (i.e. NUTS2/NUTS36): these form the bulk of the user collection7 resolution optical imagery and its attractiveness for the LRAs’ institutional mandate especially and span across 69 regions/municipalities over 21 countries. The pattern is irregular, depending in relation to the management of land. Many of the stories refer to the use of products from the on the maturity of the local EO community. It is interesting to notice, alongside regions having a Copernicus Land, Atmosphere, Marine and Emergency Management Services, and a few of them lasting experience in the field (e.g. Grand Est and Brittany in France, Lombardy in Italy, Wallonia address the integrated use of both, particularly for applications relating to civil protection (see in Belgium), the dynamism of emerging ones (e.g. Central Macedonia in Greece, Valencia and for example pages 119, 181, 208). Catalonia in Spain). An increasing penetration at the regional level can also be observed in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia together with a set of newcomers reporting successful trials with the use of Copernicus-based information (e.g. Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Croatia, Slovakia, Iceland). It is worth highlighting that many challenges are not confined within administrative REGIONS borders and satellites provide valuable tools to address these cross-border aspects. This appears Austria in some of the user stories, typically in relation to natural reserves and natural disasters (see Belgium Croatia e.g. pages ID 126, ID 162, ID 177, ID 179, ID181, ID 184, ID125)). Finally, one can figure Czech Republic out the corresponding geography of the expertise in developing and handling Copernicus-based Denmark solutions by considering the distribution of the affiliations of the Authors: these come from 28 Finland Copernicus Contributing Countries8, possibly suggesting an increasing spread of skills across France Europe. Germany Greece The publication mainly targeted cases of mature use. Yet, many of the stories are far from Hungary this stage. As already mentioned, the integration of innovative technologies within the routine Iceland processes of a public administration is not straightforward. Even when provided by external Italy Latvia entities (e.g. commercial companies) the new solutions must be customised and validated prior Lithuania to integration into the administrative processes and this frequently requires gradual adoption Netherlands through testing and ramp-up activities. Practical accounts from these experiences are considered Norway valuable contributions to the development of best practices in the PAs and that is why, in the end, Poland non-operational solutions were also included in this publication. However, in order to provide a Portugal comprehensive overview of the maturity of use of the described solutions, a Usage Maturity Romania Level (UML) has been defined to be self-assessed by all contributors. The results, graphically Slovakia Spain displayed in Figure 3, are encouraging: about 15% of the use cases have been reported as Ukraine United Kingdom 6 The Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) is a classification providing a harmonised hierarchy of regions: it subdivides each Member State into regions at three different levels, covering NUTS 1, 2 and 3 from larger to smaller areas. See http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/regions/background. 7 Europe’s NUTS2 and NUTS3 were the core target levels of the Call. Other user stories that address national level or outside from Europe are not represented in this map. Figure 2: Geographic distribution of the main regions of application of the Copernicus User Stories. Only cases 8 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, at NUTS2/NUTS3 level in Europe are portrayed. Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and United Kingdom.
24 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 25 mature (UML=5), whilst very few were classified in the exploration phase (UML=1). A total of 172 entities have contributed to the stories presented in this Publication (see The vast majority (almost 40%) are declared to be in the pilot / testing phase in p.XX). These are mostly PAs (58) but also private companies (39), academia (37) and research view of further integration (UML=3). These “pre-operational” solutions may possibly institutes (33) that develop solutions for the PAs. When outsourcing to external entities, the be incorporated within the workflow of LRAs and grow in the near future, however in administrations’ competences evidently shape the research and the market for EO and, by being the current phase their sustainability and road to the market remains vital. These figures proactive customers, administrations concretely help to design more effective solutions (e.g. see can be considered a net improvement with respect to the situation in 20129, when many the example in p. ID 171). The collection also outlines that some commercial Copernicus-based articles described outcomes from research projects fuelled by space-related funds. solutions are finally making it to the market, and this can be largely attributed to the Copernicus open and free data policy as well as to the guarantee of its long-term availability. Noticeably, the know-how matured in the European context also helps European companies to export their The Usage Maturity Levels services outside the continent: a few examples are included e.g. ID174 and ID192.
UML 1 The LRA has never really made use of Overall, the comparison with respect to the 2012 edition shows that, six years on, the use of Explorer the Copernicus-based solution but it has Copernicus across Europe’s regions is truly “ever growing”. The enhanced number of stories and planned ad-hoc tests to assess its potential benefits (e.g. as a project user). the enlarged geographic spread evidently reflect Copernicus evolutions and the corresponding 6 growth in the number of stakeholders and companies. Such a leap is evident not so much in 8 UML 2 The LRA has used the Copernicus-based Ad-hoc user solution ad hoc in some specific cases but terms of the increased number of articles, but especially in that the new stories, on average, without an explicit interest to trial repeated 7 39 show a much stronger engagement from public authorities. The demonstrated involvement usage (e.g. the test followed the initiative of of PAs in most Copernicus User Stories of the current publication demonstrates the importance single individuals within the organisation). of the political will as well as of the motivation of civil servants to overcome any technical 15 UML 3 The LRA has already used the Copernicus- Pilot/ based solution in one or more trials and is roadblock. An important indicator in this respect can be taken from the increase in the number Experimental concretely considering its integration within of experiences that are funded outside of the space sector, which is now significant (more than tester its standard practices. half) when compared to the 2012 publication in which about two thirds of the cases were 24 UML 4 The LRA has confidently used the financed by Copernicus, the EU Framework Programme or by the ESA. Another important aspect Early Adopter Copernicus-based solution and is working in this respect is represented by the closer link with respect to the EU Directives: across the to incorporate it as part of its processes 10 (e.g. update of internal procedures, publication, nine different EU Directives are addressed. A note is due to highlight the case Figure 3: Distribution of the Copernicus staffing, training...). of the Common Agriculture Policy: nine user stories describe early stages of use of Copernicus User Stories by Usage Maturity Levels UML 5 The LRA is using the Copernicus-based by paying agencies. This can be attributed to the recent reform of the Common Agriculture Policy Operational solution and it has integrated it within its for 2021-2027 which allows satellite imagery to replace the physical visits necessary to check user standard processes. The related resources and issue payments to farmers11. It can be forecasted that such stories will soon become a (i.e. staff, budget, facilities) are allocated or recurring pattern. readily deployable.
10 EU Marine and Water Strategy Directive, EU Water Framework Directive, INSPIRE Directive, EU Nitrates Directive, Ambient air Quality Directive, Cleaner Air for Europe Directive, Habitats Directive, Fauna Flora Habitat directive, and the Floods Directive. 9 In the 2012 edition, no Usage Maturity Level was defined. 11 https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/future-cap_en
26 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 27 Copernicus User Stories Geographic Index: main areas of application as described in the user stories
The Copernicus User Stories contained in this publication collectively show that the uptake of Achaea (Αχαΐα) 149 Copernicus is not a solitary endeavour: it inexorably relies on collaborative joint efforts across Albacete 105 sectors, disciplines and political orientations. Indeed, the publication portrays a mosaic of Alps 165, 171, 126, 162, 109 relations – between regional directors, CEOs, researchers, mayors, engineers, developers, farmers, Alsace 152, 158 etc. – where Copernicus data and information stimulates the exchange amongst professional Alta Murgia National Park (Parco Nazionale dell' Alta Murgia) 127 user communities across application domains, offering tailored solutions to global challenges Andalusia (Andalucia) 108 tweaked at local level. In this respect, the emergence of grassroots initiatives and bottom-up Aosta Valley (Valle d' Aosta) 126, 162 approaches to the use of Copernicus data and information amongst public users provides an 219 interesting element which accompanies the panorama of regulatory and support measures Apamea 130, 127 implemented by the European Commission to improve Copernicus user uptake: the example of Apulia (Puglia) volunteering civil servants creating working groups which operate across departments (ID 123) Austria (Österreich) 109, 165 is a valuable mechanism in terms of internal public sector innovation. Azores Archipelago (Azores) 101, 112 Balaton Lake 210 In conclusion, The Ever Growing Use of Copernicus across Europe’s Regions intends to serve Baltic Sea 221, 186 as a practical handbook illustrating the variety of Copernicus uses as well as the processes Bas-Rhin 151,152 that lead a public administration to develop and use a space-based product and/or service. Basilicata 195 The descriptions of how public authorities are starting (or trying to) to rely on services and 128, 124, 117, 194 solutions derived from Copernicus data and information can be helpful to tackle challenges that Belgium (België, Belgique, Belgien) are common across different administrations and provide valuable accounts hopefully paving the Bolzano (Bolzano/Bozen) 171 way towards an ever growing community of Copernicus users. Brittany (Bretagne) 123, 141, 138, 168, 137 Bulgaria (България) 184 Burjassot 199 The editorial committee: Roya Ayaziaa, Ilaria d’ Auriaaa, Alessandra Tassab and Julien Turpincc Buzău County 180 126 a NEREUS Camargue National Park (Parc Naturel Régional de Camargue) Campania 167, 173 b ESA Canary Islands (Las Canarias) 196 c EC Castile and León (Castilla y León) 134, 183 Castilla La Mancha 105 Catalonia (Catalunya, Catalonha, Cataluña) 116, 115 Central Denmark Region (Midtjylland) 213 Central Greece (Στερεά Ελλάδα) 132 Central Macedonia (Κεντρική Μακεδονία) 132, 156 Central Portugal (Região Centro) 153, 181 Coimbra (Região de Coimbra) 181 Couesnon Marshes (Marais du Couesnon) 141
28 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 29 County Galway (Contae na Gaillimhe) 182 Ireland (Éire) 182 Crete (Κρήτη) 144, 161 Italy (Italia) 126, 130, 162, 127, 143, Croatia (Hrvatska) 208 195, 167, 173, 140, 217, 111, 150, 106, 157, 139, 221 Curonian Lagoon 189, 214,171, 118, 119 Cyprus (Κύπρος) 179, 217, 211 Kiev Oblast 188 Cyrene 219 Kilombero Wetlands 174 Czech Republic (Česká Republika) 163 Landsbyggð 218 Danube River 184, 131 Latvia (Latvija) 193, 113 Demmin 187 Legionovo District 185 Denmark (Danmark) 213, 201 Lemvig 213 Derwent Valley 217 Lithuania (Lietuva ) 220, 221, 111 Devon 190 Lochviller 152 Doñana National Park (Parque Nacional de Doñana) 126 Lodzkie District (Łódzkie) 185 Eastern Latvia (Latgale) 113 Lombardy (Lombardia) 150, 106, 157, 111, 139, Epirus Region (Ήπειρος) 145 Lower Austria (Niederösterreich) 109 Estonia (Eesti ) 212, 111 Lys Basin 169 Finland (Suomi) 111, 202 Madagascar 114 France 126, 151, 172, 152, 158, Malopolskie District (Województwo Małopolskie) 185 123, 141, 129, 138, 168, 137, 175, 164, 169, 114 Malta 214 Friesland 177 Maresme 115 Garajonay National Park (Parque Nacional de Garajonay) 196 Mazovia (Mazowsze) 185 Germany (Deutschland) 154,187,125,122 Mediterranean Sea 112, 195, 170, 145 Gran paradiso National Park (Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso) 126, 162 Milan (Milano) 139 Grand Est 152, 172, 158, 151 Navarra 166 Greece (Ελλάδα) 149, 132, 145, 118, 156, North Aegean (Περιφέρεια Βορείου Αιγαίου) 170 170, 179, 144, 161 North Holland (Noord-Holland) 177 Groningen 177 North Sea 177, 159 Guadalquivir 108 Northern Hungary (Észak-Magyarország) 216 Haut-Rhin 172 Northern Portugal (Região Norte) 153 Hauts de France 169 Norway (Norge) 142, 153, 201, Hungary (Magyarország) 216, 210 Nouvelle Aquitaine 175 Iceland (Ísland) 218 Nowy Targ 185 Ionian Sea 195 Occitanie 164, 169
30 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 31 Patras (Πάτρα) 149 Troms 142 Pays de Dol et de la Baie du Mont-Saint-Michel 141 Turin (Torino) 119 Pays de la Loire 129 Umbria 111 Phlegrean Fields (Campi Flegrei) 173 United Kingdom 159, 190, 110, 217, 111 Piedmont (Piemonte) 126, 119, 162 Valencia 150, 199 Poland (Polska) 185, 186, Vidzeme 193 Pomerania (Pomorskie) 186 Vienna (Wien) 109 Portugal (Portugal) 101, 112, 153, 181 Vilnius 220 Prague (Praha) 163 Viseu Dão-Lafões 181 Pyrenees 164 Wadden Sea 177 Reunion Island (Ile de la Réunion) 114 Wallonia (Wallonie) 128, 194, 117 Romania (România) 131, 180 West Greece Region ( Περιφέρεια Δυτικής Ελλάδας) 149 Salzburg 165 West Jutland (Vestjylland) 213 Samaria National Park (Φαράγγι Σαμαριάς) 161 West Transdanubia (Nyugat-Dunántúl) 210 Sardinia (Sardegna) 189 Western Cape of South Africa 192 Sertã 153 Wienerwald Biosphere Reserve 109 Sicily (Sicilia) 214, 143 Yeste 105 Slovakia (Slovensko) 178 Yorkshire 110 Slovenia (Slovenija) 207, 215 South East Romania 180 South Holland (Zuid Holland) 146 South Muntenia (Sud-Muntenia) 131, 180 South Tyrol (Südtirol - Alto Adige) 171 Spain (España) 116,118, 115, 105, 108, 134, 183, 196, 166, 217, 150, 199 Split-Dalmatia (Splitsko-Dalmatinska) 208 Sweden (Sverige) 201 The Netherlands (Nederland) 111, 177, 146 Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη) 156 Thuringia (Thüringen) 122 Transdanubia (Dunántúl) 210 Trenčín Region (Trenčiansky kraj) 178 Trier (Trier) 154
32 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 33 Antarctica Peninsula from Sentinel-1A Acquired on 13 April 2014 at 23:57 GMT (14 April at 01:57 CEST) by Sentinel-1A, this image shows a transect over the northern part of the Antarctica Peninsula. It was acquired in the satellite’s ‘strip map’ mode with a swath width of 80 km and in dual polarisation. The colours indicate how the land, ice and water reflect the radar signal differently.
Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2014), processed ESA Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning
AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES
Agriculture and fisheries form the basis of our food supply. Agriculture, fisheries and forestry are key components of our biosphere and constitute key economic sectors for most European regions. Taken together, agricultural land and forests represent around 85% of land cover in the European Union. When it comes to fisheries and aquaculture production, the European Union is the fifth largest producer worldwide. These sectors also play a crucial role in the employment: for example, in certain European coastal communities as many as half of the local jobs are in the fishing sector. Yet, sustainable food production and resources exploitation are increasingly being subject to various threats, linked to anthropogenic pressure, climate change and intensive exploitation practices. As population increases and climatic patterns change, so does the spatial distribution of ecological zones, habitats, plant diseases and pests, with significant impacts on agriculture and food production. Innovative solutions are needed to help tackle these increasingly global challenges and Copernicus can support these in manifold ways. For instance, data from Sentinel-2 and from the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service can help to monitor the health status of forests and highlight clearcuts, whilst the Marine Environment Monitoring Service forecasts can help in modelling fish habitats to support both wild fishery and aquaculture. An example of significant strategic importance is reflected by the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP), one of the most prominent and oldest EU policies, with the biggest share of EU spending (about 40% in 2016). In many countries, the “second pillar” of the CAP (rural development programme) is implemented at regional level and, because of the impact on their territory, almost all regional administrations have this competence in their scope. Data from the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites can support the setup of more efficient and environment-friendly agricultural practices for public authorities, companies and farmers alike. Thus, with the aim of simplifying and modernising the CAP, the European Commission has adopted new rules for the next CAP that, for the first time, will expressly allow these data to be used to replace on-farm checks for determining the area-based CAP payments. This move is expected to contribute in reaping the full potential of Copernicus’ deployment, and is a good example of how policy-making can impact the adoption of new technologies and foster innovation within the public sector. Avezzano, Italy Credit: Copernicus Sentinel data (2015)/ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO OVERVIEW OF COPERNICUS USER STORIES
Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level AGRICULTURE CAP SUBSIDIES CLOSING THE YIELD GAP WITH Vilinus Lithuania S1, S2 CONTROL IN LITHUANIA CALIBRATED CROP MAPS Bayern Demmin S1, S2, S3 3 Central Hungary FROM GERMANY AGRICULTURE DAMAGE (Közép- Northern Hungary S1, S2 3 COPERNICUS SUPPORTS MAPPING IN HUNGARY Magyarország) THE PRECISION FARMING Apulia (Puglia) Apulia S2 3 AGRICULTURE MONITORING FOR APULIAN VINEYARD Wallonia IN WALLONIA USING Wallonia S1, S2 4/5 COPERNICUS FOR EFFICIENT (Wallonie) Wageningen Western Cape SENTINEL IMAGES FARMING IN THE WESTERN S2 5 (Wageningen) of South Africa South-Muntenia (Sud CAPE OF SOUTH AFRICA COPERNICUS DATA AND CAP Bucharest Muntenia), West (Vest), North Rhine- S2 4 MONITORING IN ROMANIA (Bucharest – Ilfov) North-East (Nord-Est) CROP CONDITION Westphalia Bela Tserkva S1, S2 1 and South-East (Sud-Est) MONITORING AT FIELD LEVEL (Nordrhein- EARTH OBSERVATION DATA Westfalen) TO DETECT IRRIGATED AREAS: Campania Comunidad Valenciana Campania S2 5 EO-BASED AGRO MONITORING AN APPLICATION IN (Campania) Lombardy SYSTEM TO SUPPORT Europe S1, S2 3 SOUTHERN ITALY Thessaloniki REGIONAL DECISION MAKING EARTH OBSERVATION FOR Serres Attica Central Greece SMART FARMING AND CAP (Περιφέρεια S2 FREE INTERNET PROGRAM Denmark Denmark, Norway, Central Macedonia S2 5 PERFORMANCE IN GREECE Αττικής) FOR DANISH FARMERS (Danmark) Sweden REINFORCING THE COMMON PRECISION FARMING: Brittany Comunidad Foral de Pays de la Loire S2 3 AGRICULTURE POLICY: Europe S2 4 MANAGEMENT OF GRASSLANDS (Bretagne) Navarra THE CASE IN NAVARRA THE CHALLENGE OF SENTINELS FOR FLOOD AND Latvia - Riga IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN Cyprus Latvia - Latgale S1, S2 5 Cyprus S2 1 YIELD LOSS MAPPING IN LATVIA (Latvija - Riga) CYPRUS USING COPERNICUS / Κύπρος SENTINELS VERIFY SENTINEL DATA Lääne-Viru County AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES Estonia S2 3 Province of Pavia, (Lääne-Virumaa) IN ESTONIA Lombardy (ITC48) / Province of Thessaloniki, A FARMSOURCING PLATFORM USING SATELLITE MAPS TO Lombardy - Milan Central Macedonia, FOR A SMART NITROGEN Wallonia (Wallonie) Belgium S2 3/4 SUPPORT VARIABLE RATE (Lombardia - S1, S2 3 Greece (EL522), MANAGEMENT FERTILIZATION Milano) Province of Valencia, A NEW DETAILED CROP AND Castilla Y Leon Castilla Y Leon S1, S2 4 Valencian Communirty, NATURAL LAND MAP Spain (ES523)
38 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99 user stories by local and regional authorities | 39 Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level North Sea, but REMOTE SENSING FOR MARITIME MONITORING FOR ultimately it will be GARAJONAY NATIONAL PARK Madrid La Gomera S2 3 Central THE CONSERVATION OF THE UK applied to the UK S1 3 MANAGEMENT Bedfordshire MARINE RESOURCES waters and the British West Finland SATELLITES MONITOR FOREST Uusimaa Overseas Territories South Finland S2 4 CHANGES IN FINLAND Nyland COPERNICUS SUPPORTS North & East Finland FOREST MONITORING FOR Occitanie SENTINEL-BASED AZORES SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT Occitanie S2 3 Azores Archipelago Azores Archipelago S1, S2 3 Occitanie REGIONAL FOREST INVENTORY OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN PYRENEES UNIQUE SATELLITE-DERIVED Berkshire, FORESTRY INSIGHT FOR Buckinghamshire Devon S1, S2 5 EARTH OBSERVATION SERVING Alsace Alsace S2 4/5 DEFRA, UK GOVERNMENT and Oxfordshire REGIONAL FORESTERS (Alsace) Mazowieckie Mazowieckie District The relevant Copernicus data and Information refer to the Copernicus Sentinel data and/or to the Copernicus EO BASED SERVICE FOR District Region Malopolskie District S1, S2 3 Service information mentioned in the User Story. For the definition of the Usage Maturity Level, please refer to FOREST MANAGNMENT (Mazovia) Lodzkie District the Introduction. PT1 Continente Portugal: PT11 Norte, PT16 FOREST HEALTH MONITORING: Centro, PT18 Alentejo; AN APPLICATION IN S2 4 and NO0 Norway: NO03 PORTUGAL Sør-Østlandet, NO07 Nord-Norge Autonome Provinz Bozen - Südtirol (Provincia FOREST MONITORING SERVICE autonoma di South Tyrol CLMS, S2 4 FOR SOUTH TYROL Bolzano - Alto Adige) (Provinzia autonoma de Bulsan - Südtirol) FORESTLAND DECAY IN Catalonia Catalonia MARESME USING SENTINEL-2 S2 4 (Catalunya) (Catalunya) IMAGERY OPERATIONAL AFFORESTATION Free State Free State of Thuringia CLMS, S2 5 MONITORING of Thuringia
40 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99 user stories by local and regional authorities | 41 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning
220 AGRICULTURE CAP With Copernicus satellite data, AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY SUBSIDIES CONTROL “farmers will no longer spend AND FISHERIES (CAPCON) time on declarations, but will will increase publicity and transparency of the CAPCON is Copernicus downstream receive fair payments for their whole process, exposing most of the cases of service of farmland monitoring hard work.” inappropriate farming and fraud. and CAP subsidies control, Erikas Bėrnotas, Outlook to the future provided to the National Paying Lithuanian Paying Agency Director Agency of Lithuania since 2017. The CAPCON service is focused on automated detection of the dominating crops using customised machine learning algorithms, CAPCON service concept, based on per-parcel thousands of confirmed field data samples, adjustments of classification algorithms and The challenge statistical analysis of polarimetric SAR data and reaching 90% accuracy. Satellite data used validation with multi-spectral imagery. operationally? Any solution described here training samples corresponding to seasonal The Lithuanian Paying Agency (NPA) has must be fully operational or pre-operational. changes in climatic conditions, automated set a strategic target to implement a operational monitoring of farming activities on No research results, only applications should reporting on parcels not complying to their CAP subsidies control system based on grassland to detect grass mowing period(-s) be presented. Use plain language, aim at the declared farming activities, as well as web operational monitoring of farming activities and/or confirm the fact of livestock grazing. The general public. Avoid acronyms or technical application with thematic satellite maps and in all declared parcels, integration of operational monitoring service was carried out jargon. ancillary information made available for the information available in several institutional on ~1 mln. parcels larger than 0.25 ha during personnel involved in field checks. Operational registers, active use of technologically most the entire farming season (May September) set-up of the system will enable a complete relevant and cost-efficient remote sensing and processed a full stack of up to 100 reprocessing of the entire parcels database services and proactive cooperation with rural Sentinel images per parcel. The Lithuanian and updating the current status records for communities and farmers. Limited availability CAPCON service developed and successfully all parcels over 10 days intervals, based of multi-spectral satellite data, variability implemented a series of innovative solutions on aggregated backscatter signal statistics of natural conditions and farming practices adapted to unstable climate, environmental retrieved from all Sentinel-1 products and is very high in the countries dominated by conditions and farming practices typical for calibrated with cloud-free Sentinel-2 images. small households, therefore reliable detection the northern and eastern European countries. Regular parcel status updates will enable of certain farming activities and major crops The CAPCON service is primarily based on pol- automated detection of parcels possibly not can only be achieved with iterative machine SAR data. Sentinel-1 active sensor provided Seasonal dynamics of grassland parcel farming status complying with their declarations and trigger with detected 2 mowing periods in 2017, as seen on learning algorithms and reliable reference a continuous supply of pol-SAR data despite standard follow-up procedures implemented Sentinel-1 time series. data samples. Artificial intelligence algorithms clouded or even rainy weather conditions, by the controlling authority. have to be sensitive to seasonal variation of whilst multispectral Sentinel-2 imagery Benefits to Citizens whenever available was used for validation of Acknowledgements crops and climatic conditions. The CAPCON service would reveal the actual SAR-based parcel status detection. The service farming practices and enable operational The research is included in the framework of The space based solution developed automated software components assessments of the overall farming success the SAGRIWASENT project founded by the for building satellite data cubes and temporal In 2017 NPA signed a service contract with under challenging climatic conditions, minimize Walloon region. The scientific partners of the analysis of large image stacks, production of GEOMATRIX UAB for a Sentinels-based CAP the risks of false claims for subsidies, streamline project are the CRA-W and UCL-ELIE, with dynamic composite SAR maps and extraction of subsidies control service with per-parcel the operational control and prevention process the collaboration of the DGO3 (SPW). per-parcel pol-SAR signal statistics and trends. monitoring and assessment of farming and reduce the overall cost of CAP control The CAPCON Big data analytic engine is based activities. The service elements were (1) considerably by switching from the manual Dr. Gediminas Vaitkus, on automated machine learning algorithms, separation of arable land from grassland on-site checks to automated and continuous GEOMATRIX uab, Lithuania which were developed and tested using to confirm the arable land status and (2) per-parcel monitoring of farming activities. It [email protected]
42 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 43 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning
216 AGRICULTURAL DAMAGE Damage maps can substitute AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY MAPPING IN HUNGARY “a large number of on-the-spot AND FISHERIES Earth Observation based damage checks, leading to substantial maps have been integrated into a cost reductions for authorities Outlook to the future central framework and have been and clients likewise.” The success of the current system provides used in an operational manner a solid basis for its further extensions. On for several years now, leading to Hungarian Paying Agency the one hand, damage mapping is planned to be extended to storm and hailstorm effects, substantial cost reductions for with preliminary studies already being carried authorities and clients alike. Sensing and Land Offices, Remote Sensing out. Furthermore, measures are being taken Inland excess water map of Hungary based on Unit produces thematic maps of land surfaces to integrate yield loss estimations into The challenge Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 optical images between affected by extreme water conditions and the systems of risk management and loss 14/03/2016 and 21/03/2016. drought, derived from satellite products. The compensation. In addition, the possibility of The agriculture of Hungary – as numerous final maps are uploaded to the database of including grasslands is under consideration. cases of the last five years have demonstrated SAR data and to the open-source Sentinel the so-called Agricultural Risk Management Nevertheless, these topics require further – is facing an increasing number of extreme toolboxes, users can now benefit from this System. Via this framework, the maps of investigations in order to establish robust weather conditions. The increasing rate technology. Thus, operative inland water the affected territories are available to all methodologies for the estimation of crop and length of these events often result mapping by radar imagery becomes possible. members of the project: the Hungarian Paying yields and grassland productivity, in which in substantial damage and loss in the Hence, a survey of the whole country was Agency, the Research Institute of Agricultural remote sensing is likely to play a major role. Hungarian agricultural sector. Increasing risk successfully done in a few days based on Economics, the Hungarian Meteorological factors, their implications on the area-based Sentinel-1 imagery for the period from 01– Service, the General Directorate of Water Acknowledgements agricultural subsidies, and the large extent of 04 March 2016. Open inland excess water Management, and the Ministry of Rural The work presented in this showcase agricultural territories affected all give reason surfaces (see an example on Figure 2) were Development. Thus, the need for on-the-spot was funded from the Agricultural Risk for continuous monitoring via remote sensing detected with high accuracies, leading to a controls decreases, official administration Management Fund by the Ministry of techniques, measuring the damages in both result of 88 960 hectares as a lower estimate. is reduced, and procedure deadlines are Agriculture. All Sentinel data were provided space and time. Benefits to Citizens shortened. free of charge by ESA in the frame of the The space based solution Copernicus Programme. Free Landsat data Countrywide appearance of inland excess were obtained from USGS/NASA. The authors In the period February-March 2016, extreme water, waterlogging, spring-frost damages and are grateful for the contribution of all experts precipitation events took place, which summer drought events collectively can affect involved. resulted in the appearance of inland excess 30-40,000 farmers in Hungary. Obviously, it water as well as water logging in several is impossible to provide operational real- Hungarian counties. time ground-based observations for the assessment of loss compensation claims. Surveying the extent of water-affected Thanks to the good spatial and temporal Gizella Nádor; Zoltán Friedl; Anikó Rotterné surfaces was carried out by the use of resolution of Sentinel satellite images not Map of water-affected land surfaces around Lake Kulcsár; Irén Hubik; Pacskó Vivien; György Surek optical satellite imagery from Sentinel-2 and only does the affected territory becomes Tisza on radar composite (VV, VH, VV/VH) (right). Government Office of the Capital City Landsat. The map in Figure 1 shows the measureable, but the temporal evolution of Optical (NIR, SWIR, RED) and radar (VV, VH, VV/VH) Budapest, Dept. of Geodesy, Remote Sensing results of our analysis: altogether 131,245 composites (left upper) and the derived waterlog the events can be monitored as well. and Land Offices, Remote Sensing Unit hectares of water-affected areas were maps (left down). detected countrywide. The Government Office of the Capital City Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Department of Geodesy, Remote [email protected] With free and easy access to Sentinel-1 [email protected]
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194 AGRICULTURE MONITORING This application of Copernicus AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY USING SENTINEL IMAGES “Sentinels will significantly AND FISHERIES The general aim is to provide improve the way which farmers implemented for the Walloon administration. objective and timely information are doing online aid applications Starting with the 2019 campaign, the results to the Walloon authorities to help and, for the Walloon Paying will be also available and implemented for farmers as well as to protect CAP Agency, will help to keep the the farmers. funds. The crop identification results will be Two examples of change detections inside of Land Parcel Identification System implemented in test phase during the second agricultural parcels based on NDVI standard deviation up-to-date and to move to the (two crops on left side, a new road on the right side) half of 2018. new checks by monitoring.” Outlook to the future The challenge seems to be a good solution for an operational system. Alain ISTASSE In spite of a theoretical short revisit time General Inspector of Aids Departement The Walloon Paying Agency, managing of Sentinel 2 satellites, due to very frequent Since June 2017, the EU Copernicus General Direction of Agriculture, Natural different schemes relating to the Common cloud cover in Belgium, for an operational Programme provides high temporal resolution Resources and Environment Public Service Agricultural Policy (CAP), is in charge of system the effective availability of images is Sentinel 1 (S1) & Sentinel 2 (S2) satellite of Wallonia maintaining up-to-date the Land Parcel very often a problem. Identification System (LPIS). The LPIS is the imagery. The Walloon Region is covered by main tool allowing farmers to annually declare a 3 day revisit period for S2 sensors and a 2 The Sentinel 1 satellites, as active sensors, areas of cultivated fields and eventually the day revisit period for S1 sensors. acquire radar images independent of meteorological conditions (cloud free). Using ecological focus areas via Geo Spatial Aid The research aims to find the optimal way for directly radar images and some derived Application – (GSAA). Starting with the 2018 the implementation of derived product and products (as polarimetric indices and campaign, the GSAA will be mandatorily web results from high resolution Sentinel 1 & 2 coherence) crop type identification gives based, which will increase the quality of the satellite images in the operational chain used similar results as when using S2 optical LPIS in terms of updating. The update is the by the Walloon administration. This research Example of optical and SAR images used for crop type images. By using both optical and radar LPIS upkeep process that deals with the is done by the Walloon Agronomical Research classifications (S2 image acquired on 26 May 2017 images, the results of crop types classification changes to the land. Centre (CRA-W). – RGB:4, 3, 2, S1 image acquired on 6th of May 2017 are improved. Different scenarios are being The space based solution Different vegetation indices are derived from - RGB:VH, VV, VH/VV) developed to answer different real conditions S2 images and used for both: would receive pre-filled declarations based on for the Walloon administration. Remote Sensing (RS) is one of the ways to what is For the Walloon administration, the update the LPIS. In Wallonia Region, each - object based classification in order to automation of the LPIS update would limit Acknowledgements year, a complete aerial images cover is identify the crop type at parcel level the number of field visits to the minimum available and, being compliant with LPIS The research is included in the framework of - change detection in order to roughly spot necessary, i.e. what is not controllable with quality requirements, is used for LPIS the SAGRIWASENT project founded by the the parcels where the boundary have to be remote sensing data and new technologies. updates. These orthophotos are very useful Walloon region. The scientific partners of the updated and/or where land use is changed. Moreover, the results would lead to better for the farmers and for the update of the LPIS project are the CRA-W and UCL-ELIE, with assurance on activities on declared parcels thanks to their very high spatial resolution the collaboration of the DGO3 (SPW). Benefits to Citizens throughout the Walloon region which would (25 cm), the principal issue of these images increase compliance with the regulation and is their delivery time, usually the aerial The main benefit for the farmers is the Cozmin Lucau-Danila, Emilie Beriaux, focus on prevention. imagery is only available six months after reduction of their administrative burden when Beatrice Leteinturier they have to declare their agricultural parcels their acquisition. In this context, the use of The results of change detection of agricultural Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Belgium in order to receive CAP aids. Indeed, they other images, with a high temporal resolution parcels borders are already operational and [email protected]
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180 COPERNICUS DATA Geospatial services together AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY AND CAP MONITORING “with Copernicus data can AND FISHERIES IN ROMANIA serve as a significant tool for provided freely as Web Map Services to the A case study on agriculture agricultural subsidy control, civil society: monthly satellite countrywide monitoring using Copernicus enabling easy and useful mosaics, early drought warnings or precise Sentinel-2 time series. applications for farmers.” statistics regarding crops. This can be further integrated with meteorological and socio- Traian Crainic, Director IT-LPIS, APIA economic data and translated into scenarios on how future changes might affect land fragmentation and agricultural productivity. Copernicus Sentinel-2 image on June 2017 showing based on the analysis of Copernicus satellite The challenge agricultural land fragmentation in South Western time series is not just a CAP compliance Outlook to the future Romania. tool but it can also offer supplementary The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Credit :Contains Copernicus Sentinel data [2017]/ESA information for both public authorities and Terrasigna aims to exploit the potential supports the implementation of sustainable citizens. The service can provide an extensive of Copernicus Sentinel-2 time series and 5 day revisiting time. They deliver regular models for the agricultural economy Europe- picture of the overall dynamics of agriculture to provide a near real-time agriculture coverage over large areas, allowing a uniform wide. It also creates the premise for a new at both pixel and parcel level. The paying monitoring service at national and European observation of agricultural plots larger than challenge – the control and monitoring of the agencies will be able to simplify the CAP level, fully compliant with both Romanian and 1.5 hectares. Historical data is also available rigorous usage of subsidies over large areas compliance checks whilst benefitting from EU requirements. The farmers will benefit for retrospective baselines. The superior of agricultural land. homogenous data regarding the crop areas from modern and effective information in line spectral resolution allows the identification and potential mismatches between the with the principles of sustainable agriculture. Every year, more than 700,000 farmers of the phenological growth stages and the access the EU subsidy mechanisms through distinction between various crops or crop Acknowledgements the Romanian Agency for Payments and classes. Intervention in Agriculture (APIA). The The “Data-driven Bio-economy” DataBio 2016 Eurostat Yearbook indicates that 71% Terrasigna developed and enhanced a project (www.databio.eu). This project has of agricultural holdings with areas smaller technology based on automatic processing received funding from the European Union’s than 2 hectares encompass 17% of the of multi-temporal series of open EO data, Horizon 2020 research and innovation utilised agricultural area (UAA). This creates with the focus on Sentinel- 2. The work programme under grant agreement No. tremendous pressure on the resources was developed under the framework of 732064. LPIS sample data was received allocated by APIA for compliance verification. the DataBio project using the Land Parcel from the Romanian Agency for Payments and Identification Scheme (LPIS) provided by Intervention in Agriculture (APIA) within the Earth Observation (EO) data provide wide APIA. The Agency issued a consistent set framework of the project. and repetitive homogenous coverage, Buzau County, Romania. Example of possible of user requirements matching the CAP mismatches (right image, in orange) between the translated into an unprecedented amount of implementation priorities. The research is declared and observed crop. information referred generally as “Big Data”. in line with the current European initiatives Credit :Contains Copernicus Sentinel data [2017]/ESA The technologies benefitting from the data focussing on the increased usage of Copernicus volumes represent a solid solution for a data for the monitoring and evaluation of CAP farmers’ declarations and the situation in-situ. continuous monitoring of CAP compliance. effectiveness. In addition, a broad portfolio of information Cristian Flueraru, Cătălin Cucu-Dumitrescu, can be added: summer- and winter-crop The space based solution Marius Budileanu, Olimpia Copăcenaru, Florin Benefits to Citizens assessment, crop rotation, identification of Șerban, The Sentinel-2 satellites, part of the EU A continuous agricultural monitoring service degraded land, areas affected by abnormal TERRASIGNA, Romania Copernicus data stream, hold an enhanced humidity etc. Various data layers will be [email protected]
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167 EARTH OBSERVATION DATA We view it as an extremely AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY TO DETECT IRRIGATED “useful tool, whilst up until AND FISHERIES AREAS: AN APPLICATION recently our controls were allocation, ensure the legitimacy of self- IN SOUTHERN ITALY based on random and, declared irrigation water abstractions and A satellite-based service that from a human perspective, safeguard compliance with water restrictions allows to map areas irrigated burdensome on-site audits, set in special occasions such as drought. without permission was today we start from satellite In conclusion, it is possible to obtain an implemented in two land equitable redistribution of costs related Cadastral parcels and irrigated areas map based on data to gain overall information Reclamation Consortia in Campania to the use of water resources as well as time evolution of NDVI derived from satellite images. and when things don’t add economic and environmental benefits for the The challenge that the growth curve is linked to the supply up we go on site for a visual local community. of established water. By overlaying the In Southern Mediterranean regions, irrigation Outlook to the future information layer of the registered cadastral inspection.” is essential for ensuring high crop yields parcels and the classified map, it identifies Further lines of development could be the during late spring and summer, characterised Eng. Massimo Natalizio, the areas without water authorisations also introduction of this methodology in the context by high temperatures and lack of rain. Irrigation Consorzio Sannio Alifano. called water rights. Platinum magazine - November 2017 of the emerging open data “Marketplace”, Indeed, irrigation allows lands to be, on with the aim of using the. open data and In detail, the map of the irrigated and non- average, twice as productive as rain-fed services, involving and combining individuals, irrigated areas, must be intersected with lands. Improving the efficiency of water Framework Directive, imposes a substantial businesses and public sector bodies. parcel boundaries with regular irrigation use for irrigation is required to ensure long- increase in the efficiency of water use in authorisations (Compliance parcels). For term sustainability of irrigated agriculture. agriculture for the next decade on farmers Acknowledgements each farm, cadastral references, extension Current Earth Observation (EO) systems like and irrigation managers. Sentinel-2 provide multispectral imagery of irrigated area, irrigation period, permitted This story synthesises the works performed of crops with relatively high spatial and crops and water volume, are indicated. within the project DIANA – EU H2020 temporal resolutions and is free of charge. (Detection and Integrated Assessment of Non- Based on these data, it is possible to detect authorized water Abstractions using by EO). The goal is to empower water managers the irrigated areas without necessary water to optimise the detection of non-authorised authorisations (Non-compliance - First type) water abstractions for irrigation in two and the irrigated areas which exceed the land Reclamation Consortia located in the declared irrigated areas (Non-compliance - Campania Region (Italy). Second type). This methodology highlights the potential of EO data to improve water The space based solution management policies and practices, especially in extreme conditions such as drought. The mapping system for irrigated areas Cadastral parcels with (green parcels) and without (red is based on the temporal variability of Benefits to Citizens and orange parcels) necessary water authorizations vegetative vigour. In detail, a time series and its location in Campania region (Italy) of NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Improvement in the efficiency of water use Index) maps are computed using Sentinel-2A for irrigation is required to ensure long-term Monitoring irrigated areas and the abstracted Carlo De Michele; Salvatore Falanga Bolognesi; (S2A) and Sentinel-2B (S2B) data. sustainability of irrigated agriculture. The EU volumes on a systematic basis, and better Oscar Rosario Belfiore Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), combined targeting of field inspections aimed at This process allows a classified map of the with the Water. assessing compliance with legal water ARIESPACE S.r.l., Italy growth patterns to be obtained and to verify [email protected]
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132 EARTH OBSERVATION FOR Gaiasense helps the producers AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY SMART FARMING AND CAP “of our regions to reduce the use AND FISHERIES PERFORMANCE of agrochemicals, leading to the valuable for policymakers. EO-based stream How time-series measurement of production of safer food.” values enable crop growth analysis and crop vegetation indices supports the type profiling, revealing trends and helping Mr. Kostas Apostolopoulos, Vice-Governor of provision of smart farming and Rural Economy of the Central Greece Region regional, national and EU policymakers to agricultural monitoring services for Mr. Theofanis Papas, Vice-Governors of Rural understand “where we are, what direction The downstream workflow of gaiasense produces a Greek farmers and policymakers. Economy of the Central Macedonia Region we are heading in and how far we are from high value data chain leveraging EO Copernicus data where we want to be”, supporting the CAP and services. and Food Security policies. Benefits to Citizens The challenge workflow aims to output high value-added After two years of applying the SF services, products and services that may be then fused Gaiasense provides EO-based monitoring results have shown that it is possible to Greek farmers are facing a series of challenges with the remaining data sources of gaiasense services that allow farmers to understand increase production by an average of 10% that affect their crop yield. For example, plant to generate the advice. As an example, their crops growth and vitality, and enhance and decrease the consumption of water, defensive systems are lowered due to climate solar radiation and IoT measurements their farm management with evidence for fertilisers and pesticides by an average of change, making them more susceptible to are combined to estimate the reference specific action. In parallel, the extracted 19%. pest attacks. Nevertheless, farmers continue evapotranspiration that is needed in the vegetation indices provide valuable to make decisions for their farms based Outlook to the future irrigation advice. information regarding the intrafield variability on their intuition, or acquired ancestral conditions of the parcel (time-series of image Agricultural monitoring and SF require a In practice, the pipeline of the platform knowledge, using traditional non-sustainable snapshots). The gaiasense-guided actions in large amount of data from several sources in incorporates three core modules operating practices that drain the natural resources and the field reduce the consumption of natural order to be accurate. In the future, we plan independently, which in turn search for new affect the environment. resources and protect the environment by to incorporate more Sentinel missions into Sentinel-2 imagery, download them and In this context, gaiasense has arisen as a minimising the use of chemicals. the workflow in order to examine data from perform the required processing for optical Smart Farming (SF) platform that provides more wavelengths and acquire the shortest satellite images (i.e., atmospheric correction data-driven environmentally friendly advisory revisit time that will enhance the quality of and cloud masking). As a result, the initial services on fertilisation, irrigation and the given advice. Crop growth models and data are upgraded to higher-level products, pest management, minimising the use of probabilistic weather forecasts powered by such as NDVI or LAI vegetation indices that inputs (i.e. water, fertilisers and pesticides), satellite data are another appealing extension are valuable for SF. according to the mandates of the Common for gaiasense. Agricultural Policy (CAP). Multiple data The platform automatically assigns the sources, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) extracted information to the agricultural Acknowledgements sensors, farm logs, and satellite imagery, are parcels or the management units belonging A demo view depicting fields in Central Macedonia. Supported by the Central Greece and Central used to generate reliable advice and support to the gaiasense database. Furthermore, The end user can monitor parcels through time, either Macedonia Regions. the decision-making process of the farmer. meteorological data from the IoT telemetry by using interactive graphs of indicators, or image stations enrich the information context. snapshots. The space based solution The farmer is also able to correlate the Credit :Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016, 2017] Nikolaos Marianos, Nikolaos Kalatzis, Gaiasense uses remote sensing methods to spatiotemporal conditions of his parcels with those of a larger user-defined Area of and Dimitrios Sykas process and upgrade one of the main data These services also introduce spatial Interest (AOI). inputs that of Copernicus raw data and analytics intelligence for CAP performance NEUROPUBLIC S.A., Piraeus, Greece services hosted on hubs. The downstream and efficiency management, which is [email protected], n_kalatzis@ neuropublic.gr, [email protected]
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166 REINFORCING THE COMMON Space-based services AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY AGRICULTURE POLICY “enable paying agencies to AND FISHERIES Automated satellite-based Earth improve transparency, reduce information and cooperation with the public Observation services support the administrative burden and administration, enabling the provision of monitoring of farmers’ compliance efficiently monitor farmers’ more transparent public e-services. to Common Agriculture Policy compliance to CAP obligations.” (CAP) obligations. Outlook to the future Crop type classification using time-series of Sentinel-2 imagery, Navarra, Spain 2017 Alberto Lafarga, The system has been applied and validated Institute for Agrifood Technology in the Navarra region, currently transitioning and timely monitoring of the agricultural and Infrastructures of Navarra INTIA to an early adoption level. It has also been land becomes feasible. Additionally, Sentinel- applied in two diverse pilot sites in Greece The challenge 2’s 10/20-m high spatial resolution enables contribute to the reduction of the overall and Lithuania (involving the respective PA); Paying Agencies (PA), responsible for the the systematic provision of crop-specific cost for performing the monitoring of the where, for the first time, there is evident implementation of the Common Agriculture biophysical parameters and accurate thematic CAP implementation. Increased transparency agricultural land fragmentation, whilst for Policy (CAP), need to monitor farmers’ information at parcel level. Here, we have and efficiency of the policy implementation is the latter, Sentinel-2 cloud-free imagery is compliance to certain standards concerning developed and applied automated EO ensured alongside a simplified, personalised scarce. The results, however, are comparable the environment. Monitoring is performed by processing workflows, to assist the regional system of e-public services contributing to in accuracy; attributed to the unique spatial in-situ visits and through remote sensing. Due paying agency inspections with respect to better use of public resources. and temporal characteristics of the Sentinel-2 to the high complexity and diversity of the farmers’ compliance to their CAP obligations; data. Since the methods were designed to obligations that need to be monitored, both predictably at operational level. The be fully transferable, by merely utilising open methods have limitations, being evidently methodology is founded on accurate crop type access EO data, the scalability to country or complex processes of poor transparency and classification via machine learning application even European scales is top priority. In that entail a high cost for public administrations. on a time-series of combined Sentinel-2 respect, the Copernicus Data & Information imagery and vegetation indices. Effective Access Services (DIAS) can act as an enabler Space technology and use of Copernicus exploitation of crop phenology enables the for the operational and large-scale application data offer better monitoring in agriculture, discrimination amongst 9 crop types, which of the scheme, in terms of both data and also supporting the implementation of explains 90% of the regional agricultural processing requirements. the CAP. Through its service platform, the Chronogram of key crop phenological stages and all zone. To further assist the paying agency RECAP H2020 project responds to the CAP cloud free Sentinel-2 acquisitions in 2017. inspectors, the described system delivers on Acknowledgements monitoring challenges providing advanced demand Sentinel-2 true colour composites manual and fully automatic hybrid Earth Competent authorities and service providers RECAP is a EU project and has received and pertinent vegetation indices; for all cloud Observation (EO) techniques, contributing to profit from the RECAP solution which allows funding from the EU Horizon 2020 Research free acquisitions within the year of inspection. cost-efficient, transparent and reliable remote them better allocation and saving of resources, and Innovation Programme under Grant Methods have been designed and developed CAP monitoring. enabling them to provide added value Agreement No. 693171. alongside the end-users and stakeholders, services to local farmers. Farmers profit from The space based solution under a co-creation/co-production scheme, to a system that guides and notifies them of offer a mutually valued outcome. their obligations ensuring their compliance to A. Armesto, and A. Lafarga1, D. Petalios2, The introduction of the Sentinel mission the rules, whilst reducing their administrative I. Papoutsis and V. Sitokonstantinou3 enables optical and radar satellite data to Benefits to Citizens burden. Such a proactive participation of the 1. INTIA, Navarra region be freely and systematically received on a The satellite-based RECAP solutions providing farmers in the monitoring procedure makes global scale. With Sentinel-2’s high temporal 2. CREVIS SPRL a remote compliance control system for specific them an active part of the data collection resolution of 5-day revisit time, consistent 3. National Observatory of Athens rules of Cross Compliance and Greening, chain enhancing communication, exchange of [email protected]
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113 SENTINELS FOR FLOOD Using Sentinels to check AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY AND YIELD LOSS MAPPING “damaged fields lets us finish AND FISHERIES Many fields ready to harvest are compensation payments in happen soon. Still, emergencies happen and flooded during severe rainfall. less than two months from it is essential for government institutions Sentinel satellite data was used the first drop of rain.” to respond as soon as possible, to estimate to replace field visits and to damage rapidly, and to administer support Indulis Abolins, payments in a short space of time. accelerate payment Deputy Director of Rural Support Service of compensation. Severe rain caused flood at the beginning The Sentinel constellation proved its worth in of harvesting season in Eastern Latvia. helping to administer compensation for flood Image: Rural Support Service saved plenty of administration costs (fewer damage. This was also the first example in working hours, less driving to visits). 3100 Latvia of the joint use of both Sentinel-1 and 2. The challenge High revisit frequency allowed for the farmers with 82000 ha of damaged area mapping of flooded areas every week or even If flooding strikes again, we will be In August 2017, Latvia experienced received their compensation for yield loss in more often, if necessary. The possibility of experienced at mapping flooded parcels even extremely heavy rainfall. More than twice the less than two-months after the first day of obtaining data every few days allowed fields faster. Also, we could extend flooded areas monthly norm poured in two days at the very rainfall. That was an unprecedented speed for that became flooded after a while to be over digital terrain model, if available. beginning of the harvesting season. emergency administration - from field visits caught, when water flowed down the terrain. to payments. There are always things to improve with Fields were flooded and it was impossible At the end of September Sentinel-2 was every solution. But it would not be possible to get agricultural machinery on them. The Farmers received compensation payments able to get some optical images. Many fields without the Copernicus Sentinel satellites’ Government declared a state of emergency faster and could start preparing for the next were still under water. Flood mask was also data and its short revisit time. in the agriculture sector. It was clear that season. generated from optical data and merged with administrative institutions would have to data from previous dates. Acknowledgements check flooded fields so that farmers could receive compensations for the yield loss but Flood maps from Sentinel satellite data were Thanks to the Copernicus programme for many roads were impossible to drive and integrated into Land Parcel Information Sentinel missions and data, ESA for training raining continued for more than a month. System and used together with farmer courses and tutorials for data processing, applications for compensation. and Riga Technical University for academic The space based solution support. Benefits to Citizens For the largest flooded fields, Copernicus Sentinels became very useful. Both Sentinel-1 According to Sentinel data every parcel that radar and Sentinel-2 optical satellite data was under water was considered to have were used to map the flooded areas. lost yield and excluded from these fields that must be visited. Use of Sentinels reduced the Flooded area mapped (blue) using Sentinel-1&2. Sentinel-1 radar is capable of “seeing” through Overlap with reference parcels (yellow) show the lost amount of on-the-spot visits. Inspectors from clouds which allowed for the use of remote yield in Eastern Latvia. the Rural Support Service could spend their sensing data for flood mapping even though Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2017 time visiting only those fields whose yield the sky was still overcast and it was raining loss was not clear from satellite data (small often. Furthermore, since radar backscatter on Outlook to the future parcels and fields where crops emerge from water is completely different from vegetated water or the soil was too wet to harvest). Every emergency or, in this case, loss of areas, it makes flood mapping with radar yield, leaves people with hope that it will Zane Atstaja, Harijs Ijabs, Juris Grinevics data quite unmistakable. Use of Sentinels and drones shortened time not happen again or, at least, it will not Rural Support Service, Latvia for field visits by a third. Faster field visits [email protected]
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212 SENTINELS VERIFY We are gradually increasing AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES “satellite based monitoring and AND FISHERIES Estonia uses Copernicus reducing field visits. Building Sentinel-1 and -2 time series in the satellite based mowing Outlook to the future a country wide system to verify detection system is the first Mowing checks using Sentinel-1 and -2 data is the first step for ARIB in its future the mowing requirement of the step in this development.” agricultural subsidies under path towards automated satellite based monitoring and reducing the need for Common Agricultural Policy. Ahti Bleive, Estonian Agricultural Registers inspectors’ field visits. It is planned to further and Information Board extend the functionality of SATIKAS with grazing detection, harvesting detection, crop Mowing detection results are presented on a public web SATIKAS helps to reduce false payments – the map of Lääne-Viru County. Green represents mowed classification and flooded fields mapping. The The challenge economic impact in Estonia alone is estimated area, red not mowed area and orange late mowed area. accuracy of SATIKAS will be developed to the at close to € 500,000 every year. The total The Estonian Agricultural Registers and level such that it is possible to make payment agricultural use. The system operates from economic impact of similar systems at EU level Information Board (ARIB), like other European decisions without field visits. Next generation May to October every year to cover the entire is at least two orders of magnitude greater. paying agencies (PAs), is responsible for the Sentinels and other high resolution sensors growing season and detects all mowing on honest sharing of the subsidies to farmers As the system is new the accuracy is still will be used to improve the accuracy and agricultural grasslands in Estonia. and the verification of the subsidy claims. improving every year. As of 2018 it is already precision of the subsidy checks and to support Sentinel satellite images are pre-processed used as the risk analysis tool with gradual The European Common Agricultural Policy the farmers with satellite derived information and dense time series are formed. In each movement to the ultimate goal of totally (CAP) sets the rules for the farmers to keep in their work. season more than 100 S1 radar images and replacing field visits and making the payment the land in good condition in order to qualify more than 50 S2 optical images are used. decisions based on SATIKAS satellite based Acknowledgements for the subsidy payments. Although the For each parcel its characteristic S1 and S2 results. fraction of non-compliances is tiny, the total The project was funded by the European parameters’ signatures are built, where the economic impact on an EU level is huge given Ultimately, SATIKAS helps to reduce the Regional Development Fund under the mowing events are detected using state of the €50 billion annual budget of CAP. spending of the European Union and to direct “Development of public services” programme the art deep learning technology. the freed resources for future developments using information and communication In the verification of the subsidy checks PAs through technological progress. technologies”. have so far mainly relied on inspectors’ field Benefits to Citizens visits. Given the rising labour costs in Europe The results are published in virtual real time it gets more and more expensive every year. throughout the season in an open web map The space based solution for the general public and in detailed reports for the ARIB specialists. It helps to reduce ARIB, in cooperation with Tartu Observatory the need for expensive field visits, saves the and CGI Estonia, has built an automated time of inspectors – sending them directly satellite based infosystem SATIKAS. to the right fields without wasting time on Kaupo Voormansik, Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu SATIKAS uses Sentinel-1 (S1) radar and areas which are OK anyway. It also has a Observatooriumi 1, Estonia Sentinel-2 (S2) optical satellite imagery significant prophylactic effect – publishing Lääne-Viru County on a false colour composite. [email protected] to check whether the farmers follow the the results on the web map works as a SATIKAS uses dense time series of Sentinel-1 radar mowing requirement, which is one of the reminder for the farmers who have not yet Kai Raudvere, fulfilled the mowing requirements. images as its main data source. Red represents Agricultural Registers and Information Board, most common under CAP and is often vv-polarization, green vh-polarization, blue vv+vh- violated on lands which are not in intens By detecting more episodes of non-compliance, polarization. Tähe 4, Estonia [email protected]
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124 A FARMSOURCING The BELCAM platform AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY PLATFORM FOR A SMART “innovates management AND FISHERIES NITROGEN MANAGEMENT of fields” cost in the context of price volatility. BELCAM is an EO-based Engr. Pierre Lebrun, collaborative platform designed Filière wallonne de la pomme de terre, Outlook to the future FIWAP for public authorities and farmers The BELCAM platform aims at providing for crop monitoring based on the EO-based products and services to regional joint use of field observations authorities, farmers and also agricultural Snapshot of the BELCAM collaborative Benefits to Citizens and Copernicus satellite data. extension services (e.g. FIWAP) providing (“farmsourcing”) platform - The displayed product is The adequacy between the nitrogen supplies technical and economic support to farmers. the nitrogen absorbed (kg N ha-1) of winter wheat and the crop needs allows public authorities The products and services which have been parcels in the vicinity of Gembloux on the 26th of May The challenge to meet European regulations e.g. Nitrates 2017 – parcels with border limits in white are those made available concern recommendations Producers in European countries are under encoded in the platform. directive). It also meets the societal on nitrogen, crop status and estimations of increasing pressure to maintain profitability Source: BELCAM project expectations in terms of good agricultural yield. Other products/services valorising the within environmental constraints and the Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] practices and product quality. Consumers sentinels constellations (mainly Sentinel-1 increases in N fertilisers’ prices that should are increasingly concerned about agricultural and -2) are currently developed in permanent encourage more rational and environmentally and maize in Belgium by providing to users production that allows farmers to get fair interaction with end users through the responsible management of inputs. satellite-based N recommendations at parcel incomes whilst preserving the environment collaborative platform (e.g. dry matter level. It includes a total N-recommendation at and consumer health. This adequacy allows proportion in maize). The BELCAM platform The high spatial and temporal resolution the start of the season but also, throughout the minimisation of the risks of groundwater aims at being a non-profit platform meeting provided by Sentinel missions (mainly the growing season, the crop nitrogen pollution by nitrates and the subsequent a public service role. Reaching this objective Sentinel-1 and -2) paving the way for new status, the Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI) reduction in costs linked to the sanitation is made possible by the Copernicus free and local applications on a smaller scale than determining the crop N nutrition level and, of water used for human consumption open data policy. in agricultural regions or in very large fields considering the crop N requirements, the but also allows a reduction of greenhouse has motivated the development of the amount of fertilisers to apply. These products gas emission. Avoiding the spread of more Acknowledgements collaborative farm sourcing platform BELCAM are built from surface reflectances (of bands at nitrogen than is required allows farmers The BELCAM project is funded by the optimising nitrogen management at parcel 10 and 20m) and vegetation indices derived to reduce the cost of nitrogen fertiliser and Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the level based on the joint use of satellite from Sentinel-2 (available every 3-5 days subsequently helps them to produce at lower frame of the research programme for earth (Copernicus) data, field observations and crop over Belgium) which are used to estimate the observation STEREO III. The development growth models. nitrogen absorbed by the crops, the crop and of the BELCAM platform and the definition of green manure aboveground biomass and leaf targeted products were only made possible The space based solution area index (LAI). With a spatial resolution of through constant interaction with end-users 10m, sentinel-2 data can also be used in the Nitrogen (N) is a major element of chlorophyll (farmers, technical and pilot centres and delineation of management zones for variable and enzymes implied in photosynthesis, regional authorities). a shortage results in lower yields whilst nitrogen application. The collaborative an excess has negative environmental (“farmsourcing”) approach of the platform Yannick Curnel, Dimitri Goffart, Viviane consequences (e.g. groundwater pollution). speeds up the critical learning process for Planchon, Jean-Pierre Goffart Thus, providing the right doses in the right the remote sensing providers, thanks to input CRA-W, Gembloux, Belgium places and at the right time is crucial. The and near real time feedback from the users. Nitrogen Nutrition index (NNI) describing the crop BELCAM collaborative platform contributes to nitrogen status (in May 2017) of some winter wheat Cindy Delloye, Pierre Defourny, smart nitrogen management of wheat, potato fields in Belgium (source: UCL – Louvain, Belgium). UCL – ELIE, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] [email protected]
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134 A NEW DETAILED CROP This crop map will allow AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY AND NATURAL LAND MAP “us to monitor agricultural AND FISHERIES Crop and forest species activities as well as improve identification with unprecedented protected areas included in the Habitats the effectiveness of the Directive and for the monitoring of the use of resolution as a tool for land CAP controls and reduce the water in agricultural land by the River Basin monitoring in Castile and León farmer’s paperwork.” Authority. Moreover, the land cover map is an (Spain). invaluable tool for monitoring the agricultural Juan Pedro Medina Rebollo, activities for CAP subsidies, in particular, to D. G. Regional Paying Agency control crop diversity and coupled aids (crop specific payments). Crop and natural land classification map over the Benefits to Citizens The challenge region of Castile and León for 2017. Outlook to the future Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] The land cover maps are easily accessible Castile and León is a very large region The production of such a detailed land its spatial accuracy, frequency of acquisition through the Internet http://www.mcsncyl. (94,224 km2) dominated by vast areas of cover map requires the availability of one and ease of access. itacyl.es]. Users with a technical background cropland (mainly grain crops on arable land) to three (cloud free) satellite images per can download the entire product in order surrounded by natural landscapes. Existing Land cover classification is performed using month of the whole territory with adequate to develop their own projects and analysis; land cover projects at European and National machine learning techniques based on year spatial resolution. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 meanwhile basic users can access the level consider arable land as a single class long time series of images together with satellites represent the only available information through a web interface that that groups all crops in an individual legend ancillary data such as elevation, slope, operational constellation that can guarantee includes the cadastral information. The item without giving information about the average precipitation, vegetation height the production of the map on an annual basis availability of yearly layers allows users to heterogeneity of the agricultural landscapes taken from LIDAR flights, etc. with reliability. check crop rotations and land cover changes. in such a big area nor their annual evolution. In order to implement the machine-learning The use of data science techniques based on Moreover, forest and semi natural areas algorithm, high-quality training cases are the integration of earth observation datasets, are not characterised well enough for land required, which are selected from different with other sources of data will produce a planning and assessment. sources of information available in the change in the way land is monitored all over The challenge was to create a very detailed Regional Government such as the Integrated Europe with important implications for the land cover map, updated annually with crop Administration and Control System (IACS) citizens. and forest identification at species level by from Common Agricultural Policy and Forest means of remote sensing and ancillary data Inventories. Acknowledgements available within the regional government. Following this methodology, detailed crop This project is supported by the H2020 Research and Innovation Programme of the The project is conceived as a concerted and and natural land maps have been produced Example of crop and natural land classification map EU, through the project “Sentinels Synergy for coordinated effort by the Agricultural and every year since 2011. Before the appearance over a mixed area with irrigated and rainfed crops in Livestock Department, and the Environmental of Sentinel-2, the product was based on Salamanca province. Agriculture (SENSAGRI)” (Grant Agreement Department, with the common objective Landsat-8 and mainly on Deimos-1 images at Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] nº 730074). of monitoring agricultural and natural land a considerable cost. From a government perspective, the land simultaneously. Since 2017, the product has been based cover map also enables the monitoring of David A. Nafría, Vicente del Blanco, Vanessa solely on Copernicus images, providing an land changes and the assessment of the Paredes, Óscar O. Rodríguez and José L. Bengoa The space based solution fulfilment of different requirements of land increase in the spatial resolution up to 10m Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y owners in a very efficient and cost effective Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 satellites provide as well as a significant cost reduction. León, Regional Government of Castile and León way. The map allows for the control of an incredible tool for assessing land cover due [email protected]
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187 CLOSING THE YIELD GAP Field-specific maps on biomass AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY WITH CALIBRATED CROP “and vegetation productivity AND FISHERIES MAPS FROM GERMANY from satellites provide a better Spatial information on wheat conditions are Biomass maps from Copernicus planning horizon for field good indicators for the regional wheat markets data help accounting crop yield applications and developments in Northern Germany. Wise land management information in the Demmin on the wheat markets.” practices further foster biodiversity, human region in Germany. health and well-being in the administrative Freiherr von Maltzahn, Daberkower Landhof AG region of Demmin. Illustrates how NDVI maps derived from Sentinel-2 and effects of soil erosion. These maps are Outlook to the future can be used as indicators to determine high and low very useful to understand deficits in land productive parts of a crop field. Crop production is the main industry in management and provide decision making The challenge Northern Germany. Local farmers will intensify and provide high-resolution, high-frequency, support for on-site applications and adaptions Crop yield monitoring is a major challenge the collaboration with the scientific network detailed information about the land surface to changing conditions. Agricultural map in agricultural production. The knowledge of of the Durable Environmental Multidisciplinary to everyone. The richness of remote sensing products on biomass, crop health and yield the yield condition is key for the sustainable Monitoring Information Network (DEMMIN) data helps to obtain up-to-date information estimates support traditional management management of agricultural lands and an to generate calibrated Earth observation data on farmland and agricultural processes. practices since they provide spatially important source of information for economic Vegetation indices such as the NDVI, in for agricultural monitoring. Biomass maps planning and price development in Northern combination with land use and empirical will be evaluated by farmers and researchers Germany. The challenge is to overcome models, using in-situ data are used to estimate and integrated into farm management tools. existing yield gaps by using operational high and low productive areas in a field. In Acknowledgements space-based monitoring services as provided combination with the high frequency of remote by the Copernicus Missions. Up-to-date spatial sensing observations, this information is used The Authors would like to thank the information and indicators on the ecological to assess the effectiveness of agricultural networks of DLR, GFZ and the Universities status of managed ecosystems provide management steps. of Jena, Würzburg and Halle, as well as knowledge for increasing cropping yields on the collaborating network of Farmers in the existing agricultural systems. Despite limited Benefits to Citizens DEMMIN network of the Demmin region. land resources, efficient farming practices and Satellite-based agricultural monitoring provides the wise use of water resources for irrigation information on the condition of agricultural Shows a result of a light use efficiency model. The Dr. Christian Hüttich, Thorsten Dahms, is a major challenge for land managers on a model is using high frequent remote sensing data land. Despite the detection of areas with Dr. Christopher Conrad, regional scale. to estimate the generation of biomass per pixel by limited productivity, satellite data analyses connecting the spectral information of a remote University of Würzburg, The space based solution provide a holistic picture on the environmental sensing time series with the real world biophysical Department of Remote Sensing, Germany condition of managed landscapes. Examples information like biomass. Dr. Nima Ahmadian Satellite-based remote sensing enables are drought monitoring and soil moisture University of Würzburg,Department an objective and repeated assessment maps as well as maps indicating the health consistent and cost-effective information of Remote Sensing, Germany of the agricultural landscape. It offers a status of the crops for each specific field. for land managers. Consequences are better Dr. Daniel Spengler perspective that is not influenced by property The satellite data provide key information for use of fertilisers and increased productivity or administrative boundaries and thus helps adapting fertilisation practices, crop cycles, by reducing the uncertainty of crop damage GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences to understand the processes in a coherent and show the success of agricultural practices. events and crop risks. The benefits can be Potsdam, Germany environmental system such as an agricultural Existing archives of satellite-based agricultural scaled from farm level by supporting better Dr. Erik Borg landscape. The Earth Observations of the conditions also help to understand slow crop yields resulting in stable profits for local DLR German Aerospace Center, Germany Copernicus Programme are free of charge environmental processes like soil degradation wheat producers in the administrative region. [email protected]
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130 COPERNICUS SUPPORTS We found satellite monitoring AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY PRECISION FARMING FOR “the most accurate and AND FISHERIES AN APULIAN VINEYARD affordable survey method of each plot. Image processing algorithms EUGENIUS is a SME network for to support the production combined with oenological know-how the provision of Copernicus based of high quality wine.” make it possible to extract useful indicators services for end users. for a better management of the harvest The first pilot was done in Apulia Giuseppe Palumbo, Tormaresca and optimisation of agricultural practices for vineyard management. (fertilisation, irrigation, health protection). Areas with anomalies (diseases or nutrient Œnoview® products to monitor Tormaresca Bocca di Benefits to Citizens Lupo Vineyard in Minervino Murge (Apulia). deficiencies for instance) can be detected The benefits of the Œenoview® service early so that appropriate decisions can be The challenge in the framework of the Eugenius H2020 are threefold: decrease production costs made. Œnoview® provides wine cooperatives Copernicus project as well as to the Copernicus by optimising farming practices, reduce with an instantaneous and large scale Wine production in Apulia for 2016 is images. Œnoview® uses multispectral environmental impact by limiting chemical characterisation of the qualitative potential extraordinarily positive with a significant satellite imagery to generate added value inputs and improve the quality and of the vineyard parcels. This improves the progression from 6 million hectolitres in 2014 products. Biophysical parameters such as the productivity of the vineyard. Moreover, public efficiency of vine parcel selection to achieve to almost 10 million hectolitres in 2016. Green leaf cover fraction (GLCV) are extracted authorities, such as innovation agencies production goals. Apulia wine production represents 14% of from these images to provide a clear status can include this service in the agronomical the national production. According to ISTAT on the vigour and the heterogeneity of the practices support to small farmers promoting Outlook to the future (Italian National Institute for Statistics), the vine. This information is ultimately analysed the digital innovation. This is also supported vine surface grows by 1% each year, to reach, This first experimentation in the Apulia and formatted in order to help users make by EU policies promoting innovation in in 2016, 85,000 hectares. With only 3% of region was successful and demonstrated that the right decisions. farming & food processing through EU wine production with a Protected Designation the Œenoview® service now being proposed research projects to increase productivity and of Origin (PDO), this significant increase In 2017, the first experimental pilot service for French vineyards can be fully operational reduce environmental impact. mainly concerns wine without quality labels. was conducted for the Tormaresca vineyard in even in a new climate and soil environment. Improving and optimising wine-making Salento (Apulia), an Apulian vinery property New pilots are foreseen in 2018 as well as a practices is therefore a major challenge for of the Antinori family. More than 200 ha quantification of the economical benefit. this business sector in Apulia to cope with were monitored combining high frequency economic and environmental constraints. of acquisition and free of charge Sentinel 2 Acknowledgements Improving wine quality and quantity whilst with very high resolution satellite images and This project has received funding from reducing environmental impacts and the agronomical in-situ datasets (grape variety, the EU H2020 research and innovation ® use of chemical inputs is a key issue for cultural practices, etc.). Œnoview supported programme under grant agreement No the sustainability of Apulia vineyards. That Tormaresca wine-growers in managing sub- 730150 EUGENIUSTM H2020-EO-2016. The makes Apulia a very promising market for field and inter-field variability of the vine Œenoview product has been developed by EUGENIUS solutions and particularly for Earth vigour. Several critical stages of the grape Airbus Defence and Space. observation services for vine monitoring. development are monitored, with a special Œnoview® provides accurate information to define focus during the veraison stage (a few weeks homogeneous areas for harvest optimization and Daniela Iasillo, Planetek Italia The space based solution before harvesting). Zoned maps are also wine quality improvement. [email protected] Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] The EUGENIUS solution for vineyard precision produced to define homogeneous areas on Guillaume Rieu, Terranis ® ® which specific agricultural practices such as To winegrowers, Œnoview offers the farming is Œnoview , operated by Terranis [email protected] fertilisation, water monitoring, pruning and opportunity to improve the profitability of and proposed in Apulia by Planetek, thanks to Giuseppe Palumo, Tormaresca bunch thinning can be implemented. the vineyard thanks to accurate mapping the Eugenius platforms network implemented [email protected]
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192 COPERNICUS FOR EFFICIENT FruitLook helps farmers AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY FARMING IN THE WESTERN “understand their water use AND FISHERIES CAPE OF SOUTH AFRICA efficiency on and between their producers to understand what is needed The Western Cape of South orchards and how they respond when and where. For example, with FruitLook Africa, including Cape Town, to irrigation and climate farmers can identify disease infected parts is experiencing a severe drought. changes throughout the season of a block quite accurately. By spraying only infected parts of a block, pesticide application With local farmers needing to by giving the grower a visual become water-wise, FruitLook is substantially reduced, saving costs and reducing environmental impact. is the tool being used to aid this. presentation and record.” The agricultural sector is an indispensable 200,000ha of vineyards and orchards are monitored Anton Muller, Technical Manager KROMCO, one component of the local economy in terms The challenge by FruitLook on a weekly basis of the largest deciduous fruit packing facilities, Western Cape Province of South Africa of employment opportunities and general Droughts are making agriculture increasingly expensive and do not show any spatial livelihood. FruitLook provides crucial vulnerable and it is expected that the impact variation. This is where FruitLook comes in. information services to make this sector of droughts will increase due to climate more sustainable and robust. It is therefore Via FruitLook, available since 2010, farmers change. In the Western Cape of South Africa no wonder that FruitLook is a flagship project have access to the latest satellite information a severe drought is currently affecting two for the Western Cape Government. technologies to analyse crop growth and of its biggest industries: fruit and wine water consumption over time and space. production. These industries are of huge fiscal Outlook to the future The use of Sentinel-2 satellite data is pivotal importance–representing almost a third of for the production of FruitLook’s weekly A changing climate, increased competition for the province’s exports – so optimizing their data products. FruitLook services an area of water and rising input costs means farmers production whilst minimizing the ecological 9 million ha, including 200,000 ha of fruit worldwide need to attain higher yields with impact is both an economic and environmental crops. The data is available via the web fewer means to do so. Information from gain. The Western Cape Department of portal and can be accessed on a field-by-field advanced technology is necessary to address Agriculture (WCDoA) stimulates the efficient Variation in crop growth captured in a table grape block basis. Local partners support farmers in the this challenge. Pixel Intelligence Mapping use of (water) resources in farming via an successful uptake of the service. FruitLook Under these circumstances every drop technology, which forms the backbone of innovative approach. In cooperation with the offers nine different information data sets, literally counts. With FruitLook farmers are FruitLook in creating smart data products, is Dutch company eLEAF, FruitLook was created. from biomass production showing how well empowered to make better management applicable on any land surface on the planet. www.fruitlook.co.za is an online platform to the crop is growing to an evapotranspiration decisions which are reflected in the efficiency This technology provides a huge potential aid to monitor vineyards and orchards, building on deficit parameter indicating whether crops are and productivity of their water use. Farmers agriculture and water management worldwide. frequently updated satellite imagery and experiencing stress. use FruitLook to monitor crop development, weather information. Acknowledgements Farmers access the data at no cost, as the detect and locate growth problems, evaluate The space based solution service is fully funded by the WCDoA. As and improve water management and The Western Cape Department of Agriculture such, WCDoA provides the information generally optimize resource use. And with is acknowledged for their funding of the The starting point to improve water use success: the water use efficiency of FruitLook FruitLook service. efficiency is knowing how much water is infrastructure to move the local agricultural sector forward. users has already increased by between 10% actually consumed through crop production. and 30%! In agriculture, this is described as actual Benefits to Citizens Evapotranspiration (ETact). Reliable Making better informed decisions not only R. Goudriaan saves water, but can have other beneficial information on ETact is difficult to obtain The current drought in the Western Cape is eLEAF, Wageningen, the Netherlands environmental impacts as well. It enables since in situ measurements are complicated, deemed the worst in more than 100 years. [email protected].
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188 CROP CONDITION The integration of satellite- AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY MONITORING AT FIELD “based vegetation condition AND FISHERIES LEVEL information especially with and intensity of drought in recent years was Accurate and spatially explicit a higher spatial resolution reported. This was especially advantageous, information on crop condition is will support the monitoring as with the use of Sentinel-1 it was possible essential for food security. of the drought stress, and to acquire dense time series independent of atmospheric conditions. can facilitate further decision making.” Outlook to the future Maximum NDMI derived from Sentinel-2 imagery To make the results accessible for a wide from June-July 2017 in Bila Tserkva region (Ukraine). Tatyana Adamenko, Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] range of users a web application has been The challenge Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center developed, where users can derive Copernicus Accurate and timely agricultural monitoring is of drought-based changes in Vegetation based data products such as vegetation indices, essential for operational tasks such as yield Indices (VI). Furthermore, crop parameters evidence-based quantitative crop condition SAR backscatter time series without coding or prediction and crop condition monitoring. An such as maximum, minimum, amplitudes estimates can provide accurately estimated image processing for a defined area of interest improved understanding of the factors that of VIs and backscattering intensity can be drought characteristics (such as start, and a preferred period. The computation is can reduce agricultural yields and the overall derived both for the overall growing season duration, intensity) and impact to different running on Google Cloud servers (using Google production capacity of agro-ecosystems is and during specific times of growth (e.g. the stakeholders. Along with the remotely sensed Earth Engine) and the results are returned to crucial, especially at local and regional levels. amplitudes within 20 days during vegetative derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) the user in an interactive interface. This will This place-based crop condition information and reproductive stages). One of the primary and with the integration of meteorological further contribute to the use of the data and can be further used for decision making in the variables derived for our study area in the data, we can acquire a holistic view of the will simplify data access for users with limited geographical areas which are more vulnerable Ukraine were NDVI (Normalised Difference drought impact. High resolution data, derived remote sensing experience, or with limited to climate extremes, such as droughts. Vegetation Index) and NDMI (Normalised from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 sensors give processing power. The complexity of these extreme events Difference Moisture Index). The combined valuable opportunities for cost-effective crop challenges its characterisation and spatially use of freely distributed Sentinel-1 SAR series condition monitoring over large areas, such as Acknowledgements explicit representation of the drought impact and multispectral Sentinel-2 observations in the Ukraine, where an increase in frequency This study was conducted within the scope of over large areas. (10-20 m spatial resolution) along with the EvIDENz project which is supported by the available Landsat-8 time series can give German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs The space based solution detailed information about crop condition. and Energy (BMWi; grant No 50EE1541). Even though in situ observations and Benefits to Citizens statistical data can be used to monitor the condition of the crop, such data acquisition The increasing number of freely distributed is time-consuming, labour-intensive and Copernicus satellite data offers opportunities 1 1 often costly. Earth Observation (EO) provides to monitor intra-seasonal changes in Gohar Ghazaryan , Olena Dubovyk , unprecedented opportunities for cost-effective croplands and track subtle changes in time Valerie Graw1, Nataliia Kussul2 crop condition monitoring over large areas. series, which can be induced by drought. and Jürgen Schellberg1,3 Spatially explicit drought information can be 1. Center for Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces Crop condition can be tracked by comparing useful for the government to monitor yields, 2. Space Research Institute Ukraine the dynamic behaviour of time series Start of the drought Detected in July 2017 derived subsidy, and to support decision making such 3.Institute of Crop Science and Resource for drought and non-drought years. The from time series of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 n Bila as the implementation of water management Conservation dissimilarity of time series can be a sign technologies in vulnerable areas. Overall, the Tserkva region (Ukraine). Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] [email protected]
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150 EO-BASED AGRO The ERMES product of blast AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY MONITORING SYSTEM “infection risk is more useful AND FISHERIES TO SUPPORT REGIONAL than others, such as the bulletins. For example, a public agency of the DECISION-MAKING estimation of blast risk Lombardy Region produces daily bulletins The ERMES FP7 project’s occurrence derived from in-situ of current and forecasted risk of rice blast downstream services provide decision measurements.” infection aggregated at municipality scale and policy makers with high-quality, (www.ersaf.lombardia.it/servizi/bollettini/ large-scale information on crop Regione Lombardia index.aspx). ERMES regional geoportal interface showing the rice evolution and yield forecasting. map for the Spanish Mediterranean area. Users get Private insurance companies in the agricultural access to a variety of products from crop monitoring (e.g. regions, provinces, environmental sector, traders/millers or large cooperatives The challenge from the eye icon on the left side. protection agencies, etc.) with the mandate of farmers could also benefit from ERMES products and tools to deliver added-value charge satellite imagery and EO products of i) monitoring cultivated surface and yield, ii) There is an increasing demand for systems able services. A major Italian insurance company, from the European Copernicus Programme implementing agro-policies, and iii) providing to provide Near Real Time (NRT) information for example, delivers risk information derived (e.g. Sentinel-1/2A data, SPOT/VEGETATION information to farmers concerning potential on crop condition and timely yield forecasts, from the ERMES agro-monitoring regional - PROBA-V (GEOV1) LAI) and NASA (e.g. risks of biotic/a-biotic injuries or suggesting given the potential interest for a variety of service to its customer pool as a support to MODIS and OLI data) to: i) assess the best-practices for cultivation. authorities within the agricultural sector, reduce the risk of yield losses. including private companies and institutional seasonal extent of rice cultivated area and For example, the ERMES regional geoportal stakeholders. Such operational agro-monitoring agro-practices, ii) estimate occurrence of provided spatially explicit NRT information on Acknowledgements systems, able to deliver timely early warnings phenological stages, and iii) retrieve crop leaf rice season development together with biotic/ This work was supported by the EU 7th and yield forecasting maps over large areas, area index to highlight anomalous conditions abiotic risk at regional/district scale. Rice crop Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) may provide decision makers with information of rice development in the on-going season. maps allow regional authorities to understand under Grant 606983 - ERMES project. on seasonal dynamics and potential crop Customised regional products from the Water the spatial distribution of rice cultivation production shortages, useful to monitor Accounting Rice Modelling (WARM) solution practices and their inter-annual variations, C. Granell1, S. Casteleyn1, L. Busetto2, S. agro policies, coordinate relief initiatives and were current and forecasted biotic risks for obtaining initial estimates of the total area Pascucci3, J. Garcia-Haro4, I. Gitas5, F. Holecz6, control food prices’ volatility. Nevertheless, rice cultivations and yield forecasts obtained earlier than official statistics obtained from CAP 7 8 2 they form a major technological challenge, from the assimilation of EO data and statistical subsidies declaration. D. Katsantonis , R. Confalonieri , M. Boschetti post-processing of model simulations. 1. Geospatial Technologies Research Group - Univ. as they require the gathering and integrating Jaume I, Spain of huge amounts of information derived from Timely and user-friendly dissemination and 2. Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the remote sensing, weather and modelling data, delivery of these products to stakeholders Environment, Italian National Research Council, (CNR-IREA), ITALY; and then the presenting of this processed, were as relevant and fundamental as the multi-scale, temporary variable data as 3. Institute of Methodologies for Environmental products themselves to accomplish the Analysis, Italian National Research Council actionable information to the end users in a expected benefits and impacts. A regional (CNR-IMAA), ITALY useful, understandable and user friendly way. geoportal was specifically developed to ERMES regional geoportal showing Normalized 4. Department of Earth Physics and allow efficient access to the rice-monitoring Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map and temporal Thermodynamics, Faculty of Physics, Universitat de The space based solution València, SPAIN information produced for regional services. trends for the Regione Lombardia (Italy). 5. Laboratory of Forest Management and Remote Our focus was on developing a platform Outlook to the future Sensing, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GREECE able to create, manage and disseminate NRT Benefits to Citizens The regional geoportal offers downloadable 6. sarmap SA, 6989Purasca, Switzerland spatialised maps derived from the integration Adoption of the ERMES regional products can 7. Hellenic Agricultural Organization (DEMETER) products and charts to support both additional of remote sensing images, weather data and surely be beneficial for many distinct European 8. Università degli Studi di Milano, DESP, Cassandra lab analysis and production of crop monitoring crop modelling solutions. We used free-of- stakeholders, including public authorities [email protected]
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201 FREE INTERNET I started using CropSAT in AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY PROGRAMME FOR “2017. My crops are now more AND FISHERIES FARMERS uniform. It is good for the nitrogen model for winter wheat and winter CropSAT enables the farmer to environment and the protein rape. In the long term, the use of satellites monitor the biomass on his field percentage in the grain in crop production will increase and only the every time Sentinel-2 passes by. seems to rise.” “sky” is the limit as to their future use. Furthermore, it can allow variable Field in CropSAT. The yellow colour shows areas with low biomass and the dark green areas with the Acknowledgements Lars Bonde, farmer rate application maps for plant highest biomass. protection. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data SEGES wants to thank the Danish Ministry of Agriculture for being part of CropSAT for the all his fields will appear. He can then select also improve food quality and safety to the last three years. The challenge one field and request data from a particular benefit of the consumers. CropSAT contributes to better quality crops, especially a higher CropSAT is developed by the Swedish The challenge is to apply the right amount of day with no clouds where Sentinel-2 was protein content. In Denmark, we strive to University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), fertiliser and pesticides based on crop density passing by. produce as much protein as possible rather than Hushållningssällskapet and Dataväxt. and vigour, which determines the crops ability The farmer will see his fields in yellow and importing soya from America. Organisations from Denmark, Sweden and to utilise the fertiliser and pesticides. This will green colours. Yellow means lower biomass Norway are developing CropSAT further secure a higher yield for the farmer and less and very green means high biomass – see In addition to this, CropSAT helps bring down within the joint project “Innovationer för nitrogen leaching to the environment. It will picture 1. pesticide consumption, as pesticides and also help bring down pesticide consumption, growth regulation will only be applied to the hållbar växtodling” funded by Interreg-ØKS. as we only have to apply pesticides to the Afterwards, the farmer can type in kilo areas where it is needed. areas where it is needed. nitrogen per hectare in the five levels – see left side in picture 1. The next step in The space based solution the programme will show the variable rate application map for the field according to the CropSAT is a user-friendly internet programme fertiliser input. for farmers. It is free of charge and has no log-in requirements. If the farmer is satisfied with the application map he can export the application file (shape In CropSAT the farmer can see the changes file), download it to a USB stick and transfer in biomass on his fields every time the it to the tractor terminal. The fertiliser will be Sentinel-2 satellite passes Denmark. spread according to the application map. The Tractor spreading fertiliser according to a variable rate He can use it for monitoring his fields and same procedure is used for pesticides. application map made in CropSAT. to learn from his previous crop management, and he can create variable rate application Benefits to Citizens Outlook to the future maps for fertiliser and plant protection. CropSAT provides benefits for better crop quality The biomass map is based on data from and for the environment. The use of CropSAT is growing rapidly. In Sentinel-2 where the NDVI vegetation index In Europe, we place a high focus on nitrogen 2017 the programme had 7,300 unique users is calculated. loss from fields to the aquatic environment. in Denmark and 4,100 in Sweden. The number All the Danish fields (600,000 field polygons CropSAT enables a significantly higher degree of users is expected to increase rapidly Rita Hørfarter, of precision minimising local leaching. More 2.6 mill hectares) are shown in CropSAT. The since CropSAT has now been translated into SEGES,Denmark precise fertiliser and pesticide application will farmer only needs to type in his farm-ID and English. A new feature in 2018 is an automatic [email protected]
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129 PRECISION FARMING: This service will significantly AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY MANAGEMENT “change the way grasslands AND FISHERIES OF GRASSLANDS are managed.” At national level, this decision-support and Optimised grassland Marc Fougere diagnostic tool makes it possible to quantify management requires accurate French Chamber of Agriculture, Department the evolution of grass production on a large knowledge of grassland of Loire-Atlantique scale in various soil and climate contexts, availability and growth. The use such as in relation to a particular climatic of remote sensing can provide an Variability of grassland management methods using event. a temporal coloured composition, Sentinel-2 images Benefits to Citizens operational solution. acquired at three dates along the growth season Remotely sensed grassland biomass data can Outlook to the future (Region Pays de Loire, France). optimise agricultural practices on grasslands Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] The main challenge for the future is to increase The challenge and improve agronomic performance and the robustness of the methodology by ensuring Grazed grass is the cheapest feed in a to previous missions, which are more limited yields. Easy access to spatialised data the continuity of the digital service offered to ration of livestock systems. Good grassland in terms of spatial and spectral resolution by farmers and managers allows for a farmers and managers on a weekly basis. The management, amongst other things, requires and revisit frequency. measurable diagnosis of grassland conditions cloudiness constraint will be analysed using and provides access to plant growth knowledge of the amount of grass available. The Sentinel missions make it possible Sentinel-2 time series data, Sentinel-1 radar assessment and on-farm yield simulation. to consider new perspectives in precision images and vegetation development models. The objective of this study is to provide users The methods that are available today to farming by providing accurate and regular (agricultural organisations, farmers) with assess grass supply are based on in situ Acknowledgements monitoring of grassland biomass on a information on the quantity of grass available measurements, which take time and are not regional scale. This research is part of the CASDAR Herdect per agricultural plot, at a weekly rate. The full very accurate. The remote sensing method project, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, development of the operational service will be This procedure will be extended into a space- will provide access to relevant information Agri-Food and Forestry. The Loire Atlantique effective in the short term. It will be based on based operational solution. at low human and logistical costs. Finally, Chamber of Agriculture and AGROCAMPUS easy access to data for users the access to this management support tool The time between the acquisition of Sentinel OUEST supported this work. allows farmers to be involved and comforted This will help to reduce managerial images and the availability of data is brief in the implementation of their daily practices observations on the ground and increase the and compatible with the users’ needs. These with the assurance of a management accuracy of pasture management based on data are available in near-real time and consistent with the state of the vegetation. biomass parcel data. can be immediately exploited as they are pre-processed in geometry and corrected The space based solution for atmospheric effects. The estimate of The current space-based method relies grassland biomass then becomes available on the ability of remote sensing data to at the scale of an agricultural field within a estimate grassland biomass. It must take timeframe suitable for agricultural activity. into account the wide variability of conditions If clouds are present in some areas, several encountered in grassland management that Pauline Dusseux and Hervé Nicolas devices can be used to ensure continuity depend on operator’s needs, grassland type, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Rennes, France of information such as the use of a grass soil and climate conditions. Under these [email protected] development model, multispectral drone circumstances, high spatial and temporal image acquisition and ground measurements Remotely sensed grassland biomass over a set of [email protected] resolution of remote sensing data are of grass height. agricultural parcels (Region Pays de Loire, France) Alain Airiaud, required. Sentinel missions make it possible (Source Agrocampus-Ouest). Nantes, France Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] to satisfy thesenew requirements, in contrast [email protected]
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211 THE CHALLENGE OF The EXCELSIOR project AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT “envisions the establishment AND FISHERIES IN CYPRUS USING of a Centre of Excellence and stakeholders (farmers and water COPERNICUS in Earth Observation and managers) with accurate estimations of crop Copernicus can contribute Remote Sensing in the Eastern irrigation needs through the estimation of to the rational management Mediterranean.” evapotranspiration by combining Landsat- of the limited available water OLI, Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 data. This can increase the temporal and spatial resolution resources and assist farmers Professor Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis Map of Leaf Area Index (LAI) using Sentinel-2 EXCELSIOR Project Coordinator of the available data and provide information and stakeholders. satellite image for the area of Pafos in Cyprus. on a systematic basis with high frequency Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2018] and accuracy. The Copernicus Programme The challenge and combined. Spectral signatures of selected through its Sentinel missions can provide freely available satellite data with high spatial Climate scenarios for the Eastern local crop types were acquired during each and temporal resolution which can be used to Mediterranean, based on large-scale climate of the phenological stages. Subsequently, support the effective use of water resources models, predict further aridification and semi-empirical models were developed for irrigation purposes. The EXCELSIOR increasing variability of regional precipitation. regarding crop canopy factors of each crop, project envisions upgrading the existing ERC One of the most important challenges in following its phenological stages. Vegetation into a Centre of Excellence (ECoE) for creating the Eastern Mediterranean region is the Indices were created from spectroradiometric an inspiring environment for conducting basic adaptation to climate change in the water measurements during crops’ phenological and applied research and innovation through sector linked to water stress and water scarcity. stages. These indices were used to describe the integrated use of remote sensing and According to the European Environment the crop canopy factors, namely, Leaf Area Spectral signature of vegetation presenting the space-based techniques for monitoring the Agency, the problem of irrigation in Europe Index (LAI) and Crop Height (CH). The reflectance values using both field spectroradiometric environment. One of the priorities of the is mostly concentrated along the region of developed semi-empirical models were found measurements and at-satellite reflectance for ECoE is to provide a comprehensive solution the Mediterranean where some countries to yield strong correlation coefficients. Sentinel-2. to farmers through the development of smart use more than 80% of total freshwater The models were evaluated with very Benefits to Citizens irrigation systems. abstraction for agricultural purposes. The satisfactory results. The models were finally The retrieved information can be distributed need for water management at regional level, used to modify the algorithms decided to Acknowledgements to agricultural producers, water management combined with the development and use be adopted in this project, namely, SEBAL authorities, and other end-users, for more The EXCELSIOR project is funded under of technological tools, can contribute to the and Penman-Monteith, adapted to satellite cost-effective farming. Furthermore, data Horizon 2020 Widespread-04-2017: Teaming rational management of the limited available data. When employing the semi-empirical products provide visual mapping and time- Phase 1 Coordination and support action. water resources. models for modifying the two algorithms, the series information allowing end-users to Grant agreement no.763643. results were even more accurate and without The space based solution obtain information on spatial and temporal any significant difference (Papadavid et al., patterns of crop canopy development and A novel method for estimating crop 2013). Maps of crop evapotranspiration were water requirements which can offer benefits evapotranspiration (ETc) on a systematic basis created from the satellite images and the to water resource management and strategies using remote sensing techniques has been corresponding values were retrieved using Papoutsa, C., Kouta, G., Nisantzi, A., Mammou- on water allocation priorities. established by the ERATOSTHENES Research Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ images. ri, R., Prodromou, M., Loulli, E., Neocleous, K., Centre (ERC). To reach this goal, ground Based on existing knowledge, researchers Outlook to the future Themistocleous, K., Tzouvaras, M., Christofe, truth data consisting of meteorological and from the ERC, are working on adapting the A., Mettas, C., Evagorou, E., Miltiadous, M., remotely sensed data, modelling techniques existing methodology to retrieve ETc values In the near future, the major goal is to Michaelides, S., Hadjimitsis, D.G. and energy balance algorithms were employed using Sentinel-2 data. be able to provide potential end-users Eratosthenes Research Centre, Cyprus
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118 USING SATELLITE MAPS A potential reduction in AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY TO SUPPORT VARIABLE “production costs of about 70 AND FISHERIES RATE FERTILISATION €/ha can be achieved using and food safety policies focused on promoting Services developed in the ERMES ERMES services.” more environmentally friendly and safe FP7 project can provide farmers farming practices. Dimitrios Katsantonis, Researcher at Hellenic with high quality information Agricultural Organization – Cereal institute for performing Variable Rate Outlook to the future Fertilisation practices. The ERMES system is currently being further modern rice production, typically accounting developed through several follow-up projects, for 15% to 30% of total production costs. including a demonstration project framed in Experiments conducted during the ERMES the “Rural development Programme“ initiative The challenge Images acquired in critical moments of the season project demonstrated in fact the usefulness to support adoption of precision farming highlight the internal variability of single rice parcels, Availability of high-quality information of satellite-based solutions for optimisation in Italy. IT solutions and remote sensing in different moments. of production costs through a more concerning spatial and temporal variability of Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] products are also being used by Italy’s largest crops’ distribution and status is of paramount economical use of fertilizers, and improving agricultural group, Bonifiche Ferraresi, and by importance to support precision agriculture (both optical and SAR) to characterise within- yield through the better management of Italian insurers aiming to include EO data in solutions for improving productivity field crop status variability in the ongoing intra-field variability. For example, the operational workflows for crop monitoring and and reducing costs, whilst minimising growing season. Images were processed Hellenic Agricultural Organization (DEMETER) damage assessment. environmental impacts. Multi temporal using statistical methods in order to be able estimated that adoption of the proposed satellite images, in fact, enable the variability to identify homogeneous areas characterised services could lead to a potential reduction Acknowledgements by different soil properties or crop conditions, in production costs of 70 €/ha in Greece. of crop status to be depicted in key periods of This work was supported by the ERMES FP7 for each field. Starting from these within-field Besides, demonstration in the Italian context the crop growth cycle over large areas. This project funded by the European Union Seventh variability maps, farmers in the ERMES study proved that when VRT technologies are may facilitate the improvement of existing Framework Programme under Grant 606983. agricultural management practices through areas, with the assistance of ERMES personnel, adopted a rise in production is possible, a more rational application of fertilisers, were able to derive accurate prescription leading to a potential increase in income with both environmental and economic (due maps for nitrogen fertilisation, for both the of around 72 €/ha. Proper management of to the reduction of costs) advantages. In pre-sowing and the top-dressing phases to nitrogen fertilisation is also essential to avoid L. Busetto1, S. Pascucci2, J. Garcia-Haro3, this context, within the ERMES FP7 project be used in variable rate technology (VRT) negative environmental impacts, and to help D. Katsantonis4, I.Gitas5, F. Holecz6, R. 7 8 1 (An Earth obseRvation Model based RicE cultivation practices. Full-field experiments farmers comply with European agricultural Confalonieri , I. Miralles , M. Boschetti information Service - www.ermes-fp7space. conducted between 2014–2016 in Italy, 1. Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research eu), we aimed at developing operational Greece and Spain demonstrated that these prescription maps allowed for better farm Council, (CNR-IREA), ITALY; workflows for the creation of prescription 2. Institute of Methodologies for maps to be used for Variable Rate nitrogen management, leading to yield homogenisation and optimisation of the use of fertilisers. Environmental Analysis, Italian National fertilisation over rice fields, based on the Research Council (CNR-IMAA), ITALY analysis of High Resolution satellite imagery. Benefits to Citizens 3. Faculty of Physics, Universitat de València, Spain 4. Hellenic Agricultural Organization (DEMETER) The space based solution Adoption of the services for precision 5. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece We used archive decametric/sub-decametric agriculture developed within ERMES could 6. sarmap SA, Switzerland 7. Università degli Studi di Milano, DESP satellite imagery to characterise spatial surely benefit European farmers. For example, ERMES spatial variability maps were used to derive 8. Geospatial Technologies Research Group - variability related to soil properties and Very it is worth highlighting that the need for nitrogen fertilisation is a major expense in prescription maps for nitrogen fertilization. Univ. Jaime I, Castellón High Resolution imagery acquired in key stages Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] [email protected]
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159 MARITIME MONITORING This work has many useful AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY FOR THE CONSERVATION “applications across AND FISHERIES OF UK MARINE RESOURCES departments, agencies and Outlook to the future Through maps of ship density, administrations. At Cefas, we Sentinel-1 provides the means have seen immediate uptake The next step will be to adapt the system to monitor the waters surrounding the UK for sustainable management and for monitoring and observing overseas territories which host globally protection of UK waters and its UK waters.” significant biodiversity. Defining Marine fisheries. Protected Areas for these territories is relatively Lauren Biermann, Cefas straightforward, but monitoring and policing Maritime traffic in the Strait of Dover highlighted by a them is a challenge because of their large mosaic of all the Sentinel-1 images acquired in 2017. The challenge Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] based on their geographical position and size. extent, remoteness, and the limited resources Beyond this initial phase, the system relies available. As Sentinel-1 reaches full operational The Centre for Environment, Fisheries Whilst Sentinel-1 predominantly provides solely on the free Sentinel-1 images, hence capacity, routine images are becoming available and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), with its positional information (longitude and latitude the long term reduction in cost. over the overseas territories for which very little mission to protect the seas and ensure safe of the ships) and some indication on ship information was available in the past. Although and sustainable seafood, is collaborating size, AIS messages have more detailed Quality wise, Sentinel-1 also provides a the number of images is smaller than that over with Cranfield University to establish an information (ship position, type, speed, more complete maritime picture by revealing UK areas, the Sentinel-1 maritime monitoring operational maritime monitoring system destination ...). The system developed by even the dark ships. The continuation of the system is anticipated to periodically enable the based on Sentinel-1 imagery and data from Cefas and Cranfield University uses Machine Sentinel-1 mission over the next decade will assessment sea compliance. the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Learning techniques and a large database allow generating time series of ship density This solution responds to the need for a long- of AIS messages to enrich the information maps which reflect trends in fishing effort Acknowledgements term and cost-effective system to protect provided by Sentinel-1. In practice, after and potential pollution. With these maps, This project was funded by the Department marine ecosystems and food security from detecting all the ships in a Sentinel-1 image, Cefas has access to reliable intelligence to for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs Earth threats such as overfishing and pollution. the system attributes the most probable ship sustainably manage and protect the UK Observation Centre of Excellence and the type (for e.g. cargo, tanker, fishing ship) to waters and its fisheries which significantly The monitoring system takes advantage of Marine Monitoring Organisation. each detected ship based on its estimated contribute to food security, livelihoods, and the Sentinel-1 constellation which generates position and size. the economy. an unprecedented volume of high-quality radar images capable of providing actionable Ultimately, the system provides maps of ship intelligence about maritime activities in critical density (number of ships per month in a fishing regions. given area) for different ship types which can be further analyzed for trends and patterns. The space based solution Benefits to Citizens Radar images like those produced by Sentinel-1 are operationally used to detect This Sentinel-1-based system improves ships as small as 20 m, even in cloudy maritime monitoring both in terms of cost Boris Snapir conditions. In particular, Sentinel-1 can detect and quality. In the past, Cefas mainly used Cranfield University, College Rd, Cranfield the ships which broadcast identification commercial AIS data as a source of information. Lauren Biermann, Cefas, Pakefield Rd, messages using their onboard AIS, but also With this new monitoring method, AIS data those which do not use or have AIS, also are only needed initially to teach the system Distribution of AIS messages which are used to teach Lowestoft, the system how to automatically recognize different referred to as dark ships. how to automatically recognize ship types [email protected] ship types. [email protected]
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164 COPERNICUS SUPPORTS Earth Observation services AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY FOREST MONITORING FOR “provide accurate indicators to AND FISHERIES SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT monitor Pyrenean forests and environmental policy, territorial planning and OF NATURAL RESOURCES to promote economic activity economic development. For example, the EUGENIUS is the SME network development in the territory.” benefit of creating new forest tracks to access for the provision of Copernicus- isolated parcels can be evaluated from these J.M Noisette, Project Manager, products. based services for end users in Regional Direction for Agriculture various European regions. Area of interest (8 250 km²) for the Forestry Earth and Forestry of Occitanie Outlook to the future Observation Application delivered to local public authorities and located in the south-west of Occitanie Forest monitoring services developed as region (France). Thematic indicators are extracted from these part of the Eugenius project make sense for Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] The challenge products to describe, compare and monitor public local authorities if they are integrated The management and exploitation of Pyrenean Tree species identification is based on the use heterogeneous situations (different tree into a single “thematic service package” with forests are real challenges for local public of a Sentinel-2 image time series composed species, various soil and climatic conditions interoperable and complementary products. authorities to ensure the sustainability and of ten dates. Biophysical parameters are and various forestry practices). Additional products will be included into this the economic development of their territory. extracted from these multispectral images to package using other Copernicus data and Amongst these indicators, we can mention Most of the Pyrenean forests belong to small describe forest canopy; the evolution of these products such as Sentinel-1 images and their the “Forest Value Indicator” which groups private owners making it difficult to monitor indicators makes the differentiation of tree complementarity with optical sensors. Thanks information such as the parcel accessibility and manage forests at a regional level. This species possible giving precise information at to the Eugenius network, the complementary and the tree species to estimate the economic natural resource is thus difficult to assess specific phenological stages. Forest areas are skills of 3 European authorities (Terranis, value of the parcel. Logging detection products and mobilise, preventing the development of located using the Copernicus High Resolution Spacebel, Sertit) can be gathered for proposing provide land managers with indicators such industrial and economical activities. Layer Forest Type. For logging identification, the best use of Copernicus images by several as the “Annual Exploited Forest Area”. change detection algorithms are used to regional authorities in Europe. Earth observation applications referenced as compare Sentinel-2 images acquired in 2015 Eugenius services aim to provide accurate and 2017. Acknowledgements indicators on more than 300,000 ha of forest This project has received funding from the EU to update environmental and economic Benefits to Citizens indicators used by the Region. Tree species H2020 research and innovation programme identification, logging detection and parcel Because most private Pyrenean forest parcels under grant agreement No 730150 EUGENIUS accessibility assessment are key indicators are underexploited, forests are getting older H2020-EO-2016. used to estimate the economic value of forest with low profitability and a low rate of areas. These indicators are used by public resource renewal. Having a better knowledge authorities to define land planning policy, of the forest at a regional scale is mandatory Guillaume Rieu1, Nadine Tholey2 to promote sustainable forest exploitation to define a coherent planning policy to favour and Sadri Haouet3 activities and to attract new financial a sustainable forest exploitation and to attract 1. Terranis, France authorities. industrials and economic activities (ex.: 2. ICube-Sertit, France creation of forest roads, territorial projects Logging areas detected with Sentinel-2 images in a The space based solution development or forestry sector support). forest region of the Pyrenees. 3. Spacebel, Belgium Credit: Copernicus Service information 2017 [email protected] Eugenius Earth Observation products Eugenius forestry products are mainly [email protected] developed for forest monitoring make massive delivered to local public authorities to be These indicators are used by public authorities [email protected] use of Copernicus Sentinel data and products. used for better management of their territory. to define regional strategies in terms of [email protected]
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158 EARTH OBSERVATION Really small chestnut groves, AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY SERVING REGIONAL “not represented on our initial AND FISHERIES FORESTERS maps were detected by Outlook to the future Operational satellite-based Earth satellite.” Observation services support Using a multi-temporal optical satellite Maren Baumeister, CRPF Lorraine-Alsace image coverage, covering different phases of the regional forestry sector to the annual chestnut development cycle and valorise a forgotten resource, combining ALOS AVNIR-2 with SPOT 5 images, Chestnut groves, providing fruit Environmentally, with global warming, climate forecasts show an increase in and geo-localised field data, a methodology to and rot-resistant wood. Chestnut tree flowering in early summer © SERTIT. typical West France tree species including differentiate and map them was developed in the chestnut tree. Conversely, beech which collaboration with the CRPF Lorraine-Alsace. The challenge client. Here, ICube-SERTIT developed a densely populates the region is vulnerable to Exploiting Sentinel-2 with its high-resolution, method to precisely map chestnut stands climate change. Hence, the need to focus on high-frequency revisits, covering the entire The chestnut species is considered promising throughout Alsace using multi-date satellite the chestnut tree. The knowledge of the geo- vegetation cycle should help account for the as it acclimatises to global warming. The rot- imagery and field samples. location of chestnut groves, often managed window fluctuating from year to year depending resistant chestnut wood was used in German within small private forest estates, was on meteorological conditions making this and French vineyards on the eastern flanks The challenge was to distinguish chestnut not well known and will help preserve and service even more generic and operational. In of the Vosges Mountains. No longer used, trees from other species. Thankfully, chestnut enhance this species in forestry practices. conclusion, this operational service, which was knowledge of this resource has dwindled. trees bloom in early summer facilitating the awarded an Innovation Trophy by the NE French Furthermore, these forest stands are under task to distinguish them from other species Economically, abandoned in viticulture, Forestry sector, can be applied to other regions attack by a canker. that flower earlier or later. Hence, by acquiring chestnut wood is presently under-exploited and diversified to map other tree species. images at several times during the same in Alsace, being often used for firewood. Today, it is thought that its wood could be growing season, SERTIT has determined the Comparable to exotic woods, German Acknowledgements better exploited. Hence, an international percentage of the main tree species in the foresters are now producing quality timber. Interreg IV project focused on conservation These activities have mostly occurred within Upper Rhine region focussing on chestnut Quality trunks are abundant in Alsace groves and on wood and fruit use was set-up. At the Interreg IV - Upper Rhine Chestnut trees. The Earth Observation derived but marketed volumes are small. The project’s the request of regional foresters, namely, the project, benefiting from the European mapping results were validated during field forestry guide and promotional activities Lorraine-Alsace Regional Centre for Forest Regional Development Fund. Equally, thanks campaigns. A partial validation was carried have helped an emerging market of chestnut Owners (Centre Régional de la Propriété are owed to the Grand Est region (especially out by the Lorraine-Alsace CRPF. Concerning wood, i.e. avalanche barriers. Forestière or CRPF), ICube-SERTIT’s challenge the Alsace territory) for its support in the mature chestnut stands it shows an accuracy was to map this species in Alsace. above-mentioned project. of 85%. The results highly convinced the The space based solution foresters who are now exploiting the results.
Specialised in satellite image processing Benefits to Citizens Colette Meyer, Mathilde Caspard & Henri Giraud and operational service development, ICube- The chestnut grove is a defining feature of ICube-SERTIT, University of Strasbourg, SERTIT is very active providing services to these piedmont landscapes, once punctuated Strasbourg regional foresters, covering forest inventory by vineyards and orchards, inducing the [email protected] and resource monitoring within the Grand- agricultural use of wood, in addition to its Pascal Ancel & Maren Baumeister Est Region of France. Furthermore, it provides use in traditional houses Local authorities are Centre Régional de la Propriété Forestière customised windfall damage and tree die-off promoting and hence increasing the awareness mapping services. All services are developed 3D view of Chestnut grove mapping (beige areas) in (CRPF) de Lorraine-Alsace of the socio-economic benefits of the chestnut the Vosges, Alsace, France. SPOT5 image ©CNES (2009), [email protected] using satellite data and validated by the processing ©ICube-SERTIT groves by properly valorising them. [email protected]
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185 EO BASED SERVICE FOR This satellite-based application AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY FOREST MANAGEMENT “can help us to manage the AND FISHERIES SAT4EST is a pre-operational remote forest in the mountains.” web-based service dedicated to management tasks. Additionally, it can Local administration in Nowy Targ, Poland serve private forest companies dealing with the management of privately- preparation of the forest inventories private. owned forest in Poland. This The service is at the pre-operational stage. Generally, the proposed service will make service improves the forest It is currently being tested in three pilot administrative processes more efficient and monitoring processes at regional districts in Poland. The pilot districts vary transparent. It may also help to reduce level. in terms of geographical location: mountains the overall cost of the forest management (Nowy Targ), lowland (Sieradz) and suburban at regional level. The project also involves (Legionowo), anthropogenic pressure, and The challenge training and promotion of the Copernicus data level of forest management maturity. to the large community of end users. The forest in Poland covers 9215 thousand Forest clear cuts detected between 2015 and 2017 using Sentinel-2 data over the mountain forest in the hectares, which is 29.5% of the country. Benefits to Citizens Outlook to the future Nowy Targ District, Poland. More than 80% of the forest is publicly- Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2015, The local administration tends to rely on The Remote Sensing Centre of the Institute owned, including those administered by the 2017] the cadastral land records that show large of Geodesy and Cartography will continue its State Forests (77%). Privately-owned forest discrepancies between the official records successful collaboration with the Taxus.IT accounts for around 20% of the total forest. used to derive a set of EO products which meet the user requirements and obligations. and forest on the ground. The traditional company in the system and service Forest is managed according to the forest method of surveying is time consuming, development. The ambition of the project management plan, taking into account the For example, these products are forest and woodlands cover, forest change mapping expensive and challenging, particularly, in consortium is to benefit from the constellation sustainable forest economy. The privately- the remote mountain areas. The proposed of Sentinels and to develop the fully owned forest is managed by the local on the regular bases, forest type, canopy coverage and forest condition. There are also EO based service serves the needs of local operational service. The service is designed administration - district governor (at the administration for a) preparation of tender to be easily transferable to other regions and second administrative level, NUTS 4). The products available on demand like assessment of forest damage due to windstorms, fires, for simplified forest management plans, b) districts. More details on the SAT4EST system governor acts as the controlling body for the verification and acceptance of those plans and service is available at www.sat4est.pl. private owners. The governor is responsible for insect infestations or estimation of forest aboveground biomass. and c) control of the execution of the forest preparation and verification of the simplified Acknowledgements forest management plans and for continuous The EO based products are integrated into The SAT4EST project is founded by the monitoring of the forest areas. Up to now, the SAT4EST system. The system consists of European Space Agency (ESA) in the there has been a lack of an operational tool the remote sensed data component, ancillary framework of the Polish Incentive Scheme to support local administration in monitoring data component, data processing and map programme. The EO based service is a joint of forest cover and forest changes at regional server components. The web architecture effort of the Remote Sensing Centre of IGIK level. and user-friendly interface running on the and Taxus.IT. internet browser makes the service intuitive The space based solution and ease to understand and navigate. The Satellites provide a cost-effective way to users are able to view current and archived A. Hoscilo, A. Lewandowska obtain systematic information on the forest satellite images (i.e. Sentinel-2 and Landsat), Institute of Geodesy and Cartography - Re- status and properties. The SAT4EST offers to to compare various EO products with existing mote Sensing Centre, Poland the users a large spectrum of satellite-based ancillary data, to upload own datasets, A tree cover mask derived base on the analysis of multi- A. Konieczny, K. Mroczek and S. KulikT products. A time series of the European calculate statistics and generate reports. temporal Sentinel-2 data; fragment of the Legionowo District. axus.IT, Warsaw, Poland satellites Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 data is Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] [email protected]
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153 FOREST HEALTH This is the perfect tool to get AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY MONITORING: “an affordable overview of our AND FISHERIES AN APPLICATION properties, providing important available tools for mitigating the effects of IN PORTUGAL information. It makes our lives forest disturbances and thereby keeping Silvisense is a state-of-the-art easier and allows us to focus an improved overall forest resource quality, service offering timely detection on other topics.” leading to higher priced values for re-sales and further production. of disturbance outbreaks within Jorge Freire, AproFlora, a national association The Silvisense service is already rolled out forest resources. of forest owners of Portugal in two different European countries, with The red polygons show automated change detections differently sized pilot customers operating in region of Sertã, Portugal (large: forest fire, small: volume estimates of forest area per forest The challenge disease outbreaks). stand. By incorporating the Silvisense service and providing feedback. Amongst them Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] into their production chain, our customers are there are representatives of the national Today the forestry sector is struggling to associations of forest owners such as technology innovations to offer a cost- able to improve the planning, containment and capture the disturbance outbreaks in a timely removal of disturbances at a lower cost, and AproFlora and Unimadeiras of Portugal and manner to limit the corresponding damage efficient monitoring service for a wide Allskog and Viken Skog of Norway. range of customers. We combine Sentinel-2 With improved forest management, society to their forest. Substantial values are lost gains an increased capacity for capturing imagery with state-of-the-art algorithms to Outlook to the future if the disease spread is not contained in global carbon emissions through the securing due time. In Europe, as of 2005, forest perform scalable and fully automated data analyses. The customers can choose from a of a larger volume of standing viable forest. We are currently busy setting up disturbance affected over 6.4% of the total Ecological damage is reduced with access to an infrastructure as a part of the forested area, with a production turnover range of products available for subscription through the Silvisense API: more timely disturbance detections, and this operationalisation. Moreover, together with estimated (in 2011) of 485 billion euro. results in improved water and air quality, our Partners we are focused on demonstrating Thus, forest disturbances cost Europe 31 • Pine disturbance maps wildlife habitats and genetic diversity. a new set of products through the EU FOCUS billion euro annually. The disturbances are • Clear-cut validation maps project. This will be achieved by extracting reducing the volume of healthy and viable biophysical parameters from Sentinel-2 forest for wood products, timber industries • Land classification maps data and hyperspectral data acquired with hence threatening the global bioeconomy. • Updated, tailored satellite imagery airborne systems. over select regions The space based solution Acknowledgements • Forest fire mapping Manual identification of disturbance outbreaks The development projects leading to this in a tree is not only time consuming but also • Drought mapping application have received funding from the does not give accurate results. Providing a Norwegian Space Office, the European Space A Silvisense user will have the capacity to fast, automated and accurate solution using Agency Innovation Call, and the European detect disturbance outbreak and clear-cut the image processing techniques offers significant Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation declining trees at an earlier stage, resulting added value. Some of the benefits of remotely programme (GA No 776026). sensed, multispectral imaging are that this in a 60% reduction in corresponding disease technology gives consistent results, is simple outbreak during the following season. Thus, Silvisense is a service that provides automated forest to use, allows for rapid assessments, is non- increasing 4% of the total forest value. monitoring using Copernicus satellite data. destructive, highly accurate, and has a broad Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] Christina Aas, Maria Jozefiak Benefits for citizens range of applications. Science [&] Technology AS, Our industrial partners occupied with timber We offer annual monitoring for forest The Silvisense service uses the latest and wood production are happy to have Oslo, Norway ownership associations to provide input on [email protected]
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171 FOREST MONITORING Earth Observation and AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY SERVICE FOR “change products suitable for AND FISHERIES SOUTH TYROL a mountain region like South measures now and with a view on climate Providing information on changes Tyrol is revolutionizing our change. The ongoing conversion of pine forest of forest extent and conditions forest monitoring.” stands in lower elevation zones to hardwood tailored to the needs of a dominated near-natural mixed forests across Günther Unterthiner, South Tyrol is only one example. The Forest regional Forest Service to support Forest Service of Bolzano management and planning. Service estimates its direct annual monetary Monitoring of forest conditions using vegetation benefits of around € 50,000 coming from the indices to identify and map vitality loss. recreation opportunities for tourists and assessment of 1,200 forest damage locations residents but most importantly the effective by 1.5 person/year. The challenge imagery provided by the Sentinel-2 satellite protection against soil erosion and natural constellation as well as the geographical hazards such as avalanches, landslides and Outlook to the future Vast areas totalling 800 ha of dried up pines information by the Copernicus land debris flows. The Forest Service’s mission dominated the slopes of the Vinschgau The strategy for the future is to improve and monitoring service, which makes it scalable is to sustain the forests in providing the Valley in South Tyrol (Italy) in spring 2017. enhance the Forest Monitoring Service according to any other region. The Forest Monitoring lasting benefits to citizens and forest owners These were largely the result of the severe to the requirements and priorities of the Forest Service offers a set of accurate, timely and drought of the previous two years combined Service. We plan to map the actual distribution area-wide information on forest ecosystems. with an increased vulnerability towards of tree species to evaluate their site-specific This set comprises annual information such pest infestations. This is only one example suitability in the face of climate change as cloud-free image mosaics and information where the Forest Service of the regional projections to better adapt forest management on forest extent, loss or partially damaged administration needs specific information decisions. This mapping attempt will benefit areas. This is complemented by a near about forest conditions to define and adapt significantly from the synergies of the fully real-time mapping service that identifies site-specific management strategies and to operational Sentinel constellations. As an potentially damaged areas with each new control their effects on the forest ecosystems. institution which is primarily regionally funded, satellite image acquisition and continuously Due to the i) large dimension of forest, ii) we can ensure the long-term sustainability of tracks forest stand vitality as well as recovery the importance of protecting the forest and our service and plan to extent it on an alpine based on vegetation indices. We provide all iii) the remoteness and inaccessibility of level as part of our Sentinel Alpine Observatory information (images, maps, quality measures mountain areas, Earth Observation is often initiative (www.sao.eurac.edu). and metadata) via a Web Map Service to the only means to monitor the extent and allow the direct integration into the Forest conditions of mountain forests and efficiently Acknowledgements Information System for supporting the alert and inform about forest changes in a We acknowledge past funding (EU-FP 7 project work of a total of 300 foresters. To foster Near-real time identification of forest changes to timely, accurately and spatially explicit way. the acceptance of our maps, we regularly support the management of protection forests. EUFODOS: European Forest Downstream meet with the Forest Service and provide Services - Improved Information on Forest The space based solution Structure and Damages) which allowed us to information and training sessions to foresters. who rely on them. The Forest Monitoring develop the service for South Tyrol. At Eurac Research, we developed a pre- Service strongly supports the Forest Service operational Forest Monitoring Service that Benefits to Citizens in developing tools and generating datasets is tailored to the needs of the regional Ruth Sonnenschein Mountain forests cover nearly half of the to achieve this objective. The continuous administration and adapted to the IT of the Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy area of South Tyrol and provide a wide range provision of high quality, timely, area-wide Forest Service. The service is entirely based of benefits: provision of wood and natural and digital information on forest conditions Günther Unterthiner on the Copernicus programme and makes resources, conservation of biodiversity, is crucial to plan and evaluate management Forest Service, Bolzano, Italy use of all available high-resolution optical [email protected]
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115 FORESTLAND DECAY IN This application of Copernicus AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY MARESME USING “Sentinel-2 has transformed AND FISHERIES SENTINEL-2 IMAGERY Earth Observation Data into a The results, published as official maps by Recent available SENTINEL 2 decision support information.” the DIBA, are used by the Department of data represents a new key to Ramon Riera, Agriculture of Catalonia (DARP) as a decision providing a feasible monitoring Diputació de Barcelona support tool for the forest management of of decay of forest mass on a affected areas during the 2017 campaign. regional scale. SENTINEL-2 imagery over the study area taken at 02/08/2015 and 26/08/2016 zone (B2) that helps to correct the signal Outlook to the future associated with the soil and the atmospheric The resulting maps show some areas of effects. maximum affectation and expansion that will The challenge This article describes the methodology used Indices calculation was carried out without be consolidated (corroborated) by a new study in the study and the first results obtained. A significant portion of the forests of the previous fieldwork, so the images of infrared of the EVI including the 2017 data. DIBA technical services are charged with the Maresme region (Catalunya, Spain) is affected photogrammetric flights from 2015 and 2016 task of validating the results in situ. DIBA and ICGC work together in a coordinated by a severe decaying of the trees, in particular, of the ICGC ortoXpres free service (25 cm of way to enlarge and improve the analysis moving the stone pine (Pinus pinea), due to different The space based solution spatial resolution) were consulted, to relate towards 2017. The new areas aimed at for the factors like drought, the infestation by a the results of the index to the different The images captured by the MSI sensor of project will be to increase the area of study, wood boring insect (Thomicus destruens) and degrees of decay of the forest masses. to foster whole fieldwork measurements and by several fungi. the Sentinel-2A satellite, with public and free access, were used as a basic material validation in the forestland during the summer to detect the decline of the forest masses for of 2017 (closer to data acquisition of Sentinel-2 one year, between the summers of 2015 and images) and to improve the distinction between 2016. forest and shrub cover introducing Lidar dataset. In total, 11 images were obtained along the Acknowledgements different weather stations. The first image The authors thank both institutions DIBA- was taken on 2 August 2015 and the last ICGC for the cross-fertilisation of experiences. one on 24 November 2016. With this set of Partial affected Pinus pinea forestland in Maresme images, the phonological cycle of trees could In order to be able to delimit the areas be interpreted from summer to winter of Legend and decay map from EVI between 2015 and 2016 with affected trees, Institut Cartogràfic i 2015 and in the same seasonal period for on local scale and changes by using SENTINEL-2 imagery Geològic de Catalunya (ICGC), at the request 2016. The changes show the areas of expansion of of Diputació de Barcelona (DIBA), has carried One of the techniques most used in Earth decay according to EVI resulting maps from out a complete detection based on the study Observation to detect vegetation and assess 2015 and 2016. of Sentinel-2A imagery of Copernicus (The its state is the use of vegetation indices, which European Earth Observation Programme). The are based on the arithmetic combination Benefits to Citizens study focused on the detection of affected of two or more spectral bands sensitive to EVI enables the clear detection of the Anna Tardà, Lydia Pineda, Vicenç Palà, Jordi forestland in summer between 2015 and characteristic behaviours of vegetation. affected areas in the summer images with 2016, based on vegetation indices, especially good spectral signatures thanks to well Corbera and Fernando Pérez The vegetation index chosen was the from the Improved Vegetation Index (EVI) illuminated areas. Mountainous areas with Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), since it and the subsequent analysis of the changes shadow effects were not as well detected. Barcelona, Spain incorporates the radiation of the blue spectral and tendencies toward decay. [email protected]
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122 OPERATIONAL The successfully implemented AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY AFFORESTATION “afforestation monitoring system AND FISHERIES MONITORING is a timesaving tool for Outlook to the future An operational afforestation foresters.” monitoring system has been ThüringenForst will continue to implement this Sergej Chmara, method to monitor and verify afforestation developed in the Free State ThüringenForst Institute under Public Law areas in a ten-year inventory and planning cycle, of Thuringia in Germany using which is the normal practice in Germany. This Copernicus and auxiliary GIS data. Benefits to Citizens means that the afforestation product is delivered Monitoring of afforestation for a test site in the annually for one tenth of the federal state. forest district Hainich-Werratal (from the left to the Forests play an important role in the regulation right): forest mask in green, areas already recognised of ecosystems. In addition to multi-faceted In the future, the Copernicus High Resolution The challenge as forest in light green, new forest areas in orange, range of services, forests are important for the Layers will be replaced by a forest mask and orthophotos in the background. well-being of the human population. Forests tree density generated layers using up-to-date In Germany the federal states are responsible fulfill many functions such as the protection of Sentinel data (as shown in the image on the for the monitoring, controlling and planning according to the Thuringian forest law. groundwater, against floods, noise protection, bottom left of this page) because of their higher of local forest areas. Depending on the state’s In order to eliminate those areas and to provide places for recreation and etc. These spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, new regulations, the relevant authorities are in improve the accuracy of the final product, are reasons why forest areas are particularly monitoring services using Sentinel data are charge of the recognition and the designation the Copernicus HRLs are combined with protected by law. In Germany, forests cannot being developed. These services particularly of new potential areas covered by trees as auxiliary data. For this purpose, additional be transferred to other forms of use such as focus on rapid mapping of biotic and abiotic the land use type “forest”. Thuringian GIS information provided by for building development. changes in forests as well as the classification the Agency for Surveying and Geodata Without precise knowledge of the position of tree species. (Federal State Thuringia) and the Thuringian The proposed monitoring system significantly and extent of new forest areas, the local Agriculture Administration representing improves the ability of efficiently detecting Acknowledgements forestry authorities are facing difficulties. land use and land cover classes as well as afforestation areas and thus supporting Since cost-effective methods are favourable, The authors would like to thank the Agency a normalised Digital Surface Model (nDOM) public forestry authorities in forest inventory a procedure for monitoring afforestation for Surveying and Geodata (Federal State have been implemented. In the first step, the and planning. using open access Copernicus data has been Thuringia) and the Thuringian Agriculture spatial accuracy is improved by combining developed. The procedure does not cover Administration for providing the auxiliary the Copernicus HRLs with the nDom. Only the regular deforestation, as clear-cutting data as well as the German Ministry of areas classified as “forest” and those with requires authorisation. Therefore its position Transport and Digital Infrastructure for vegetation higher than two metres are and extent are well known. financial support of the project, ‘Sentinels for considered for further work. Afterwards, the Thuringian Information Systems’. The space based solution areas covered by trees but not representing “forest” are eliminated using the GIS The monitoring of afforestation is conducted information. with the help of Copernicus High Resolution As a result, an accurate forest afforestation Layers (HRLs) Forests i.e. Tree Cover Density Herbert Sagischewski and Forest Type as well as a priori information. map is generated. The map together with a work card listing all potential afforested areas and Martyna Stelmaszczuk-Górska Remote sensing products, such as Copernicus, is made available to the local forestry officers, Forest mask and tree density generated for a test Gotha Forestry Research and Centre of depict all types of land use dominated by who are responsible for the verification and site in the forest district Heldburg with the use of Expertise (FFK Gotha), ThüringenForst trees. This also means surfaces covered by classification of the new forest areas. up-to-date Sentinel data (from the left to the right): Institution under Public Law, Free State of Sentinel-2 (false color composite), forest mask and tree short-time rotation plantations, fruit trees Thuringia, Germany density. Copernicus Sentinel Data 2016 / FFK Gotha and parks which do not represent “forest” [email protected]
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196 REMOTE SENSING FOR This application is revolutionary AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY GARAJONAY NATIONAL “in the forestry sector and is a AND FISHERIES PARK MANAGEMENT great advance in the way that In addition, Agresta S.Coop. has automated all Understanding the Laurisilva forest decision-making can be carried the processing chain from image to products, dynamics has been crucial for the out in forest management.” making the work more efficient. management of Garajonay. In the Ángel Fernandez, Outlook to the future last decade this has been made Garajonay N. P. Director possible thanks to the historical Finer spatial and spectral resolution of Sentinel- series of Landsat images. 2 compared to Landsat helped improve the Free availability of images together with identification of devitalised areas in Laurisilva forest. Sentinel-2 opens up a wide range of The challenge open source image processing software like QGIS or SNAP (Sentinel Application Platform) possibilities for detailed studies in the forestry Laurisilva forest in Garajonay National Park allows high quality spatio-temporal studies, sector. For Agresta S.Coop, the Copernicus (GNP) (La Gomera, Canary Island) is the best at low cost. It enables the study of large Programme is essential for many of its current work and future strategies. For example, current preserved sample of this type of vegetation Evolution of EVI for an area with devitalisation areas and the analysis of landscape dynamics throughout the Canary Islands. It has a symptoms, mainly in years of severe drought. that help explain current forest state and efforts focused on forestry species identification mature state of conservation but presents processes. Easy access to these tools also will certainly be improved by the possibility indices were computed from historical series signs of decay in some areas. Understanding brings this technology closer to citiziens. of combining different sources of imagery like of Landsat images. The Enhanced Vegetation the possible causes is crucial and analysis This also provides greater understanding and optical Sentinel-2 and radar Sentinel-1. Index (EVI) showed the...It shoud be: The of forest evolution through images over the awareness for the care of the environment. last decade is the main tool for a complete Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) showed Acknowledgements overview of the problem. the best performance. The figure shows We are grateful to Ángel B. Fernández López the mean tendency of an area labelled as who supplied the terrain information and all The space based solution devitalised (see next figure). It is normal to the knowledge about Laurisilva in Garajonay observe the lowest values in years of severe The historical series of Landsat imagery National Park. This study is part of a more drought. However, this kind of vegetation allowed the analysis of annual variability comprehensive research study developed by recovers quickly with the presence of clouds. of different vegetation indices between Garajonay National Park whose aim is to have 1995 and 2016. We aimed to identify areas We also used Sentinel-2 images to evaluate a deep comprehension of vegetation inside showing a devitalisation tendency during the the current state of Laurisilva forest in GNP. the Park. studied period. We located devitalised and healthy areas during a summer field campaign in 2017 and The temporal resolution obtained with used the data, first, to train a classification Landsat enabled the provision of enough model applied on Sentinel images and then images to build mosaics free of clouds. For to validate results. the devitalised areas detection we created annual mosaics and tested various vegetation Benefits to Citizens indices together with an algorithm called “greenbrown”. This algorithm is used to Updated maps of the state of Laurisilva forest Mariluz Guillen-Climent, NurAlgeet-Abarquero, analyse trend changes in gridded time series and location of devitalisation hot spots are Mapping of areas showing a negative slope in trend such as from satellite observations or climate useful tools for decision-making in forest analysis (1995-2016) in Laurisilva forest in Garajonay Pedro Ranz, Jose Luis Tomé, Lucia Yánez model simulation. In this case vegetation management. National Park Agresta S. Coop. [email protected]
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202 SATELLITES MONITOR Effective law enforcement AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY FOREST CHANGES IN “is beneficial to the entire AND FISHERIES FINLAND forest industry.“ Outlook to the future The space data based cloud Aki Hostikka, service monitors Finnish Head of Financing and Inspections The service has been developed in a three- Finnish Forest Centre year project which ends in 2019. The last year forests and provides up-to-date of the project is for operational piloting. The information about the changes environmental changes. This helps to react initial service has approval from the Finnish for Finnish forest authorities. faster and make relevant decisions concerning Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The forest Automatic process classifies forest biomass changes the changed forest area. authorities intend to put the technology into full between clear cuts (red) and thinnings (yellow). operational use throughout Finland. The technique has a significant positive The challenge machine learning methods and artificial operational, ecological and financial benefits. In the future, satellite technology can intelligence. As a result, the process Satellio has developed a forest monitoring provide new applications for defining forest produces a coherent time series of the Law enforcement is improved as the changes service based on Sentinel-2-data in the management needs and monitoring overall desired geographic areas. Sentinel-2-satellite are recognised efficiently and more accurate Finnish Government led project. The forest forest condition. constellation has a good revisit time providing analysis can be made to predict direct and authorities had need for new methods to several images from area of interest. indirect impacts of forest use. Acknowledgements collect up-to-date information about forest inventories and loggings. Next the automatic process analyses image The solution enables monitoring to ensure The Finnish Government head project has series, detects and classifies forest biomass forest management duties are conducted been carried out in co-operation with Satellio The efficient monitoring and controlling large changes between clear cuts and thinnings. on the correct areas and in the time period Oy (Ltd), VTT technical Research of Finland, forest areas has been challenging and resource The service interprets types of change, time as informed. Furthermore, the control of Finnish Forest Centre, National Resource consuming. Previously the forest authorities frame and geometry. Generated information conservation areas is easier as the automatic Institute Finland, Finnish Environment have mainly relied on field sampling based on is enriched with forest inventory data to detection can reveal unexpected or illegal Institute and Ministry of Agriculture and required forest user notifications. estimate biomass volume change. actions in the areas. Forestry. The project aimed to develop a tool for forest The results can be viewed and integrated Financial benefits are achieved thanks to law enforcement. The operational use of to existing geographic information systems improved and optimised forest inspections. Earth Observation and GNSS data is crucial to (GIS) using Satellio’s web cloud service. The field work can be targeted and performed ensure updatable and scalable information for The technology can be scaled anywhere and on areas needing attention more efficiently. large territorial areas. anytime in the world. The space based solution Benefits to Citizens The developed solution has approval from the The space-based solution is an efficient Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. It tool to monitor and detect changes in forest is space based and utilises earth observation areas. The technology is suitable from small and satellite navigation which are used to large forest areas and they can be located for monitoring and accurate positioning. anywhere from nearby to remote areas as The solution consists of three parts: data Sentinel-2-images are available anywhere on acquisition, processing and analysis. Earth. Joni Norppa First step is to go through all data from CEO, Satellio Oy (Ltd) The automatic processing chain ensures Web service user interface. Sentinel-2-satellites using automated Helsinki, Finland up-to-date and accurate information about [email protected]
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101 SENTINEL-BASED AZORES The systematic use of AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY REGIONAL FOREST “Copernicus Sentinel data will AND FISHERIES INVENTORY improve significantly the canopy areas). This operational framework will be fully The Azores Regional Forest classification accuracy and aligned with multisectorial regional, national Inventory is a fundamental update frequency of the Azores and EU policies related to Forestry Planning regional tool for supporting forest Regional Forest Inventory”. and Management, Land-use Management, management and spatial planning Invasive Alien Species control,, and Nature policies in the Azores. Anabela Isidoro, Conservation. It will also strongly contribute Regional Director at DRRF for all 3 strategic priorities of the first pillar of The woody invasive species Pittosporum undulatum is the Azores Research and Innovation. Strategy a major threat for nature conservation in the Azores decision-making in spatial planning and for Smart Specialization: “Agriculture, Livestock and requires appropriate management (about 24 The challenge to strengthen law enforcement by public and Agroindustry”. thousand hectares). Source: DRRF The Azorean Regional Forest Inventory authorities, will constitute an important Outlook to the future constitutes the core tool for forest planning accuracy levels. The use, integration and step towards an effective promotion of cost- and management and also the most accurate combination in the current Forest Inventory’s effective forest management and land use With the expected increase of available data, and reliable official Land Use / Land Cover map methodological procedure of free-of-charge sustainability awareness amongst decision- there will be a growing need for cloud-based in the Azores Autonomous Region (Portugal), USGS/NASA (Landsat 8 multispectral makers, landowners/managers, further data storage and processing services. The being widely used by local and regional data) and Copernicus remote sensing data stakeholders and the general public. In fact, Copernicus Data and Information Access authorities for supporting both spatial provided by Sentinel-1 (C-band SAR) and the development of a forest management Services (DIAS) might be in the future the most planning and forestry policies purposes. Sentinel-2 (multispectral) sensors will approach strongly supported by an effective suitable platform to implement this operational significantly improve the regional decision- assessment of current resources, by the framework, in order to combine this information The current Azorean Regional Forest support system and successfully contribute detection and monitoring of the most relevant with further valuable data produced by DRRF Inventory was produced in 2007 by the to develop a more suitable and cost-effective forest changes and land-use trade-offs (namely field surveys and UAV campaigns), DRRF (Forest Regional Department) staff operational system for mapping, inventorying, might be able to mitigate the main negative therefore, fostering the implementation of a through the combination of Geographical monitoring, assessing and managing natural ecological (e.g. loss or degradation of native powerful multi-source decision-support system. Information Systems (GIS) based on-screen (both native and invaded) and production vegetation areas, increase of areas invaded photointerpretation of high spatial resolution forest areas in the Azores. For this purpose, a by alien plant species) and socio-economic Acknowledgements aerial imagery (with a minimum spatial unit remote sensing-based operational framework impacts (e.g. loss or degradation of production of 1 hectare) and exhaustive field campaigns The authors thank the University of the is being developed in order to: (1) accurately forest; increase of bare soil and impervious for survey and validation. As the overall cost Azores (Regional Copernicus Academy) and map Azorean forest areas through semi- of this methodological procedure is very high the FRCT – Regional Fund for Science and automatic supervised classification; (2) (in both human, logistics and data resources) Technology (Regional Copernicus Relay) for detect changes in forest cover (by applying and time consuming, the periodic update of supporting the development of this initiative. change detection algorithms); and (3) assess this cartographic product is not performed as vegetation greenness and moisture status by Artur Gil and Manuel Fernández frequently as needed for spatial planning and computing and comparing several spectral Azorean Biodiversity Group – Ce3C, forest management purposes. indices (e.g. NDVI, SAVI, EVI, NDWI). University of the Azores, Portugal The space based solution [email protected] Benefits to Citizens Anabela Isidoro, Vasco Medeiros Satellite remote sensing has shown to be The development and implementation of a an appropriate tool to assess and monitor Cryptomeria japonica is the most relevant man-planted and João Luís Pacheco Remote Sensing-based forest monitoring forest species in the Azores with approximately 12,400 large-area forest attributes with reasonable DRRF, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. operational framework able to support hectares. Source: DRRF [email protected]
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190 UNIQUE SATELLITE- Their ability to map a range of AGRICULTURE, FOOD, FORESTRY DERIVED FORESTRY “tree species at remarkably high- AND FISHERIES INSIGHT FOR DEFRA levels of accuracy has supported is that it will also help their future ability To support Defra in managing our response to outbreaks and to detect, treat and prevent the spread of an outbreak of Sweet Chestnut could potentially revolutionise pathogens in monitored forested areas. blight, Rezatec was invited to Defra’s response to quarantine develop an interactive map pests and diseases in the wider capable of identifying species and stress using Earth Observation environment”. data analysis. Willem Roelofs, The challenge Extract from Rezatec’s interactive web GIS Portal Plant Health Team, Defra depicting the entire area of interest in the study An outbreak of sweet chestnut blight, a plant for species identification of Sweet Chestnut and Oak disease caused by the fungus Cryphonectria derived from Sentinel data. and manage this outbreak as well as potential parasitica, has recently been discovered in future ones. Observation datasets. Extract from Rezatec’s interactive web GIS Portal the South West of England. The client for Defra can now: this project - Defra, the UK Government’s Detect change: Copernicus Earth Observation depicting a small section of the results in the study • Understand the fine scale distribution of Department for Environment, Food & Rural data was used to identify stressed Sweet for evidence of Sweet Chestnut stress derived from Sweet Chestnut and Oak trees in a target Sentinel data. Affairs - is managing the outbreak and wanted Chestnut. Although tree stress can be caused area to explore how Earth Observation data could by a large number of factors, analyses like Rezatec’s suite of products within the be deployed in outbreak situations, Rezatec these could be used to prioritise areas • Detect signs of tree stress, a potential Forestry industry allows for comprehensive was invited to develop an interactive map for ground inspections to determine the indicator of tree health issues caused by monitoring and mensuration so this is a really capable of locating Sweet Chestnut trees in presence of pests & diseases. Rezatec’s pests and diseases exciting time to be involved at Government the outbreak area and identifying stressed forestry change detection data product • Monitor for early-warning signs of plant level in the identification and safeguarding of trees. This map could potentially be used to was adopted to measure any anomalous pest spread the UK’s trees and forests. aid the deployment of ground-team resources phenological behaviour in the Sweet Chestnut • Explore how Earth Observations can be to assess the extent of the outbreak and presence map output. Specifically, annual used to inform tactical responses, e.g. by Acknowledgements potential mitigation measures. time-series were analysed for all of the ground truthing data developing time- Rezatec would like to mention that it would detected pixels in the study area, to identify series in areas of interest not have been possible to get to this point The space based solution significant deviations (temporal and spatial) The data product layers that enable these so quickly without the initial support it in phenological behaviour, assumed to be an Rezatec provided Defra with access to unique, new capabilities include: received from the UK Space Agency’s ‘Space satellite data products derived from Sentinel indicator of canopy stress. for Smarter Government’ Programme (SSGP) • Spatial distribution and extent of target 1 and 2 satellites that allowed them to… and the collaborative working with Forest Benefits to Citizens tree species Research. The funding has resulted in an Identify tree locations: The map provided With an easy-to-use interface and visualised • Analysis of tree health, with a graded end-user product that is now commercially Sweet Chestnut and Oak trees layers on top geospatial data layers, Rezatec’s web portal indication of stress levels. available. of satellite imagery. Rezatec’s tree species provides an opportunity for Defra to analyse classification data product was used to model Outlook to the future and interrogate the information and make Tim Vallings, the presence of both Sweet Chestnut or Oak informed decisions based on up-to-date geo- Rezatec are very pleased to support Defra in trees, based on the unique spectral signature VP Global Resources Rezate spatial data. This is a powerful outcome, its mission to understand the development of these target species within the input Earth Harwell, UK supporting Defra’s challenge to understand of this tree pathogen problem, and the hope [email protected]
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BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
The preservation of our natural environment is essential to have clean water and air, maintain our soil, regulate the climate, recycle nutrients and provide us with food. However, this is progressively being degraded, sometimes permanently. Human activities put enormous strain on the environment: factors such as population growth, pollution, invasive species, urbanisation, and climate change are causing deterioration to ecosystems. A key indicator of this is represented by the increasing decline in biodiversity: today, almost half of Europe’s mammals and a third of reptile, fish and bird species are considered endangered. The European Union environmental policy dates back to the 1970s, and with its extensive environmental legislation (about 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions) provides some of the world’s highest environmental standards: it aims at making the EU economy greener, protecting nature, and safeguarding the health and quality of life of EU citizens. The Habitats Directive is an example of such legislation, implemented through the Natura 2000 programme covering about 30,000 sites throughout Europe. But, the environment can actually only be protected if these policies are properly implemented. Local and regional authorities are crucial players in environmental protection as they are often responsible for rule-making and undertaking investments and can also have inspection and oversight functions. EU-Cohesion Policy and related funds play an important role in boosting the implementation of EU environmental standards and sustainable growth, e.g. during the programming of the 2014-2020 Cohesion Policy, a strong emphasis was placed on supporting green infrastructure (e.g. flood plains, green walls and roofs), especially in cities. Environmental protection is a core objective for Copernicus. The Programme provides data and information useful to monitor a variety of environmental parameters over land, the atmosphere and the oceans. For instance, dynamic maps of vegetation health and land cover can be derived from Sentinel-2 data with unprecedented frequency, whilst chlorophyll content estimations derived from the Sentinel-3 satellite can be related to the eutrophication of the marine environment. Copernicus Land and Marine Environment Monitoring Services provide extended sets of relevant geophysical parameters such as, for example, very high-resolution maps of Natura 2000 areas (derived from Copernicus Contributing Missions) and various key physical and biogeochemical ocean parameters Baltic bloom like currents, temperature and chlorophyll. Credit: Copernicus Sentinel data (2015)/ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO OVERVIEW OF COPERNICUS USER STORIES
Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level ACTIONABLE Attica Apulia MONITORING COASTAL GEOINFORMATION Apulia S2 5 (Περιφέρεια Epirus Region S3 4 (Puglia) WATERS IN NEAR REAL TIME ON BURNT AREAS Αττικής)” MONITORING MOUNTAIN ANALYSIS OF FOREST FIRES Castilla Leon Tuscany Piedmont Castilla Leon S2 GRASSLANDS TO SUSTAIN S2 4 WITH SENTINEL (Castilla y León) (Toscana) Valle d’Aosta WILD HERBIVORES Central Macedonia (Κεντρική REGIONAL FLOOD A SPACE-BASED SOLUTION Alsace Alsace, Lorraine, Μακεδονία) North Aegean S1 3 MONITORING WITH S1, S2 4 FOR OIL SPILL DETECTION (Alsace) Champagne-Ardenne (Kentrikí SENTINELS DATA Makedonía) THE POTENTIAL OF A PRE- COPERNICUS SENTINEL COMMERCIAL PROCUREMENT Crete Azores Azores CMEMS, Security 1 DATA FOR LOCAL SCALE Crete S1, S2 3 APPROACH IN EARTH (Κρήτη) CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES OBSERVATIONS EARTH OBSERVATION AND Biosphere reserve Bonn PARTNERSHIPS TO SUPPORT Kilombero, Tanzania S2 3 Wienerwald - 51 (Bonn) LAND USE MANAGEMENT communities NUTS 3 TREE SPECIES MAPPING WITH AT126 AT127 AT122 Vienna ENABLING EARTH MULTITEMPORAL SENTINEL-2 in Lower Austria S2 4 (Wien) OBSERVATIONS FOR Dyfed County Europe S2 3 DATA and 7 Municipal PROTECTED AREAS districts in Vienna / EO FOR BIOTOPE-TYPE Niederösterreich AT12 MAPPING IN THE ALPINE Salzburg S2 3/4 and Wien AT13 ZONE IN AUSTRIA WETLAND FUNCTIONAL Brittany S2 3 HOW COULD COPERNICUS ASSESSMENT Vidzeme DATA SUPPORT GRASSLAND Vidzeme region - Latvia S1, S2 2/3 (Vidzeme) The relevant Copernicus data and Information refer to the Copernicus Sentinel data and/or to the Copernicus CONSERVATION? Service information mentioned in the User Story. For the definition of the Usage Maturity Level, please refer to IMPROVING COASTAL North Holland South Holland the Introduction. ECOSYSTEM BENEFITS UNDER Friesland S1, S3 4 (Zuid-Holland) INCREASING PRESSURES Groningen MAKING SEAGRASSES Berlin Samaria National Park, S2 1 GREAT AGAIN (Berlin) Creete Central Macedonia (Κεντρική MAPPING BURNED AREAS Μακεδονία) Greece S2 4 USING SENTINEL-2 IMAGES (Kentrikí Makedonía)
108 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99 user stories by local and regional authorities | 109 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 127 ACTIONABLE Rheticus® Wildfires has helped BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOINFORMATION ON “us to oversee and report PROTECTION BURNT AREAS fire activity, support our fire Benefits to Citizens Rheticus® Wildfires provided the management and recovery ® Alta Murgia National Park with planning through actionable Rheticus Wildfires simplifies burnt areas detection and contouring from various weekly actionable information on Rheticus® Wildfires User Interface for the Alta knowledge on burnt areas.” Murgia National Park. open data sources into an interactive and wildfires, overcoming the lack of comprehensive dashboard, to achieve insightful data for post-fire assessments. spatial resolutions, thus benefits of using Fabio Modesti, Alta Murgia National Park and purpose-built contents from many different Earth Observation are significant especially perspectives. Public authorities gain immediate and reliable geo-information, including weekly for post-fire assessments, as EO by Remote infrastructure activities within past-burnt and summary information over wide areas, The challenge Sensing enables automatic and continual areas (4 times/year). Moreover, it helped based on continual Sentinel-2 monitoring, monitoring, regardless of the dimension and to prioritise response teams. Data were 2017 will be remembered as another year ® overcoming the difficulties and costs of field morphology of the area of interest. Rheticus available via the Rheticus® geo-portal www. of significant wildfire activity across Italy, measurement campaigns. Rheticus® Wildfires Wildfires is where the Alta Murgia National rheticus.eu and through pre-set reports. especially within national parks and protected Park satisfied its needs. generates reports, thematic maps and geo- areas. Wildfires represent a major threat to All in all, Rheticus® Wildfires was where analytics based on Sentinel-2 data, meeting environmental resources, with hundreds of The space based solution the Alta Murgia National Park obtained local to national content requirements in the thousands of hectares of burnt areas and the required information from to develop In order to better monitor burnt areas after field of burnt area detection and illegal building invaluable loss of woods and biodiversity and support its management strategies fire events, the Park activated Rheticus® prevention. It also helps to prioritise response every year. Over the 2017 summer season, and recovery planning, fulfil its reporting Wildfires service in July 2017. teams. Furthermore, better management of the Alta Murgia National Park (Apulia Region, duties and management strategies and precious vegetation resources is well worth Southern Italy) faced the lack of actionable Rheticus® Wildfires by Planetek Italia is a high- overcome the lack of actionable information. the ecological advantages it gives to the information on wildfires for post-fire performing and cloud-based geo-information environment and citizens. assessments. service for post-fire monitoring. It provides the end-user with key information retrieved Outlook to the future According to the Italian law on wildfires (L. from Sentinel-2 imagery together with other n. 353/2000), the Forest Police are in charge The Copernicus Sentinels will ensure open data sources through extensively tested of in situ detection of burnt scars whilst continuity of the service. This case history models and algorithms. Every time new municipalities are in charge of keeping burnt is expected to serve as a good example Sentinel-2 data is available over the area of area database up-to-date. Those activities for the further promotion of the service at interest, the service automatically downloads require great effort in terms of money and European and global scale. The integration the image, performs some processing and time. Moreover, it is difficult to perform of Sentinel-3 data will also be explored for generates thematic maps, dynamic geo- accurate field surveys over inaccessible further improvements. analytics and pre-set reports. areas. As a result, stakeholders such as national parks, protected areas and natural Thanks to the high revisit time of Sentinel-2 Wildfires automatically retrieved from Sentinel-2 reserves entities quite often face the lack of over the same area (up to 5-6 days) and data acquired on 14/07/2017 over the Alta Murgia Antonello Aiello and Vincenzo Barbieri National Park. the high spectral and spatial resolutions of Planetek Italia, Italia actionable information for fire management Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] and recovery planning, which are essential those data, Rheticus® Wildfires provided the [email protected], [email protected] aspects also at European level (e.g. Council Alta Murgia National Park with burnt area Fabio Modesti and Chiara Mattia
Regulation (EEC) No. 2158/92 and further detection, and fire severity classification on a Parco Nazionale dell’Alta Murgia, Italia modifications). Relevant satellite data are weekly basis, vegetation regrowth monitoring [email protected] now freely available with high temporal and (1/year) and detection of potential illegal [email protected]
110 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 111 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 183 ANALYSIS OF FOREST This application of Copernicus BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FIRES EFFECTS WITH “Sentinels helps us to manage PROTECTION SENTINEL better and more efficiently Acknowledgements Sentinel images help us actions against forest fires.” analyse forest fires and manage Thanks to all the forest firemen, pilots, forest Celso Coco, CIFP Almázcara rangers, technical team... without them it is the subsequent works more possible that we would have been talking efficiently. about an even bigger fire. Thanks to all the Map of scar burn in La Cabrera, Leon, Spain. It Outlook to the future burned 10,000 hectares. Satellite Sentinel image forestry engineers who do a great job for the Sensing in the shortwave infrared (SWIR). The fact of having images with a periodicity environment. of less than 5 days would help managers Thanks to Copernicus for the opportunity and to have updated information. This is very The challenge chlorophyll in vegetation help us identify for the satellite information. burnt areas, since they do not reflect the interesting for decision making during large In Spain, approximately 100,000 hectares wave of light. The most appropriate light forest fires and especially in the necessary are burnt annually by forest fires, of which bands are those of the near infrared because work required after these fires. If we had about 60% of the surface constitutes the they show the photosynthetic activity of a larger number of Sentinel-2 satellites, we northwest area, which includes the regions the vegetation. In turn, if we compare the could be more efficient in the decisions that of Galicia, Asturias, and the provinces of photosynthetic activity of the vegetation, need to be made during the extinction of León and Zamora in Castile y Leon. León, before and after the fire, we can graduate its forest fires. and specifically the region of El Bierzo, is an severity; if there is a bigger difference, the area in which there are numerous fires during severity will be greater. the year. In 2017, the largest fire in Spain occurred in León, extending for almost 10,000 Benefits to Citizens hectares. The management of extinction is required and it is fundamental to know There are many benefits: Being able to perform what has burnt and how much has burnt for burnt surface analysis as well as a gravity one, post-fire analysis. Sentinel data are used to with data that is freely available, and more calculate the surface and analyse the severity importantly it helps to improve and make of it. more effective management decisions. The public administrations in charge of restoring Severity Map of Forest Fire in La Cabrera, Leon, Spain. The space based solution the burnt-out spaces, can prioritise the most urgent actions. The measures to be carried Sentinel data can help us identify and learn out can improve the filtration level of runoff the extent of the burnt areas, as well as water which reduces soil losses and fertility. If define the degree of severity produced by we are able to reduce the loss of soil we can the forest fire on a very detailed scale, since improve water quality and conserve forests. Sentinel data reaches a resolution of 10 We improve the biodiversity and the habitat metres of information as a minimum unit. of the species. The economic savings are This is possible thanks to a combination substantial. of the 13 bands on board of the Sentinel-2 Celso Coco satellites. CIFP de Almázcara, Consejería de Agricultura y The bands that perceive the reflection of the Ganadería, Junta de Castilla y León, Spain [email protected]
112 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 113 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 170 A SPACE-BASED I strongly support that such an BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTION FOR OIL SPILL “application could significantly PROTECTION DETECTION transform the way that we the high accuracy identification, since this task An innovative application to respond in such events like oil is currently addressed manually (ships have collect satellite images of the sea spills whether they come from to report pollution incidents), and, thus, it can and detect areas polluted from a single ship or an oil rig or optimise the utilisation of the personnel by assigning more complicated tasks. oil releases in order to notify the other similar human action.” national authorities and coast Outlook to the future guards. Spyridon Kintzios, Original satellite SAR images from the Mediterranean Commander HN, MSc Currently, the application supports the Sea (left) and detection masks (right) with oil spills detection of oil spills, but the main objective The challenge and lookalikes. to avoiding the extension of ecological is to extend its capability in identifying more Countries with large seawater areas or conditions, enhancing the functionalities of disasters and, consequently, benefits both pollution factors, i.e. debris from natural extended coastlines have to deal with the the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring the environment and the public health. disasters. It is also expected that any challenging issue of promptly detecting Service (CMEMS). On the backend, SAR images evolution of the EO Copernicus solution will marine pollution, in order to minimise the are downloaded daily from the Copernicus result in improvements of our system, e.g. environmental effects. Aquatic pollution services, noise is suppressed and semantic enhanced detection or wider area covering. may originate from oil spills, plastics, or segmentation algorithms are applied to A more accurate discrimination of the debris from natural disasters and it can be identify the oil spills. Contrary to current phenomena that are currently denoted as caused either deliberately or accidentally. solutions, our service not only provides a wider- “lookalikes” could constrain the false positive The large number of oil-based products on area detection scheme, but also annotates alerts as well as the identification of ships. the market entails the increase of shipping each pixel with a valid classification state. Merging the latter with data from a ship’s routes that eventually raises the possibility of Analysed images are presented as detection Automatic Identification System (AIS), the slicks occurring. Remote sensing, within the masks, where turquoise areas define an oil root of the pollution could be particularised. Copernicus Programme, can act as a beneficial spill, whilst red areas mark lookalikes. The monitoring tool that will allow early detection Acknowledgements service can identify pollutant areas with an A comparison between produced detection masks of slicks, provide size estimations, and predict accuracy of 91%, thus, the frequency of in (left) and ground truth images (right). The development of the application was the slick motion. situ verification by the authorities could be supported by the EU’s Horizon 2020 Moreover, by providing estimates of the significantly limited. In case of a verified oil programme under grant agreements size and the movement of the slick, the The space based solution slick, users instantly receive an alert with the H2020-776019 EOPEN and H2020-740593 application can be invaluable in aiding clean- position and the size of the oil slick to act ROBORDER. The solution involves a web application that up operations or helping the authorities to accordingly. tackles oil spill identification in EU maritime identify the polluters. With regards to the areas, aimed at triggering the awareness of A. Moumtzidou, G. Orfanidis, S. Andreadis, K. Benefits to Citizens latter, the application can be easily integrated Ioannidis, I. Gialampoukidis, S. Vrochidis and the relevant authorities. into existing systems that concern maritime I. Kompatsiaris. The application processes Synthetic Aperture By exploiting Copernicus data, the proposed surveillance. No additional human contribution Information Technologies Institute Radar (SAR) images are acquired from application aims to rapidly identify oil related is required in the identification process since Centre for Research and Technology Hellas Sentinel satellites and are exclusively provided events, mitigate the positive false alerts the model is trained to identify the oil spills Thessaloniki, Greece. by the Copernicus Open Access Hub. SAR from the end-user side and thus trigger all based on its natural attributes. Finally, it can images provide independence regarding the necessary mechanisms that are involved significantly reduce the workload of the human {moumtzid, g.orfanidis, andreadisst, kioannid, the operational time and the environmental during such events, e.g. the coastguard. In operators of the agencies concerned due to heliasgj, stefanos, ikom}@iti.gr this way, the application primarily contributes [email protected]
114 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 115 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 144 COPERNICUS SENTINEL The use of Copernicus BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA FOR LOCAL “Sentinels for conservation PROTECTION SCALE CONSERVATION and environmental monitoring more than welcome. A fully operational online ACTIVITIES provide us with new ways of Sentinel 1/2 system which will provide data- The use of Sentinel-2 data, working.” ready-to-use will benefit the technical staff combined with landscape of local authorities and parks as they will Antonis Tsakirakis, be able to use updated information without factors provides insights of the Samaria National Park having the technical expertise to process distribution of the endemic The endemic Cretan lizard, Podarcis cretensis is found remote sensing data. To this end, the H2020 lizard Podarcis cretensis. mainly in West Crete ECOPOTENTIAL works side-by-side with 24 data are also used for monitoring illegal protected areas across Europe and beyond in The challenge species distribution modelling, are a powerful activities (e.g. lodging, illegal fires) within providing the tools and models that make use tool in the arsenal of conservation ecology of Sentinel data for addressing this specific Local scale processes shape species the protected area, thus optimising the Park’s and planning. The high temporal frequency monitoring need (amongst others). distributions. Mountainous areas provide management resources and supporting law data of Sentinel-2 provide information on a multifarious terrain where microclimate enforcement. Open access satellite data landscape dynamics, such as the vegetation Acknowledgements refugia shape ecological niches at local scales allow the reduction of the cost of surveys growth and changes in landcover, whilst for animals and plants. Also, mountainous in remote areas, which are abundant inside The ECOPOTENTIAL project has received Sentinel-1 data give access to extracted areas host endemic and rare elements of the national park, reducing the costs of public funding from the European Union’s Horizon information like elevation, aspect, and slope biodiversity, acting as islands of biodiversity. administrations (municipality, forest police, 2020 research and innovation programme but also information relating to the incoming These processes can be identified by using park authorities) and thus benefitting citizens. under grant agreement No 641762. Special solar radiation and the terrain openness high resolution data, based either on satellite thanks to the personnel of the Samaria (e.g. Sky View Factor parameter). Lizards or airborne observations. Both approaches National Park area. are dependent on the availability of sun for have their limitations; satellite data have high their needs, thus terrain parameters as well frequency but low spatial resolution, whilst as vegetation dynamics are related to their airborne data have high spatial resolution but ecophysiological demands. costly high temporal data collection. Benefits to Citizens The space based solution The conservation and protection of Copernicus Sentinel-2 constellation (Sentinel- biodiversity is a fundamental activity of 2A/B) fills this gap, by providing data of high protected areas like Samaria National Park, spatial resolution with an adequate temporal where the endemic lizard Podarcis cretensis resolution (10 m pixel size every 5 days). In is found. The conservation of the habitat Mean annual NDVI for 2017, calculated using addition, Sentinel-1 constellation (Sentinel- provides a valuable cultural ecosystem service, Sentinel-2A and -2B data over Samaria National Park. 1A/B) can provide terrain data (e.g. Digital Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] appreciated by tourists. The use of Copernicus Elevation Model) and related topographic Sentinel data has great potential as it reduces parameters describing the geodiversity after Dimitris Poursanidis, Antonis Barnias, Petros costs for planned fieldwork activities which Outlook to the future the analysis within the open access ESA Lymberakis, Mariasilvia Giamberini and Nek- can be focused on targeted areas whilst the SNAP toolbox. Protected areas require multiple tools for their use of Sentinel-2 data makes the monitoring tarios Chrysoulakis daily activities. Sentinel-2 data as Analysis Products from Sentinel-1 and -2, combined of certain areas easier, even without spending Foundation for Research and Technology Ready Data (ARD) via online platforms for with species observations in the framework of resources for fieldwork campaigns. Sentinel-2 Hellas, Greece use by non-experts in Remote Sensing are [email protected] .gr
116 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 117 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 174 EARTH OBSERVATION This analysis has opened the BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND PARTNERSHIPS “eyes of the many stakeholders PROTECTION TO SUPPORT LAND USE of this valley over its continuity for the monitoring tasks needed MANAGEMENT environmental change.” for the Ramsar reporting obligations once The cooperation of three Pellage Kauzeni, Ministry of Natural the projects end, and the process can be European projects has shown Resources and Tourism of Tanzania replicated in other areas. how collaboration supports Agricultural expansion in the Ramsar site between Outlook to the future local authorities in wetland 2004 and 2016. management. Conflicts between local farmers, authorities The GEO-Wetlands initiative facilitates and itinerant herders took place in the past due cooperation between different projects to weak land management systems. Mapping and institutions under the common goal of Work Programme of the Group on Earth The challenge of historical trends of agricultural expansion improving the monitoring and assessment Observations (GEO). Using satellite imagery The Kilombero Ramsar site in Tanzania is and the current situation will provide a solid of global wetland extent, status and trends. from the Copernicus programme and NASA, one of Africa’s largest wetlands. The Ramsar framework that will facilitate negotiations and Collaboration between multidisciplinary teams the partnership provided the Tanzanian convention encourages sustainable and wise planning between stakeholders. is crucial to achieve the ambitious targets set authorities with maps, models and science- use of wetlands for economic activities. by international conventions and frameworks. based recommendations for land planning. The creation of this partnership has allowed Enabling stakeholders to continue monitoring However, during the last decade the area the maximisation of the resources invested, The products delivered show the spatio- after the lifetime of projects is therefore an has experienced an exponential increase in preventing duplication of work. The use temporal patterns and trends undergone essential goal. immigration. Combined with a lack of property of freely available satellite imagery and in the floodplain during the last decades. rights and low resources for management, cartographic products has also contributed to Human activities such as deforestation and Acknowledgements farm encroachment and deforestation have a cost reduction. grown uncontrolled dramatically reducing agricultural expansion have caused changes The projects forming this partnership have its natural habitats. Its vast area and in the biophysical properties of the landscape. received funding from the EU H2020 program, difficult access make it challenging to obtain These changes impact the water regimes, EU and Belgian Development Cooperation, information on the current situation and land surface temperature and vegetation the German Federal Ministry of Education and develop land management plans that fit cover affecting all flora, fauna and local Research and the German Federal Ministry for national and local needs. human populations. The land cover changes Economic Cooperation and Development. and the biophysical properties are traceable The space based solution from space using different sensors and In this context, the Belgian project ancillary ground data provided by local users. KILOWREMP (Kilombero and Lower Benefits to Citizens Rufiji Wetlands Ecosystem Management Project), the EU project SWOS (Satellite- The area is undergoing a development phase based Wetlands Observation Service) and to modernise the farming practices that aim to Changes in the wetland between 2004 and 2016 the German GlobE project have joined in improve food security and sustainability. The due to farming in the Ngapemba swamp. Healthy vegetation features in green and bare soil in pink. a partnership to provide the government results are being used to develop strategies Stefanie Steinbach, Frank Thonfeld and RGB: SWIR, NIR, G of Tanzania with the tools necessary to that will allow economic progress with a Constanze Leemhuis overcome the spatial challenges presented. better knowledge of the natural resources University of Bonn Besides the products delivered, local users This partnership directly contributes to the available in the floodplain and the impact that Giuseppe Daconto and Ian Games were trained in how Earth Observation can GEO-Wetlands initiative that was recently human activities cause upon them. Enabel be used for monitoring. This will provide established as part of the 2017–2019 Javier Muro [email protected]
118 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 119 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 126 ENABLING EARTH The EODESM system provides BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATION FOR “timely information on wetland PROTECTION PROTECTED AREAS conditions and dynamics that Outlook to the future Providing land managers with determine the distribution of an easy and accessible tool to flora and fauna species. This The land cover classifications generated by the EODESM system can be translated address land cover change in can assist in efforts to ensure to different habitat taxonomies, which is Europe’s protected areas. planning of conservation anticipated to increase uptake by a wide range of conservationists and ecologists. EODESM classification of land covers in Gran Paradiso management.” Furthermore, environmental variables National Park (NP), Italy. Ricardo Díaz-Delgado (Doñana NP) predicted from process (e.g., forest growth, hydrology) can be used to generate The challenge Agriculture Organisation’s (FAO) Land Cover and Loïc Willm (Camargue NP) classifications of future landscapes. This Classification System (LCCS; Fig. 1). Whilst For many years, the uptake of Earth significantly increases the potential use of some variables (e.g., vegetation canopy cover observation (EO) data for managing Europe’s events (e.g., storms, fire) and processes (e.g., EODESM as a planning tool. This will assist and height, water turbidity) are used directly protected areas has been relatively limited, forest succession) between sites, including in better planning of environmental resource as input to the classification of land covers, with this leading to missed opportunities for protected areas. The tools have already been use and may contribute to reverse losses of others (e.g., sea surface temperature, plant conserving landscapes and the ecosystem applied to classify over 15 large national biodiversity and degradation of landscapes, in species, snow depth) provide additional services they provide. parks in Europe and are being increasingly Europe and beyond. To assist EODESM users, information on their states and dynamics. The adopted, as the approach to generating training workshops and material are being Nowadays, the public availability of satellite EODESM system also generates historical and relevant classifications is easy to understand. developed and delivered to interested parties. data makes it possible to significantly increase near real time alerts through daily to annual The EODESM system is also scalable to any our understanding of Europe’s changing comparison of land covers and environmental country or region worldwide and, because of Acknowledgements landscapes. However, the sheer volume of variables (Fig. 2). These change alerts are its robustness and versatility, is adaptable Thanks to the Horizon 2020 project data involved and the steps required for their described on the basis of accumulated to use data from a diverse range of present ECOPOTENTIAL and the FP7 BIO_SOS (Grant processing is overwhelming for many and evidence from EO data and other sources. The and future airborne and spaceborne sensors Agreements n. 641762 and 263435), the hence not often undertaken. The challenge resulting classifications are comprehensive regardless of their spatial resolution. therefore was to provide a tool that converted and detailed. Mobile applications have also European Regional Development Fund and these data into useable and standardised been developed to support calibration of Welsh Government Sêr Cymru Programme products that could be easily generated and variable retrieval algorithms or validation of and to scientists and managers of protected accessed by a wide range of users. classifications. areas for contributing to the development of the VL and EODESM system. The space based solution Benefits to Citizens The Horizon 2020 ECOPOTENTIAL project The VL and the EODESM system are open to has developed a Virtual Laboratory (VL) to users, allowing the retrieval of environmental Richard Lucas, P. Blonda, J. Bustamante, host data and software to support protected variables and EO data, including Copernicus R. Diaz-Delgado, S. Giamberini, G. Kordelas, area management using EO data. Within the datasets. A particular advantage for those J. Gonçalves, I. Manakos, M. Santoro, VL, the EO Data for EcoSystem Monitoring charged with protecting landscapes is R. Sonnenschein, F. Weiser, L. Willm (EODESM) stores environmental variables that consistent land cover and change Annual hydroperiods for Doñana NP provide input to ECOPOTENTIAL Consortium extracted from EO data and uses these to classifications can be generated for landscapes the EODESM change detection and alert system. R. Viterbi automatically generate classifications of land across Europe. This allows better comparison Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel-2 data [2015, Gran Paradiso National Park. cover and change according to the Food and of area estimates and impacts of change 2016, 2017] [email protected]
120 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 121 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 165 EO FOR BIOTOPE-TYPE We currently explore satellite BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING IN THE ALPINE “data to accelerate the PROTECTION ZONE IN AUSTRIA procedure of biotope mapping of Sentinel-2 facilitates regular updating Sentinel-2 time series analysis taking into account the goals of habitat changes and establishes timely, supports alpine habitat of EU Biodiversity Strategy continuous and region wide comparable assessment (1) by indicating COM(2011)244 final and of EU monitoring, which e. g. is required every six years by the European Habitat Directive. changes in sensitive areas Directive 92/43/EWG.” and (2) as a planning tool for Thus, the Prov. Govt. of Salzburg – Dept. 5/06 explores EO-based solutions for biotope designing in-field mapping. H. Hinterstoisser, Prov. Govt. of Salzburg, Austria – Dept. 5/06 mapping to improve the efficiency of the Sentinel-2 image (band combination 11, 8a, 2), monitoring procedure in alpine areas. Fuschertal valley, at mapping season (August) The challenge Remote or inaccessible areas, such as alpine revealing: vegetation (green), rocks (brown), glacier Outlook to the future The alpine zone above the closed forest (dark blue), snow (light blue), clouds (white). areas, are challenging for nature conservation line hosts habitats for numerous ecological Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] authorities since the ambitions of regularly The implementation of EO based biotope- / sensitive plant and animal communities monitoring and realising nature conservation habitat-mapping techniques into existing stable conditions. This knowledge is then in natural to near natural conditions. As a management activities increase both efforts monitoring systems becomes more feasible used for tasking VHR (very high resolution, consequence of the tough environmental and costs, whilst the available resources are with an increased availability of adequate < 1 x 1 m pixel size) satellite imagery, ideally characteristics of alpine regions (large area, getting more and more limited. RS data meeting the temporal and spatial cloud free and within the vegetation period, to undulating to steep topography, fast changing resolution of nature conservation monitoring derive biotopes with a high spatial resolution weather conditions, short snow free period) needs. However, forthcoming big EO data and thus meeting the legal regulations for field mapping of biotope- and habitat-types challenges have to be tackled with elaborated conservation management needs. Lastly, is cost- and time intensive. However, nature strategies whilst the existing regional to in-field mapping is coordinated based on conservation legislation of Austrian federal international monitoring systems need to be the HR & VHR satellite derived information, states demands area wide biotope-mapping, adapted to include RS derived information. assessing biotopes, which are hard to uncover whereas habitat assessment is required with RS techniques or even unclear, and and within the EU-wide Fauna-Flora-Habitat Acknowledgements is also used for validating the satellite derived Directive (Natura 2000 network). information. The presented work is supported by the 25th BRIDGE programme of the Austrian The space based solution Benefits to Citizens Traditional in-field biotope map (glaciers to valley Research Promotion Agency (FFG), the Prov. In order to monitor alpine habitats at the fine floor), Fuschertal valley (AUT), uncovering biotope Govt. Salzburg, Dept. 5/06, and the LE 14-20 Biodiversity loss threatens the provision level of biotope-types and group of biotopes structures on false colour Sentinel-2 satellite imagery programme. of ecosystem services to human society. a stratified habitat mapping strategy was (band combination 8, 4, 3). With respect to alpine ecosystems the developed based on the usage of recent remote Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] society benefits from services like natural sensing (RS) sources and earth observation Thomas Strasser, S. Lang, A. Luidold resources, the supply of fresh water, carbon (EO) techniques. First Sentinel 2 time series Use of recent RS imagery and EO analysis Z_GIS – University of Salzburg, Austria sequestration, tourism and recreation, analysis supports decision making on alpine techniques foster a more standardised, G. Egger amongst others. Thus, several national and habitat mapping strategies (vegetation transferable and economically viable solution Naturraumplanung Egger e. U. international programmes aim to monitor the period, snow coverage, seasons of cloud free for biotope- / habitat-mapping, which are Klagenfurt, Austria decline of biodiversity and try to halt or at satellite imagery, etc.) and provides rough less biased towards human perception than least slow down these adverse effects by H. Schöndorfer, K. Kulessa information on areas with a high degree of traditional in-field mapping. Moreover, high specific nature protection practices. Spatial Services GmbH, Salzburg, Austria potential changes, as well as areas with than temporal and adequate spatial resolution [email protected]
122 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 123 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 193 HOW COULD COPERNICUS Copernicus data could be BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SUPPORT GRASSLAND “considered as a complementary PROTECTION CONSERVATION? approach to standard ones in Mapping of grasslands and tracking Grassland is not just a feed base the assessment of grasslands management practices using Copernicus for livestock but also serves as a due to the possibility of data allows monitoring of these habitats at habitat for plants and animals. frequent observation of large a scale that would be practically impossible to do with traditional methods. Satellite data Proper management of these areas.” semi-natural habitats is critical cannot fully replace habitat experts but can serve as a valuable complementary tool for Inga Racinska, to maintain their biological value. remote evaluation of grassland status and Mapping of grasslands near Cesis in Vidzeme region. the Latvian Fund of Nature targeted planning of field visits. The challenge Example of the mismatch where ploughed grassland is identified. EU Member States have to report on the the benefit of their descendants. Thus, The lack of appropriate management risks Credit: Contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] status of the natural habitats of EU importance appropriate management approaches are the long-term preservation of grasslands. As every six years. Copernicus provides regular SentiGrass project. crucial. Field visits to sites are necessary grasslands are semi-natural habitats they are data that not only enables regulatory but they are resource (time, labour, etc.) exposed to a variety of risks, such as land use Mapping of grasslands was performed commitments to be fulfilled, but also enables intensive. The free of charge data provided change, conversion to arable lands, invasive using all available Sentinel-2 optical data real-time activities to be supported, for for the whole world by Copernicus enables species, overgrazing or overgrowing (caused scenes and automatically analysed spectral example, monitoring of biologically valuable methods that improve resource management by depopulation and abandonment). The signature of each image pixel to determine grasslands that should be mowed or grazed to be developed whilst also increasing cost- deterioration of grassland quality reduces the whether grassland was present or not. The but cannot be ploughed in order to maintain effectiveness. quality of ecosystem services and functions obtained accuracy was above 90%. Whilst biodiversity. provided, leads to a loss of biodiversity, investigating the misclassifications, it was opens up the possibility of EU sanctions found that the ploughed grasslands are Outlook to the future not classified as grasslands, thus showing and decreases the quality of rural life. The It is planned to apply the developed approach potential for detecting disturbances in existing monitoring practice of physical to a larger scale and map grasslands over grassland cover. visits to grasslands is time- and labour- the whole Latvian territory for further intensive, therefore cost-effective solutions Sentinel-2 optical data has also shown development of the grassland connectivity are necessary that provide information on a potential in the assessment of grass biomass model within the GrassLIFE. large spatial scale. and spread detection of invasive species (e.g. Acknowledgements The space based solution Giant Hogweed), whilst Sentinel-1 radar data is able to fill observation gaps (due This work was carried out within the The joint use of Copernicus Sentinel-1 optical to cloudy sky) and has shown potential for framework of the SentiGrass project funded and Sentinel-2 radar satellite data provides tracking grassland management events (e.g. by the PECS programme of ESA. such benefits as the ability to discriminate ploughing and mowing). spectral optical data, operation of radar data in all weathers as well as repeated image Benefits to Citizens acquisition every 5 - 6 days. Therefore, testing Nature is not only an environmental resource, of Copernicus Sentinel data capabilities for D. Jakovels, A. Brauns, J. Filipovs, J. Taskovs, but also a cultural value. Current generations Detection of Giant Hogweed in grasslands near Cesis mapping of grasslands and monitoring of should preserve and improve their natural in Vidzeme region. R. Abaja their management activities in Vidzeme “inheritances” from their ancestors for Credit: Contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] Institute for Environmental Solutions, Latvia region, in Latvia was performed within the [email protected]
124 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 125 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 177 >> IMPROVING COASTAL Copernicus products provide us BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECOSYSTEM BENEFITS “with vital marine ecosystem PROTECTION UNDER INCREASING information which allows us to conduct missions. Satellite images record PRESSURE to enhance our models and near real-time observations; resulting maps Modelling bird food sources, monitor ecologically relevant are used to visualise and explain trends habitats and ecosystem services proxy variables in order to to policymakers. Moreover, space-based is possible by using Earth observation allows users to acquire continuous inform and advise policy spatio-temporal data, improving the overall Composite optical remote sensing image of the Dutch Observation. monitoring practices in the Wadden Sea. Earth Wadden Sea, highlighting the intertidal mud flats. directives and management.” © Rijkswaterstaat observations, derived products and models -Deltares used for the Wadden Sea support decision The challenge developed through expert analysis are used making and inform measures to protect and by municipalities, and government agencies conserve this unique ecosystem. The Wadden Sea is an internationally relevant, of model outputs which aim to capture the to evaluate regional productivity and highly productive estuarine area, and globally, impacts of management scenarios. This species habitability throughout the Wadden Outlook to the future one of the largest coastal wetlands in generates relationships between proposed Sea. Satellite images can be processed to existence. Its diverse characteristics provide policy and expected outcomes based on data. The development of ecological models detect areas with high mussel and cockle fertile feeding, nursery and breeding grounds based on satellite observation assists in the abundance, or the algae and phytoplankton for various species. Numerous ecosystem development and verification of the suitability which they feed upon; this can be used in services are provided to humans through its and optimisation of managerial strategies. the validation or support of modelling efforts diversity, functionality and aesthetics. However, More accurate predictions will be possible or as stand-alone monitoring products as in recent years increasing pressures have led thanks to higher data availability and the provided by the COPERNICUS platform. to multiple changes in the area, for example coupling of said data with predictive modelling When these images are included in 3D the number of migratory bird species has techniques. Early detection of changing models through the use of data assimilation decreased, and the area of spawning grounds patterns (e.g. declining/increasing populations) methodologies (either automated calibration for critical fishery species has been impacted. can prevent irreversible biodiversity loss or state-updating), enhanced predictions on One of the many nesting avian species residing in the Earth observations help to monitor these Wadden Sea. and help to identify at risk areas. Copernicus system trends and the dynamics within the issues and determine trends and potential services are so vital now and in the future for Wadden Sea can be made. By incorporating Benefits to Citizens pressure impact zones, particularly through identification of areas which need improved the policy and management strategies the use of the new Sentinel series of satellite Without data from satellite missions and management practices and also the for long- into the modelling regime, impacts of the imagery, with the aim of nature conservation complimentary in-situ measurements, model term monitoring efforts. More on this work can strategies on various ecosystem services and monitoring ecosystem functioning. development is limited; these data sets be found at http://www.ecopotential-project.eu/ and functions can be deduced by interpreting are critical for the foundation of Bayesian the resulting indicators. Additionally, The space based solution Networks. Satellite images provide information Acknowledgements Earth observations used by national and on vital proxies to quantity ecosystem Models such as 3D-biogeophyiscal process- regional monitoring agencies can be used The development of Earth observation services, trade-offs, and management based and Bayesian Networks help to in conjunction with statistical modelling Ghadabased Elmodels Serafy, ofAlex the Ziemba Wadden and SeaSonja has Wanke been strategies’ impacts over time, helping inform investigate ecological structures behind activities, such as Bayesian Networks, which Deltares,supported The by Netherlands the H2020 ECOPOTENTIAL on the decrease of birds whilst simultaneously shifting trends and provide a foundation to are able to describe ecosystem services and [email protected] (Grant Agreement number 641762). providing data on key ecological indicators. evaluate and forecast the impact of potential highlight their potential trade-offs through [email protected] 2009, the Dutch-German Wadden Sea was Earth observation is much more cost-effective management strategies. Direct outputs such probabilistic impact relationships. These [email protected] on the UNESCO World Heritage List and less time consuming than monitoring as maps of indicators generated by Delft-3D networks are trained with a combination Silviaand extended Giamberini, with National the Danish Research Wadden Council Sea programmes which require expensive vessels in 2014. modelling suite and impact assessments of remote sensing data and an ensemble of Italy (CNR), Italy, [email protected]
126 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 127 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 161 MAKING SEAGRASSES Sentinel data can support BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL GREAT AGAIN “scientists and decision PROTECTION Mediterranean seagrasses are makers with coastal habitat Outlook to the future overlooked and regressed, yet monitoring and conservation.” they comprise the largest ocean In the near future, we envisage integrating our Antonis Barnias, algorithms with the recently launched Google carbon sinks. Here, we present Samaria National Park Earth Engine and the soon-to-be-launched how we are exploiting Sentinel-2 DIAS (Copernicus Data and Information Access imagery to monitor Mediterranean Services) – both cloud computing platforms – Generally, the twin Sentinel-2 satellites could seagrasses. Machine learning-based classification of Posidonia and develop workflows which we could adjust oceanica seagrass meadows integrating Sentinel-2 mitigate Mediterranean seagrass degradation both in space and time to map and monitor and field data, NW Aegean Sea. in a time- and cost-efficient fashion by seagrasses basin-wide (e.g. Mediterranean The challenge Credit: Contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] identifying problematic areas. This would in Sea) but also globally. As we are moving from turn lead to the successful protection of the In the era of human-induced climate change, extensive field data in the entire extent of Big Data to Big Indicators – where highly plethora of important ecosystem services that Mediterranean seagrasses – underwater the Greek Seas (Figure 1). The enhancement accurate, continuously produced, global-scale these underwater habitats provide – carbon flowering plants – absorb and store carbon of the Sentinel-2 coastal aerosol band from indicators monitor the health of the most capture, coastal erosion protection, nursery dioxide, the so-called “blue carbon”. Posidonia 60-m/ to 10-m/pixel (Figure 2) is integral in vital ecosystems on Earth – we hope that our and fishing grounds – through the creation of oceanica which is iconic and endemic in the our methodology due to the resulting greater workflows will galvanise the incorporation of Marine Protected Areas. Mediterranean, is indeed the species with spatial information and depth range. In fact, seagrasses to this era during which, every the largest stocks of blue carbon amongst employing this enhanced band, we mapped P. physical change will be indexed and related all seagrasses. It could therefore act as a oceanica seagrass beds up to depths of 32 m biophysical parameters, including carbon natural carbon capture technology, mitigating in the south of Crete. sequestration of seagrasses, will be accurately climate change. Despite being protected by We also apply a series of corrections to mapped, naturally, given the availability of EU legislation, Mediterranean seagrasses are decrease the interferences of the atmosphere, relevant field data. declining. The unprecedented growth of Earth water surface and water column on the Observation is deemed necessary to resolve Acknowledgements Sentinel-2 data, hence increasing the accuracy their existing trends, unravel data issues of the machine learning classifications. We thank the European Commission and ESA and allow for their better management and for providing Sentinel-2 data through the conservation in a time- and cost-efficient Benefits to Citizens Copernicus Open Access Hub. fashion. Our recent satellite-based interranual change The space based solution detection in the Thermaikos Gulf (NW Aegean Sea) revealed a decreasing trend in the area Dimosthenis Traganos, Peter Reinartz1, Recent advances in Earth Observation in of P. oceanica seagrass habitat. Based on its 2 terms of optical satellite technology, cloud Dimitris Poursanidis, Nektarios Chrysoulakis ecological value, this translates into a financial computing and machine learning algorithms 1. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote loss of 19,264 €/yr and a further impact on have created the perfect storm which Sensing of Technology Institute, Germany, the fishery grounds of the Thermaikos which could aid high spatio-temporal, large-scale 2. Foundation for Research and Technology, exhibit the second largest fishing catch quantity mapping and monitoring of Mediterranean Hellas, Institute of Applied and Computational in all Greek Seas. The degradation observed seagrasses. More specifically, DLR and FORTH Mathematics, Greece. could be attributed to coastal development, join forces towards a large-scale P. oceanica Enhancement of Sentinel-2 coastal aerosol band 1 eutrophication, but also to climate change in from 60m/pixel (A) to 10m/pixel (B) with indicated [email protected] seagrass mapping and monitoring approach the broader area of the Gulf. location of P. oceanica seagrass. [email protected] using Copernicus Sentinel-2 data and existing Credit: Contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] [email protected] [email protected]
128 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 129 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 179 MAPPING BURNED AREAS The Sentinel-2 based NOFFi- BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL USING SENTINEL-2 “OBAM service constitutes a PROTECTION IMAGES new invaluable tool in post-fire cases were communicated to the authorities An operational semi-automated management.” responsible for investigating the causes of burned area mapping service was Antonios Kapetanios, Directorate General the fire. developed within the context of of Forests and Forest Environment, Hellenic the NOFFi project in Greece. Ministry of Environment and Energy Outlook to the future NOFFi-OBAM has received very positive produce a mapping was 6 to 7 days after the feedback from all stakeholders that used start of the fire. Burned area mapping performed using Sentinel-2 the service. The service will be further developed through a follow-up project due The challenge imagery for a transboundary wildfire between Albania Benefits to Citizens and Greece in 2017. to begin shortly, which will also evaluate Wildfires constitute an important Accurate and timely burned area mapping the possibility of exploiting the active fire operationally used in Greece, on a national environmental pressure in Mediterranean is essential for designing both short-term products of Sentinel-3 for automatically level. The service (implemented as a plugin in countries, with significant consequent impacts ecosystem restoration measures and direct initiating the mapping process. Moreover, the free and open-source GIS software QGIS), both in forested ecosystems and urban areas pre-emptive measures that can mitigate the additional funding is currently being pursued was first employed on a pre-operational basis (e.g., increased risk of floods due to loss possible impacts of the fire/heavy rainfall for securing the observatory’s uninterrupted during the 2016 fire season, mapping 30 large of vegetation cover in the wildland-urban combination (soil erosion, increased debris operation. NOFFi also includes two other wildfires in Greece (25,683.72 ha in total), two interface). Timely burned area mapping is flow, floods, etc.). Hence, the results were services related to fire prevention and risk in Cyprus and one between Greece and FYROM. essential in post-fire management. However, also used by the General Secretariat for assessment (a fuel type mapping service and the high number of fires, the extensiveness During the 2017 fire season the service was Civil Protection, as well as NGOs. Timely a midterm fire danger index), which are also of the areas affected and—in many cases—the employed systematically, mapping burned burned area mapping is also important for plans to exploit Copernicus Sentinel data in difficulty in approaching steep or remote areas areas from 97 wildfires in Greece (20,709.67 monitoring and safeguarding against illegal the future. render the official fire perimeter delineation, ha in total) and two between Albania activities within the affected area. We also typically performed through fieldwork, a very and Greece. In addition, a network with found a few cases where a Sentinel-2 image Acknowledgements challenging task. representatives from all local forestry offices was acquired just after the start of the fire, This work was supported by the NOFFi was created, in order to establish a direct line highlighting the exact starting location. These Operational high-resolution satellite images project, which is implemented in collaboration of communication between the providers of constitute a cost-effective alternative in with the Directorate General of Forests and the service and the primary stakeholders. As mapping wildfires, also offering much higher Forest Environment of the Hellenic Ministry a result, in certain cases even burned areas accuracy and timeliness than fieldwork. of Environment and Energy and funded by less than a hectare were mapped, if the local Greece’s Green Fund. The space based solution forestry office believed it was important. D. Stavrakoudis1, A. Stefanidou1, C. Minakou1, Although the methodology allows the use Within the National Observatory of Forest I. Gitas1, A. Kapetanios2 of other high-resolution satellite data, we Fires (NOFFi — http://epadap.web.auth.gr), 1. Laboratory of Forest Management and we developed a semi-automated burned area almost only used Sentinel-2 images in both Remote Sensing, Aristotle University of mapping service (so-called NOFFi-OBAM), fire seasons, because they have an almost Thessaloniki, GREECE exploiting Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite data optimal spatial resolution for burned area WebGIS platform developed to disseminate the 2. Directorate General of Forests and Forest for mapping burned areas shortly after the mapping and — most importantly — high results of the project, which also incorporates a fire and with the highest possible accuracy. image acquisition frequency. In 2017 in burned area viewing service, open to the public Environment, Ministry of Environment and NOFFi-OBAM has been deployed and particular, when Sentinel-2B had also been (http://epadap.web.auth.gr/?lang=en). Energy, GREECE delivering images, the average time to [email protected]
130 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 131 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 145 MONITORING COASTAL Thanks to the SAIMON, BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL WATERS IN NEAR REAL “we are able to provide PROTECTION TIME to our citizens accurate Furthermore, it is a great tool for the scientific SAIMON is a Near Real Time and reliable information community to monitor the Epirus Coastal area satellite network for monitoring about the Eutrophication in near real time, watch the tendencies over the Eutrophication Risk in the SAIMON user interface for the monitoring of a period of time and predict or even prevent Eutrophication Risk in the Coastal area of Epirus risk in our regions coastal Coastal waters of the province the consequences of the Eutrophication region. area on a daily basis.” of Thesprotia (Region of Epirus, Phenomenon. Greece). service, was developed for monitoring Serafim Tsipelis, Director of Water Directorate Outlook to the future Eutrophication Risk in the wider Coastal Area of Decentralized Administration of Epirus and of Epirus Region. Western Macedonia The Water Directorate of Decentralised The challenge Administration of Epirus and Western Sentinel-3 data were used for extracting In order to monitor the Eutrophication Macedonia had faith in developing and information about important parameters such risk in the Coastal Waters of the Epirus adopting innovative technologies in order as: Chlorophyll, Sea Surface Temperature and Region, a service has been developed for to improve their environmental monitoring Water Transparency. the Water Directorate of the Decentralised services they provide to their citizens whilst Administration of Epirus and Western These parameters are being inserted reducing the costs of using traditional on-site Macedonia. automatically into the SAIMON service. measurement methods. Every time new Sentinel -3 Imagery is The most accurate method of measuring water With the increasing availability of satellite available over the area of interest, the service quality in coastal areas is the collection of data Chlorophyll measurements in SAIMON service for data through the Copernicus programme downloads it automatically, performs all the on the field. These parameters that define the Water Directorate of Decentralized Administration and the successful practices and examples measurements for the parameters needed status of water quality are described in the of Epirus and Western Macedonia that have already been deployed in several and produces the results for the specific EC Water Framework Directive (WFD) of 2000 sectors, a great range of opportunities in day. These results are thematic maps with and the Marine Strategy Directive (MSFD) of Benefits to Citizens environmental monitoring is presented. a range bar legend for each of the measured 2008. parameter. One of the important duties that the Solutions to citizens’ everyday problems should The challenge SAIMON had to meet was to water directorate of the Decentralised always be the lead objective in designing new The service is provided using Rheticus®, provide accurate measurements of the data Administrations of Greece has to do is to innovative technologies for improving their an automatic cloud-based geoinformation needed for defining the risk of Eutrophication provide to its users, who are fishermen, lives. SAIMON is a great example of how to service platform and is available through in near real-time without having to have fish farms, scientific community or even the approach the problem and finally develop a http://saimon.rheticus.eu/saimon daily on-site measurements. With this citizens, all the information needed concerning successful service for solving it. solution, the region would be able to provide It is worth mentioning that the Water Quality the quality of the water in the coastal areas directly to its users (fish farmers, scientific monitoring service was initially designed and they live and/or work in. community, citizens) accurate data with much developed within the framework of the ESA With SAIMON, this information is provided lower operational costs and with a wider area funded MarCoast project. reliably, accurately and directly to people who Stelios Bollanos, Planetek Hellas coverage. With SAIMON, the Water Directorate is able can have an easy access to the service. This [email protected] makes SAIMON a valuable tool for fishermen Yiota Spastra, Planetek Hellas The space based solution to have a reliable tool that covers a wide area and works in all weather conditions. and fish farms for monitoring changes in the [email protected] A space-based solution was the key in order fish population and provides them with all Serafim Tsipelis, Decentralized Administration to meet the challenge described above. the necessary information to make decisions of Epirus and Western Macedonia SAIMON, a cloud-based geoinformation regarding their production. [email protected]
132 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 133 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 162 MONITORING MOUNTAIN The use of Sentinel data has BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL GRASSLAND TO SUSTAIN “improved the control and PROTECTION WILD HERBIVORES management of high altitude important ecosystem services such as water Combined use of Earth grasslands providing plenty of and climate regulation. observation data and empirical information for remote areas.” models support the management Outlook to the future Ramona Viterbi, Gran Paradiso National Park of wild herbivores and Protected areas need multiple monitoring biodiversity of the Gran Paradiso High altitude grasslands at the Nivolet Plain tools, combined with ecological and National Park, in Italy. (Gran Paradiso National Park). be used for planning interventions in the biogeochemical modelling and data analysis. © Antonello Provenzale management of forest encroachment as well The ECOPOTENTIAL project is currently working with 24 protected areas across in situ data, models and climatic projections, as in informing the management plan of the The challenge Europe and beyond in improving the use of and deriving plant productivity, snow cover, park and taking decisions regarding permitting. High-altitude grasslands, essential for the Earth observation for the management of surface temperature, as well as changes sustainment of mountain herbivores, are semi- protected areas. ECOPOTENTIAL is developing in land cover from MODIS, Landsat and natural habitats resulting from agro-pastoral an open on-line platform linked to the Copernicus Sentinel 2 data. activities and represent more than 30% of the information system of the international Group surface in Gran Paradiso National Park. The park managers and the scientific staff on Earth Observation, which will host remote can now rely on Earth observation derived sensing derived data, ecological models The abandonment of traditional management data, elaborated using several models and and tools targeted to protected areas, that practices, together with climate change, are algorithms, to programme and optimise field can also be used by non-experts in remote altering their plant composition and growth, surveys and management actions. sensing technologies. leading to tree encroachment, affecting the Remote sensing derived data like vegetal net ecosystem CO2 exchange and causing a Acknowledgements decrease in biodiversity. biomass growth, weekly updated snow cover maps and identification of anticipation The ECOPOTENTIAL project is funded by the All such changes can seriously affect both of green-up inform empirical models on the Copernicus Sentinel-2 false colour image of Gran European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and the traditional landscapes and wild animal dynamics of large herbivore populations that Paradiso National Park. Red and brown areas innovation programme (grant agreement No populations, also reducing the attractiveness can be used by the park technical staff to correspond to forest and prairies (acquired on 641762). of the park for sustainable tourism. understand criticalities affecting population 23/07/2016). © CREAF for ECOPOTENTIAL Consortium. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] Detailed surveys are necessary but extremely trends. difficult in remote areas covered with snow The array of available data, also combined for a large part of the year. Benefits to Citizens with population dynamics and distribution The use of Earth observation products has led models, allows more effective monitoring The space based solution of the park’s biodiversity and herbivores’ to a deeper knowledge of the park’s territory, Mariasilvia Giamberini1, Antonello Provenzale1, enabling better management of the park and survival. Overall, more effective knowledge- The H2020 project ECOPOTENTIAL assessed Simona Imperio2, Ilaria Baneschi1, the status of mountain grasslands in Gran the optimisation of its resources. This has informed decisions can be taken, allowing an Ramona Viterbi3 Paradiso National Park by investigating the also resulted in a reduction in the cost of on- improvement of conservation of the natural 1. National Research Council of Italy, IGG-CNR ongoing and expected changes in rainfall, site monitoring and targeting management landscape and animal populations that also plant productivity, biodiversity and carbon intervention, resulting in a more efficient use sustain ecological tourism in the Park, whose 2. Italian National Institute for Environmental cycling in meadows under different climatic, of public economical resources. mission is to protect species and habitats, Protection and Research environmental and land-use regimes, using contributing to the implementation of the 3. Gran Paradiso National Park In particular, maps of land use change can EU biodiversity strategy, and to preserve [email protected]
134 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 135 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 151 REGIONAL FLOOD My colleagues from the BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING WITH “environment and the flood PROTECTION SENTINELS DATA departments are very flood mapping service was monitoring the Complementary to the Copernicus interested; this information evolution of the situation of the main rivers Emergency Management Service, would complement the in the North East (e.g. Ill, Meuse, Meurthe, a dedicated service for local flood theoretical models very well.” Sarre, Zorn), thanks to the 20 successive monitoring is also available at Sentinel-1 radar acquisitions (in ascending regional level for small Frank Pouvreau, Direction départementale and descending modes) with an average des territoires du Bas-Rhin, French Ministry of one observation every 1.5 days over the and mid-size events. of Ecological and Solidarity Transition month. Maps were made available to the public through SERTIT’s website and geo- The challenge past events may also be provided through the information products provided through the exploitation of archive satellite data. EUGENIUS regional hub which is using The importance of water resources and Main rivers of the French Grand Est Region: flooding INSPIRE standards and allows products to the increasing frequency of flood events situation, the 23 January 2018. be downloaded by the users’ community around the world over the last few decades, surveillance mission, which has opened the (local authorities, 10 departments of the emphasise the need for timely and cost- door to the setting up of a regional systematic Grand Est Region) for further analyses (e.g. effective monitoring. Earth Observation Flood Monitoring Service, filling the gap in situation management, flood model tuning, technique has already demonstrated its flood related geo-information user demand at flood prevention action). capacity in detecting and monitoring flooded local level. areas. For flood emergency situations, geo- Outlook to the future information and maps related to large scale The space based solution catastrophic events are provided to Civil Within EUGENIUS, the flood service is Protection organisations or NGOs within Within the framework of the EUGENIUS foreseen to be deployed in other European the framework of the Copernicus Emergency H2020, an European network of service regions which are regularly subject to Mapping Service (EMS Rapid Mapping). providers is delivering geo-information flooding (e.g. Occitania in France or Northern services to the regional and local European Greece). This downstream service illustrates In the case of regional (local) small and mid- market; based on the combined exploitation the whole Copernicus value-chain benefits for size flood events, until now, no service has of Copernicus satellite data (especially Ill river flood extent, upstream of Strasbourg city, the territory planning community, for flood been available for systematic observation Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2) and local data, a observed by Sentinel-1A satellite on 23 January 2018 risk prevention and management authorities and monitoring of flood footprint evolution in common catalogue of thematic services has as well as for individual citizens. space and time. This requested information been set up, amongst which, the regional Benefits to Citizens should support application domains such as flood monitoring service delivered by SERTIT. Deployed in the French Grand Est Region Acknowledgements environment, biotopes, wetland and water during the first year of the project, the management, flood prevention plan and flood This service allows for the collection of geo- This project has received funding from the EU flood mapping service demonstrated its modelling, land planning or the insurance sector. information related to ongoing regional plain H2020 research and innovation programme floods. During the event, thanks to the high usefulness during the large flood events under grant agreement No 730150 EUGENIUS The Sentinels constellation constitutes revisit frequency of the Sentinels satellites, which have affected France in January 2018. H2020-EO-2016. a milestone in the spatial and temporal the flood extent, observed at the time of Whereas Copernicus EMS, activated over the improvements of satellite systematic acquisition, and its evolution, can be delivered Northern part of France, and the surrounding N. Tholey, J. Maxant, M. Studer observations, which is of special interest areas of Paris, was in charge of the rapid shortly after EO data reception. After the event, and P. de Fraipont for flood information collection. These flood maximum extent, impact, or duration, mapping of the Seine river flooding, and its ICube-SERTIT, France satellites are able to ensure efficient routine are also proposed. Geo-information related to main tributaries (EMSR265), the regional [email protected]
136 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 137 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 112 THE POTENTIAL OF A Marine-EO will provide relevant BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRE COMMERCIAL “new tools for monitoring one PROTECTION PROCUREMENT APPROACH of the biggest EEZ in Europe: A more effective marine monitoring service IN EARTH OBSERVATION The Azores archipelago.” will be beneficial for the Portuguese, Spanish, A Horizon 2020 funded project Filipe Porteiro, Norwegian and Greek citizens in regards to aimed at developing customised Regional Director of Maritime Affairs some of their more precious natural resources. solutions based on Copernicus The Mediterranean Sea based Public Authorities, working on security, will be able Downstream Services for Marine increasing the visibility of one of the main EU The map shows the coastal erosion susceptibility to access new services and subsequently Monitoring and Security. space flagships: Earth Observation. Marine- status in Santa Maria Island (Azores) and aims to take more accurate action as well as protect provide comprehensive knowledge of the potential EO will ensure that Europe’s investment in their assets. The challenge impact on Azores islands of different natural space infrastructure is exploited to the benefit disasters as well as identify assets at risk. The map of citizens and supported by European space Outlook to the future The Marine-EO project teams up a group of five was produced on 22/12/2015 by GEOAPINOKISIS science. Furthermore, the Marine-EO project maritime authorities (the Buyers Group) and After a successful implementation of the Pre- (EL) – NOA (EL) –CIMA (IT)-ALTAMIRA (ES) under the will promote the development of innovative four scientific and technical organisations with Commercial Procurement, the buyers’ group service contract nr. 259811 of the EC. products and services based on remote significant experience in Earth Observation and will apply a dedicated plan to support large- Credit: Contain Copernicus Sentinel data [2015] sensing, geo-positioning or other types maritime matters. These institutions face a scale deployment of innovative solutions. of satellite-enabled data as well as geo- common challenge which is to develop, test and Environment Monitoring and Climate Change: This process will link to the use of European information already generated by services validate a bundle of innovative EO downstream The SATOCEAN service provides information Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF). such as authorities to pursue a shared services, bringing incremental or radical about ocean parameters variability in time Several “High-Level Scenarios,” which will and comprehensive approach to maritime innovations in the field of maritime awareness, and space, best probable fishing areas, fish primarily form the EU cooperation umbrella security risk analysis and to make informed leveraging on the existing Copernicus Services farm locations, and water quality. It also in the EO services for maritime surveillance, decisions in operationally relevant timelines (i.e. CMEMS, Security) and other products from incorporates sea ice extent for safe navigation will be prepared for the post Marine-EO by increasingly supplying them with diverse the Copernicus portfolio. At the end of the PCP and maritime operations in the Arctic. period. The potential continuation of Marine- imagery, intelligence products, and services. process, the services that will be procured EO activities through a Public Procurement of • Thematic Area 2 – Copernicus Security: The are expected to contribute to the Common Innovative Solutions (PPI), the reinforcement SATSURVEILLANCE service contributes to Information Sharing Environment (CISE) of EU cooperation and the interaction with the the development of EUROSUR regulation, and other relevant frameworks related to Copernicus services about future initiatives, by providing services in response to maritime awareness. will be addressed. Europe’s security challenges in the domains The space based solution of Border Security, as the monitoring of Acknowledgements unusual/irregular activity around a Critical The Marine-EO project seeks to establish Infrastructure and the enhanced change This project received funding from the EU EO-based services, covering sea-basins of detection for evidence of embarking or Horizon 2020 R&I programme under grant the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Arctic, by disembarking of irregular immigrants. agreement nº. 730098. adapting Copernicus data and information regarding the Marine Environment, to meet Benefits to Citizens This Sentinel-1A radar image was processed to Fábio Vieira1 the demand of the procurers. depict water in blue and land in earthen colours. It Eleonora Doukoudaki, Eirini Papadopoulou, Overall, the project will contribute to features some of the Azores islands and highlights the Stelios C.A. Thomopoulos, The innovative services are divided into two European society by meeting the objectives differences in the relief of the islands, with volcanoes thematic areas: defined in the Commission Communication on and mountains clearly standing out. Alkis Astyakopoulos, NCSRD Space Industrial Policy whilst simultaneously Credit: Contain Copernicus Sentinel data [2015]/ESA, 1. FRCT • Thematic Area 1 – Copernicus Marine CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO released on 09/10/2015 [email protected]
138 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 139 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 109 TREE SPECIES MAPPING Land cover and tree BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL WITH MULTITEMPORAL “distribution are main interests PROTECTION SENTINEL-2 DATA of the biosphere reserve space based solution contributes to several Derivation of main land cover management. With the aid of projects initiated by the University of Natural classes and a detailed tree these two products we have a Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) species distribution map from solid database for monitoring and the BPWW Management. Furthermore, students of various master programmes at Copernicus datasets in UNESCO’s and know where to focus, for Biosphere Reserve Wienerwald. BOKU can directly benefit from the gathered instance, when it comes to the knowledge on effective exploitation of S2 topic of green corridors.” data for tree species mapping. Outlook to the future The challenge Dr. Herbert Greisberger, UNESCO’s biosphere reserves are model Director, Biosphere Reserve Wienerwald The potential value of other Copernicus missions regions for promoting and developing is well recognized. We work on approaches to sustainability. Ecological balance, economic water). The developed semi-automated combine S2 imagery with remotely sensed security and social equity are the three workflow includes feature selection and model data from other sensors (e.g. of the Sentinels pillars. In biosphere reserves, stakeholders optimization. In addition, we implemented constellation) to further increase classification aim to develop, implement and evaluate a change-detection application to monitor accuracy, class depth and the spatial resolution models of sustainable use. This requires forest management activities. Copernicus data of our product. Application of our method in detailed and up-to-date information about enables us to achieve consistent and spatially other forested areas and/or other biosphere the biosphere including its natural assets. accurate mapping of tree species. reserves would be highly appreciated. The biosphere reserve Wienerwald (BPWW), Acknowledgements founded by the federal States of Lower Cumulated tree species and land cover product from Benefits to Citizens Austria and Vienna, covers an area of 105,645 the Biosphere Reserve Wienerwald derived from The derived product represents the first tree We thank our project partners Austrian hectares (of which 60% is forest) and extends Copernicus S2-data. species distribution map of the BPWW and Federal Forests (ÖBf), Forestry Office and across 51 communities in Lower Austria and satellites delivers earth observation data of now constitutes an important basis for the Urban Agriculture of Vienna (MA 49) and seven municipal districts of Vienna. Some unprecedented quality. The sensors on board sustainable development of the reserve. The forest enterprise of Heiligenkreuz Abbey for 815,000 people live in the region of BPWW of S2 capture 13 spectral bands at 10, 20 established workflow serves as an efficient providing reference information. The research which incorporates 15 nature preserves. and 60 m spatial resolution and pass every tool to detect the high variety of tree species was partly supported by the Austrian Unfortunately, the current information about point on Earth at least every five days (even which is crucial for the maintenance of current Research Promotion Agency through the the forest ecosystem is based on a patchwork more frequently in areas of overlapping ecosystem services in one of Europe’s largest ASAP project 854027 EO4Forest. of different data sources and is not up-to-date. orbits). Using advanced image processing contiguous broad-leaved forests. Furthermore, The space based solution tools and machine learning techniques, it is the product can be used to derive parameters possible to produce highly accurate and up- which are directly related to the recent Markus Immitzer, Martin Neuwirth, Sebastian We demonstrate how Sentinel-2 (S2) to-date tree species maps from time series utilization of forest resources in the biosphere satellite data can be used to support land of S2 images. In our case study, we used 18 reserve. Forest enterprises, forest authorities Böck, Francesco Vuolo, Clement Atzberger administrations such as biosphere reserves to cloud-free S2 scenes acquired between August and administrations, as well as site managers, University of Natural Resources and Life achieve their goals by providing detailed land 2015 and October 2017 for the classification benefit from such detailed tree species and Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) cover and tree species related information. of 12 tree species (seven broad-leaved and timely forest change mapping. The tool and Harald Brenner, Herbert Greisberger With its high spatial, spectral and temporal five coniferous species) and four non-forest methodology can be applied globally for similar Biosphärenpark Wienerwald Management GmbH resolution, the twin constellation of S2 classes (grassland, agriculture, built-up and classification tasks. Additionally, the proposed [email protected]
140 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 141 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning 141 WETLAND FUNCTIONAL This application has transformed BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT “the way we manage the public PROTECTION Hydrological, biogeochemical land of Sougéal marshes for and ecological wetland functions that qualify for restoration or compensation biodiversity and conservation measures under the Habitats and Water can be assessed using Earth issues.” Framework Directives of the European Union. Observation data and multi- Specifically, this tool has the potential to criteria analysis to meet Aurélien Bellanger, Communauté de Communes provide a mapping of ecosystem services, du Pays de Dol et de la Baie du Mont-Saint-Michel the challenges of wetland conservation management priorities, and management and conservation. possible improvements in water resources management.
The challenge Outlook to the future Wetlands have hydrological, biogeochemical, Lately, preliminary tests using cost-free and ecological functions that are widely Sentinel-1/2 time series pointed out that this recognised. Traditionally, functional data could improve the result. Specifically, assessment approaches have been based on multispectral Sentinel-2 data provide a more GIS layers derived from Earth observation data that field observations, and therefore, have been detailed characterisation of vegetation at were used to characterize the wetlands examined; limited to sites of a few hectares. However, the level of plant associations, whilst SAR Couesnon marshes, Britany, France. some processes, such as nutrient fluxes that Sentinel-1 time-series are relevant to accurately influence water quality, need to be considered wetlands All these maps can be derived from monitor surface water extent. Thus, Sentinel on a catchment scale. Earth observation airborne-based and/or space-based solutions data should lead to the development of finer data represent a potentially practical and such as Lidar and stereoscopic data, optical descriptors related to soil properties, such as economically suitable tool for extracting and radar time-series from which vegetation moisture content or nutrient concentrations. functional descriptors of wetlands. indices are extracted for instance. All these maps express the controlling variables that Acknowledgements The space based solution determine the functional performances of the This study was supported by the Zone Atelier Wetland functions are differentiated into wetlands for various ecosystems services. Armorique programme (CNRS), KALIDEOS spatial units accounting for multiple criteria They are then combined using multi-criteria Bretagne (CNES). We are also grateful to extracted from various spatial data source. analysis to evaluate the overall functional local authorities (Communauté de Communes These wetland-related geographic information assessment of wetlands. Map of wetland functions at the catchment scale. du Pays de Dol et de la Baie du Mont- system layers are derived from Earth Example for the Flood peak attenuation; Couesnon Saint-Michel) and water managers (SAGE Benefits to Citizens marshes, Britany, France. observation data available on a fine and large- Couesnon). scale making this method reproducible on any Most of the described data are freely available, of European Functional Assessment other study sites. The spatially-explicit criteria which is of great interest for managers. Procedures (PROTOWET, EVALUWET) in Laurence Hubert-Moy, Sébastien Rapinel, UMR used to map these functional indicators are Mapping of hydrological, biogeochemical, mapping and simulating ecosystem functions LETG 6554 CNRS the following: a map of the hydrogeomorphic and ecological wetland functions over large across different scenarios; this facilitates Eric POTTIER, UMR IETR 6164 CNRS units, a hydrographic network map, a areas is an efficient tool for policymakers compromises amongst the stakeholders. Cendrine MONY, UMR ECOBIO 6553 CNRS vegetation map, a map of annual floods and other stakeholders including water Furthermore, these maps have enabled a Aurélien BELLANGER, Communauté de Com- duration, a map of biomass production, a authorities, nature conservation agencies, characterisation of the functional connections munes du Pays de Dol et de la Baie du Mont map of the meadows management modes and farmers. To date, the feedback received that are present at catchment level, and this Saint Michel and finally a map of the external limits of the from managers highlights the usefulness has led to the objective identification of sites [email protected]
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CLIMATE, WATER AND ENERGY
Water is life. In too many regions in Europe and worldwide, this precious resource is coming under increasing pressure, in particular from economic activities. In parallel, demands for energy are ever increasing, calling for secure, affordable and sustainable production practices. Climate change affects the availability of water and energy in multiple ways. Effective mitigation and adaptation measures need to be taken to reduce exposure and vulnerability to shortages of water and energy and to many other aspects induced by climatic changes. However, it is apparent that with demands for energy, water, and food growing around the world, there are many opportunities for the needs in one area to produce unintended outcomes in another, with unexpected broader economic, environmental, and security consequences. Understanding the implications of these linkages is indispensable to the development of sound policies. In this respect, the EU and its Member States agreed to a global action plan for climate to put the world on track to limit global warming to well below 2°C. In parallel, other relevant policies provide for “good quality” rivers, lakes, ground and coastal waters (e.g. EU Water Framework Directive) and for ensuring progress towards a carbon-free economy by 2020 (e.g. EU Renewable Energy Directive). Well- informed action must be taken at all levels: global, regional, national, and local solutions are needed to tackle systemic problems facing the Earth and its interactions with society. At regional level, mitigation and adaptation to climatic changes will occur most efficiently where local water and energy agencies can pool resources and competences to address issues that will inevitably cross local boundaries. Through its dedicated Climate Change Service, Copernicus provides authoritative, quality-assured information to help our understanding of climate change and inform the development of policies addressing mitigation and adaptation measures. This leverages on all relevant Earth observations data and on information available from the other Copernicus Services. Data from all Copernicus Sentinel satellites are relevant in this respect, being related to e.g. glaciers and ice-sheets (Sentinel-1), sea surface temperature and ocean surface height (Sentinel-3), methane, ozone and cloud/aerosol (Sentinel-5P). Copernicus data and products can support the development of sustainable practices related to water and energy management through e.g. monitoring of inland water basins and snow/glaciers or performance forecasting for Jakobshavn Glacier, Greenland renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and hydropower. Credit: ESA OVERVIEW OF COPERNICUS USER STORIES
Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level EARTH OBSERVATION AND DON’T POUR MONEY DOWN THE Midtjylland Vestjylland S1 4 THE COASTAL ZONE: FROM South Holland DRAIN -FIX IT! S1, S2 GLOBAL IMAGES TO LOCAL (Zuid-Holland) Central Hungary GLOBAL REAL TIME ONLINE INFORMATION (Közép- Hungary Balaton Sea S2, S3 WATER QUALITY MAPPING KEEPING TRACK OF Magyarország) Iceland RETREATING GLACIERS IN Landsbyggð S2 5 (Ísland) INFORMING WATER Attica ICELAND RESOURCES MANAGERS IN (Περιφέρεια Sardegna S2 3 NEW LEVEL OF BALTIC Lesser Poland SARDINIA Αττικής) Pomeranian SEA MONITORING USING Voivodeship S3 3 Border, Midland and Voivodeship MONITORING GROUNDWATER SENTINEL-3 DATA (Małopolska) Western FLOODING IN IRELAND USING Dublin Region S1 3 SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR Partly southern and SENTINEL-1 SAR AN IMPROVED COASTAL Nouvelle Aquitaine Nouvelle Aquitaine S2 3/4 Eastern MANAGEMENT WATER BODIES DETECTION ON SATELLITE MONITORING OF A PORTAL WHEREISWATER.AT Slovenia Slovenia S1 4/5 SUSPENDED PARTICULATE Basilicata Basilicata S2, S3 2 (VODAKJE.SI) MATTER HOW COPERNICUS SUPPORTS Oberbayern Trier S1, S2 3 SENTINEL-2 MISSION THE ENERGY TRANSITION SUPPORTS COASTAL Cádiz Cádiz S2 3 The relevant Copernicus data and Information refer to the Copernicus Sentinel data and/or to the Copernicus MANAGEMENT FOR OPTIMIZED (Cádiz) Service information mentioned in the User Story. For the definition of the Usage Maturity Level, please refer to DECISION MAKING the Introduction. SPACE-BASED APPROACH TO MONITORING PEATLAND North Yorkshire S1, S2 3 RESTORATION TRACKING ALGAL BLOOMS ON Klaipeda County Lithuania S2, S3 3 THE CURONIAN LAGOON TRACKING STORMS AND Europe + Tropical Brittany HURRICANES USING SAR areas, including French S1 3 (Bretagne) IMAGES Overseas Departments All regions of UK, Finland, the A VIEW OF YOUR INLAND Lombardy Netherlands, Estonia, S2, S3 4 WATER BODIES FROM SPACE (Lombardia) Lithunia and Italy (Lombardia and Umbria)
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EARTH OBSERVATION This tool provides very relevant CLIMATE, WATER AND THE COASTAL ZONE: “information on the coastal AND ENERGY FROM GLOBAL IMAGES status and delivers this in a Its open data approach offers opportunities TO LOCAL INFORMATION format beneficial for use by for ‘data-collaboration’ within existing open Copernicus helps to harness the managers and coastal engineers source communities. This was tested in potential of foreshores to be used helping them to design cost- four different European countries, hands-on as part of nature-based solutions training sessions and during webinars. “The intricate network of channels and creeks effective sustainable flood towards reducing coastal flood Outlook to the future and erosion risk. contrasts with the regular shapes of transformed safety solutions” saltmarsh (right of picture),” writes Edward P. Morris, The MI-SAFE platform is unique in its Sentinel-2 ‘Colour vision’ photo competition. Prof. Dr. Ir. Stefan Aarninkhof, combination of modelling and EO capability. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] The challenge Delft University of Technology We believe that we have created a flexible Achieving fully integrated and sustainable This approach thus makes use of scientific platform to further evolve and adapt to coastal zone management is one of the innovations to derive evidence and actionable accommodating new developments in greatest challenges facing European Union information from Earth Observation (EO) data-availability and requests from users Member States. Sea level rise, climate change resources, with a particular focus on the for adapted functionalities in advanced and increasing coastal pressures, intensify this capabilities of the European Copernicus modalities through training and cooperation. challenge, demanding innovative approaches programme. By aligning a wide range of Increasing the temporal resolution (seasonal towards coastal management, including flood disciplines, this approach resulted in the and annual) is a valuable next step that and erosion risk reduction. This increased generation of the MI-SAFE platform of exploits the new high-resolution sensors risk will necessitate increased investment in services. On a global scale, we produce for the detection of coastal changes that are Characteristics of MI-SAFE platform end-users flood defence infrastructures. To reduce costs brand new open source and unique EO-based impacting flood safety. This requires progress and to limit negative impacts on ecosystems, information on coastal status and flood risk Benefits to Citizens on data fusion with other sensor platforms, interventions that integrate natural vegetated parameters filling in gaps in existing datasets. image mining and algorithm improvements foreshores within flood defence schemes At local level we deliver tailor-made highest Worldwide coastal coverage allows citizens to that deliver high quality information on are now being actively explored. However, resolution information and training relevant become informed on the importance of their coastal status. Together with engineers and to advance in such flood management for coastal managers and engineers who natural coastline for reducing flood risk. The coastal managers, the platform could be approaches a better understanding of natural want to integrate natural features in cost- comprehensive dataset and modelling tool is developed into a management tool that keeps flood/erosion protection and robust scientific effective Nature Based Solutions. contributing to the assessment of the status observing and quantifying coastal safety and observations are needed. To generate and demonstrate MI-SAFE of regional coastal zones for managers and threats for whole regions of coasts in relation policymakers. For managers and engineers, The space based solution services, we have gathered, reclassified and to increasing the impact of climate change produced open format layers of information the interface is a way forward towards and sea level rise. A way forward is to use a combination of on elevation, vegetation, water level and utilising the vastly increasing quantities of remote sensing and field data from foreshores wave statistics; using EO resources (Sentinel high resolution data for producing information M.B de Vries, I. Möller, G. Peralta, E. Morris, A. to map vegetated foreshores and how their satellite images), numerical models, but relevant for finding nature-based flood safety Stanica, A. Scrieciu, D. Van der Wal and B. Van specific characteristics affect wave energy also data collected in situ. To obtain this solutions. The platform’s shared information and erosion. This will result in novel ways of information, enormously large datasets provides input for effective communication Wesenbeeck extracting relevant information from satellite were digested that are open for public use. around nature-based coastal management Mindert B. de Vries, images and thus to help predict the shoreline All continents are included, highest level of options between stakeholders around P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands protection provided by those foreshores. detail is generated for European saltmarshes. possible managed realignment projects Elaborated from the FP7 FAST project. See http://fast.openearth.eu or coastal wetland restoration schemes. Grant agreement number 607131.
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KEEPING TRACK OF Using the Sentinel images to CLIMATE, WATER RETREATING GLACIERS “update our map database has AND ENERGY IN ICELAND not only improved our data but largely from glacial rivers. Monitoring the In Iceland maps and spatial also our productivity.” glacier environment is therefore important data around glaciers are being to secure the future of these power plants. Magnús Guðmundsson, updated with Sentinel-2 data, General Director NLSI The cost related to updating this data with a novel way to document rapid Sentinel imagery is marginal in comparison changes due to climate change. to aerial, or very high-resolution satellite Cloud-free Sentinel image obtained August 30th, imagery. Compared with aerial photography 2017 roughly covers 2/3 of Iceland. the use of Sentinel imagery has the benefit of Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] large simultaneous area coverage. For these The challenge base map database in Iceland. A regular reasons Sentinel imagery was used by the update of data around the glaciers has not National Land Survey as the basis for feature The largest glaciers in Europe are in Iceland been possible due to lack of uniform data and extraction of glacial rivers and glacier extent. and glacial rivers flow from these to sea, high cost, resulting in outdated information crossing the road system in various places. The about the glacial river pattern and the glacier Outlook to the future glaciers are generally retreating inland due to extent. The optimal solution to that problem climate change and the glacial river pattern in The Sentinel-2 large image size and frequent came when the Sentinel-2A satellite crossed front of the glaciers is therefore changing. The revisit time, will provide the basis for Iceland on 30 August 2017 and imaged river flow tends to fluctuate from year to year, monitoring future changes in glacier extent nearly 2/3 of the country. This timing, i.e. late thus affecting the road system. Also, glacial and glacial river pattern detection in Iceland. summer, enabled extraction of exact glacier outbursts are not uncommon due to volcanism It will be possible to monitor these changes outlines for almost all of Iceland´s glaciers. beneath glacier ice. Large scale melting of ice more frequently and with more precision than Thus, the Late Summer Snow Line (LSSL) under such conditions causes „jökulhlaup“, or before. In Iceland, the largest volcanoes lie is established which is an approximate for the sudden release of meltwater that may underneath the glaciers. Sentinel imagery can the Equilibrium Line as an indicator for the amount to 50.000 m3/sec, e.g. the Gjálp also be used to reveal changes in the glacier minimum annual glacier extent. Sentinel-1 eruption in 1996. With a population of less surface, such as sink depressions caused by and Sentinel-2 dense time series can also than 340,000, and a total land area of 103,000 geothermal melting of ice, that may indicate be used to estimate the glaciers’ velocities. km2, Iceland is the seventh least densely potential volcanic activity. Such rapid melting This image has since been used to extract the populated country in the world. This means by subglacial volcanism may cause immense glacial river pattern in front of glaciers as well Hoffellsjökull glacier extent and river pattern in 2013 that traditional and recurrent monitoring of transport of volcanic debris/ash that can as the glacier extent. Manually, the results (above) and in 2017 (below) showing 1-2 km retreat. land from airplanes is much too expensive Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] partially fill up hydro dam reservoir, thus are cleaned by visual comparison of ground for glaciers in remote areas. Monitoring from seriously diminishing their annual capacity. truth as seen in the Sentinel imagery. space with the Sentinels is therefore a good proglacial environment, where glacial river flow paths need to be upgraded frequently option due to no cost, high revisit time and Benefits to Citizens large area coverage, which is very important to update maps and map services. This when monitoring the rapidly changing glacial Using Sentinel imagery to update the updated data makes travelling around the landscape. datasets around the glaciers of Iceland has glaciers safer, especially for tourists with little knowledge of the glacier environment. many benefits. The first and most obvious Jóhann Helgason and Gunnar H Kristinsson The space based solution is to monitor glacier retreat resulting from It can also be mentioned that about 87% of National Land Survey of Iceland, Iceland climate change. Also important is how this the energy used in Iceland is from renewable The National Land Survey of Iceland is [email protected] work aids the monitoring of hazardous sources of which 80% is from hydropower, responsible for maintaining a free and open [email protected]
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NEW LEVEL OF BALTIC Possibility to retrieve and use CLIMATE, WATER SEA MONITORING USING “satellite data is an invaluable AND ENERGY SENTINEL-3 DATA addition to our analysis which interest. The solutions provides completely Maritime Spectator is a web- allows to expand and improve new opportunities for understanding this based application simplifying its temporal and spatial large water body whose behaviour strongly process of gathering satellite extent.” affects the economy of coastal regions. Thus, data and helping understand sea its better understanding will directly convert surface behaviour. Maciej Kałas, PhD, to citizens wellbeing. Full coverage of Baltic Sea with Sentinel-3 satellite. Maritime Institute in Gdańsk Sea level and temperature measurements in Maritime Outlook to the future Spectator. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2018] The very existence of Maritime Spectator and The challenge Furthermore, through much better its increasing capabilities are directly related satellite which takes maritime monitoring to Monitoring Baltic Sea levels is a very understanding of sea surface behaviour it to what programmes, such as Copernicus, can another level. Sentinel-3 on its own allows important task which ensures safe shipping provides the opportunity to optimise solutions deliver and how the European Space Sector monitoring sea temperature, surface height, and investments in coastal regions, for the shipping industry, improving the will evolve over the coming years. That wind speed, ice thickness and more. Maritime environment protection and foremost safety safety of vessels and transport management. is why it is so crucial for citizens, industry Spectator visualises data on the map and for urban areas vulnerable to rapid changes in Thanks to frequent data updates Maritime and administration to fully support the enables easy processing and tracking of new this large water body. Unfortunately, constant Spectator can fuel early warning systems development of space technologies for us all measurements, giving specialists access measurement at such a large scale is a costly for areas endangered by rising sea levels, to benefit from. to new information just hours after the and dangerous process. Very often, this potentially saving lives and allowing for satellite passes over Baltic. This enables makes it impossible, as even with sufficient a much more effective response in critical the analysis of the state of the sea surface, funds this type of monitoring is difficult situations. with unprecedented temporal and spatial to carry out due to continuously varying resolution which physically would not be conditions of the sea’s surface. Therefore, a possible without Sentinel 3 being in orbit. more technologically advanced solution was needed which could tackle this problem at Benefits to Citizens much lower operational cost and without the need to directly involve humans. Maritime Spectator enables coastal authorities and institutions such as the The space based solution Maritime Institute to increase the frequency Maritime Spectator is a web-based software of measurement and its coverage to solution developed for the Maritime Institute complement their earth-based data. Thanks in Gdansk. It is fuelled on a daily basis by to Sentinel-3 data they are able to produce Sentinel-3 tracked in real time in Spectator. It allows a stream of data continuously delivered by better and more complete products for their clients and for citizens. Better awareness of a to provide up -to-date information on overpass and Sentinel-3. Maritime monitoring received a data acquisition over Baltic Sea area. number of parameters of the large water body big boost in terms of technological capabilities Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2018] thanks to the Copernicus Programme. The opens up new possibilities for their domain. In many cases this directly translates into first two satellites allowed improvements of In the future, it will be also able to share ensuring the safety and wellbeing of citizens applications such as vessel tracking and sea information directly with the citizens, who Waldemar Franczak, spending their time at the coast in the Baltic pollution detection. But the biggest help came will always have a possibility to monitor Spectator Ltd, Poland region. after the successful launch of the Sentinel-3 situations for themselves in chosen areas of [email protected]
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SATELLITE IMAGERY The use of satellite data CLIMATE, WATER FOR IMPROVED COASTAL “to enhance our knowledge AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT and monitoring of marine trends dedicated to forecasting the impact of Copernicus satellite imagery ecosystems will contribute future coastal hazard. Earth observation and provides a new paradigm in earth to the regional blue growth ocean colour tools allow water constituent concentration to be characterised thanks to observation thanks to regular, Coastline detection and change analysis from 2013 to strategy we are currently relative water transparency. These indicators high quality imagery and accurate 2015 in Pavillon Royal beach, Bidart, Basque country, satellite derived products. south-west France. launching.” are of importance for coastal managers as they represent key indicators of the coastal Marie-Agnès Dupouey, morphology and water quality. Blue Growth at Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine The challenge including Copernicus Sentinel-2 optical sensor, Outlook to the future allow accurate physical and biogeochemical The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region features more parameters derivation. For example, they and restricted to calm sea states to ensure The next generation of Copernicus and than 700 km of coastline and presents one of enable e.g bathymetric maps that cover the human safety, or costly airborne bathymetric Sentinel satellite missions planned by the the areas with the most rapid demography first 10 to 20 metres depth depending on Lidar surveys. Conversely, satellite earth European Commission and the ESA will mostly focused on the coastal area. Coastal the transparency of ocean waters and water observation is identified as a cost effective improve ocean colour applications dedicated ecosystems are driven by complex interactions constituent concentrations. solution for large and long term monitoring of to strategic defence and environmental where physical processes are controlled coastal systems and henceforth for deriving issues as they combine high space, time and Accuracy of coastal morphological features mainly by marine forcing ranging from useful environmental parameters for decision radiometric resolutions, guaranteed for long- positioning and change analysis can reach seconds to decades, respectively for waves making through regular and accurate mapping term perspectives. Coastal monitoring is also high performance achieving accurate to tides, winds and seasonal river discharge to ensure the safety of people and goods. a key sector for the future of the blue growth erosional trends such as coastline change, changes and trends over time. Therefore, Moreover, climate change impacts have to and further sustainable worldwide economy. only limited by the resolution of the space nearshore and coastal environments are be addressed. Thus, coastal change analysis borne sensors. Lastly, in the very near among the most dynamic and constantly must be based on regular and accurate surveys Acknowledgements future, remotely-sensed coastal indicators changing on Earth. Whilst these regions play of key indicators in order to distinguish local such as Sentinel-2 derived bathymetric Nouvelle-Aquitaine Regional council, a key role at the land and ocean interface, and short-term processes from long-term the state of the sea surface and especially charts are to be compiled by the Aquitaine Département des Pyrénées Atlantiques, I-Sea wave breaking prevent easy and safe ground Coastal Observatory in order to derive more and Telespazio France EarthLab Aquitaine observations. Whilst field observations fail precisely the Aquitanian erosional trends support the development of operational to be exhaustive due to their dynamical and and supply recommendations for coastal decision-making tools. unsecured patterns, frequent and synoptic management support and local strategies in observations acquired by multispectral optical order to preserve coastal zone. Integrated satellite imagery enables adaptation of coastal coastal zone management at regional scales observation strategies and management, that experience coastal erosion issues fits both for scientist and end-users. perfectly with the Copernicus scope as it supports sustainable marine and coastal The space based solution activities, and risk mitigation strategies. Based upon ocean colour and image Benefits to Citizens Satellite derived Bathymetry of the Arcachon Lagoon, processing tools combined with artificial derived from Sentinel-2A imagery. Optically deep Sylvain Capo intelligence and machine learning, multi- Coastal monitoring is supported by either time waters are represented in black. Telespazio France, France Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] spectral high-resolution satellite rvations, consuming field surveys, spatially limited [email protected]
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SATELLITE MONITORING The developed application CLIMATE, WATER OF SUSPENDED “allowed us to carry out AND ENERGY PARTICULATE MATTER effective real time monitoring will be used in the future in place of MODIS Monitoring anomalous events of the Ionian Sea coastal ones. Its spectral features specific for occurred at Ionian coasts of water quality. ocean colour applications will guarantee an Basilicata Region by integrating improvement in results in terms of sensitivity frequent and detailed multi- Gerardo Colangelo, towards the discrimination of the different Basilicata Region officer source satellite data. in-water optical constituents. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the proposed analysis should be extended to all the other calendar provided them with information about the SPM variability for the Basilicata region costal water months to have a clearer view of the whole most critical areas that typically localised The challenge area for the MODIS image acquired on 5 December area, better discriminating most critical in front of the river mouths, have been 2013. coastal zones in terms of SPM concentration River discharge affects Suspended Particulate affected by a water transparency reduction values and variability. Moreover, the proposed Matter (SPM) dynamics and variability in as well as by other phenomena, such as of spatial resolution, have been firstly used approach can be easily exported to other coastal areas, contributing to the generation pollutant transport that could have affected to compute SPM concentration by adapting geographic regions and coastal areas, with of possible environmental degradation the marine environment status. In the light a standard algorithm to the specific local benefits for other Local Regional Authorities situations. The coastal waters off the Basilicata of this, amongst the other possible users, conditions. Afterwards, the RST approach managing water resources. Region (southern Italy – Ionian Sea - eastern has been implemented enabling automatic aquaculture companies have found the Mediterranean) coastline are affected by the detection of anomalous SPM concentrations in achieved results useful in order to exclude Acknowledgements presence of five river mouths determining the days just after the flood wave peak. More the most vulnerable areas. Furthermore, continuous water turbidity fluctuations that recently, data acquired by the MultiSpectral the effect on the shoreline evolution of past This work was carried out in the framework can modify the quality status of this complex Instrument (MSI) of Sentinel-2A at 10 m of dredging actions was reconsidered. of the OP European Regional Development coastal habitat. Only the implementation spatial resolution have been integrated in Fund (ERDF) Basilicata Region 2007–2013 of a monitoring system able to detect the the proposed application. Using these data IOSMOS (Ionian Sea water quality Monitoring occurrence of any possible critical event, allowed for an improvement in the spatial by Satellite data) project, the Italian Ministry may allow a sustainable management of this resolution of the achieved results, providing of University and Research RITMARE (Ricerca region. Satellite data can be a useful tool for detailed information in shallow waters ITaliana per il MARE) Flagship project and SPM variability monitoring, complementing close to the coastlines as well as during the OP European Social Fund (ESF) Basilicata traditional in-situ based methods. non-extreme events, such as those recently Region 2007–2013 MOMEDAS (MOnitoraggio affecting the area. delle acque del mar MEditerraneo mediante The space based solution DAti Satellitari) project. A multi-temporal analysis of 13 years Benefits to Citizens Example of application of MSI-Sentinel-2A data 1 of Moderate Resolution Imaging acquired on 30th April, 2018, for monitoring SPM in T. Lacava, N. Pergola, V. Satriano C. Di Polito, Besides the investigation of a single event 2 3 Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, based on the investigated area. E. Ciancia, V. Tramutoli D. Doxaran (e.g. December 2013), the proposed approach Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2018] the Robust Satellite Techniques approach 1. Institute of Methodologies for allowed for identifying areas where the (RST), was implemented to analyse the Environmental Analysis, National Research occurrence of anomalous SPM concentration effect, in terms of SPM variability, of the Outlook to the future Council, Italy was more frequent during the month of extreme hydrological event that affected the 2. University of Basilicata, Italy December for the whole 2003-2015 period. Data collected by the Ocean and Land Colour area in December 2013. Such information was very helpful for the Instrument (OLCI), onboard Sentinel-3 3. Laboratoire d’Océanographie de In detail, daily visible MODIS data at 250 m Basilicata Region authorities because it satellite (operational since October 2016), Villefranche, France [email protected]
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SENTINEL-2 SUPPORTS Sentinel-2 will definitely help CLIMATE, WATER COASTAL MANAGEMENT “us to solve the challenging AND ENERGY FOR OPTIMISED water quality monitoring along has also allowed the study of the historic tuna DECISION MAKING the coast of Cadiz, bringing new fishing “almadraba” in Barbate (Figure 1). In Sentinel-2 has allowed many perspectives of applications into particular, the increasing demand for integrated applications in SW Spain that focus such as dredging-induced guidelines and open access techniques by end- users and water managers is being evaluated, range from monitoring dredged turbidity monitoring.” induced turbidity plumes to tuna as they need to be reinforced before being able to actively ensure upcoming policies by fishing management. Gregorio Gomez-Pina, National Coastal Office the agencies of the Regional Government. The in Cadiz, Government of Spain. proposed methodology is thought to bring The challenge significant breakthroughs in the exploitation (Figure 2). With this ongoing semi-operational of Copernicus data along the 1000 km of the Monitoring the complex variations in water Sentinel-2 image of Cadiz coast showing Total system, the National Coastal Office and the Andalusian coast. quality and understanding the impact of Suspended Solids concentration (mg/L) in the Regional Government of Andalusia will be able Guadalquivir estuary and Cadiz Bay, and tuna fishing environmental change on the Gulf of Cadiz to take advantage of Sentinel-2 time series. “almadraba” in Barbate. Outlook to the future ecosystem (SW Iberian Peninsula) is crucial Credit: Copernicus Service information [2016-2017] Benefits to Citizens for a broad range of local/regional authorities, Overall, these results encourage additional MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) of Sentinel-2A stakeholders, decision-makers, and researchers. It is worth emphasising the benefit of proposals relying on both operational Sentinel- at 10 m resolution is implemented to estimate The Guadalquivir estuary, as one of the largest assisting the services of local to regional 2A/B. With the 5-day temporal revisiting of Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Several field and most productive estuarine systems of initiatives for supporting ecosystem the two satellites, by integrating the data campaigns are carried out to collect in-situ Western Europe, and the Bay of Cadiz, are policymakers contributing to the challenging sources into the workflow we will enter measurements for calibration and validation two hotspots strongly affected by human- management of these highly sensitive regions. a new era for time series analysis at high of the regional multi-conditional model, which related activities which have undergone The findings have projections regarding other spatial resolution. Likewise, further insights is developed with a switching method that rapid agricultural, fisheries, touristic, and topics related to coastal management options, are needed to examine other water quality automatically selects the most sensitive band anthropogenic development. Specifically, since the lower reaches of the estuary are parameters such as chlorophyll-a in order to avoiding saturation effects. Sentinel-2 scenes intense turbid episodes are one of the main adjacent to the Doñana National and Natural contribute consolidating Sentinel-2 data to are downloaded from the Data Hub and factors altering the functioning of both regions. Park, the largest reserve in Europe. Sentinel-2 operationally and routinely assist coastal zone The essence is that nowadays this coastal atmospheric correction is incorporated into management as a contribution to the local and zone experiences a conflict between economy the framework through ACOLITE processor. regional water quality programmes. and sustainable environment, and there is a The semi-automatic model is routinely applied need for bridging knowledge in order to ensure revealing improved mapping at unprecedented Acknowledgements social and ecosystem resilience. Traditional in- resolution (unachievable with traditional situ and modelling experiments have been ocean colour sensors) along the estuary, the We acknowledge the ICMAN-CSIC Sampling developed, but new insights are required to bay and surrounding waters (Figure 1). This Unit OPECAM and Josefa Perez dredging ship assist the cost-effective accomplishment of methodology can robustly address small-scale for field campaign assistance. water quality at synoptic and transboundary monitoring due to the higher spatial resolution Isabel Caballero, Gabriel Navarro, Emma scales for the implementation of the European and band availability of Sentinel-2. In addition, Huertas, Javier Ruiz it has demonstrated the feasibility to effectively Marine and Water Strategy Directives. Sentinel-2 image showing the turbidity plume Department of Ecology and Coastal estimate dredged-induced turbidity events generated during the dredging operations in the Management, Marine Science Institute The space based solution during the periodic dredging activities of the Guadalquivir estuary and Port of Seville and map of of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC) A semi-automatic method based on the shipping channel close to the Port of Seville Suspended Solids in November 2016. Credit: Copernicus Service information [2016-2017] [email protected]
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SPACE-BASED APPROACH The innovation and enthusiasm CLIMATE, WATER TO MONITORING “the YPP team bring in terms of AND ENERGY PEATLAND RESTORATION utilising and developing remote and conserve healthy peatlands to reduce this sensing techniques ensures impact. Successful peatland restoration can Sentinel-1 and -2 data allows that our customers get the best therefore impact on climate change, one of possible value from our peatland the most serious challenges facing humanity Yorkshire Peat Partnership today. (YPP) to be a lead innovator in restoration programme.” Outlook to the future monitoring peatland restoration. An NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) generated from Sentinel 2 satellite data. This index Andrew Walker, Yorkshire Water Going forward, we will continue to use shows vegetation productivity, as is particularly well Sentinel satellite data for monitoring our The challenge suited in identifying areas of bare peat and burn scars sites. In particular, the higher resolution (red and orange areas). The UK contains 13% of the world’s peatlands. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] of Sentinel 2 (10m) compared to Landsat Blanket bog, one of three types of peatland 8 (30m) will continue to improve our in the UK, covers 70,000 hectares in Yorkshire to reflectance, and the reflectance bands monitoring capabilities. As Sentinel 1’s life alone. This makes the region both nationally used in the vegetation indices equation (see span increases, our ability to investigate and internationally important. Peatland image inset for an example of the NDVI). bog swelling (through surface deformation conservation is crucial when considering how Interferometry techniques that investigate the techniques) will continue to grow. Finally, to address the major environmental problems signal difference between two or more Sentinel the launch of Sentinel 5P in 2017 is of great faced by society today and into the future, 1 passes are analysed to create surface interest to our future applications. The ability such as climate change. This is why it is a deformation maps. These maps can indicate for Sentinel 5P to capture air pollutant data key area of focus for both UK and EU policy the extent of peatland swelling (a characteristic Surface deformation map showing vertical means we can investigate the effects of air makers.Our project area is vast, the fast of successfully restored peatlands). Bare peat displacement (cm). pollution on peatland health and the impacts revisit times of Sentinel 1 and 2 allow us to and burn scar maps are generated from image Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] of upland burning. This growing capability quickly and accurately monitor the success classification techniques (such as Maximum from uplands dominated by peatlands. Acting will complement our ongoing unmanned of restoration work. 3,464 hectares have Likelihood and Support Vector Machine). as a natural filter to water, healthy peatlands aircraft monitoring to better inform peatland already been analysed using this method. These classifications use both Sentinel 1 and ensure high quality water to the surrounding management plans. YPP is managed by regional charity, Yorkshire Sentinel 2 data and help to quantify the extent region. This has led to the financial support Wildlife Trust. The free to download data of damage across our sites. from the regional water company, Yorkshire Acknowledgements allows YPP to deliver effective large scale Water, in the belief that restored peatlands Benefits to Citizens YPP has run successfully since 2009 and for nature conservation on a tight budget. will reduce the cost of expensive treatment this, we would like to thank Yorkshire Wildlife Functioning blanket bog, which is actively processes that chemically remove impurities. Trust, Natural England, Yorkshire Water, IUCN The space based solution peat-forming, offers multiple benefits to wider Peat is formed by semi-decomposed plant UK Peatland Programme, Yorkshire Dales material in a waterlogged environment. Due With the launch of Sentinel 1 in 2014 and society. UK case studies of restored peatlands National Park, North York Moors National to the lack of normal decomposition processes, Sentinel 2 in 2015, YPP is able to access a suggest a reduction in flood peak of up to Park, Nidderdale AONB and the Environment carbon from the atmosphere is locked up in plethora of retrospective data to understand 33%, leading to increased attention from the Agency for their support. these systems, estimated at 550 gigatonnes the characteristics of our sites before and after UK Government’s Environment Agency, who on a global scale (twice that stored by global restoration work. Sentinel 2 data is used to spent £24 million across Yorkshire to repair Christopher Osborne and Matthew Snelling forests). In a damaged state, this leads to monitor vegetation productivity and moisture flood damage in 2016 and are starting to invest Yorkshire Peat Partnership, Skipton in preventative natural flood management the release of carbon dioxide, a significant through the calculation of vegetation indices [email protected] techniques. 43% of UK drinking water comes greenhouse gas, so it is important to restore (such as the NDVI). The data is converted and [email protected]
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TRACKING ALGAL The implementation of the WFD CLIMATE, WATER BLOOMS ON THE “was always challenging, relying AND ENERGY CURONIAN LAGOON only on in situ monitoring. We of natural assets. This leads to better Satellite data are leading to believe satellites will provide preservation of the ecosystem services from better water management, us with regular additional which citizens benefit, such as the recreational water quality assessment and information about status of our value in the lagoon and lakes. There are The Curonian Lagoon: true colour view from space as also some clear public health benefits from cyanobacterial bloom tracking. seen by Landsat-8 on 04/08/2015 (A), annual summer lagoon, lakes and coastal waters.” monitoring inland water quality. For example, mean Chl-a concentration during 2010 derived from monitoring and forecasts of potentially harmful MERIS images (B) and MERIS Chl-a-based water Head of the Division Eglė Šupinienė, algal blooms might result in the timely closure Environment Research Department, EPA, quality according to the Water Framework Directive, of bathing or fishing areas – thus decreasing Lithuania The challenge 2000/60/EC (C). the risk to public safety. The Curonian Lagoon – the largest in Europe took place. The MEdium Resolution Imaging Outlook to the future – is very important water body in the Spectrometer (MERIS), on-board the Envisat western region of Lithuania for recreation, satellite, combined moderately high spatial Taking a full advantage of free and open tourism, fishery and industry. The Curonian resolution (300 m) with a high revisit time (2-3 Copernicus Sentinel data, we tested and Spit divides the lagoon from the Baltic Sea. days) and an appropriate spectral resolution. provided water quality parameters (e.g. This area comprises a number of protected Using data from this sensor, comprehensive chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter, CDOM) territories including National Parks on both algorithms for water quality retrieval were for the lagoon. These parameters will be the Russian and Lithuanian parts of the spit developed. The birds-eye view from Space adopted for other Lithuanian water bodies (also declared a UNESCO World Heritage site), enabled a better understanding of the huge with different bio-optical properties (large Regional Parks, and Natura 2000 territories. cyanobacterial blooms, which develop on the lakes and coastal waters), whilst the approach The freshwater lagoon is shallow (mean depth Curonian Lagoon, and can often cover almost can be reutilised in other geographical regions. of 3.5 m), with a single and small opening to its entire surface (~1500 km2). These blooms Within EOMORES project, an integrated the Baltic Sea which limits water exchange can be extremely harmful to human, animal service is being developed combining in situ, and circulation. The Nemunas River entering and plant life. Building on the legacy of Envisat Earth observation and modelling data for the central part of the lagoon is the main (and other Earth Observation satellites), the monitoring inland water bodies. source of nutrients. The Curonian Lagoon is Copernicus Sentinels have ushered in a new a highly turbid water body and seriously era of satellite Earth Observation, making Acknowledgements threatened by high concentrations of organic huge amounts of data available on a free and The work is funded by the EU’s Horizon material as well as by harmful blooms of open basis and guaranteeing their long-term 2020 EOMORES project (No 687412) and the cyanobacteria. Therefore, sustainable water sustainability. With both its satellites now in TODAY project funded by the Government of quality and resource management of the orbit, Sentinel-2 provides optical data at 10 m Cyanobacteria surface accumulations in the Curonian Lithuania through an ESA Contract under the lagoon is a priority for national and regional spatial resolution for the same location every Lagoon as mapped by 13 images of Sentinel-2 and PECS (No 4000122960/18/NL/SC). authorities who require regular information 5 days. The successor of MERIS, Sentinel-3 Landsat-8 during summer 2013-2016. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data on its ecological status. (with two satellites in orbit) provides optical D. Vaičiūtė, M. Bučas1, M. Bresciani, C. Giardino2, data each day with spatial resolution at 300 Benefits to Citizens D. Papadakis3, M. Laanen, A. Hommersom4 The space based solution m. It opens the opportunity to build services Operational water quality monitoring services 1. Klaipėda University, Lithuania; 2. CNR IREA, The Curonian Lagoon has been monitored for water quality. The EOMORES (H2020) support more informed decision-making on Italy; 3. Evenflow, Belgium; 4. WaterInsight, and TODAY (national/ESA PECS) projects are from space since 2009, when the first attempt the part of water resource managers, resulting the Netherlands working towards this goal. to map the severe summer algal blooms overall in better safeguarding and stewardship [email protected]
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TRACKING STORMS AND Tropical cyclones represent 20% CLIMATE, WATER HURRICANES USING SAR “of the damage and casualties AND ENERGY IMAGES caused by natural hazards, Outlook to the future Since the launch of the constellation, when all phenomena are taken Sentinel-1 keeps monitoring This is mainly explained by the only recent into consideration” increase of freely accessible satellite metocean extremes over European data provided by Sentinel-1 constellation and worldwide seas. Philippe Caroff, Head of the cyclone forecast centre at Météo-France at resolutions now approaching that of meteorological models. Pilot studies have shown the benefit of using these satellite Surface wind measurement in Brittany during the measurements to correct wrongly estimated The challenge Ana storm - 11/12/2017 (from Sentinel-1 - VIGISAT winds in wave models, thus improving the station). confidence in weather forecast warnings. Earth Observation techniques on board the Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] The development of new assimilation Sentinel satellites contribute to the monitoring methodologies adapted to such high-resolution of the marine environment. With its unique based on forecast urricane trajectories measurements in atmospheric models is also ability to observe sea surface and derive provided by supporting meteorological a potential perspective. To be operationally wind, wave and currents measurements in centers. More than 25 observations over used, a dedicated acquisition strategy over all weather and in day or night time over hurricane eyes were acquired and Tropical hurricane basins would be needed that enables a wide swath image at high resolution, Cyclones (TC) were captured at different the activation of emergency services with late- spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) development stages (up to category 5). Based programming of Sentinel-1 acquisitions. This instruments are normally perfectly suited on this unique dataset, the great relevance of has already been demonstrated in pilot studies for metocean applications. The wealth of Sentinel-1 dual-pol observations to measure Sentinel-1 derived surface wind speed over Irma on but it is not operationally implemented. acquisitions recently allowed by Sentinel-1 extreme winds was demonstrated and a 07/09/2017 during a category-5 hurricane, showing Additionally, the downlink and production of constellation opens the path to imagine and new methodology developed for dual SAR winds greater than 80m/s the SAR extreme wind observations in Near- Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] build added-value services, in order to make operating in C-band, enabling better wind Real Time (NRT) would be needed, which the most of Sentinel-1 potential and provide measurements for wind larger than 20m/s. time, after reception of the satellite data (see might require using emergency framework new metocean applications. This is illustrated over Hurricane Irma. Based and/or collaborative stations. on these results, hurricane experts from the http://eoda.cls.fr for demonstrations) over The space based solution WMO (World Meteorological Organization) European seas for extra-tropical storms and Acknowledgements Hurricane Committee for USA/Caribbean the Indian Ocean for hurricanes applications. The ocean products derived from Sentinel-1 The SHOC campaign was performed in region, listed in their recommendations that mission are routinely produced and delivered Benefits to Citizens collaboration between CLS, IFREMER and by European Space Agency (ESA) core ground “Special acquisitions plans during Irma, Jose Extreme wind monitoring is essential for safety ESA. This campaign also benefited from segments. Yet, they do not provide state- and Maria have demonstrated the high value and emergency services. At present, SAR- complementary acquisitions from Radarat-2, of-the-art wind measurements, especially of kilometric-scale information provided by derived wind measurements could already help thanks to the support of the GIS BreTel. limited for strongest events. To make Sentinel-1 SAR data”. They thus recommend meteorological forecasters to better estimate the most of Sentinel-1 potential for the that “these data are made available to help Romain Husson, CLS Brest, avenue La Pérouse, hurricane intensities in complex situations measurement of extreme winds, a dedicated monitor critical aspects of the TC structure 29280 Plouzané, [email protected] and improve the accuracy of weather forecast campaign named SHOC (for Satellite Hurricane (wind radii, maximum wind, eye diameter…).” Alexis Mouche, IFREMER warnings. Forecasters from the RSMC, the Observation Campaign) was performed in Wind maps will be produced by CLS Brest Nicolas Bellec, GIS BreTel Tropical Cyclone Center of Meteo-France at La summer 2016. An unprecedent acquisition with Sentinel-1 and Radarsat-2 SAR Philippe Monbet, Pôle Mer Bretagne Atlantique Reunion are potential users. scenario was set up to trigger acquisitions instruments and distributed in near-real -Booster MoreSpace
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A VIEW OF YOUR INLAND The issue was that monitoring CLIMATE, WATER WATERWAYS FROM SPACE “costs were old fashioned, labour AND ENERGY A European innovation project intensive and data not digital. EOMORES services. The waterways under aiming to develop commercial This needed to change, and investigation represent a variety of different services for monitoring the we also wanted to work in real water types and trophic levels, with most of quality of inland and coastal time. EO contributes to all of them being (hyper)eutrophic (Italy, Lithuania, waters, using satellites, in situ Estonia, UK, Finland and the Netherlands). these.” sensors and ecological modelling. Outlook to the future Scheme of EOMORES activities in relation to users, Regional/national organizations responsible for which represent the core of the project. water quality monitoring (13 EOMORES users) EOMORES will provide national, regional, local, public and private water managers with The challenge The space based solution tools for efficient monitoring of water quality Inland waterways are environmentally Monitoring inland waterways from space water quality management, powered by Earth for operational management and for reporting important, provide multiple ecosystem affordably has become possible thanks to Observation (EO). EO offers great advantages according to the requirements of the WFD services and are vital for human consumption, the availability of free and open satellite data for water quality monitoring, but its operational and other (national) directives. irrigation, sanitation, transportation, from the Copernicus Sentinels. The guarantee use has only really taken off in regions where traditional practices are no longer able to By building downstream services upon the recreation and industry. of long-term data availability makes it feasible Copernicus programme, EOMORES will help to build commercial operational services, support monitoring requirements - due, for In previous decades, these ecosystems have to ensure that Europe’s investments in space whilst the improved spatial resolution (e.g. instance, to the large number of waterways experienced increasing pressure from various infrastructure are exploited for the benefit of Sentinel 2 reaches 10 m) and revisit time involved (e.g. in Finland). human activities, as well as from climate citizens, and in order to achieve the goals of (5-6 days for both Sentinels 1 and 2) are change. Amongst these, the increasing the WFD. Data from the Sentinel satellites, appropriate for discerning changes in water eutrophication and pollution of many of with their high-frequency and broad spatial quality in most European lakes. these aquatic environments is a major coverage, are an essential input to the environmental threat. Within EOMORES, data from Sentinels 2 and 3 EOMORES services. EOMORES services are will be automatically acquired and processed expected to become a valuable tool for The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) to deliver relevant water quality parameters water managers, bringing about a better has created the need for efficient methods for such as chlorophyll-a, Total Suspended understanding of their local water systems monitoring the quality of inland and coastal Matter (TSM), turbidity, Coloured Dissolved and enabling timely decisions and actions waterways. Organic Matter (CDOM), vegetation coverage Monitoring the effect of turbidity in lake Mezzola related to public health. (Italy), after the rock avalanche of Piz Cengalo on EOMORES (Earth Observation-Based Services and type, cyanobacteria blooms and Water 23-08-2017 Acknowledgements for Monitoring and Reporting of Ecological Surface Temperature (WST). Sentinel-1 data Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] Status) addresses this need whilst improving are also being investigated for their capacity This project has received funding from the EOMORES is targeted at national and regional on the effectiveness of traditional methods to provide information on water quality EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation authorities responsible for monitoring water (i.e. on-the-spot sampling and subsequent (specifically cyanobacterial scum), even under programme, g.a. N. 687412. laboratory analysis). Although they are very cloud clover, as radar data can penetrate quality management and environmental 1 1 2 accurate, such methods are both costly and clouds and operate at night. reporting, as well as private entities M. Bresciani , C. Giardino , A. Hommersom , time-consuming, and in most cases fail to dealing with water quality. Thirteen users D. Papadakis3. capture the spatial differences which may be Benefits to Citizens from multiple regions of six countries (e.g. 1. CNR IREA; present within the same body of water. Lombardy and Umbria regions in Italy) 2. Water Insight; EOMORES aims to bring about a paradigm have already committed to collaborate with 3. Evenflow shift in ecological monitoring technologies for the consortium to define and evaluate the [email protected]
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DON’T POUR MONEY DOWN The use of EO data is becoming CLIMATE, WATER THE DRAIN - FIX IT! “mainstreamed into our long- AND ENERGY Detailed knowledge about land term strategic planning leading increase through cross-sectorial and shared subsidence from Copernicus to a more cost-efficient water use of Earth Observation data in mitigation Sentinel-1 mission data changes sector to the financial benefit and adaptation. Corner reflectors that act as the way the Danish utility sector of all citizens.” unique identifiers in the satellite images have guards its subsurface assets been locally developed and deployed. to the financial benefit of its Lars N. Holmegaard, CEO, Lemvig Utility The reflectors link to the Danish height system customers. and to the bottom of sewers via traditional leveling techniques. This provides very detailed and precise determination of height The challenge A differential pattern of vertical land motion (red colours indicate large subsidence rates) over the changes over time and secures cross-sectorial Well-functioning water supply and town of Thyborøn, Central Denmark Region. Contains use e.g. in the construction sector thereby wastewater systems are crucial to the modified Copernicus Sentinel-1 data. making EO results applicable to the public. utility sector and society at large for obvious Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] health, environmental, and economic reasons. Outlook to the future shared between municipalities and utilities Long term investments for sewer renewal The use of Copernicus Sentinel-1 for regionally and nationally. Traditionally, broken accompany maintenance work. Additionally, monitoring land motion provides Lemvig sewer pipes led to costly replacements of climate change impacts on hydrology must Utility with a very good business case entire strings based on the assumption be considered when addressing future in relation to pipeline maintenance and that the pipes had degraded. Now, detailed investment needs and the municipal task of renewal, and climate change adaptation. In subsidence maps often provide a causal climate change adaptation. Approximately the future, the use of EO data will become explanation and pipe repairs can be targeted 95% of the utility sector’s financial assets Corner reflector developed by DTU Space & Agency one cornerstone to secure a cost-efficient and locally to optimise maintenance work. Coupled are subsurface, with only the customers i.e., for Data Supply and Efficiency and manufactured knowledge-driven water sector and where with information on local geology and maps of citizens and industry, to pay the bill in the by Lemvig Utility. Reflectors serve to link height much potential is still to be unveiled in the sewer system in a web-based service, the variations in EO data to the Danish datum network privatized Danish water sector. Thus, it is climate change adaptation. of the utmost importance to trim expenses Sentinel-1 based subsidence maps provide (Photo by kind permission of Mr. Karsten Vognsen). and ensure cost-efficient businesses. Data utility employees with an on-site overview of years cannot be granted in such areas, Acknowledgements on vertical land movement from Copernicus subsurface conditions to act upon. but investments can be targeted to avoid CDR, DTU Space, VIA University, Port of Sentinel-1 is becoming a game changer in the excessive costs of replacements and repairs. Likewise, loss of pipeline gradients may be Thyboroen, Geo, Agency for Data Supply utility sector that links Earth Observation to To the Lemvig Utility the shift n operational ascribed to local phenomena of vertical land and Efficiency, PPO.Labs and NORUT are the ‘guys working the sewers’. practices is rewarding and has already motion and not to a generally malfunctioning acknowledged for contributions to the presented led to decreased costs for maintenance, system. This knowledge has led to diversion collaborative work. Co-funding is kindly provided The space based solution and the use of EO data is currently being of water flow in existing pipelines and is through the EU Life c2ccc.eu project. Knowledge of local land subsidence rates directly incorporated into pipeline design and mainstreamed into the municipality and made available from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 urban planning in new developments. utility’s strategic plans e.g. through training data in a local cross-sectorial collaboration of local government employees. This leads Carlo Sørensen, Danish Coastal Authority; Lars has led to behavioural changes with the Benefits to Citizens to a more cost-efficient water sector to the N Holmegaard, Lemvig Utility, lanh@lvs-as. Lemvig Municipality and the Lemvig Utility Copernicus Sentinel-1 based mapping reveals financial benefit of all citizens and businesses dk & Thomas Damgaard, Lemvig Municipality, Company in the Central Denmark Region areas of vertical land motion. A normal within the Lemvig Municipality. Additionally, [email protected] (CDR); and experiences are currently being life-time expectancy of sewers of 70-100 the region’s resilience to climate change will [email protected]
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GLOBAL REAL TIME Satellite imagery has been CLIMATE, WATER ONLINE WATER QUALITY “essential for understanding AND ENERGY MAPPING the limitations of our water Outlook to the future Satellite-based water quality quality models.” mapping is now available from The next steps currently being tested are Márk Honti, General Directorate of Water time series graphs and data export functions everywhere, to everyone! Sentinel-2 based suspended sediment map of Lake Management, Hungary that support user-generated local calibration Balaton, showing dramatic differences in water based on water sample data. By enabling transparency. non-specialists such as schools or NGO’s to Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] zones or remote areas, globallakewatch.org perform their own calibration, the number of may well be the only source of up-to-date and temperature on these datasets and lakes with regular water quality monitoring information on water quality. The high detail other satellite sources (Landsat, MODIS). worldwide is expected to grow rapidly. The The challenge and frequent acquisition of the images allows The resulting images are shown over an easy improving revisit times resulting from new understanding of processes such as algae Understanding hydrodynamic and ecological to use Google Maps interface. Sentinel-2 satellite launches will further increase the blooms or sediment resuspension, and will processes in lakes and coastal seas is essential provides high resolution imagery at lower potential of globallakewatch.org for education, raise awareness of the importance of water for ensuring clean drinking and bathing water repetition rates whilst Sentinel-3 imagery monitoring and management. quality amongst the public. Specifically on and sustainable fisheries. Satellite imagery delivers lower spatial resolution but higher Lake Balaton, Hungary, images and maps has been used by scientists for decades to accuracy maps up to every second day. Whilst Acknowledgements generated by globallakewatch.org have visualise the most important properties of these images are not calibrated against local already been widely shared in online news Google Earth Engine is the backbone of water: chlorophyll content, which tells us water samples, the algorithms themselves and social media. Additionally, water quality the system and is provided by Google. about the amount of algae and nutrients in are robust and therefore the patterns and of many small lakes that are not regularly The development was supported by the the water and suspended sediment, which processes observed in the imagery can be monitored by authorities can now be Foundation for Lake Balaton Research. informs about the transparency. However, used for monitoring. followed by the local angling communities. these data have only so far been available By boosting the availability of satellite at selected locations and to remote sensing Benefits to Citizens water quality data, globallakewatch.org will experts, but not to authorities or NGOs Information on water quality used to be foster the development of locally calibrated, interested in water quality protection and the privilege of water authorities, whilst high accuracy water quality monitoring from management. Citizens interested in the spatially explicit maps were hardly ever satellite imagery in many regions worldwide. quality or status of lakes and rivers had no produced for the public or even for the direct access to up-to-date maps, limiting managers themselves. Globallakewatch.org their awareness of and engagement with democratises water quality data by delivering water quality processes. regularly updated maps free of charge to any The space based solution user globally. This means that any internet user concerned about the status of a certain A recently released massive data processing lake or coastal sea can directly access a time András Zlinszky platform, Google Earth Engine, allows on- series of information with a spatial and demand access and server-side processing temporal resolution they can understand. Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian on the full archive of Sentinel 2 and 3 Interested citizens can thus provide early Academy of Sciences, Hungary satellites, which is regularly updated as new warnings: water quality maps can be RGB image of ice breaking up on Lake Balaton, Peter Supan and Marc Zobel images are collected. We have implemented used to identify pollution sources, inform obtained via globallakewatch.org. This image has Parkour Vienna, Austria. Zsófia Koma, Univer- a set of widely used simple algorithms for authorities and hold polluters responsible. been very popular in Hungarian social media. sity of Amsterdam IBED mapping chlorophyll, suspended sediment, In the case of bodies of water in conflict Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] [email protected]
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INFORMING WATER With SPACE-O water quality CLIMATE, WATER RESOURCE MANAGERS IN “forecast service we can now AND ENERGY SARDINIA be proactive and mitigate table. Lessons from Mulargia allow for further SPACE-O services provide satellite challenging water quality fine-tune decision support systems which data and water quality forecasts threats to the benefit of our can be rolled out to a broad range of water like weather data. The case of water users.” operators all over the world. SPACE-O will the Mulargia reservoir shows the keep closing the knowledge gap for informed and sustainable water resources governance added value of developed tools General view of Mulargia reservoir in Sardinia. Maria Antonietta Dessena, and optimized water services provision thanks Source: Ente acque della Sardegna (ENAS) Ente acque della Sardegna (ENAS) for water resource protection. to the open access data from Copernicus.
The challenge The space based solution water quality parameters like algae and turbidity for up to 10 days. There is a growing need to monitor and In order to address these challenges, the EU reduce the effects of pollution and climate funded SPACE-O project combines state-of Benefits to Citizens change on our global water cycle. On the the-art satellite technology with hydrological Based on the forecasts derived from Italian island of Sardinia, the Mulargia dam and water quality models, integrating local combining Earth Observation data, a set of is one of two pilot cases where the SPACE-O knowledge and datasets so as to improve the end-user driven functionalities have been (www.space-o.eu) project demonstrates the information base used for decision making. designed and translated into a Decision value of Earth Observation technology in Indicators for water quality and quantity that Support IT tool, including the modules: forecasting water flows and water quality. cannot be covered in a spatial scale by ground- Mulargia is the most important reservoir based systems are now possible to obtain 1. Environmental/water information system, in a large and complex network comprising from Copernicus satellite missions Sentinel- supporting reservoir management Turbidity concentrations in Mulargia reservoir from three river basins, serving as a drinking 2A/B and Landsat 8. These indicators include: specifically on short to medium term water S2. Source: EOMAP water source for 700,000 people. Ente acque quantity and quality forecasts. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] • Chlorophyll-a, turbidity della Sardegna (hereinafter ENAS), the local and harmful algae blooms 2. Early warning system, which uses modelled multisector water network manager, is the (forecasted) data to provide early warning Acknowledgements public authority responsible for operational • Water surface temperature and evaporation of threats to the water sources. monitoring and daily planning –such as • Floating materials (e.g. oil or scum) SPACE-O project has received funding from informing the local drinking water supplier 3. Water treatment plant optimisation. the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research of any changes in the raw water quantity Information from satellite images for the and Innovation Programme under Grant and quality– as well as strategic planning. above mentioned indicators are combined Outlook to the future Agreement No 730005. A complex system like this is threatened by with existing datasets to improve water SPACE-O is designed to be adaptive to new a wide variety of challenges like droughts, forecasts. Models are generally as good science allowing a dynamic upgrade of the floods, diffuse pollution and deforestation that as the data used to force those models. information fluxes that it receives. It is fully affect water quality and demand managers Systematic analysis of satellite data was aligned with newly developed Copernicus to constantly balance levels and swift flows used to fine-tune models by complementing services and will provide products on a where needed to guarantee local supply. missing measurements. ECMWF forecasting long-term time basis, assuring the future Timely and detailed information is crucial and coupled hydrological, hydrodynamic and sustainability of the service. As demonstrated ecological modelling together with near real- to the efficiency of treatment processes, in Sardinia, space-based monitoring Carolina Latorre strategic planning and emergency responses time data from automated image analysis, technology is greatly appreciated by water IWA, London, United Kingdom but often challenges local capacities. allow for forecasting of river flows and critical managers and brings valuable tools to the [email protected]
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MONITORING Sentinel 1 data has CLIMATE, WATER GROUNDWATER “transformed the way we AND ENERGY FLOODING IN IRELAND monitor groundwater flooding Critical flood data can now be gathered USING SENTINEL-1 SAR in Ireland. It provides on a scale that was previously thought The winter of 2015/2016 saw a practical method to monitor unachievable, and provided to relevant unprecedented groundwater a complex problem.” regional authorities and local communities flooding across western Ireland. in a timely manner. Flood maps derived from Sentinel-1 imagery also aid in regional Koen Verbruggen, Geological Survey Ireland Sentinel-1 SAR was used to map planning and development and limiting future regional flooding. Groundwater flooding in County Galway, Western flood vulnerability. Ireland, 2016. dramatically in the last decade, driven in part The challenge used imagery from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 by the introduction of the EU Floods Directive, Outlook to the future mission to map the extent of the 2015/2016 but also by two major groundwater flood Mapping how floodwaters develop and recede Our intention is to incorporate near real-time extreme flood event, which would otherwise events in 2009 and 2016. accurately and on a large spatial scale is Sentinel-1 SAR imagery into an operational not have been possible by conventional critical for flood risk management. However, Remedying this lack of monitoring poses groundwater flood forecasting scheme that means. this posed a major challenge to regional significant technical challenges. In Ireland, will benefit those at risk of flooding. The authorities across the western region of An additional benefit of Sentinel-1 is the groundwater flooding occurs in isolated continued work of the Copernicus programme Ireland following the extensive groundwater frequency of image capture; the satellites basins across the landscape. The large is essential to achieve this goal. This will give floods of 2015/2016. Little or no hydrometric have been collecting imagery over Ireland number and wide distribution of these local authorities and vulnerable communities data was recorded during the flood event. at a 3-4 day revisit time since late 2014. basins makes them impractical to monitor valuable time before impending floods to Earth Observation imagery collected by the Whilst this revisit time may be inadequate using traditional field instrumentation. The mitigate damage o property and disturbance EU Copernicus Programme provided a solution for observing flash floods, which appear availability of Copernicus EO data represents to economic activity. to this otherwise insurmountable problem. and dissipate within hours, it is suitable a practical and cost-effective alternative. for monitoring groundwater flooding which Acknowledgements The space based solution occurs at a much slower rate. This work was supported by the Geological Earth Observation satellites represent a Groundwater floods typically appear and Survey of Ireland and the University of growing data source for environmental recede over a timescale of weeks to months. Dublin Trinity College. The authors would monitoring. The Synthetic Aperture Radar The considerable catalogue of Sentinel-1 also like to thank the Office of Public Works, (SAR) capability of the Sentinel-1 constellation imagery available has allowed us to track Environmental Protection Agency, National is particularly valuable because of its ability groundwater flood development through time, Parks and Wildlife Service and County Councils to detect differences in land cover and increasing our understanding of this complex of Roscommon, Galway, Longford and Mayo provide an all-weather, day-and-night supply flood form and help identify vulnerable areas for their on-going assistance and support. of imagery. and communities. SAR systems emit radar pulses and record the Benefits to Citizens return signal at the satellite. Flat surfaces such as water operate as specular reflectors for the Groundwater flooding was not traditionally Owen Naughton1,2, Ted McCormack2, Rebecca radar pulses, giving a clear contrast between recognised as posing a significant flood risk Sentinel-1 imagery of groundwater flooding in Bradford2, James McAteer2 dry and flooded areas. This makes Sentinel-1 in Ireland, and so historically authorities County Galway, Western Ireland, 2016 (flooded areas 1: Trinity College Dublin SAR data a powerful tool for flood delineation. saw little benefit in routinely recording displayed in black). groundwater flooding. Attitude has changed Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] 2: Geological Survey Ireland In this context, Geological Survey Ireland [email protected]
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WATER BODIES The WhereIsWater portal has CLIMATE, WATER DETECTION ON A PORTAL “made a significant contribution AND ENERGY Radar Satellite Sentinel 1 to increasing knowledge about from using our services for their specific products for detection and water conditions and has needs. The Slovenian Environment Agency analyses of water surfaces and helped to improve the flood uses this portal for analysing standing flood areas in Slovenia. Users are water, lakes and for monitoring flooded karst Slovenian Environment Agency alert warning system.” fields, as well as for evaluating the forecast on rivers. Based on satellite imagery, it can and other professionals. WhereIsWater.at portal shows Cerknica lake, Slovenia Mojca Robič, hydrologist, confirm or reject the alert values of the flood and toolbox with customized services. Slovenian Environment Agency warning process. It has made a significant additional and sometimes even unexpected contribution to increasing knowledge about satellite data from the very start and creates The challenge information such as detected wetness which remote geographical areas. its own archive of bodies of water. Users GeoCodis Ltd. and ZRC SAZU, the Slovenian remains after the watering or spreading of can search the observed data on the map Outlook to the future Academy of Science and Arts, are working liquid manure on agriculture fields, or wetness where all acquisitions are marked. Additional together to provide services for receiving up- on frequently watered golf courses, etc. The There are still many areas for further functionalities help users to select data only to-date satellite images, for the detection and most valuable applicability of the portal is development including spatial statistics of for the specific area. More advanced users analysis of water surfaces and flood areas, seen in the monitoring and evaluation of the water conditions, combination with ground can create their own polygons and create and to provide the right information for users. large flood events and observing conditions sensors and validation of flood prediction a statistical graph with the percentage of The main challenge of the whereiswater.at of wetlands. It is also possible to monitor the systems. We would like to extend the use water area in the region. It can be of special portal was using the Sentinel 1 radar data extent of water inside large hydroelectrical to other countries and to compare the interest for flood frequency over a long-time for detection of water bodies in Slovenia. or agricultural accumulations. Additionally, results with other similar Sentinel 1 based period. The final interesting functionality is We succeeded in establishing an automatic it can be used for identifying drought or dry applications. Whilst Sentinel 1 data are the water heatmap that shows the number processing chain by downloading raw data conditions of soil on large agricultural areas. available only every 4th to 6th day we could of days covered by water since Sentinel 1 from the Hub, processing images in several Until now, whereiswater.at service has only combine data with Sentinel 2 products. There tandem became operational. It happens that steps, storing results into a database and covered Slovenia and some nearby areas but are still windows of opportunity to improve some of the results are wrongly classified delivering it to a web-based application. can be extended to other areas where regular the accuracy of the provided data. The mobile and therefore we establish the possibility The main aim of the system is monitoring water monitoring is not established. Various app is also under development and should be to mark these data and exclude them form of bodies of water in Slovenia, providing professionals can derive huge advantages available in the near future. the further analyses. However, these data historical statistics and supporting water could be valuable for other purposes, e.g. related environment monitoring. The initial Acknowledgements for monitoring wet snow conditions in the goal of the system was to create an additional mountains or to detect other water related We would like to express our gratitude to independent source for flood prediction phenomena, like watering golf courses or everybody who was involved in making monitoring at Slovenian Environment Agency. football pitches. WhereIsWater service operational. The space based solution Benefits to Citizens Sentinel 1 data are fully compliant for the Matjaž Ivačič The portal is fully operational and is detection of bodies of water but need to GeoCodis, Kranj, Slovenia consulted as an information source for water be carefully analysed and combined with specialists and for the general public. Besides [email protected] precise terrain data and with samples of the regional overview of present and past Heatmap of intermittent Lake Cerknica, southern part Žiga Kokajl existing bodies of water on the surface. conditions of bodies of water, it also provides of Slovenia, from autumn 2014 – beginning of 2018. ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia Whereiswater.at portal stores and analyses [email protected]
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HOW COPERNICUS This Copernicus-based model CLIMATE, WATER SUPPORTS THE ENERGY “helps decision makers and AND ENERGY TRANSITION experts to enforce the energy Hence, the energy transition can be planned COP4EE uses Copernicus data to transition. The possibility of in direct response to the local energy demand, determine the potential of areas creating scenarios is used to on sites with most efficient energy output for the different renewable energy find the optimal solution for and in an ecologically sustainable manner. sources and supports regional Spatial planning of the energy transition is administrations in defining energy the individual region.” thus possible, whilst preserving the regional Copernicus helps finding most suitable areas for an diversity of the landscape with direct benefits transition targets. efficient and ecological production of renewables. Achim Hill, for citizens. Photo: RSS GmbH Energy Agency of the Region Trier The challenge determined. Regionally adapted scenarios can Outlook to the future be computed to address regionally defined The unique character of this space-based Energy transition is governed at European The energy transition is a major challenge energy transition targets. Since Copernicus is solution is that it considers ecological and and national scale, leading to laws and for the European Union. Its territorial providing optical multispectral satellite data economical aspects of renewable energy regulations such as the German EEG or the implementation is having more and more (Sentinel-2) as well as cloud-penetrating SAR production. For example, factors such as French LTECV. The implementation of the impact on regional development. The COP4EE (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data (Sentinel-1), distance from biogas plants (regarding energy transition in response to these acts approach has so far been established in the both with short revisit cycles, the transport costs and GHG emissions) and is taking place on a regional scale. Regional region of Trier and Bitburg-Prüm in Germany, development of renewable energy sources pollinator-friendly crop cycles are taken into administrations define their own targets but with the fully operational Sentinels and over time can be monitored at high spatial account when assessing the potential for adapted to the local demands and potentials. with modern IT infrastructure for big data resolution. This includes the estimation of bioenergy crop production. Regional administrations are often not aware processing, it is possible to scale up the the biomass development of energy crops as of the full potential and limitations of their The spatial model is an innovative planning approach to the EU territory. The Copernicus well as the monitoring of the implementation spatial units regarding the production of tool for regional decision makers and public programme, with its long-term provision of of the energy transition. For the first time, renewable energies. Earth Observation (EO) authorities, such as governing mayors who free EO data and the upcoming Copernicus this space-based solution allows evidence is therefore used by COP4EE to determine are directly involved in the development. Data and Information Access Services (DIAS), based spatial decision support to be provided the potential of areas for wind power plants, is therefore fundamental. for the renewable energy sector, a key sector photovoltaic plants, district heating or the reflected in the Paris Agreement. production of biomass (www.geo-way.de). Acknowledgements Benefits to Citizens COP4EE is funded by the Federal Ministry for The space based solution Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) via the The expansion of renewable energies is driven Open access Copernicus data, particularly Space Administration of the DLR. by regulations and financial incentives such as the high-resolution Sentinel satellite data, subsidies. In some regions, this often led to 1 2 allow for continuous monitoring of land J. Franke , R. Lessing & M. Hampel , C. a spatially unplanned expansion independent 3 4 use, crop type cultivation and the use of Konetschny & T. Schmid , S. Richter and from the actual potential of an area for the 5 permanent grassland. By combining these Achim Hill production of renewable energies. data with digital elevation models, climate 1. RSS GmbH, Germany data and other existing spatial information Negative land use-related side effects have 2. DELPHI IMM GmbH (e.g. soil data, Natura 2000 sites, other been observed such as intensification of 3. FfE e.V. Designation of the most suitable renewable energy conservation areas, locations of power plants agricultural production, transformation of 4. M.O.S.S. Computer Grafik Syst. GmbH etc.) in a spatial model, the most suitable permanent grassland to arable land or land source per area for the municipality of Prüm. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] 5. Energieagentur Region Trier renewable energy source for an area can be use competition with food crops. [email protected]
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TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND URBAN PLANNING
The management of rural areas and urbanisation is key for sustainable development. In Europe, urban areas account for over two-thirds of the population, use about 80% of the energy and generate up to 85% of the GDP. Greener, smarter cities, rural development and infrastructures are amongst the pillars of the EU cohesion policy. This implies a balanced approach integrating different scales of cities and human settlements, making sure that supplies and demands between urban and rural areas are smoothly flowing and territories are connected. Several challenges must be faced to ensure that sustainable practices are adopted, for instance through comprehensive soil sealing mitigation measures, regulated housing and waste management.
Urban and territorial managers globally aim at ensuring that citizens’ private and social living is balanced, by carefully planning infrastructure and services that facilitate trade and productivity still safeguarding the environment and social public places. Local and regional authorities have significant responsibilities in this respect and are responsible for the successful implementation of several EU policies influencing spatial planning.
Copernicus Sentinels and the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service can help facing these challenges by providing disparate geospatial information regarding e.g. land use and land cover classification, urban growth, urban green areas, urban heat islands, imperviousness, etc. Whilst in-situ data and very high resolution data from Copernicus Contributing Missions are essential in resolving the details of e.g. urban maps and ecological corridors, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 missions provide regular and consistent observations that are especially important when dealing with wide areas and shared cross-border resources.
Berlin from Sentinel-1A via laser Credit: Copernicus Sentinel data (2014)/ESA, OVERVIEW OF COPERNICUS USER STORIES
Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level CHANGE DETECTION ANALYSIS MONITOR URBAN AREAS AND Brittany Brittany Wallonia S2 3 ON WALLOON BROWNFIELD Wallonia S2 3 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES (Bretagne) Ille-et-Vilaine (Wallonie) SITES URBAN GROWTH MONITORING Alsace Haut-Rhin S2 3/4 COPERNICUS FOR LYS BASIN Occitanie Occitanie WITH COPERNICUS DATA (Alsace) S1 4 WATER MANAGEMENT Occitanie Hauts de France The relevant Copernicus data and Information refer to the Copernicus Sentinel data and/or to the Copernicus DIOGNASING THE BURJASSOT Valencia Valencia S2 3 Service information mentioned in the User Story. For the definition of the Usage Maturity Level, please refer to URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM the Introduction. ENABLING PERIODIC DOWNSTREAM SERVICES Lombardy Lombardy S1, S2 1 VIA USER-FRIENDLY DATA GRABBING LOCAL COPERNICUS Brittany Brittany S2 1 DEMONSTRATOR IN BRITANNY (Bretagne) MAPPING TERRITORIES BY SATELLITE FOR SUSTAINABLE Reunion Madagaskar S2 3 DEVELOPMENT IN THE INDIAN (Ile de la Réunion) OCEAN MEASURES OF SURFACE Catalonia MOVEMENTS OF CATALONIA BY Catalonia S1 4 (Catalunya) USING SENTINEL-1 STORYTELLING TOOL FOR A Andalusia Castilla La Mancha S2, S3 2 FOREST FIRE IN YESTE THE PAN–EU VIRTUAL HUB FOR 5 COPERNICUS AND GEO OPEN Lombardy Lombardy S2 2/3 DATA COPERNICUS HELPS PRAGUE Prague Prague CLMS 3 TO PLAN CITY OF FUTURE (Praha) EO FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN CLMS + S1/S2 Wallonia Wallonia 3 PLANNING IN WALLONIA future MODELING AND FORECASTING Brussels Dakar URBAN POPULATION Région de S1, S2 2 Ouagadougou PATTERNS bruxelles capitale
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117 CHANGE DETECTION This application, based on TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS ON WALLOON “Sentinel data, will save time URBAN PLANNING BROWNFIELD SITES and reduce the costs of these areas will contribute to job creation and Change detection analysis updating brownfield inventory.” new developments of residential, industrial based on Sentinel-2 data in or recreational areas. Christophe Rasumny, order to update the inventory DGO4, Public Service of Wallonia, Belgium and quantitatively assess the Outlook to the future By exploiting the revisit time of Sentinel-2 evolution of brownfield sites Urban renovation in Seraing (West of Liège, Wallonia). All residents settled in the surroundings data, this decision-making tool supports the in time and space. Former colliery site reconverted into commercial and of brownfields deserve a qualitative public administration for a more efficient service area. (Source : Walonmap – SPW) environment. and rapid updating of the inventory of the conversion of land to recreational areas such The challenge Previously abandoned sites could then be brownfields. However, developing a fully as parks. Thanks to their high resolution After the successive industrial restructuring brought back to beneficial use by pushing automated change detection process remains multispectral data, Sentinel-2 satellites are of the 70s and 80s, Wallonia has inherited local entrepreneurship spirit by highlighting challenging as photo-interpretation, i.e. of great interest to apply radiometric change numerous derelict and underused sites. In the regional remarkable heritage. The expert knowledge, still plays an important detection methods on brownfield sites. They 2006, the European Commission required that rehabilitation of brownfields also enables role in the current tool. An initial outlook then enable fine intra- and inter-annual change each member state establish an inventory urban sprawl within agricultural lands to consists in developing automatic steps to detection analysis. of these sites, known as brownfields. The be limited. Limiting regional soil sealing improve and accelerate the visual processes. The methodology uses a variety of spectral reduces the risks of flash floods. Moreover, Walloon inventory includes sites of economic Secondly, we will develop more complex / indices for detecting change in vegetation and and non-economic activities that have been composite indices, namely, those based on other land covers. Indices are mathematical abandoned, both polluted and unpolluted. satellite time-series analysis, to enhance expressions combining different spectral It lists more than 2,000 sites previously change detection accuracy. Testing Sentinel-1 bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. For dedicated to economic activity ranging from data can overcome the issues of cloud cover instance, they quantify the strength and the post offices to heavy steel industries. Due on Wallonia. to its time-consuming nature and expansive vitality of the vegetation (e.g. the Normalized cost, public authorities were looking for a Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI) or the In addition, the EO based method could new solution for the inventory. This solution brightness of soils (e.g. the Brightness Index study a further detection of non-inventoried would enable (1) frequent updating of the - BI) which is highly correlated with soil brownfields in order to increase the inventory and (2) prioritisation of the sites for moisture and sealed surface materials (e.g. completeness of the inventory. urban redevelopment projects. roads, parking areas or roofs). Spectral indices help to identify areas of changes, to qualify Acknowledgements The space based solution types of changes and, finally, to quantify their This project is funded by a grant from the The developed decision-making tool uses extension. Operational Development Directorate (DGO4 Sentinel-2 data in combination with aerial Benefits to Citizens Old manufacturing industries being rehabilitated. – SPW, Wallonia). orthophotos, LiDAR (light detection and The total destruction of buildings is well identified by the spectral indices. ranging) and Pleiades data. The integration The identification of brownfields represents Eric Hallot, Benjamin Beaumont, Odile Close, a valuable opportunity and an important Sources : Walonmap - SPW Credit: Contains modified of these Earth Observation (EO) data with Copernicus Sentinel data [2015-2016] Catherine Collart, potential for Wallonia. Indeed, some derelict expert knowledge helps to detect and label ISSeP, Liège, Belgium sites have negative impacts the environment brownfields of Wallonia are generally located the changes related to the rehabilitation of Nathalie Stephenne, (visual impact, symbol of economic and social in urban area and are thus well connected to the inventoried sites. These include building SPW, Namur, Belgium difficulties, environmental and health risks...). public transport facilities. The regeneration of demolition, renovation, new build and also [email protected]
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169 COPERNICUS FOR These maps provide us with TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND LYS BASIN WATER “reliable data on rural areas, URBAN PLANNING MANAGEMENT which in time will allow us to Satellite-based maps are guidance documents The June 2016 satellite images focus the manpower to help to point out some areas to work with to acquired over Northern France with crisis management and reduce damages and the number of persons flooding provide unprecedented feedback.” exposed. Symsagel uses this result as a information concerning the Lys starting point for scientific exchanges about basin, its hydraulic mechanisms Sarah Duverney, hydraulics mechanisms involved during floods and causing damages. and actions to be implemented. Flood Plan Project Manager, Symsagel Sentinel-1A image acquired on Lys Basin Outlook to the future on 4 June 2016. complementary investigations to confirm or The challenge In the Lys Basin, agricultural drainage is singled not their sensitivity to local practices. The Lys basin in the North of France has had occurred in Northern France. Over the Lys out as a contributing factor to flooding. Cerema to cope with an increasing number of flood Basin, very high precipitations occurred Benefits to Citizens and SERTIT (Regional Service of Remote phenomena over the last few years. With sensing and Image Processing, operator of the between 30 and 31 May 2016 causing rapid Terrain surveys are performed during a crisis 180,000 persons exposed the Mixed Water Copernicus Emergency Management Service), flooding of the Lys River and its tributaries, but provide punctual information in time (in Management Syndicate of the Lys Basin will work together with Symsagel in order to followed on the 6 and 7 of June 2016 by a general during the crisis) and on few selected (Symsagel) needs knowledge concerning exploit the results of space image analyses second less intense rainfall episode, which geographical areas (in general urban areas or these events to implement its Local Strategy to enrich the hydraulic knowledge of the Lys also raised the water level, flooding the plain few selected streams). Lots of other areas are for Flood Risk Management (SLGRI) in plain and assess the impact of agricultural (favoured by soil saturation) causing over generally not monitored. Space data is one relation to the European Floods Directive. drainage on floods. Symsagel will exploit this 27,000.000 euro of direct damage. Three of the unique tools used to cover the whole information to add actions at the halfway Copernicus images covered the Lys Basin: Lys Basin and provide such information with Terrain surveys are practised during events stage of its flood prevention plan. but only punctually (in time and space) and Sentinel-1A images acquired on 31 May, and repetitivity during and after the crisis. The 4 and 7 June; a Landsat-8 image acquired on essentially on urban areas. Rural areas are only images taken three days later raised the Acknowledgements poorly or not monitored at all whereas they 9 June completing the dataset. Those images question of knowing how long it takes for strongly contribute to hydraulics mechanisms covered the entire basin. water to recede. Thanks to the Copernicus programme for the images acquired and for putting them at our potentially responsible for increasing Cerema (a French Public Establishment with disposal for the study. impacts. Large-scale data is necessary to a Department in charge of Space applications cover this fairly large basin (1800 km²) and for public policies), extracted information on river segment at a length of 195 km. Cloud flooded areas from those images. Christelle Bosc and Lucie Chadourne-Facon cover in this territory often prevents aerial The maps produced presenting satellite- Cerema, France acquisitions during flood events. Alternative based analysis report all observed flooded Sarah Duverney, solutions are necessary to obtain information areas of the basin, a result which has never SYSMAGEL, France at the basin scale to understand hydraulic been produced at this scale in this area. This mechanisms and propose planning actions in Stéphanie Battiston and Stephen Claudillon exhaustivity placed emphasis on unexpected the context of PAPI (Action Plan and Flood SERTIT flooded areas out of the “potential flooded Map of flooded areas extracted from satellite images Prevention), part of the SLGRI. (Sentinel-1A and Landsat-8) acquired during Lys [email protected] area”. This large-scale analysis enabled the floods. Lys Plain, Sally-sur-la-Lys area, Hauts de [email protected] The space based solution most exposed areas of flooding (overflow France, France. [email protected] runoff or rising water) to be targeted and [email protected] In May-June 2016, a large-scale flood event where it would be appropriate to carry out [email protected]
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199 DIAGNOSING THE The proposals from the study TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND BURJASSOT URBAN “on the Burjassot drainage URBAN PLANNING DRAINAGE SYSTEM system are absolutely necessary project based on Copernicus Sentinel data Sentinel-2B data is being used to avoid urban floods that our and products. Implementation measures by the Climatology from Satellites town undergoes quite often.” on critical identified areas will increase the Group to diagnose the current citizens’ quality of life thus favouring routine situation of the Burjassot Local Office for Sustainability, displacements during risk events and reducing Burjassot Town Hall Municipality drainage system. restoring costs after them. Water reuse will also be encouraged when channelled to green images as well as to the Copernicus High zones, thus reducing costs in irrigation waters. Natural colour RGB (bands 4, 3, 2) image of Resolution Imperviousness product, by The challenge Burjassot Municipality (Sentinel-2B EMS Copernicus evaluating 100 points that generate a Outlook to the future Service, 17 Dec 2017, 10-m spatial resolution) confusion matrix, together with the overall Climathon is a global 24-hour Climate The GCS has developed an innovative accuracy (OA), producer’s accuracy (PA) and Change Hackaton, organised by EIT Climate accurate knowledge of the current land uses approach to be implemented into a pilot user’s accuracy (UA). KIC, that takes place each year in different is needed to be able to identify and estimate study to assist in future municipal water cities all over the world. The University the impervious surface areas (ISA) and management issues consisting of a holistic of Valencia Climatology from Satellites propose adequate solutions to make them methodology that puts together Copernicus Group (GCS), Valencia, Spain, organised more sustainable and “flood resilient” through EO data, a refined 3D digital elevation model the Burjassot Climathon 2017, focusing the development of green/blue infrastructures, and a statistic analysis of meteorological on Earth Observation in Support of a permeable pavements, filter strips, etc. data. All this information is then inputted Sustainable Water Resources Management Copernicus Sentinel-2 MSI (MultiSpectral into an urban runoff model that will simulate using Copernicus data. Burjassot Climathon Imager) data are suitable for understanding different SDUS scenarios and help in the 2017. It provided a clear idea to propose the current situation of Burjassot. The figure decision-making process. and hopefully achieve a Sustainable Urban below shows a supervised nearest-neighbour Drainage System (SUDS) for Burjassot land use classification of the Burjassot Acknowledgements municipality. Burjassot is a small city close Municipality using data from Copernicus The authors wish to express their gratitude to Valencia where more than 70% of Sentinel-2B MSI. Preprocessing begins with to Ms Lluna Arias and her Team, D. Gomez precipitation is concentrated in ±10 days per the combination of Maximum Noise Fraction and M.C. Exposito, at the Burjassot Town (MNF) and Principal Components Analysis year, given the variability and distribution Burjassot Municipality land uses (Sentinel-2B EMS Hall Environment Department. They also of the rain is extremely irregular. Besides, (PCA) to reduce the spectral dimensionality and Copernicus Service, 17h Dec 2017, 10-m spatial acknowledge the financial support from the the orography and topography of the city selecting the bands with more information. resolution). Climate KIC Education InnoSpace Project to and the massive urban growth with the so- Then, Pixel Purity Index (PPI) is applied to Benefits to Citizens carry out the Copernicus Climathon Burjassot called “hard infrastructures” have caused a identify three extreme endmembers: high 2017, as well as Climate KIC Spain. significant regression of green areas, also albedo (bright ISA and bare soil), low albedo As a consequence of the Burjassot Climathon triggering the occurrence of periodic issues (dark ISA, water, wet areas and shadows) and 2017, the GCS is now closely collaborating E. Albero-Peralta1, C. Rivero Moro1, D. Catalán of flooded streets, unusable infrastructure vegetation. Classifiers are applied to group with the Burjassot City Hall in some of their Alcober1, T. Baur2, R. Bansal3, E. Lopez-Baeza1 during and after the events and material and both ISA classes (bright and dark) and define significant water management issues. They 1. Climatology from Satellites Group, Universi- jointly produced the Urban Adaptation to non-material damages. the sealed zones. This process is carried out ty of Valencia with several images throughout the year to Climate Change report, which consists of a 2. EU EIP Water Secretariat The space based solution verify changes. Once the final classification is diagnostic study with a detailed work plan to 3. EIT Climate KIC Education. established, it is compared to high resolution carry out an evaluation and implementation In order to improve the drainage system, [email protected]
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106 ENABLING PERIODIC Change the vision that citizens TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND DOWNSTREAM SERVICES “have of remote sensing, by URBAN PLANNING VIA USER-FRIENDLY DATA making it less remote and providing the flood status of rice fields, GRABBING more sensitive.” eventually improving the economy of rural GeoGrabber is a desktop tool areas by empowering the citizens with data CNR IREA and CNR IDPA for non-experts, periodically GeoGrabber’s graphic interface. Through a tailored to their specific needs. Concerning user-friendly environment, it enables any user to downloading and processing data existing alternatives, it can feasibly help to implement customised down-stream services of save on costs and make monitoring processes background, with no need for further user from Sentinel sources. Sentinel data. – currently mainly based on surveys – more intervention, and periodically downloads and efficient. The exploitation of remote-sensing- proposal for developing an easy-to-use abling processes the desired Sentinel data from derived information for the discovery of desktop tool of downstream services that can either S1 or S2, scheduling periodic tasks. The challenge be customised by non-experts to periodically possible anomaly-affected areas can drive in situ survey directly where needed and Ever since EO Copernicus Sentinel missions generate a variety of remote sensing products. improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the became operational, we have entered a This is possible through transparent and administrative procedures by saving on costs. new age of possibilities, an age of open periodic querying Sentinel sources through SciHub APIs and by providing facilities for development of downstream services at low Outlook to the future cost for the most diverse application fields, the integrated client-side auto-computation such as environmental monitoring, climate of indicators on the downloaded data, the GeoGrabber is an open software in its early change, anomaly detection and emergency periodic feature being an original aspect with release, funded by STRESS project (started in prevention, preparedness and management. respect to other ESA DIAS such as Sentinel May 2017). It will be extended with other Playground or even Google Earth Engine. features, such as the computation of different Nevertheless, the feasibility of implementing products and the downloading of Sentinel data To this end, a multidisciplinary team has been a downstream service by directly using the Map showing rice fields flood status (processed from other sources, as they become operational. working, together with end users, on the currently available facilities offered by ESA through fuzzy reasoning applying OWA) on a SciHub and tools such as SNAP still require definition of requirements and architecture Sentinel-2A image. Downloaded and automatically Acknowledgements the engagement of remote sensing experts. of GeoGrabber, a user-centred desktop tool. processed by GeoGrabber. From querying the sources, to evaluating and Running on common computers, it offers STRESS project, #2016-0766, funded by Cariplo, “Bando Fondazione Rst - Ricerca downloading the images, and – last but not simple user interaction schemes, mainly Benefits to Citizens least – to processing those images in order based on selecting facilities by means of a dedicata al dissesto idrogeologico 2016” to generate semantic products, an expert user-experience-designed interface. It lets Since GeoGrabber runs on a common PC with and SIMULATOR-ADS project, #137287, co- figure is required. This statement of facts the user define a Region Of Interest (ROI) by a Java Virtual Machine and an R interpreter, it funded by Regione Lombardia & FESR “Linea is an obstacle to the widespread diffusion specifying a toponym, a bounding box, or a can be easily installed, and at little expense R&S per Aggregazioni”. of remote sensing technologies amongst vector file. Over the selected ROI, the user can – thus, being affordable for the budget of civil society. Public administrations tend to choose one or more products he/she wants any public administration. Its design is regard this technology as too complex and to generate (i.e. flooded areas, wildfires, such that any non-expert from public local A. Ceresi1, A. Goffi1, L. Ranghetti1, L. Busetto1, expensive, eventually ignoring it and hosting vegetation vigor indicators), selecting them authorities could use it to check the status 1 1 1 a gap between available data and territorial from the menu, possibly specifying the of the environment in the municipality, D. Stroppiana , G. Bordogna , M. Boschetti , 1 1 1 challenges. sensing date of the source data, the tolerance monitoring burned or flooded areas in case P.A. Brivio , M. Pepe , M. Antoninetti , on the cloud coverage, and the option for the of natural disasters and filling the “handling S. Sterlacchini2 The space based solution roduct to be generated periodically, at each gap” between data and their full exploitation. 1. CNR IREA, Milano, Italy sensor revisiting time. In this last case, once Moreover, local authorities could use it to The reasons outlined above motivate our 2. CNR IDPA, Milano, Italy activated, the task runs automatically in the monitor crop growth and help local farmers, [email protected]
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123 LOCAL COPERNICUS Many public authorities still TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND DEMONSTRATOR IN “have rather low expectations URBAN PLANNING BRITTANY for space applications because - For mutual needs, to share the costs and A working group to democratize of a fast-moving landscape. reduce risks when setting up operational data and services from They ask for a place to discuss services or joint pilot projects; Copernicus and make Brittany use cases at their own pace, - To be more than just consumers of data/ a territory for experimentation using their business vocabulary products/services, to take part in their and demonstration of space First meeting of the working group across 5 cities elaboration, and thus to be a voice alongside applications. (Brest, Lannion, Lorient, Rennes, Vannes). in order to build their own other communities of space authorities. strategy that will combine Outlook to the future The challenge be integrated with other data. remote sensing with their daily The aim is to propose a regional variation of The originality of the initiative lies in the joint Since 2015, the French Regions have been applications.” Copernicus for regional managers, which will construction of demonstrators: a working given additional responsibilities and must be both a data platform, providing products group was set up within the GeoBretagne Fabrice PHUNG (GeoBretagne) establish a regional planning and sustainable and services and a place for experimentation. partnership, the Remote Sensing working development scheme. Thus, to be fully This will give the end-users’ community more group. It is currently made up of about informed about their territory and to efficiently ownership over these new tools and will twenty volunteers (territory managers, manage its planning, local authorities need contribute to a favourable environment for service managers, geomaticians) and led data, knowledge and tools. At the same time, the use of Copernicus data and products, and by GIS BreTel. The group aims at sharing earth observation data, including Copernicus more generally space applications in Brittany. and Sentinel data, remains underutilized: knowledge and experiences, as well as co- its use has so far been limited to specific designing space based services that respond Acknowledgements projects, without real regional coordination. to end-users needs. The first meeting of the Local public authorities using geolocation data Remote Sensing working group took place in Project officers of GeoBretagne: Fabrice are aware of this potential and would like to January 2018 across 5 cities, and led to the PHUNG and Stéphane MEVEL-VIANNAY take advantage of this dynamic. This results proposal of an action plan. Head of territorial development department, in two challenges for users: to integrate earth An example of a demonstrator on GeoBretagne Brittany Region: Jonathan MORICE showing Copernicus product (imperviousness) observation data, tools and techniques with Benefits to Citizens compare to local land-use. All people involved in the working group and their commonly used data and tools; and, The working group operates at two levels. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2015] in the partership GeoBretagne. more generally, to become active agents of The first is data and services dedicated to these technological and technical evolutions. end-users access, providing them: The second level relates to users’ ownership, allowing them: The space based solution - Reliable and regularly updated data/ indicators/products with homogeneous - To have a resource and exchange centre to The space based solution consists in proposing acquisition methods for the region and share experiences and practices, be they operational demonstrators available on the consistent with the INSPIRE directive; successes or disappointments that are also Breton geographic data sharing platform instructive; “GeoBretagne” that has already been used by - Demonstration space to get to know and Marie JAGAILLE, GIS BreTeL a large community of territorial managers for make known the space based solutions to - To join a network of users, remote sensing Nicolas BELLEC, GIS BreTel 10 years. Data and products resulting from their little-aware pairs. experts and support structures (in Brittany Jonathan MORICE, Région Bretagne Copernicus Programme and space applications, or in national and European networks); Fabrice PHUNG, GéoBretagne previously unexploited in this platform, would [email protected]
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114 A PLATFORM FOR MAPPING The free access to satellite TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND TERRITORIES BY SATELLITE “imagery through the URBAN PLANNING IN THE INDIAN OCEAN Copernicus programme and the frequency at least once a year) are essential Led by the Regional Council, development of free and open for the strategic management of territories the programme CACAOS aims remote sensing processing but also for monitoring and control of public to develop an infrastructure tools are opening up new policies. This map was used by the Regional Council of Diana of Madagascar to update the for obtaining a reliable, shared perspectives in territorial and up-to-date cartographic regional land use and development plan. database. mapping.” Outlook to the future Jean-Désiré Rajaonarison National Geographic A capacity building and skills transfer approach The challenge and Hydrographic Institute of Madagascar is planned with local authorities to avoid The use and benefit of land-use data any digital divide and democratise access in Geographic Information Systems is to spatial information from the Copernicus complicated by: often limited coverage; programme. In addition to the tool itself, random updating; geographical incompatibility Land-use maps of the north of Madagascar produced the CACAOS programme aims to develop from CACAOS in 2017. of data due to the different repositories used; a strategic partnership with technical and Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] and non-compatible typology that does not financial operators, government departments, allow a temporal spatial comparison of the Biosphere from Space (CESBIO). A first pilot Non-Governmental Organisations, research classes. In addition, producers of this data phase was carried out on the Diana region organisations,... to make it a shared technical sometimes restrict access to it, thus limiting in Madagascar (20,000 km²) during the first reference platform for sustainable development its valorisation. The European Copernicus half of 2017 in partnership with the Regional first in Madagascar, and then to extended it programme offers a new perspective for Council of Diana and the National Geographic to other countries. The Regional Council of producing reliable, shared and up-to-date and Hydrographic Institute of Madagascar Reunion is thus planning to develop a remote land use maps of the Indian Ocean territories (FTM) with co-financing from the French State sensing resource centre in Reunion Island. from Sentinel-2 images and remote sensing. and the Regional Council of Reunion. This Land-use maps on a scale of 1:50 000 produced With a high spatial resolution (10m) and area was mapped into 13 different land use from CACAOS. Acknowledgements high temporal repetitively (one image every 5 classes at a scale of 1:50,000 to 1:100,000. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] This programme is the result of a collaboration days), this data is very useful for monitoring The processing of spatial data initially requires km²) in order to produce a complete land cover between the Regional Council of Reunion, the land with great responsiveness. the collection of referenced data. All data over the country in 2017. National Geographic and Hydrographic Institute were processed at the Regional Council’s of Madagascar, the Regional Council of Diana of The space based solution data processing centre on Reunion Island Benefits to Citizens Madagascar with the financial contribution of within the SEAS-OI station (Survey of the The CACAOS programme led by the Regional The CACAOS programme allows free and open the French Development Agency, the French Environment Assisted by Satellite in the Indian Council of Reunion allows for computer- distribution of land use mapping products. State and the Regional Council of Reunion. Ocean). This mapping allows the delimitation assisted processing of Sentinel-2 satellite These data make it possible to manage various of different kinds of forest (primary, degraded, images from the Copernicus programme over problems at regional and sub-regional scales: P. Tessier, S. Guyard and M. Belus mangrove,…) and the urban areas. The second large territories to obtain land use maps. The environment (protected area, natural risks, etc.), Regional council of Reunion, France phase in progress co-financed by the French CACAOS chain is based on free software (MAJA, agricultural and urban areas. In Madagascar, J. Désiré Rajaonarison, F. Harimanjato Development Agency (AFD) and the Regional IOTA²) developed by the French National land use mapping is essential to establish National Geographic and Hydrographic Council of Reunion aims to generalise the Centre for Space Studies (CNES) and notably a baseline survey and to monitor territorial Institute of Madagascar CACAOS tool throughout Madagascar (587,000 by the Centre for the Spatial Studies of the planning documents. The land use indicators [email protected]
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116 MEASURES OF SURFACE Copernicus Sentinel-1 data TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND MOVEMENTS IN “allow us to transform data into URBAN PLANNING CATALONIA information and knowledge Stable points are shown in green. In these USING SENTINEL-1 DATA in a cross-fertilisation action measures, which cover the entire Catalan A complete monitoring of surface between geologist and remote territory, several areas affected by surface movements at regional scale has sensing professionals.” movements can be distinguished. been implemented as a decision The mentioned ICGC SENTINEL 1 added Sr. Jordi Marturia, value chain has been also used in the support tool on risk management. ICGC-Geological Prevention Risks LIFE EBRO-ADMICLIM project (ENV / ES / 001182), in the Ebro Delta (Catalonia, a set of SENTINEL-1A/B images during 2016 zone that is very vulnerable to the rise of The challenge and 2017, corresponding to the motion in sea level and ground subsidence. Therefore, the vertical direction and Line Of Sight (LOS) Surface movements can be caused by various Measurements of vertical movement (2016-2017) in the interferometric SENTINEL-1 data on the the entire territory of Catalonia obtained with ICGC’s respectively. A colour scale indicating the phenomena, both anthropic and natural current rates of subsidence of the Delta are of PSI processing chain using SENTINEL-1A/B data. intensity of the velocity represents the points ones, such as groundwater extraction, major importance. that can be measured. landslides, infrastructure construction, mining With regards to SENTINEL-1A/B images, the or tunnelling. The techniques developed by measurement points are shown on the maps Outlook to the future the Cartographic and Geological Institute of with a spatial resolution of 20 x 20 metres. Starting from the measure corresponding to Catalonia (ICGC) allow the measurement of The points that can be measured must be 2016, the ICGC proposes to create periodic movements with millimetre accuracy. surface elements that do not undergo major updates, generating a historical database of Using these techniques, the ICGC has changes during the monitoring period, and surface motion throughout the territory of generated a map of ground motion measures are usually found with a high density in Catalonia. for the Catalan territory, using SENTINEL- urban areas, infrastructures and zones with 1A/B radar satellites at C band throughout low vegetation. Acknowledgements 2016 and 2017. Benefits to Citizens The authors would like to thank ESA DATA Hub for the official open data available and The space based solution The different incidence angles of the satellite the associated software and support for the ICGC has created the first complete map of in the ascending and descending orbits allow management and analysis of SENTINEL-1 measures of land movement for the entire the measurement of the components of the imagery. territory of Catalonia. The measurements movement corresponding to the vertical and have been obtained from radar images of the horizontal direction (East-West). SENTINEL-1A and B satellites on ascending This translates into a very detailed knowledge and descending modes. These satellites of the characteristics of the motion, and this offer a maximum 6-day image acquisition information combined with geological studies Example of measured subsidence in Cambrils urban frequency, and the images are free to and in situ measurements, is transformed area due to periods of groundwater extraction. download. into a great tool to evaluate the causes and During summer (2016 and 2017) groundwater is Oscar Mora, Fernando Pérez, Juan Fernando In recent months ICGC has been developing to apply solutions, for better management extracted and subsidence accelerates (more than Marchán, Jordi Marturià and Jordi Corbera Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and monitoring of the territory. 3 cm accumulated in 2017). Note that surface level does not recover fully during the winter. Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya, methodology for processing large quantities The images that illustrate this article show España of SENTINEL-1 images. motion measurements generated with a [email protected]
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105 STORYTELLING TOOL FOR This tool provides reliable TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND A FOREST FIRE IN YESTE “information to the citizens URBAN PLANNING (ALBACETE, SPAIN) whilst incorporating lessons This tool also facilitates the work of Local and This storytelling tool shows the learned that could be applied Regional authorities (LRAs) when measuring daily evolution of the fire based in other regions or events.” the impact of fire damage. An assessment on the wind direction changes of burn severity can be communicated using Nicolás López Molina, Regional Government a severity index (in order of severity level) using satellite data. of Castille La Mancha negligible to slight damaged area, moderately damaged area, highly damaged area, and academia and industry. For example, the completely destroyed area as per the graph fires generate a lot of attention from the above. The challenge media. The attention increases if the fire is The map shows the satellite image in false colour Moreover, LRAs can potentially share official putting people’s life and goods in danger. It is Castilla la Mancha is a region in Spain that Sentinel 2B with brownish colours showing the area assessments using these type tools for affected by the fire per day. estimated that over the two weeks after the has been severely affected by wildfires. informing citizens. start of the Yeste fire, there were about 160 Large forest fires such as the one that took MODIS imagery aboard NASA´s Terra satellite news items published on the web. place in August 2017 in the municipality Outlook to the future and Landsat-ETM+ and OLI satellite images of Yeste (Albacete) are becoming more and from the joint NASA/USGS programme to Storytelling tools are very engaging and more frequent in the Mediterranean and delimit burnt areas per day and detect active informative and a great way of promoting the are leading to more catastrophic outcomes. fires during the fire event. In addition to this, use of satellite imagery from the Copernicus Understanding how the fire growth we used information from the Copernicus Programme. The tool presented here is an and spread is crucial for preventing and Emergency Management Service and other example of how stories based on satellite suppressing wildfires whilst providing critical relevant datasets such as the boundaries of data and information can be communicated. and accurate information to the pertinent the natural park that were affected by the The data and services from the different authorities. This is why we developed this fire. Global wind data coming from the NOAA Sentinels are fundamental for advancing storyline tool for the forest fire in Yeste. This Operational Model Archive and Distribution The graph shows the number of hectares burned per our knowledge on climate change but also tool combines the accuracy and updated data day together with the severity index derived from System was collected on every day the event for raising environmental awareness and from the Copernicus Earth Observation (EO) satellite images. occurred. Once the layers were ready a set of improving data driven decision-making. Programme with wind speed data to analyse web mapping services were created with the how the fire spread. purpose of publishing the results online. A This storytelling tool was published 10 days Acknowledgements after the event and as soon as the images The tool shows maps together with narratives short text was prepared to explain the source We acknowledge the Copernicus Programme were published and processed. It was explaining the fire behaviour using graphs of the fire. The application is available free of and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric disseminated using different social media and pictures to convey the event information charge at: http://projects.randbee.com/yeste_ Administration for the data and services channels and shared amongst different local in an interactive and comprehensive way for storytelling. The tool which is based on open provided. organisations in the area. This storytelling the general public. source software works best with Firefox or Chrome Internet browsers. tool provides all authorities involved in the The space based solution event with timely and accurate geospatial Benefits to Citizens information derived from EO Copernicus Copernicus EO data offers unprecedented with narrative text, multimedia and images Juan Arévalo Torres, Gloria Passarello, Iban available amount of data and services to The service and data coming from Copernicus content. The core benefit of this tool is that it Ameztoy, Ana Barbosa monitor wildfires. We used Sentinel 3A, 2A offer a great opportunity to democratise the makes it easy to harness the power of EO data Randbee Consultants and 2B from the Copernicus Programme, use of satellite data and services beyond further combined with other data sources. [email protected]
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157 COPERNICUS DATA Thanks to GeoPAN it is TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND USED TO UNDERSTAND “possible to discover that today URBAN PLANNING LANDSCAPE HISTORICAL the course of the Adda river is TRANSFORMATIONS displaced laterally towards the applications. The GeoPAN application has been extremely The ENERGIC OD Virtual Hub is a left bank with respect to the well received in professional environments point of access to Sentinel Data XIX Century one.” such as the Association of Geologists as and other geographic information it provides a quick and easy way to track Egidio De Maron, Vice president of “Ordine landscape transformations that have occurred lowering the barriers to the dei Geologi della Lombardia integration of geospatial data. Search through the Pan-European Virtual Hub of across the centuries. Monitoring of such Sentinel-2A data (www.vh.energic-od.eu) in Lombardy changes enables PAs to make more informed (Italy). The challenge sources are needed and these very often decisions regarding environmental monitoring GeoPAN is an example of application oversee different local, regional even national and risk mitigation actions. The world of geographic information (GI) is developed using the PEVH APIs. Thanks to PAs. GeoPAN collects a set of these sparse currently extremely heterogeneous. User and the Virtual Hub, the development of GeoPAN information and allows visualisation and data Outlook to the future system requirements, too varied to be satisfied application did not require the resolution of investigation within one unique tool. The The concrete example of GeoPAN application by a single system or technology, have led to complex interoperability issues, such as the application is currently undergoing testing in can be replicated in other geographical areas an utter lack of agreement on interoperability transformation of the reference system or other European countries. and during emergencies caused by geo- standards, creating a barrier to the full encoding the format. Moreover, the PEVH hazards, with potential new features. In such exploitation of GI by application developers. introduces value added services, such as cases, the use of PEVH could be extremely For this reason, the integration between the support of multilingual search through important in order to overcome bottlenecks Copernicus data, geospatial data (GIS and GEMET vocabulary. GeoPAN allows the given by lower level of data openness or be crowdsourcing data) as well as unconventional tracking of changes of riverbeds by integrating exploited to access datasets at local level GI data like historical maps, remains highly various data sources. In particular, initially (municipalities). underexploited. The Pan-European Virtual Sentinel-2A data were used to identify Hub (PEVH) and GeoPAN application provide possible former riverbed areas considering Acknowledgements a solution for tracking riverbed changes by soil moisture indexes (NDMI, NDWI). Then, GeoPAN APP: integration of Sentinel-2A data, The research leading to the results of this integrating heterogeneous geospatial data GeoPAN enables access to high resolution historical maps and shapefiles from the local paper has been partially funded under the such as Copernicus data, information from seismic classification of land parcels provided (Lombardy) SDI to track riverbed changes. ICT Policy Support Programme (ICT PSP). The local Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) and by Lombardy region SDI. It has long been Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] ENERGIC OD Pan-European Virtual Hub was digitised historical maps. recognised that unconsolidated sediments, developed within the ENERGIC OD European like the ones that can be found in former Benefits to Citizens project. The space based solution riverbed areas, are found to amplify ground The PEVH is a single point of access to motion during earthquakes more than ground The ENERGIC-OD PEVH facilitates the both Copernicus datasets, open geospatial with hard strata. For this reason, GeoPAN development of new and multidisciplinary 1 datasets and unconventional GI data. was designed in close cooperation with applications based on the full exploitation Mattia Previtali , Paolo Mazzetti and Stefano Through it, an end user or a developer is the Lombardy Order of Geologists (more of (open) GI, including INSPIRE-compliant Nativi2, Miguel Ángel Latre3 able to access datasets provided by remote than 1000 geologists) to help in seismic systems, Sentinel data and Copernicus 1. Politecnico di Milano DABC, Italy and heterogeneous systems, as if they were microsonation. Historical data are also services. Such an approach is stimulating for 2. National Research Council of Italy, provided by a unique system. In particular, the analysed. Thus, in order to evaluate if a parcel business innovations that increasingly rely (CNR-IIA), Italy PEVH is linked with the Sentinels Open Hub to of land has been traversed by a riverbed in on Earth Observation information, especially 3. Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain get access to Copernicus Sentinels data. the past, numerous heterogeneous data for the market of geospatial open data [email protected]
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163 COPERNICUS HELPS Copernicus data opens the TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND PRAGUE PLAN THE CITY “door to smart metropolitan URBAN PLANNING OF THE FUTURE planning.” Finally, Copernicus data is also very beneficial Urban and strategic planning in Ondřej Boháč, Prague Institute for wider regional analyses. As there is no Prague relies on Copernicus Land of Planning and Development comparable data source which would employ Monitoring Services for land use the same classification system across benchmarking and monitoring different cities, regions, and even countries, updated information source for he city which the Urban Atlas provides a level of insight change over time. is anchored within the Czech legal framework. Land use changes 1989-2006, created with Urban into land use which would not otherwise be Atlas-based retrospective data for Prague, property In addition, the Urban Atlas was used in the possible. of IPR Praha. preparation of Prague’s new Metropolitan The challenge Outlook to the future planners to better understand issues such as Plan, as well as for its Strategic Plan. The Prague, like many European cities, suffers traffic, demands on public services, housing main contribution of the Urban Atlas to these The testing and development of new products from a gap in data and information between development, property price fluctuations, and documents was the identification of new with high spatial resolution and frequent the city’s administrative areas and the others. These issues, however, function across development sites and more information updates is necessary for the management surrounding region. Whilst Prague produces administrative boundaries and influence about their character, along with the of the city and for good urban planning. The detailed, up-to-date geodata for planning not only cities themselves, but also their subsequent setting of expectations for future promotion of data sources with an MMU of and decision-making, the coverage of the relationships to other cities and areas. Taking development trends. less than 0.1 ha, along with annual updates, wider metropolitan region with comparable the Urban Atlas 2006 and 2012 as the base, is crucial for replacing traditional, local data data is weak. In the Prague metropolitan Prague provided additional classification for sources with new EO data products. region, the Copernicus Urban Atlas is used aerial imagery from 1989 and 1999 to gain a Acknowledgements in the monitoring and evaluation of various more realistic picture of land use development kinds of development, including: residential in the last 28 years. The comparison shows The bi-annual Prague Analytical Planning buildings, logistics hubs and industrial the trends in development and provides a Report is available at http://uap.iprpraha.cz. parks, and retail areas. The Urban Atlas also guideline for future planning policies. facilitates the comparison of the pace of new Urban Atlas-based Prague retrospective data residential development between Prague Regardless of the classification complexity is made up of datasets derived from historical and the wider metropolitan region, the and spatial resolution achieved, the Urban orthophotos on the basis of Urban Atlas locations of regional development hotspots, Atlas data still has limited use for planning classification provided for the years 1989 and other development indicators. Finally, the at the local level due to the inconsistent and 1999 and is the property of the Prague Urban Atlas is a convenient data source for classification of land uses over time, a lack Institute of Planning and Development. inter-city or inter-regional comparisons and of precision with regards to parcel outlines benchmarking, especially when it comes to when compared with cadastral data, and other issues. Tackling these issues will be New industrial and logistics developments from obtaining comparable figures for the built-up 2006-2012, Prague and the suburban region area index, green spaces index, and others. the challenge for the new, high-resolution Copernicus data products. The space based solution For example, as presented in the map below, Benefits to Citizens an evaluation of the increase in commercial An integral part of urban planning is the and industrial units from 2006 to 2012 Jiří Čtyroký, Eliška Bradová, Lukáš Makovský monitoring of land use development in the Copernicus data has also been used in the showed that most of this development took Prague Institute of Planning comprehensive, bi-annual Prague Analytical city and in the wider metropolitan region place in the outer ring of Prague and in and Development, Prague, Czech Republic Planning Report, a binding and regularly over time. Temporal analysis enables neighbouring municipalities. [email protected]
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128 EO FOR SUSTAINABLE The Walloon Operational Plan TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND URBAN PLANNING “of Geomatic and the General URBAN PLANNING Using Earth Observation (EO) and Direction of Agriculture, Natural scheme. In addition to the VHR data, these modelling tools to spatially plan Resources and Environment will provide useful object statistics that will population growth. Population rely on SmartPop to answer help refine the level of thematic detail and maps are needed to support risk INSPIRE and create new LC and increase the mapping accuracies. Sentinel management and to shape the data will also be primarily used for carrying Smart Cities of tomorrow. LU maps for Wallonia. We are out change detection analysis. By delineating RE compliant “Pure Component Land Cover” map on convinced that this application the main areas of change within the LCLU Sart Tilman, Seraing (2013). database, Sentinel will help to prioritise the covers specific Walloon needs.” VHR EO data processing and hence improve processing chain combines Very High The challenge Christel Baltus & Céline Delhage, the efficiency of the upgrading process. Resolution (VHR) multispectral satellite Urbanisation induces health and Public Service of Wallonia (DGO3) imagery with aerial one as well as 3D The new Copernicus land monitoring services, environmental risk-related challenges. In the digital height models, driven by LiDAR such as Corine Land Cover +, HRL and GHSL, context of steady urban population growth, With SmartPop, these authorities benefit or photogrammetric methods. This semi- will be assessed with regards to the needs cities and regions need to develop smart from fine-scale, up-to-date and dynamic automated object-oriented chain is provided of Wallonia. Using the activity-based cellular and sustainable management strategies to geoinformation that allow smart and in open access. Secondly, the functional automata model, different scenarios of understand, measure, map and mitigate the sustainable planning of the urban territory. information needed in the LU map is deducted population and LU change can be simulated. increasing urban risks such as air pollution or from existing thematic data and the LC map. The outputs of this model will serve as inputs urban heat, which are increasing in the context in risk analysis models such as “UrbClim” to of climate change. In Wallonia, the current Using this LCLU database with the High analyse future risks. Using this modelling and official Land Cover (LC) and Land Use Resolution “imperviousness” Layer (HRL) chain, robustness of environment policies (LU) spatial database is not up to date. The from the Copernicus land monitoring service can be tested under different outlooks for the LCLU map (COSW2007) does not distinguish or the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL), future. LC from LU. Moreover, population figures are SmartPop proposes population dasymetric provided at the level of the statistical sectors, methods disaggregating demographic figures Acknowledgements to fine-scale raster grid (100m). With the which have various sizes and shapes causing SmartPop is funded by ISSeP Moerman’s goal of improving the regional risk modelling, distortions in the spatial analysis. SmartPop fund and by Belspo (shared-cost project the two databases are then integrated in (i) develops smart spatial modelling methods SR/00/313 - STEREO III program). We an activity-based cellular automata model combining various EO and geographical would like to thank the steering committee that simulates LCLU changes and population data. Derived gridded population density Prediction of the number of heat wave days per and the data providers. and risk-related maps support risk analysis, distribution until 2060 and (ii) in an urban summer for the 2081-2100 time period according either in the assessment of hazards or in the climate model, “UrbClim”, that produces to UrbClim (RCP8.5). exposure of the population, now and in the outputs such as urban heat island maps and future. These tools are compliant with the EU the number of heat wave days per period. Outlook to the future Benjamin Beaumont, Eric Hallot, Odile Close INSPIRE directive requirements. ISSeP, Liège, Belgium Benefits to Citizens Thanks to the ad-hoc solution developed Pr. Eléonore Wolff, Université Libre de The space based solution in Liege, a project called “Walous” and Local and regional authorities need funded by public authorities has started in Bruxelles, Belgium SmartPop develops two distinct LC and LU comprehensive, user-driven and holistic 2018. At regional scale, spectral indices Lien Poelmans, VITO, Belgium datasets integrated in a unique database. visions of the fast changing urban territory from Sentinel-1 and 2 time series will be Nathalie Stephenne, SPW, Namur, Belgium to address the population growth challenge. Firstly, a detailed regional urban LC mapping integrated into the current LC mapping Corresponding author: [email protected]
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160 MODELLING AND This kind of population data TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND FORECASTING URBAN “would be extremely useful URBAN PLANNING POPULATION PATTERNS for improving our urban health especially in developing countries facing rapid The MAUPP project aims at services.” urban growth. improving existing models of Olga Waigel, German Development The methods developed, and the geographic urban growth and population Cooperation Agency (GIZ) information produced will be made available distribution for vulnerability and on an open and free-of-charge basis. All new health assessment for a set of maps will be available to public authorities 48 African cities. Benefits to Citizens and other users through the existing WorldPop web data portal (www.worldpop.org). Urbanisation has profound social, The challenge Automated classification of the built-up area for environmental and epidemiological Outlook to the future implications and makes spatial and Spatial modelling and forecasting of the 1995 to 2015. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. In the future, the methods could be used human population is of primary importance for quantitative estimations of urban change and ERS, are fused in a highly-automated to monitor the urban expansion of a larger epidemiology and risk assessment, especially population density a valuable information image analysis process, using open source number of cities. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 in Africa where the population is predicted to source for epidemiology and vulnerability solutions, in order to delineate their current have already proved their capability for double over the next 40 years. At the same assessment. Such information is also very extent and map their growth from 1995 to such a purpose. Over the next few years, time, the information coming from the census valuable for land management and planning, nowadays. This knowledge of the past is they will definitely become cornerstones is out-dated and/or only available in coarse then used to build urban expansion models for the automated production of geographic administrative units; it therefore limits the to forecast the urban extension until 2030. information, on a regular basis and at confidence of the expansion models. The Our products achieved more than 85% of reduced costs, especially for regions such as MAUPP project (maupp.ulb.ac.be) aims at overall accuracy on independent test sets. sub-Saharan Africa where this information is taking advantage of remote sensing data The corresponding dataset of more than 4 still lacking. to map and predict the extension of cities Terabytes is processed on a high performing through time and to understand and predict PC. Without considering the pre-processing, Acknowledgements intra-urban variations of population density. the processing took an average of 1 hour This work was funded by the research The space based solution per city. At the same time, another part of programme for earth observation (STEREO the project focuses on the use of very-high III) of the Belgian Federal Science Policy Remote sensing offers an effective solution resolution remote sensing data (~0.5m) to Office (BELSPO). to map and monitor urbanisation at different better capture the diversity of intra-urban spatial and temporal scales. On a local scale, patterns, and to improve the estimations they provide information on the morphology of population density. For 3 African cities of different residential patterns that can be of different structure and size, open-source linked to different population densities. semi-automated processing chains mapped Grippa T, Forget Y., Lopez J-F., Vanhuysse S., land cover and land use, at city scale, with On a large set of 48 cities selected to be Wolff E.a, Linard C. , Gilbert M.1, Shimoni M.2 representative of the variations in climates an overall accuracy above 85%. All processes and Tatem A.J.3 and urban patterns in sub-Saharan Africa, are achieved on a high performance PC. 1. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium historical and recent optical and radar high resolution (~30m) remote sensing Example of population count reallocation from 2. Royal military academy, Belgium data, i.e. Landsat, Sentinel, Envisat and administrative units to a regular grid using land- 3. University of Southampton, UK cover information (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso). [email protected]
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168 MONITOR URBAN Satellite images create value- TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND AREAS AND GREEN “added data essential for URBAN PLANNING INFRASTRUCTURES monitoring our territory and have been achieved and the agency is now Satellite imagery supports cities building a sustainable city.” relying more and more on satellite images in filling the gap of environmental Emmanuel Bouriau, Land and Environment to carry out their diagnosis. The encouraging information and contributing Division, Urban planning Agency of Rennes results have thus interested the services of towards the production of urban (AUDIAR) the local authority, Rennes Metropole. It has planning documents. Urban vegetation extraction and characterisation commissioned a study on the implementation based on very high resolution Pléiades satellite of environmental indicators in order to setup authorities to manage their city: (1) diagnoses image. Application in Rennes, FRANCE. decision-making tools. in terms of biodiversity, and environmental The challenge than 50,000 residents. However the minimal health help to define new urban planning Kermap, a startup in earth observation, mapping unit is still limited and cannot extract documents; (2) climate modelling to locate has been selected to develop innovative In 2050, 70 % of the world population will the individual trees or small hedges network. sensitive areas affected by urban heat islands. solutions to provide smart monitoring of land live in cities and policymakers are already Specific works are ongoing to investigate This phenomenon can impact the inhabitants’ imperviousness, biodiversity, citizen comfort, engaged in providing a city capable of (1) contributions of very high-resolution images wellbeing; (3) land imperviousness monitoring urban climate and carbon stock estimates. hosting more inhabitants, (2) preserving such as Pléiades images to extract and to identify green area conversion into car parks This information will then help Rennes and enhancing their health and quality of characterise low and high urban vegetation in the private domain; (4) vegetation index to Metropole to renew its urban master plan. life, and (3) adapting to climate change. (Figure 1). prove that urban development is not at the Both in France and in Europe as a whole, these Green frames and green-infrastructures are expense of the environment and to ensure that documents have to be updated regularly (every obviously credible answers to new challenges In addition, Sentinel-2 images are a very compensatory measures are respected. 3 to 5 years) and include an increasing need that cities have to face. Local authorities and good complementary data source to monitor for sanitary and environmental information. urban planning agencies currently consider urban morphology at a coarser scale. With In that context, satellite image is a suitable vegetation as an important theme of urban the 10m spatial resolution, it is possible and affordable tool that is becoming more master plans. They are looking for new to understand land-use, classify spatial and more important in the decision-making decision-making tools to monitor ecological arrangements of building and estimate their process. services such as biodiversity conservation, height. This information is crucial for climate heat island and air pollution reduction. modelling and evaluating the urban heat Acknowledgements island effect (Figure 2). The space based solution AUDIAR is the urban planning agency of Benefits to Citizens Rennes. It is an association that serves Urban vegetation is difficult to monitor and public service missions. KERMAP is a startup manage. Databases on urban vegetation The market for sustainable management of city Local Climate Zones and Urban Heat Island modelling in earth observation and a spin-off project of are primarily made from field missions, are and urban vegetation is emerging. Conversely, based urban vegetation data and Sentinel-2. the public research laboratory, UMR LETG. difficult to update and limited to the public budgets of local authorities tend to be Applications in Rennes, FRANCE. domain. Faced with these constraints, decreasing and consequently, it opens up new Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] satellite imagery is a suitable tool to monitor challenges for innovative solutions. Very high- urban areas; they have the advantages of resolution satellite images allow extraction of Outlook to the future being continuous, global and objective. vegetation at fine scale (single tree and tree A first initiative to evaluate the benefit line) and provide a better understanding of Antoine Lefebvre1, Emmanuel Bouriau2 On a European scale for example, the of satellite images was conducted by the vegetation in the public and private domains. Copernicus land services took the initiative an planning agency of Rennes (AUDIAR). 1. KERMAP, France to map urban vegetation for cities of more New information can be provided to local Rennes is an urban area about 700 km² 2. AUDIAR, France and 440,000 inhabitants. Relevant results [email protected]
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172 URBAN GROWTH It is important to have an TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING WITH “objective indicator to measure URBAN PLANNING COPERNICUS DATA the evolution of urbanization.” Benefits to Citizens Satellite derived information Dominique Esnault, ADAUHR - ATD 68, Agence provides a quantified Technique Départementale du Haut-Rhin Deployed in the Eastern part of the Haut- Rhin department of the French Grand Est expertise for the assessment Region during the first year of the EUGENIUS and evaluation of territorial project, the urban growth monitoring service development policies. has allowed assess, for the 2013-2017 time period, to the evolution of 44 municipalities situated along the French - German border, The challenge a sector of special interest for the annual monitoring of the economic impact of the Within a climate change adaptation Surface of urbanization evolution per municipality future closure of a nuclear plant. perspective linked to the increasing between 2013 and 2017 in the East part of the Haut- importance of sustainable management of our Rhin department of the Grand Est region (France). Outlook to the future environment, territorial authorities involved monitor the realisation of officially authorised Within EUGENIUS, the service is progressively on this subject have an increased need urban planning directives, to forecast new being assessed in other European regions for geo-information providing the support urbanisation trends and needs, and to which are also concerned by sustainable to realise their missions, especially those help them in their decision making process territory management and space consumption related to the development of a territory in regarding the regional and local application issues (e.g. Apulia region in Italy). Moreover, compliance with ecological and sustainability of spatial and environmental politics (e.g. Cadastral parcels affected by urbanization evolution this information could also be of interest for considerations or directives. for France, PLU, SCOT, SRCE, ..).This need for between 2013 and 2017. the private sector, public works or building Amongst these needs, the regular monitoring highlights the pertinence of the assessment of remaining available spaces companies (e.g. updated knowledge of measurement of urban zone development exploitation of Earth Observation techniques in urban planning documents; these geo- available areas for urbanisation) or even for and the consumption of space is helpful for compared to more traditional approaches information are derived and mapped from the individual citizen concerned about the green and blue infrastructure assessment, for (e.g. aerial photos, administrative document multi-temporal satellite data. development of his surrounding environment. local biodiversity - green corridor preservation collection and compilation, in–situ data and Whereas Sentinel-2 data (10m) are used which is linked to the artificialisation of field campaign). Acknowledgements for monitoring the urban zone development landscapes at local level, and more generally The space based solution at a global municipality level and in peri- This project has received funding from the EU for the setting up of specific indicators urban areas, contributing missions satellite H2020 research and innovation programme and environment profile diagnostics, or Based on the use of Copernicus satellite data, such as Pleiades (50 cm) or SPOT6-7 under grant agreement No 730150 EUGENIUS synthetic documents at regional level data and local information, the urban (1.50m), combined to local datasets, such as H2020-EO-2016. allowing the monitoring of the “Grenelle growth monitoring service, provided by the local urban plan (PLU) or the cadastre, de l’Environnement”, French Ministry of SERTIT within the H2020 EUGENIUS allow this monitoring to be refined on a more Environment policy, especially through the project (European Group of Enterprises for detailed scale, i.e. of the urban plan sector or setting up of sustainable development a Network of Information Using Space), is at a cadastral parcel level. Thereby, on both planning tools. dedicated to urban and land spatial planning spatial and temporal scales, this information users in charge of the setting up & control N. Tholey, M. Caspard, V. Gastal This information, today not available also complements the core Copernicus of local urban plans, of the monitoring of and P. de Fraipont, regularly (i.e. annually), is needed by Urban products related to urban areas (e.g. Urban the development of new constructions ICube-SERTIT, France and Land Planning authorities in order to Atlas, HR layers, CLC). within authorised built up areas, and of the [email protected]
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CIVIL PROTECTION
Floods, landslides, earthquakes, wild fires, volcanic eruptions: natural and man-made disasters can occur at any moment in time. They can not only cause economic and environmental damage, but more importantly threaten lives. Civil protection includes response to emergencies to be deployed in the immediate aftermath of a disaster, but also post-disaster assistance, rehabilitation and reconstruction. And, before disasters take place, prevention and preparedness are essential. As also advocated within the UN Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, understanding disaster risk is essential to invest in preparedness and enhance resilience. This strongly leverages on the accurate knowledge of territory and population.
In general, civil protection is managed at national level, however, when it comes to implementation, cooperation and sharing of information with the EU and at regional/local level is essential: disasters know no borders and a well-coordinated response through different layers of competent authorities is needed to ensure that assistance meets the real needs of the affected areas.
Support for the management of emergencies is a core objective of Copernicus. This is mainly achieved through the Copernicus Emergency Management Service which delivers disaster maps as soon as possible after a crisis occurs. These maps are based on the Sentinels but also on data from the Copernicus Contributing Missions. By comparing post with pre-disaster maps, an overview of the impact can be gained to help directing recovery efforts and assessing the damages. The Service also helps to improve preparedness through mapping risk-prone areas and providing early warnings related to specific types of events such as floods and wild fires. Alongside the Emergency Management Service, the availability of Sentinel data can support dedicated monitoring and alerting functions for some types of disasters such as volcanic eruptions, floods and fires. This is important especially for wide, cross-border and rapidly evolving events and for remote areas.
Map from Copernicus Emergency Service Credit ???? OVERVIEW OF COPERNICUS USER STORIES
Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level BURNT AREA MAPPING AT Città Città Metropolitana PROVINCIAL LEVEL WITH Metropolitana EMS, S1, S2 3/4 di Torino SENTINEL IMAGERY di Torino COPERNICUS DATA GIVE Central Macedonia Central Macedonia S1, S2 5 PROSPECTS Intermunicipal Intermunicipal Municipal Community COPERNICUS HELPING Municipal Região de Coimbra S1, S2, S3, S5P 5 CIVIL PROTECTION Community Região Intermunicipal de Coimbra Municipal Community Viseu Dão-Lafões EO INTEGRATED APROACH FOR Bulgaria Bulgaria S1, S2, S3, CAMS 3 PLUVIAL FLOOD MANAGEMENT MONITORING LANDSLIDE Apulia Sicily S1 4 RISKS IN URBAN AREAS (Puglia) NEW FRONTIER FOR Italy EMERGENCY RESPONSE: Italy S1, S2 3 (Italia) SATELLITE DATA SENTINEL-1 MONITORS Bratislava Region GEOHAZARDS TO SECURE Trenčiansky kraj S1 2 (Bratislavský kraj) HOMES OF CITIZENS THE PHLEGREAN FIELDS CALDERA: A HISTORY OF Campania Campania S1 5 DEFORMATION Central Slovenia USE OF COPERNICUS Statistical Region EMERGENCY SERVICE DURING Slovenia CEMS (Osrednjeslovenska SLEET IN SLOVENIA statistična regija) NUTS2 Region: HR03 WILDFIRE MANAGEMENT ON City of Zagreb Adriatic Croatia (NUTS3 CMES, S2 1 THE CROATIAN TERRITORY (Grad Zagreb) - HR035 County of Split-Dalmatia) The relevant Copernicus data and Information refer to the Copernicus Sentinel data and/or to the Copernicus Service information mentioned in the User Story. For the definition of the Usage Maturity Level, please refer to the Introduction.
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119 BURNT AREA MAPPING A comprehensive mapping of CIVIL PROTECTION AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL “the burnt areas over the USING SENTINEL provincial territory in a short services has been also experimented by “Città IMAGERY timeframe enables a more metropolitana di Torino”, to estimate the social Sentinel-2 imagery was analysed efficient response, especially in costs of reactivating lost ecosystems services to map the extent of burnt areas terms of protection of citizens.” or to maintain their baseline conditions. in the afftected municipalilties of Outlook to the future “Città Metropolitana di Torino”. Massimo Vettoretti Città metropolitana di Torino In order to consolidate the support of Burnt areas in Val di Susa, Città metropolitana di the Sentinel derivative products to public Torino after the forest fires in October 2017. authorities, dedicated ad-hoc services (Source: Città Metropolitana di Torino) The challenge tailored to regional and/or provincial The Piemonte region in northwest Italy was municipalities of Torino [Turin], integrating requirements could be further developed. In affected by a series of large fires in October and updating the 6 areas already analysed by particular, the exploitation of data acquired 2017, caused by a combination of long lasting the Copernicus EMS service. For this purpose, by the Sentinel-1 radar SAR constellation drought conditions, high temperatures, strong it collaborated with the ITHACA research would allow the limitations of optical data winds and arsonists. Once the immediate centre, which has long-standing experience in to be overcome. Sentinel-1 imagery can emergency response phase ended, the main emergency mapping, and with Politecnico di indeed also provide information in the event challenge was to create a comprehensive Torino. Multi-temporal Copernicus Sentinel-2 of cloud coverage. Furthermore, considering inventory of the burnt areas, as explicitly optical images acquired before, during and the increased availability of services and required by national regulations, in a short after the forest fire event (thanks to the ~3 Burnt area extent (Susa, Torino) and severity (orange, products based on Sentinel imagery, ad-hoc timeframe. Field mapping of the burnt areas days revisit time of the constellation at mid- completely burnt – green, partially burnt) overlaid on operational workflows can be developed at a post-event Sentinel-2 imagery. (Source: ITHACA) is a demanding task in terms of resources and latitudes) were processed. The availability of provincial authority level to ingest space- time. Satellite imagery is indeed an effective multispectral information in the Short Wave planning, allowing preventive measures to be based data (possibly including the outputs of and efficient approach to speed up such a and Near infrared bands allowed burnt areas assessed (also in terms of costs), prioritised the European Forest Fire Information System, task with a sufficient degree of accuracy. to be delineated with an adequate accuracy and planned. Furthermore, the availability EFFIS) and to extract the required value- even in the presence of fire smoke, that would of a comprehensive burnt areas database (a added information. The space based solution have jeopardised the analysis based only on strict user’s requirement) derived by satellite Acknowledgements The efficiency and effectiveness of a space- visible data. Burnt areas have been exported imagery efficiently supports administrative based solution for burnt areas mapping for in GIS-ready formats to allow further value- processes foreseen by national regulations The authors would like to thank the this specific event was already demonstrated added analyses. in case of fires events (e.g., prohibitions authorities of the affected municipalities for prescriptions, penalties). Satellite-based the logistical and technical support. by the Copernicus Emergency Management Benefits to Citizens Service (© European Union, 2012-2018), analysis are indeed faster than traditional which mapped 6 of the most affected areas The main benefits of the EO space-based time-consuming field surveys and cheaper Ottavio Castelletti, Marco Gennari, Massimo in the framework of [EMSR253] forest fire in solution is mainly in terms of safety of then aerial flights, allowing large areas Vettoretti Piemonte, Italy. The Public Authority “Città citizens and infrastructures. Intersecting (including possible inaccessible areas) to be Città Metropolitana di Torino, ITALY metropolitana di Torino” (NUTS3 level), the burnt areas with the in-situ data of mapped with homogeneous interpretation Piero Boccardo, Politecnico di Torino, ITALY covering 316 municipalities grouped into 11 provincial authorities (e.g. urban areas guidelines. Long lasting events can also Fabio Giulio Tonolo, Constantin Sandu, homogeneous areas, decided therefore to strategic infrastructures, risk zones) enables to be monitored thanks to the short revisiting Magdalena Vassileva integrate an operational satellite based solution carry out timely risk analyses in the affected time. For this specific event, the estimation ITHACA, Torino, ITALY to map the burnt areas in the 60 affected areas, e.g. debris flow risk, safe mobility of the impact of forest fires on ecosystem [email protected]
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156 COPERNICUS DATA GIVE The use of Copernicus - Sentinel CIVIL PROTECTION PROSPECTS “data has transformed the way The purpose of this study we understand space and has - Monitoring Green areas / neighbourhoods in is to upgrade the existing increased our capacity to manage the city as well as Municipal properties and infrastructure of Geospatial emergency situations or monitor infrastructure. Information (SDI) of Thessaloniki the environment.” - Strengthening the Transparency and with Satellite data from Efficiency of the Municipality through Open Copernicus in almost real time. Simos Misirloglou, Sentinel-2 data integrated to the Thessaloniki SDI Data. City of Thessaloniki platform. NDVI for the greater Thessaloniki area is - Monitoring the environmental endurance of automatically calculated using bands 4 and 8. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2018] the Thermaikos Gulf ecosystem. The challenge Outlook to the future The Municipality of Thessaloniki acknowledges & 3 (OLCI) satellite data via standard OGC the need for central management of Web Services, WMS / WMTS and WCS, in With the fully operational use of the geospatial and attributive information in order to give to the end user (internal user, Sentinels’ constellation even more data will order to provide quality information to the citizen, other organisations) advanced search, be available to support the Municipality in the citizens. In this context, an open data portal viewing and downloading on satellite data of daily operations and the strategic planning. and an enterprise Geographical Information Copernicus system. Sentinel-1 SAR data, which is already available, can be used to monitor landslides System (GIS) were developed and have been The service gives direct access with multiple phenomena or emergency situations like in operation since 2008. selection criteria (e.g., date of capture, cloud floods and oil spills. Sentinel 4 and 5 data cover) on standard multi-spectral data such Interactive Browser of Sentinel data products over the One of the features that was missing can be used to monitor emission sources and as single band images, colour RGB composite Greater Thessaloniki area. Users simple select product though was high resolution satellite data air quality, providing a continuous monitoring spectral channels such as True Colour, False (RGB, band, index), date and cloud cover. which would have allowed continuous Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2018] system of air pollution. Using that data, Colour, Short Wave Infrared, or remote environmental monitoring of land and sea. new added value products and services are sensing indexes like NDVI, NDWI, SAVI, Although high resolution Sentinel data was Management, Directorate of Urban Planning expected to emerge and provide even more LAI, and EVI. These products are available freely available through the Copernicus and Architectural Design, Independent Civil information tailored to the users’ needs. in a browser, through the Municipalities’ Scientific Hub for more than 2 years, several Protection Department). technical limitations like size and complexity geoportal, or in a GIS environment, without Acknowledgements prevented the operational use of these data the need to download, process or transform The data will additionally be useful to the and their exploitation according to their value of the data. following programmes and actions of the The work described in this article was until recently. Strategic Plan for Urban Resilience: supported by our collaborator GET Ltd and Finally, through a real-time alert service, the especially Gabriel Mavrellis and Theodoros - Local risk reduction and development of a system operator of the Municipality can be Vakkas who, with their scientific guidance The space based solution risk management system (adverse natural notified when new data is available. and experience, helped us develop the phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, The Municipality of Thessaloniki acquired a abovementioned platform and services. new Satellite data service from Geospatial Benefits to Citizens landslides and forest fires). Enabling Technologies (www.getmap.eu), The Copernicus Sentinel data will support - Strengthening the environmental awareness integrating the Sinergise Sentinel Hub several internal needs of various departments of citizens through the availability of modern Misirloglou Simos1, Vakkas Theodoros2 technology within the existing GET SDI of the Municipality (Directorate of Technical satellite data to Climathon participants 1. Municipality of Thessaloniki, Greece Portal web portal environment. The solution Services Department of Building and 2. GET Ltd, Greece provides access to near real-time Sentinel-2 Planning Applications, Urban Environmental [email protected]
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181 COPERNICUS HELPING Copernicus aids daily decision- CIVIL PROTECTION CIVIL PROTECTION “making activities, minimising the SADGE & VIGIA decision-making implications of environmental creating notifications in case of major events platforms for civil protection threats.” to increase the safety of the citizens. based on Copernicus services and Sentinel Imagery. Jorge Brito (CIM Região de Coimbra) Outlook to the future Nuno Martinho (CIM Viseu -Dão Lafões) Burnt area in the 2017 forest fire at CIM Viseu- SADGE and VIGIA reached maturity with Dão Lafões (Portugal) using Copernicus Emergency a full and efficient exploitation of cloud Management Service visualised on VIGIA. computing, big data and artificial intelligence, combing Copernicus and Earth Observation/ remote sensing automatisation. The modular Monitoring service that, combined with The challenge architecture allows other Copernicus Services, ground-measurements, are inserted into an Fires have claimed 165 lives in Portugal in particular with Sentinel 4 and 5 family algorithm to improve forecasts (where and over the last 17 years whilst climate change imagery for air quality monitoring. From the when) and space resolution. It allows to is triggering major river floods, destroying Municipality Associations, there is a strong identify hotspots of pollution such as, for coastal infrastructures and changing commitment to create a two-way information instance, the 2016 and 2017 Sahara Desert agriculture cycles. The economic implications Flood areas of Mondego (Coimbra, Portugal) river pipeline, providing data from their stations to aerosol events. In addition, it connects are enormous both for citizens and for visualized on SADGE platform. Data obtained the Copernicus ecosystem helping improving the notifications to local health services to from Sentinel 1 imagery processed by SpaceLayer public authorities, being intensified due the services. minimise the implications, e.g., in asthmatics. Technologies. to the specificity of the local territory. New Emergency Management Services are dynamical computational tools must be used Acknowledgements employed to characterise disaster areas and of the territory are needed to make the right taking into consideration the heterogeneity adapt local decision-making policies after the decisions, and make the best out of the low The work had the support of European Union and specificity of the territory, especially event. Sea tides and currents from marine budgets available. Potential flooded areas are Cohesion Funds via PT2020 and POSEUR, for civil protection purposes. Intermunicipal service and climate change are employed analysed using time-lapse satellite imagery contracts 02-1810-FC-000110 10-2016- communities (CIM) “Região de Coimbra” together with Sentinel 2, cameras and knowing that local records are usually 43. The projects were co-financed by the and “Viseu-Dão Lafões” developed SADGE ground information to analyse coastal erosion outdated. Vegetation can be monitored all municipalities of CIM-RC and CIM-VDL. and VIGIA, respectively, combining Earth and near-sea infrastructures planning and year round and the fire hazard of the forest Observation and in-situ data with artificial mitigation. In the case of the rivers, Sentinel can be calculated. Using weather forecasts intelligence for effective emergency response 1 and his radar sensors are used to effectively and local measurements the cone propagation and pro-active daily decision-making, characterise floods, even in cloudy conditions. is automatically anticipated. Taking proactive minimising social and economic implications Finally, land service and Sentinel 2 provide measures and decisions, the 2017 death toll on their citizens and infrastructures. detailed data for forest characterisation and can be minimized in the future. Nowadays, air pollution is a major issue in Europe with The space based solution biomass quantification analysing the risk of fire propagation. wellbeing implications. The forecast tools The multitude of environmental threats of Copernicus services and the improved increase the need for the use of Earth Benefits to Citizens algorithms anticipate harsh-events. All the Pedro J.S.B. Caridade1, Carla Gouveia-Caridade Observation due to the smaller number deployed alerts in the platform are correlated & Paulo J.S.B. Caridade2 The direct benefits of using Copernicus of ground-level sensor networks required. with infrastructures (emergency services, services by institutions and citizens are clear 1. SpaceLayer Technologies & University The platforms use Copernicus services and schools, events, amongst others) so that in these regions. Institutionally, the use of of Coimbra Sentinels imagery intensively. Air quality is the response can be optimised in each and scientific-based tools and global perspectives 2. SpaceLayer Technologies every case. Both platforms have tools for provided in a first layer by the Atmospheric [email protected]
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184 EO INTEGRATED The approach is filling a CIVIL PROTECTION APPROACH FOR PLUVIAL “significant knowledge-gap on FLOOD MANAGEMENT the pluvial floods’ mechanism, small waterway measures, related to better Climate change more often analysis and risk-reducing land use/cover management, rather than results in disastrous events such measures’ planning - an expensive hydrotechnical measures. Optimal as flash floods. This calls for a important contribution to the land management will directly influence the need for detailed analyses of its flood risk, together with water pollution, cause and consequences. FRMP update.” biodiversity, soil erosion etc. Thus, the solution will support not only the flood mitigation, but Rumeliya Petrova, Danube Region BD also activities related to Water Framework Directive, Common Agricultural Policy, The challenge based on the hydrological characteristics Biodiversity Strategy etc. Often activities of these EU policy instruments are implemented During the last two decades, flash flood Refined watershed related characteristics information and changes in the land cover. The detailed separately at national level. Being able to events have increased their negative impact extracted from EO data is used to describe the analyses allow identification of the area with preconditions. use a common solution which will support significantly in many regions in Bulgaria. They high instance of surface runoff where specific cross relation between these instruments are difficult to predict, last for a short period meteorological satellites, in-situ data and measures should be undertaken in order to will allow more integrated implementation of time, but are causing serious damage – meteorological radars in order to describe decrease the flood risk. which will result in decreasing the flood risk, both casualties and financial losses. Flood risk in detail the evolution of the event. As an but with measures which will have positive management at local, regional, national, and outcome from the module, regions with high impact on land management, environment, European (EU Floods Directive – EU FD) level potential of similar events to occur will be biodiversity, and hence human life. calls for an integrated spatial information identified. The second module describes the before, during and after the flood in order preconditions within the affected territory. Outlook to the future to analyse the event and to select adequate Here, the high revisit time of Sentinel 1 measures for flood mitigation. Copernicus and 2 is of great importance. The data In 2016, the second planning cycle of the provides the required EO data, the challenge from the satellites, together with the Land EU FD began. Now, when the Copernicus is to couple these data with local information Core Services are used to derive specific becomes operational the developed approach and expertise to create a standardised service information for the land cover/use, soil will support the River Basin Directorates in to support decision-making. moisture, orographic details, condition of the more precise implementation of the Directive water reservoirs etc. The possibility of using in all its phases – delineation of areas with The space based solution data from Copernicus contributing missions significant potential flood risk, and especially in the development of flood risk management The pluvial floods and the extent of the should also not be neglected. Sentinel-2 data shows not only the flooded area, plans, where Copernicus will provide valuable damage they cause are a complex balance but the area where the water was accumulated – The third module is related to the post event sources of information for planning risk- which needs detailed information for the thus allowing precise risk reduction measures on status of the territory. The same parameters reducing measures at catchment level. territory they occur as well as its state before are analysed in order to identify the flood watershed level to be implemented. and after the event. Thus, the proposed extent and damage, but also small changes Benefits to Citizens solution to mitigate the impact from the in the land cover which could be later used disaster has several modules relying on the for detailed analyses. Here, the use of the The developed solution is ready to be spatial component which Copernicus data and Sentinels’ data is essential. The final module put into operation. It provides a detailed core services provide, updated and refined is the analytical one where all the data are description of the whole waterway and how N. Tsvetkova, V. Vassilev, using local knowledge. The climatological combined in a GIS environment and every its characteristics influence the effects of the GEO Polymorphic Ltd., Bulgaria module relies on data from Sentinel 3, waterway subject to flooding is analysed flood event. This allows elaboration of a set of [email protected]
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143 MONITORING LANDSLIDE This service gives us the CIVIL PROTECTION RISKS IN URBAN AREAS “opportunity to monitor in real- Copernicus Sentinel-1 SAR data time the dynamics of ground methods, providing a long-term solution were used to detect and monitor movements and identify the to ground instability monitoring and fresh landslides in the urban area of most critical points.” accurate information all over the world. Niscemi, Sicily, Italy. ® Concetta Meli, Head of Environment and By subscribing to the Rheticus Displacement Public Works Dept., Municipality of Niscemi, service, users can log in to the Web platform Niscemi, Sicily, Italy. Trends of the displacements Sicily, Italy and access an intuitive dashboard, gaining identified over the municipality area. an immediate overview and reliable geo- information, including reports, thematic maps, indicators and geo-analytics, and a The challenge the processing of periodic trends, based on a The “Warning Maps” allow a more immediate series of acquired data, to identify non-linear weekly update. This is possible thanks to the The Municipality of Niscemi, Italy, is a understanding of the phenomena and of movements; the determination of horizontal continuous Copernicus Sentinel monitoring historic village, located in a hilly area in the potential criticalities. In fact, whilst and vertical displacement speed of points; information that helps to meet local and Sicily, affected by landslides. Amongst its the “Displacement maps” include all the PS the performance of multi-scale analyses; and national requirements in the field of land institutional activities, on the theme of obtained in the area of interest, the Warning the integration of other data sources. The monitoring and ground surface displacement civil protection in case of landslides and/or Maps extrapolate only those that meet some Rheticus® Displacement service was able to detection. subsidence phenomena, the municipality is in established criteria of risk. process satellite data over the area and to Rheticus® Displacement guarantees the best charge of the implementation of forecasting provide thematic maps, dynamic geo-analytics quality-price ratio available on the market, activities and risk prevention measures. and pre-set reports to the Municipality of thanks to the use of open data, automatic There was a need to establish an early Niscemi. For the assessment of the landslide processing procedures and its cloud-based warning information service to support trend over the Municipality, a time series of architecture, overcoming difficulties and costs authorities in the prevention of possible past movements was required to build a past of field measurement campaigns. risks to citizens and infrastructures and to and future trend scenario. Displacement was find a cost-effective solution that does not assessed over the subscribed area of interest Outlook to the future require the installation of instruments or by means of measurements of velocity, their maintenance which was suitable for low The service will include a new advanced and acceleration and coherence of Persistent budget and time-restricted surveys. interactive analysis system, based on the Scatterers (PS). PS were identified and their Niscemi, Sicily, Italy. Rheticus® Displacement user correlation between the different PS, in order velocity/acceleration measured through Planetek Italia, with the agreement of interface showing ground movements’ velocity to highlight homogeneous areas in terms of © the Municipality of Niscemi, activated the extensively tested SPINUA algorithm acceleration and trends over data retrieved from displacement kinematics. the Rheticus® Displacement monitoring applied using Sentinel-1 radar data. Sentinel-1. service over the Municipality area, to Satellite monitoring based on Sentinel-1 exploit Copernicus Sentinel-1 SAR data and data also allowed the creation of a Benefits to Citizens Persistent Scatterers (PS) techniques for “Warning” service, i.e. an early warning, to Monitoring is essential for assessing and Claudio La Mantia1, Concetta Meli, Salvatore monitoring landslide risks in urban areas. alert authorities about the accumulation of predicting landslides or ground structural Stamilla2 The space based solution instability factors in the areas of interest weaknesses, which could affect buildings, 1. Planetek Italia, Italy and thus to concentrate on these areas infrastructures and citizens safety. 2. Comune di Niscemi, Italy Today, satellite surveys allow: the measurement precise diagnostic actions and any other Using Copernicus Sentinel-1 images and [email protected] of millimetric surface deformations; the study interventions intended to prevent or mitigate PS techniques, the Rheticus® Displacement [email protected] of the evolution of displacements in time; possible damage. service complements traditional survey [email protected]
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140 NEW FRONTIER FOR The satellite data planning CIVIL PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE: “changes the way to prepare, SATELLITE DATA plan and respond to an to create self-produced maps. The Copernicus The space-based approach emergency, optimizing risk EMService is used to compare and to verify gives an innovative instrument analysis and rescue operation the results of our map processing. to improve rescue operations Italy - Reggio Emilia 2017, multispectral image efficiency.” Outlook to the future in terms of rapid mapping for (Sentinel) showing flooded areas, in light blue, near identifying targets and priorities. Lentigione town due to Enza river flooding. Italian National Fire Corps The objective for the future: higher spatial Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] resolution and higher temporal incidence. Improving the temporal incidence will give cartographic survey of the affected area. possible to define the amount of affected more images, resulting in a more accurate The challenge The “Space-Based” approach for emergency people to be rescued and to be displaced in analysis of the evolution of the event and a The Italian National Fire and Rescue Service management, using small-scale geography, safe accommodations. higher possibility of analysis to be integrated guarantees a 24/7 response for any type allows a stronger awareness of the scenario with our daily data entry. of emergency. For this purpose, the first In August 2017, in the Campania region, evolution and therefore a faster and more requirement is the rapid identification of the a big forest fire occurred on the slopes of targeted operational response which provides A higher spatial resolution also provides a affected area in order to define the amount Vesuvius. The delimitation of burned areas a more effective and efficient support to more realistic scenario. of resources and minimise the time of provided data for monitoring the emergency the population. Delimitation of an affected The Italian National Fire and Rescue Service deployment. evolution taking into account threatened area overlapped to, for example, population is improving their knowledge and skills in infrastructures, available roads for rescues, density allows an estimate to be made of the Consequently, a point of view not involved in using satellite data, optical and SAR products, targets for aerial forest fire fighting vehicles, number of people affected and threatened the operational scenario is fundamental. A in emergency and planning activities. etc. It was also possible to collect data for and to optimise the planning phase of the significant contribution to this approach is an statistical purposes such as the type of assistance in terms of the number of rescuers optical analysis of the affected area through affected vegetation, the extent of the event and resources needed. the Earth Observation programme. and, the number of deployed Fire and Rescue The space based solution Service teams, in order to improve the planning process for future forest fire fighting Two real emergencies affecting the Italian operations. territory are described below. Data from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 were used to These two cases aim to show how the use support the management function, and, of satellite data, a few hours after the event, using multispectral bands (SWIR and false allow optimising the deployment of rescuers, colour NDVI) it was possible to represent the reducing response times. Italy - Vesuvio 2017, diachronic analysis with change impact of floods and forest fires, two very Benefits to Citizens detection method (Sentinel) showing burned areas, Giuseppe Romano, Valentina Nocente, different types of scenario. in red, due to forest fires occurring on the slopes of Stefano Frittelli, The Italian National Fire Corp operates in During December 2017, the Emilia Romagna the volcano during last summer. Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco every regional area, coordinated by a Central Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] region was affected by flooding. The Central Emergency Directorate Emergency Directorate, a few minutes delimitation of the flooded area compared after events. In the Central Emergency As mentioned above, we need emergency Rome, Italy to a land use map allowed the identification Directorate, we activate a technical team mapping a few hours after the event, hence [email protected] of the civil and commercial buildings, streets that immediately made a plan based on a EO Data are necessary as soon as possible, [email protected] and highways involved. In this way, it was just after the acquisition by satellite in order [email protected]
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178 SENTINEL-1 MONITORS Thanks to Sentinel-1 we can CIVIL PROTECTION GEOHAZARDS TO SECURE “monitor landslides threatening CITIZENS’ HOMES citizens’ homes more reliably work. All maintained without the prior need Sentinel-1 enables operational and with unprecedented for equipment or human presence at the area monitoring of structures threatened detail.” of interest. by landslides and subsidence Such operational monitoring can help prevent over the large area of the Upper Dr. Pavel Liscak, State Geological Institute emergency situations and economic losses Nitra region, Slovakia. Effectively, due to structural damage, help to assess precisely and at low cost merit. remediation works of the State Geological Landslides detected over three villages in Upper Nitra Survey, or assist with the responsibilities of region. Affected structures shown in red, stable in individual structures and infrastructure, which the mining companies as well as regional The challenge green. can ensure advanced situation awareness Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2018] authorities. Slope deformations are the most significant during evolving and complex deformation geohazards in Slovakia which cause extensive Using advanced radar interferometry processes like landslides, building collapses, Outlook to the future technique InSAR and regularly utilising all economic damage on an annual basis, road disruptions or land subsidence as a Sentinel 1 InSAR complements conventional radar images acquired by the Sentinel-1 pair seriously limiting the rational use of land and consequence of active under mining. ground-based landslide monitoring over the desired area of interest, we can in some cases also threatening property and techniques. Once the presented service observe recent ground movements. As shown the health of residents in the affected areas. becomes fully operational, it can further in an example image (above) of several extend its regional application capability to Especially in the region of Upper Nitra, villages in the Upper Nitra region, for every monitor cultural heritage (e.g. Bojnice castle), Central Slovakia, notable for its landslide coloured point corresponding to the particular to help assess the complex environmental susceptibility over 60% of the territory, man-made structure or infrastructure, we impact of under mining or become an integral which is further impaired by intensive coal derive precise displacement time series in part of the regional urban planning policy. mining activity. millimetres per year, thus forming a “natural Conventional in situ monitoring techniques GPS network” with measurements going Acknowledgements provide only point-wise information of the back to the end of 2014. landslide’s activity, however, they lack efficient Sentinel-1 data are provided by the European This way, we can remotely detect and Commission and ESA under the free, full and and timely updates. To reduce the risks, we Detail of village Hradec in first figure: Displacement monitor hundreds of objects endangered open data policy adopted for the Copernicus need to respond to emergencies faster and by landslide activity simultaneously, whilst time series showing 3 cm/year subsidence over building disrupted by landslide. Each dot represents programme. The authors would like to thank more accurately over the entire region. being independent of cloud coverage or satellite’s acquisition. the State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur The space based solution daylight thanks to the radar nature of the Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2018] and Hornonitrianske bane Prievidza, a.s. Sentinel-1 satellites. Moreover, the satellite’s Monitoring of mass-wasting geohazards weekly revisit allows for frequent updates, In comparison to labourious and costly in like landslides and land subsidence due to thus empowering the operational capability situ measurements, it brings unprecedented under mining has been marked by the new of the technique. spatial coverage as well as guaranteed perspective thanks to the Europe’s Copernicus updates and may, therefore, potentially programme Sentinel-1 radar satellites. Benefits to Citizens reduce operating costs by several million Dr. Matus Bakon, Richard Czikhardt, Extended spatial coverage of this EO mission Our emerging monitoring service based on euro. More detailed and frequent surveillance Dr. Juraj Papco, covers the entire Upper Nitra region spanning Sentinel-1 EO data will provide continually means better safety conditions for citizens, insar.sk, Slovak Republic more than thousand square kilometres in a updated information on the stability of and as such can help identify and prioritise [email protected] s.r.o. single image. buildings requiring field inspection or repair [email protected]
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173 THE PHLEGREAN FIELDS Satellite ground deformation CIVIL PROTECTION CALDERA: A HISTORY OF “measurements provide a DEFORMATION useful complement to the of deformation activity, as for the Phlegrean The deformation history of the in-situ volcano monitoring Fields, monitoring data may help in the Phlegrean Fields volcano imaged infrastructures.” assessment and then timely communication through ESA and Copernicus of information about the volcanic hazards. satellites. F. Bianco, INGV-OV CNR-IREA routinely provides the ground deformation measurements derived from S1 data to DPC and the volcano observatory of of 2 fully operational satellites and acquires the National Geophisycs and Volcanology new data, on land, every 6 days with the Institute (INGV-OV). Based on the history Interferometric Wide Swath mode, which The challenge of the Phlegrean Fields and the analysis of guarantees a very large footprint and is the monitoring data from in-situ and space- Located west of the densely populated city of specifically devoted to DInSAR applications. borne sensors, the scientists can determine Naples (Italy), the Phlegrean Fields caldera is As an example of the S1 potential, the Mean deformation velocity map in satellite Line of the possible ascent of magma towards the one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the figure below shows the deformation in the sight (LOS) obtained by exploiting ERS/ENVISAT SAR surface. This type of knowledge helps them world. The caldera is the result of two major data on Phlegrean Fields from 1992 to 2010. 2014–2018 period measured at Phlegrean to figure out the possible types of volcanic eruptions, which occurred approximately 37 ka Fields, which experienced a resumption of activity and the associated hazards to and 12 ka ago, respectively. Starting from the DInSAR, it is possible to detect and monitor the uplift. people. This information is crucial for DPC end of the 1960’s, the caldera has experienced any kind of deformation on Earth surface, such to determine which alerts and policies are rapid, large amplitude uplift episodes followed as the one induced by earthquakes, landslides needed to prevent loss of life and property. by long-term subsidence. In particular, during and volcanoes, as in the case of the Phlegrean Fields. DInSAR clearly benefits from the the 2012—2013 interval, the caldera has Outlook to the future shown a rapid uplift of about 11 cm. This event availability of long-time SAR archives, because led the Italian Civil Protection Department of the possibility to follow the evolution of the The Copernicus Sentinel programme is a (DPC) to increase the monitoring activities to ground deformation. The figure above shows fundamental instrument for natural hazard the level 2 in a range of 4 (where 4 represents the mean deformation velocity map generated monitoring, thanks to the free access to a data the maximum alert). Accordingly, to keep one on Phlegrean Fields by exploiting the ESA archive that is routinely acquired at global of the areas with the highest volcanic risk in ERS and ENVISAT SAR data acquired since scale. 1992 and 2002, respectively. The plot of the the world under control, one of the greatest Acknowledgements challenges is the continuous monitoring of displacement time series shows the evolution several volcano parameters and, amongst of the deformation of the caldera and clearly This work has been supported by the DPC- others, the surface deformation. demonstrates the importance of disposing of IREA agreement, the EU-H2020 EPOS-IP long-term SAR archives for monitoring high project (GA No. 676564), the ESA GEP project The space based solution risky areas. It is indeed worth noting that the and the I-AMICA project (PONa3_00363). current DInSAR scenario is characterised by Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) is a Vertical deformation velocity map obtained by the huge availability of SAR data acquired by exploiting Sentinel-1 SAR data on Phlegrean Fields well-established microwave remote sensing several satellite constellations. In particular, from 2014 to 2018. technique that, by exploiting two SAR images M. Bonano, R. Castaldo, F. Casu, C. De Luca, V. starting from 2014, the Copernicus Sentinel-1 Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2018] acquired at different times, allows estimation (S1) satellites are supplying a massive SAR De Novellis, R. Lanari, M. Manunta, M. Manzo, of ground deformation that has occurred data flow thanks to their global coverage Benefits to Citizens S. Pepe, G. Solaro, P. Tizzani, I. Zinno between the two acquisitions with centimetre CNR-IREA, Naples, Italy acquisition strategy. S1 constellation consists When a volcano shows new or unusual signs to millimetre accuracy. Therefore, by using [email protected]
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207 USE OF COPERNICUS This application has CIVIL PROTECTION EMERGENCY “contributed a small but MANAGEMENT SERVICE important part to the safety decisions. Both above mentioned uses of DURING SLEET of the citizens of Slovenia.” Copernicus data also contributed to the safety IN SLOVENIA of the citizens of Slovenia in both NUTS 2 Katja Banovec Juroš, Administration of the regions (Eastern and Western Slovenia). Slovenia was hit by severe sleet Republic of Slovenia for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief of the Slovenia followed by floods in January Outlook to the future 2014. Ljubljansko barje flooded on 14 February 2014 at With new Sentinel missions and other 9.39 UTC with SPOT-6 optical satellite with a local functional improvements of Copernicus resolution of 1.5 meters. Emergency Management Service the provided The challenge Source: Copernicus Emergency Management System data will be more accurate and delivered The frequency and intensity of natural disasters courses caused the flooding of Karst fields with shorter timeframe between order of in Slovenia is unfortunately still rising. Rapid and Ljubljansko barje. Experiences from the the service and scanning of the terrain. With technological development of remote sensing previous Copernicus activations showed that more precise and reliable maps also the services enables improvement in the control due to the time lag between sending the response of the rescuers and other services and monitoring of extraordinary phenomena, request and the actual scanning, especially would be more efficient. thus allowing the relevant services to provide in the case of flash floods, it was not able Acknowledgements a faster and more effective disaster response to provide a satisfactory picture of the whilst on the other hand supports analysts situation of the pick of the flood. Thus, the Flooding of Cerknica Field, shot with COSMO-SkyMed Copernicus has provided a valuable in their work. The Slovenian national contact Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for satellite in radar spectrum, 13 February 2014 at 4.50 contribution to the implementation of the point for Copernicus Emergency Management Civil Protection and Disaster Relief cooperated UTC, local resolution 3 meters; background: air digital Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction Service, the Administration for Civil Protection closely with the Slovenian Environment orthophoto recordings (2009-2012) © ARSO 2015-2030. Also in this way, we all build a and Disaster Relief of the Republic of Agency which monitored the development society that is more resilient to disasters and Slovenia, has been involved in monitoring the of the weather and assessed the likelihood Benefits to Citizens contribute to a world that is a safer place to development of the European Commission of flooding. According to the Slovenian The first maps, which were available within live in. and European Space Agency initiative for Environment Agency experts, after several two to three hours after the scan, were used global monitoring of the environment from days of monitoring the weather and weather by the responsible authorities for the first its beginning being aware of the benefits the forecasts and the situation on the ground, the assessment of the situation on the ground solution can bring. floods of the Cerknica and Planinsko polje, which, in combination with data received the Ljubljansko barje and the surroundings The space based solution from other sources, led to more reliable of Knežak were expected to reach their peak response of the teams on the ground. On Friday, January 31st 2014, the majority on 12 and/or 13 March. The completed order Although the Copernicus licensing policy did part of Slovenia was affected by extremely form was sent to the Emergency Response not permit the public distribution of raw unfavourable weather conditions with heavy Coordination Center in Brussels on Tuesday, satellite imagery to users for further analysis, snow and sleet affecting the southwest of 11 February, at 13.43, with the attached kml- the vector data prepared on their basis Slovenia the most. This situation continued files of the sites and in accordance with the was publicly available for use in the further until February 6, when the temperature rose harmonised protocol. Katja Banovec Juroš processing of national public and research above the freezing point and caused quick Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for institutions. The results of the analysis melting, which combined with the rain and allowed decision makers to support their Civil Protection and Disaster Relief debris of the destroyed trees in the water Ljubljana, Slovenia
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208 WILDFIRE MANAGEMENT The application of this method CIVIL PROTECTION ON THE CROATIAN “will greatly accelerate TERRITORY the fire extinguishing time fire event and can be applied to strategies Wildfire management is one and facilitate the movement and policies for prevention, forecasting, of the essential tasks for local of firefighters within mitigation and management of wildfire authorities, especially those wich the affected area.” events. Besides that, the obtained data can are in high-risk areas. Copernicus contribute to monitoring of the environment free spatial data can help Fire Department of the Split-Dalmatia county recovery, which is extremely important for fields such as agronomy and forestry. All of manage and solve this tasks. Fire affected areas (blue) in 2017 on Croatian territory based on EFFIS data. this is aimed at improving the life and safety Credit: Contains data downloaded from EFFIS for 2017 of citizens during wildfire events and for the The challenge faster recovery of the affected areas and the affected by wildfire scarring. The obtained environment. Every year, an area of 350 mill. hectares is data were processed using SNAP and QGIS occupied by fire, of which 90% are forest software (open source). EFFIS was used to Outlook to the future fires. In Europe, due to climatic conditions, roughly locate the location, time, and area of the most endangered is the Mediterranean the wildfire. After locating the fire, images of Products obtained using these methods area. Croatia is one of the countries with the area before and after the wildfire event can benefit both GIS and other, non- a high risk of forest fires (47% of the land were downloaded from the Sentinel Scientific GIS users. They enable overlapping with surface consists of forest). In 2017, 104 Hub (Sentinel-2 level C – 1 products) and used other data depending on the interest in forest fires were recorded in Croatia causing for detailed analysis. Initial processing, such use. Besides fire management institutions economic damage of around € 60 million. as, resampling, band merging and subset and local authorities, these methods can Two large forest fires in June last year hit export was carried out in SNAP followed by also contribute to the improvement of the area of the Makarska Riviera in only the Normalized Burn Ration (NBR) technique work in other institutions such as police two days, covering an area of 325 hectares. which was applied on images to highlight administration, environmental protection Local authorities have been shown that the areas covered by fire. RGB true colour agencies, civil protection, agricultural and free access to Copernicus satellite missions imaging was also used for a better view of forestry agencies, national parks, insurance data and EFFIS systems (European Forest the environment. The final product includes companies and many others. Fire Information System) can contribute to wildfire maps of the affected areas which can Acknowledgements predicting fire hazards, mapping wildfires be used for better understanding, analysing and improving wildfire management which and preventing fire events, as well as for The Croatian territory is affected with more contributes to the economic aspect as well as improving post-fire operations. Overview of processed images of wildfire in the than 100 wildfires every year and these the human protection. area of the Makarska Riviera before (a) and after methods will improve prevention and fire Benefits to Citizens (b) fire, based on NBR technique and defining steps protection as well as enabling a faster and The space based solution (c) towards final product of wildfire maps” should better response in areas affected by fires for Remote sensing methods play a significant be shortened to: “Overview of processed images of local authorities. Free and open data Copernicus solutions role in all aspects of wildfire management. wildfire in the area of the Makarska Riviera before (a) which can improve wildfire management and Copernicus provides free spatial data, and its and after (b) fire, based on NBR technique. achieve more efficiently, reliably and quickly images can be used for making significant Credit: Contains Sentinel data [2017] detecting of wildfires and analysing of affected maps for better risk assessment of the Zvonimir Nevistić and prof. Željko Bačić especially for firefighters and other units that areas are presented to local authorities. The affected areas and the environment. Phd., Faculty of Geodesy Zagreb, Croatia need to bring a fire under control as soon as solution is based on the use of Sentinel-2 [email protected] Such maps can provide a wealth of information, possible. They can enable analysis after the imagery and EFFIS to identify areas of land [email protected]
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TRANSPORTS, CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SAFETY
Roads, airports, bridges, sea lanes, ports … All countries need efficient transport systems and reliable infrastructures if they are to prosper and provide a decent standard of living for their populations, and ensuring passenger safety is a priority for public authorities. Whilst safety and national assets are managed at national level, regional and local authorities in Europe frequently have competencies related to building and maintenance of local networks: ports and harbours, planning, construction and maintenance of roads and transport infrastructure, public transport typically fall into the competences of the regions.
Over land, Copernicus supports improved planning and management of civil infrastructure and the prevention of future damages through information on the topography and on instabilities of the terrain surface that may arise due to e.g. subsidence, sliding or underground natural or human induced activities (such as public utility works, gas and/or water pumping). More in details, interferometric techniques applied to Sentinel-1 imagery allow the detection of millimetre-scale surface displacements that could threaten the integrity and safety of built infrastructures with regular and unprecedented frequency. Over sea, Copernicus data and information can support maritime safety: for example, the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service produces forecasts of oceanic currents and estimates of sea ice concentrations/drifts, whilst data from Sentinel-1 are widely used to support shipping through icy waters and for maritime surveillance activities such as the ones provided by the Copernicus Security Service.
Oslo train station on the move Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2014–16) / ESA SEOM INSARAP study / InSAR Norway project / NGU / Norut / PPO.labs, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO OVERVIEW OF COPERNICUS USER STORIES
Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level A VILLAGE STRICKEN BY Alsace Bas-Rhin S1 4/5 TERRAIN MOVEMENTS (Alsace) South Muntenia COPERNICUS SENTINELS HELP Bucharest (Sud-Muntenia) S1, S2 VESSEL TRAFFIC MONITORING (Ilfov Bucaresti) Teleorman IMPROVING SNOW AVALANCHE County of Troms Switzerland, Iceland, S1 4 FORECASTING (Troms Land) Italy MONITORING THE HEALTH Lombardy OF WATER & SEWERAGE Lombardy, Apulia S1 5 (Lombardia) NETWORKS SATELLITE-BASED MARITIME Brittany European maritime SURVEILLANCE SERVICES IN S1 5 (Bretagne) areas EUROPE SMARTPHONE APPLICATION Malta DELIVERING METEO-MARINE Malta CMEMS 5 Sicily DATA TO THE PUBLIC IN MALTA The relevant Copernicus data and Information refer to the Copernicus Sentinel data and/or to the Copernicus Service information mentioned in the User Story. For the definition of the Usage Maturity Level, please refer to the Introduction.
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152 A VILLAGE STRICKEN BY This remote sensed technique TRANSPORTS, CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE TERRAIN MOVEMENTS “has transformed the way we AND SAFETY The Sentinel-1 radar satellites are monitoring this particular capacities in detecting and Risk prevention and mitigation are major problem for which a long-term societal challenges, such as the sustainable measuring small ground surface survey will be necessary.” management of resources and territories. movements allow the provision Therefore the EUGENIUS Association is of quantified expertise to Frank Pouvreau, Direction départementale des territoires du Bas-Rhin, French Ministry federating skills and interoperable tools decision makers. of Ecological and Solidarity Transition from different European partners in order to respond in the most effective way to these issues. The approach having been validated, the The challenge State services asked for the monitoring of the Outlook to the future Lochwiller, an Alsatian village in the Grand Houses affected by terrain movements in the village affected sector to be continued and also to With these swelling phenomena having a Est region, Northeastern France, is affected of Lochwiller (Alsace- France) apply it on another Alsatian village where a continuous evolution, and upon user request, by severe land elevation movement because similar phenomenon has started. a technical platform of the ICube laboratory the monitoring of the two villages will be of the swelling of a geological layer reaching of Strasbourg University), associated with pursued after the H2020 project. an underground water table, during a sub- the Italian company, Planetek, has thus surface geothermal drilling activity. Houses proposed to the deconcentrated service of Through its regular observation frequency are cracking and families are obliged to leave the French Ministry of Environment, in the capacity, the Copernicus programme space their homes. Grand Est region, a pilot project based on the infrastructure offers new possibilities for the monitoring of vast territories and the The State services need to monitor the exploitation of interferometric data, acquired measurement of spatialised indicators evolution of the phenomenon that the by the Sentinel-1 radar satellites, which previously inaccessible by ground-based technical services cannot stop and, with allow the detection of millimeteric ground observation means. The interferometric insurance companies, promote a policy displacements. With the use of Persistent techniques presented here can also be applied of compensation for those affected. The Scatter Interferometry technique, regular to subsidence problems, such as the ones municipality is trying to establish a plan both monitoring of the behaviour of permanent occurring in the mining sectors, related to to prevent the growth of abandoned housing reflectors over time, has been set up and karst environments or underground activities. and to decide on its future urbanisation policy performed. The height variations measured around the disaster area. Therefore, decision with the use of more than twenty satellite Acknowledgements makers are seeking relevant indicators to acquisitions during the first year (Sentinel-1A Spatial representation of the swelling phenomenon support a strategy that will directly depend data), and more than fifty observations during in the Lochwiller most affected area (Alsace-France) This project has received funding from the EU H2020 research and innovation programme on the evolution, in space and time, of the the second year (Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B Benefits to Citizens surface instability phenomenon. data), made it possible to detect the lifting under grant agreement No 730150 EUGENIUS of the surface related to the swelling of The approach presented here benefits citizen H2020-EO-2016. The space based solution the anhydrite layer pierced by drilling, and on several levels. Allowing for the monitoring also, to map and measure the extent of the and quantifying of a phenomenon causing The EUGENIUS H2020 project combines in a phenomenon. Compared to observations and property damage, even human ones, it common catalogue of services the expertise N. Tholey, J. Maxant, and P. de Fraipont field surveys, measurements derived from contributes to the risk assessment mission of of several remote sensing operators for the ICube-SERTIT, France spatial data were also calibrated. Maximum the state services, and to the drawing up of benefit of their region. SERTIT (SErvice Régional D. Iasillo vertical displacement measures could reach the request for compensation which is paid de Traitement d’Image et de Télédétection, Planetek, Italy by the insurance guarantee fund. 140 mm/year around the drilling. [email protected]
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131 COPERNICUS SENTINELS The main purpose was to TRANSPORTS, CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE HELP VESSEL TRAFFIC “identify the ships that are AND SAFETY MONITORING not equipped with Automatic Outlook to the future Sentinel satellites imagery is Identification System, and the used by local authorities to Sentinel images have proved Integration of Copernicus data into RIS will contribute to better vessel traffic monitoring monitor navigation and manage Ships queuing along the Danube due to low water level. extremely useful.” considering the inland waterway and the traffic in Southeastern Europe, on © ugal.ro 2015 main navigation operations such as, lock the Romanian Danube sector. Ion Nedelcu, operation, port operation, bridge operation long time needed by the ships to cross the Romanian Space Agency and others. Romanian channel. The integration and use of Sentinels together With the help of the European Space Agency The challenge Benefits to Citizens with inland vessel traffic services would (ESA) experts and mission managers, the first prevent the development of dangerous Navigation on the Danube river is limited available Sentinel 1 and Sentinel 2 (still in In 2017, AFDJ reported a significant increase vessel traffic situations by managing traffic by the presence of sand banks (dry summer the commissioning phase at that time) were in the number of ships transporting goods on movements, providing safety and efficient periods) and ice banks (very cold winter processed and sent to AFDJ. Image data the Danube – 1863 ships in 2017 compared movement of vessel traffic within the VTS time), phenomena that have an important was mainly used for identifying the crowded with 1771 ships in 2016, which also translates area. impact on navigation safety, continuity points and to count the ships queuing on the into an increase of revenues for both the and effectiveness of goods and passengers Danube. Thanks to the satellite images of 2nd administration and the commercial sector. Where appropriate, selecting SAR (Synthetic transport operations. and 9th of August, it became immediately Aperture Radar) sensors take opportunities In July–August 2015, most of the European obvious that many more ships were on the disregarding the day / night or weather continent experienced daily temperatures Danube than initially reported based on the conditions, reducing the effort on the above 34 - 35° C and absolute maximum AIS (Automatic Identification System) data delineation of navigation obstacles over the values above 40° in many areas (e.g. 46.2° (some 100 or more ships). river surface. It is possible to grant multiple daily opportunities for acquisitions and in C in southern Romania). Combined with The combined use of Sentinel-1 and so doing widen the portfolio of higher value a significant reduction of rainfall, this led Sentinel-2 information allowed the Romanian products available. to atmospheric and soil drought and low Lower Danube River Administration to water levels of the Danube River. The low monitor navigation at critical points such as water level advanced the narrowing of the those close to Zimnicea until the end of the navigation path at Zimnicea (567 kilometer), drought period. Ships queuing along the Danube river near causing ships to wait in a row before crossing the Romanian town of Zimnicea. Captured by The results have been published on the the area. Sentinel-1A on 2 August 2015. European Space Agency and Romanian Space Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data The space based solution Agency websites. [2015]/ESA During the hot summer of 2015, the Romanian The User Maturity Level is represented by Lower Danube River Administration (AFDJ) the ad-hoc use phase, where the Copernicus- Earth Observation satellite data proved to be Maria Ioana Vlad Sandru, Violeta Poenaru, and Romanian Space Agency (ROSA) were in based solution has been used with no explicit very useful for helping continuous monitoring Ion Nedelcu, Alina Radutu contact and worked closely to find a reliable interest from the regional authority to trial of the ship traffic in order to avoid navigation Romanian Space Agency, Mendeleev Str. 21- solution for characterizing the ship traffic consistent usage. problems. They can further improve the on the Danube. Everything started from the functionality of existing navigation systems, 25, Bucharest, Romania, Southeastern Europe. notice sent by the authorities relating to the accuracy of sailing management information Maria Ioana Vlad Sandru and dissemination of information. [email protected]
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142 IMPROVING SNOW Avalanche detections from TRANSPORTS, CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE AVALANCHE FORECASTING “radar-satellite data decrease AND SAFETY We solve the problem of the uncer-tainty of our Outlook to the future complete snow ava-lanche avalanche forecasts.” activity monitoring in From winter 2018-2019, our service will Rune Engeset, be transferred to the Norwegian Avalanche forecasting regions in Norway Norwegian Avalanche Warn-ing by automatically detecting snow Centre thus becoming fully operational. Within the next two years, we plan to expand avalanches in radar-satellite data 3D view of a Sentinel-1 radar backscatter image with from the current three to all 22 forecasting task carried out by an expert. Our avalanche provided by Sentinel-1 satellites. avalanches visible in the foreground in light grey. regions in Norway. activity datasets decrease the uncertainty of the forecast, as released avalanches With the worldwide availability of Sentinel-1 In our pre-operational service, we process The challenge are the best available sign of prevailing data, our service can be established in any all Sentinel-1 images over three forecasting Snow avalanches (hereinafter called avalanche hazard. This gives the forecasters avalanche forecasting region in the world. regions in Norway and automatically detect avalanches) pose a threat to people and an improved tool for their risk assessment all avalanches. About half an hour after the Besides the monitoring service described, infrastructure in Norway. Daily, public risk and ultimately a higher quality avalanche Sentinel-images are available, the detected avalanche detections could also assist in assessments (so-called avalanche forecasts) forecast for the end users. The ulti mate goal avalanches are stored in a geodatabase emergency response situations in remote are carried out for large forecasting regions. of an avalanche forecast is to prevent fatal with a time stamp, location information and areas struck by extreme avalanche cycles. A defining parameter of avalanche hazard is avalanche accidents. Our service contributes spatial extent. Forecasters of the Norwegian Lastly, the long-term collection of avalanche avalanche activity, i.e. how many avalanches to achieving this im-portant goal. Avalanche Warning Service, who use the activity offers the opportunity to conduct of which type and size release in a certain area avalanche activity as an important information climate-related studies during a certain time period? This seemingly tool in their daily risk assessment, can access easy question is impossi-ble to answer Acknowledgements the database. During the winter 2016-2017, with traditional, field-based observation we increased the number of avalanche This pre-operational service, based on techniques. This is where the benefit of observations by a factor of ten, from about Copernicus data, is a joint project between radar-satellite data comes in, providing the 900 field observations to over 12,000 satellite the independent research company Norut, opportunity to detect avalanches consistently observations of avalanches. the Norwegian Avalanche Centre at NVE and during a winter within a forecasting region. the Norwegian Public Road Administration, Benefits to Citizens The space based solution financed by the Norwegian Space Centre. Public, regional avalanche forecasts mainly The Sentinel-1 radar satellites provide daily target two user groups: Winter backcountry images over Norway. Their free availability, users, the group with the vast majority of high spatial resolution, large ground swath avalanche fatalities, and public entities, and all weather, all light capabilities make responsible for infrastructure planning and them perfect observation tools of avalanches. Map showing detected avalanches (yellow) during Markus Eckerstorfer, Eirik Malnes, road safety. Both user groups use the forecast Avalanche debris, the depositional part of winter 2016-17 on the island of Kvaløya in Northern Hannah Vickers as a risk reduction measure, depending avalanches is detectable in SAR images Norway Norut, Tromsø, Norway greatly on its accuracy and predictive power. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2015] owing to their rough surface reflecting more Karsten Müller, Rune Engeset However, avalanche forecasting is inherently energy and thus supplying more information forecasting of uncertainty expressed in NVE, Oslo, Norway back to the satellites than the surrounding, probabilities of avalanche release. Moreover, Tore Humstad, Statens Vegvesen, undisturbed snow. it is a complex, synoptic decisionmaking Molde, Norway [email protected]
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139 MONITORING THE We found satellite radar TRANSPORTS, CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE HEALTH OF WATER AND “interferometry the most AND SAFETY SEWERAGE NETWORKS accurate and affordable survey Operators of water and sewage networks Copernicus Sentinel-1 SAR data method to prevent and detect spend a lot of money maintaining their were used to detect and monitor potential sewer and water network and fighting against water leakages ground displacements near or structural problems. Based on Copernicus network failures.” ® Milan’s public sewerage network data, Rheticus delivers an automated information service to municipal bodies, in Italy, to discover damage to Andrea Aliscioni, MM SpA helping them pinpoint where leaks are most the actual water infrastructure. Subsidence in urban area induced by water network leakage. Credits: meadowsaffron on flickr likely and prioritize their response teams. subsidence phenomena from various open data The challenge movements; determining the horizontal sources into an interactive and comprehensive Outlook to the future and vertical displacement speed of points; dashboard, to achieve insightful and The public sewer network of Milan runs The monitoring of environmental resources is performing multi-scale analyses; and purpose-built contents from many different for approximately 1500 km. MM SpA is the taking advantage of the increased availability integrating other data sources. perspectives. Users gain immediate and engineering company 100% owned by the of satellite data from the Copernicus reliable geo-information, including weekly and Municipality of Milan, which manages the Satellite radar interferometry resulted in Programme. New satellite missions planned summary information over wide areas, based Integrated Water and Wastewater Services being the most accurate and affordable by ESA and the European Commission in the on continual satellite monitoring, overcoming of the City of Milan, located in the Lombardy survey method to prevent and detect near future will provide further unique data the difficulties and costs of field measurement region, Italy. MM had been searching for a potential sewerage failures, even in relation sources for timely operational services. ® to the high traffic volume of metropolitan campaigns. Rheticus Displacement generates method to better understand the scenario Machine learning and deep learning are the cities like Milan. Displacement was assessed reports, thematic maps and geo-analytics of ground surface movements caused by the methodologies, which will be integrated in over the subscribed area of interest by means based on Sentinel-1 data, meeting local to structural defect of its collector that could future developments of Rheticus® services. of measurements of velocity, acceleration and national content requirements in the field of affect the area above the primary network These methodologies will allow the coherence of Persistent Scatterers (PS). PS land, buildings or infrastructures monitoring and adjacent areas. The purpose was to integration of heterogeneous data within were identified and their velocity/acceleration to prevent potential damage to people and prevent damage to surface structures (roads, the processing chain, collected from remote measured through the extensively tested properties. buildings, etc.) by detecting the movements sensing, the user, the Web and social SPINUA© algorithm applied on Sentinel-1 underway whose effects are not yet visible. networks to improve forecast accuracy. The radar data. The Rheticus® Displacement For an assessment of the subsidence trend, a output will feed the decision support system service owned by Planetek Italia was able to time series of past movements was required of the end-user that will be able to take a process satellite data over the area and to to build a past and future trend scenario. MM decision based on accurate and predicted provide thematic maps, dynamic geo-analytics also aimed for a cost-effective solution that information. did not require the installation of instruments and pre-set reports to MM. This service is or their maintenance, and which was suitable currently used by several Integrated Water for low budget and time-restricted surveys. and Wastewater management companies in Italy and other EU countries, with clients like The space based solution Hera, ACEA, Iren, ABC Napoli, Aquafin and Vincenzo Massimi, Planetek Italia, Milan, Italy. Screenshot of Rheticus® Displacement MPWIK. [email protected] Today, satellite surveys allow: measuring interface pinpointing where leaks are most likely and millimetric surface deformations; studying Benefits to Citizens showing ground movements’ velocity acceleration Giuseppe Forenza, Planetek Italia, the evolution of displacements in time and trends. [email protected] ® and processing periodic trends, based on a Rheticus Displacement simplifies the Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data Andrea Aliscioni, MM SpA, detection, monitoring and analysis of [2014-2018] series of acquired data, to identify non-linear [email protected]
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137 SATELLITE-BASED Forests are our planet’s green TRANSPORTS, CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE MARITIME SURVEILLANCE “lung, but oceans are its blue AND SAFETY SERVICES IN EUROPE heart. It is now up to all of VIGISAT services (Coville, Cammas, Joyon, Since its creation, the operational us to keep this blue heart Guichard, Gabart). The benefit is not only for VIGISAT centre has kept beating.” the sailing community but also the scientific reinventing maritime surveillance community as VIGISAT has developed a by satellite. Karmenu Vella, European Commissioner for unique knowledge of icebergs generation On 06/10/2015, VIGISAT supported FRONTEX Environment, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries EUROSUR services. A SAR image acquired, processed mechanisms. and analysed by VIGISAT enabled to relocate and rescue 370 people aboard three rubber boats off Outlook to the future Lybian Coast (source FRONTEX) analysed the first case in Europe in a maritime In the future, maritime surveillance services The challenge pollution prosecution using SAR imagery. The should include new applications such as satellite SAR image was used as primary The Region of Brittany is very sensitive to the The space based solution the monitoring of massive stranding of evidence to demonstrate that the pollution oil spills at sea, considering its geographical The VIGISAT satellite ground receiving sargassum algae or new technologies such was actually released by the culprit vessel unique location and past traumatic experience station was officially opened in Brest by as drones, big data and analytics. within the UK’s 12 nautical mile territorial sea. of oil spill disasters such as Amoco Cadiz CLS, a French private company. Two regional (1978), Erika (1999) and Prestige (2002) to projects successively supported this initiative: Another activity of great significance for the Acknowledgements mention only the most important. In 2010, VIGISAT and VIGISAT-2. These projects are city of Brest is related to sailing races and The VIGISAT station is owned and operated VIGISAT, the unique French ground receiving led by IMT Atlantique, a French Elite Graduate the world tour records attempts the start of by CLS, a French private Company, subsidiary station of satellite radar high resolution School specialized in digital technology, which is given off Brest. Since 2008, VIGISAT of CNES (the French space agency), IFREMER images, was selected as one of the service energy and environment, and supported by has developed and kept improving a unique (the French marine institute) and ARDIAN. provider for CleanSeaNet, the pan-European Europe and local authorities from the Brittany iceberg detection and tracking service, that has VIGISAT also participates to the regional oil spill detection service implemented Region. They both aim at stimulating science been provided to the main round-the-world programs VIGISAT and VIGISAT2, supported by EMSA. Since then, VIGISAT has kept and education activities at regional level. sailing races (Vendée Globe, Barcelona World by public funds (FEDER, Région Bretagne, becoming a major player of this service, not Race, Volvo Ocean Race). Most of the sailors In parallel, CLS was engaged in positioning Brest Métropole) and by Institut Mines only to detect pollution, but also to identify attempting since then to beat the world tour the VIGISAT infrastructure in the European Télécom, and managed by “Groupement potential source of pollution. More recently, records both solo and crewed have used network of ground stations involved in VIGISAT also supported FRONTEX through Bretagne Télédétection” (BreTel - Brittany operational near real time services. VIGISAT its mission of maritime borders surveillance. Remote Sensing). can rely on its capacity to acquire directly the Eventually, VIGISAT has extended the scope European Sentinel-1 constellation as well of its activities in supporting EMSA in the as the Canadian SAR (Synthetic Aperture implementation of maritime surveillance, one Radar) mission Radarsat-2. In addition, most of the key element of the Copernicus Security of the operational SAR missions such as Service. In addition to the European services, Vincent Kerbaol TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed and some optical VIGISAT took the lead in pioneer services CLS Brest, Plouzané missions (e.g. Sentinel-2) can be processed such as icebergs detection in the southern [email protected] and analysed at VIGISAT. seas. All these challenges turned into The giant tabular iceberg A56 such as captured René Garello, Nicolas Bellec achievements that contributed to consolidate Benefits to Citizens by the European Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellite IMT Atlantique – GIS BreTel the strategic positioning of the regional and on 14/11/2016, after it broke up in the southern Philippe Monbet local authorities in the domain of marine It was a great achievement when, on February Atlantic Ocean. Pôle Mer Bretagne Atlantique - Booster science and technology. 25, 2012, VIGISAT acquired, processed and Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016] MoreSpace
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214 A SMARTPHONE “Great app! Easy to navigate TRANSPORTS, CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE APPLICATION DELIVERING and excellent visuals!” AND SAFETY METEO-MARINE DATA TO “ Kristie Lormand, Android app user addition by a wide range of users, leading THE PUBLIC to the generation of knowledge, supporting Seafarers in the Malta-Sicily service provision and economic activity. observations and the high-resolution sub- Channel are just a few clicks regional and coastal scale operational Outlook to the future away from access to meteo forecasting activities of the PO.Res.Grp in and sea conditions for marine Malta. It is an example of how the merging of Besides fishermen and sailing enthusiasts, KAPTAN is a smartphone application available on both national datasets to marine core data supplied KAPTAN also appeals to divers, surfers, beach navigation and more. Android and iOS platforms. from CMEMS is leading to a proliferation tourists and coastal users in general. The service is secured in the long term by the numerical model forecasts. Sea surface current of dedicated services with downscaling to The challenge PO.Res.Grp. Data is only worth by how much maps are provided every hour at a spatial the geographical detail in demand by local Mariners, fishermen and leisure craft owners it is used. Produce data once, to be used by resolution of 3 km x 3 km by the CALYPSO communities, coastal users and national are always in search of the most accurate and many. This is a key added value of KAPTAN HF radar network consisting of four CODAR responsible entities. KAPTAN is showcasing updated information on weather and marine by making data easily and freely available SeaSonde installations at selected sites on the benefits of and need for sustained conditions ahead of starting their voyages at not only to researchers, public authorities the northern Maltese and southern Sicilian marine observations in the coastal seas to sea. Seafarers navigating across the stretch and environmental agencies, but also to the shores. Sea surface temperature satellite complement the data acquired at regional of sea between Malta and Sicily, now have an public for general consumption as a service observations from the COPERNICUS Marine level. Marine data and information services aid for planning their journeys and safer trips. to improve the quality of life. KAPTAN is a Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) delivered by operational oceanography are KAPTAN, the Maltese word for “Captain”, is perfect example of such an approach, and are added to high resolution 3-hourly maps triggering an unprecedented leap in the supplying this data on personal smartphones, exploits easily accessible and popular media from weather and marine numerical models economic value of met-ocean data, becoming making access to data easier and more direct, to maximise the use of data and information specific to the Malta-Sicily Channel, providing essential for managing marine resources based on marine and weather prediction about the sea and atmosphere. The phone a full suite of local scale meteo-marine efficiently, and feeding benefits to the marine- services, with higher resolution and local app can be downloaded for free for both reports, and complementing other weather related industry and the services sectors. The data. Just a few clicks on a phone app leads Android and iOS devices (Google Play and forecasts. The big difference is that KAPTAN sharing and access to data, as a public good, users to a suite of sea and weather data in App Store on iTunes respectively). KAPTAN provides maps and point data showing how is the basis for the use and re-use of data the form of interactive spatial maps providing exploits the good SatCom reception in the the dynamical structures of the atmosphere to generate a multiplier effect, and for value instantaneous user friendly and user defined region besides the 3G or 4G coverage up to and the variability of sea surface currents, access to prevailing conditions at sea as well 13 nautical miles from the coast. temperature and waves evolve in space and as short term past and forecast information. with time, allowing the user to zoom and to KAPTAN is really an on board assistant, a Acknowledgements interact with a selection of specific waypoints phone app created to serve local mariners. as well as to select the viewing of sea current KAPTAN was supported by the CALYPSO series of projects and will continue to be The space based solution conditions along a user defined journey track. Most importantly the users can get the partially funded by the INTERREG V-A Italia- KAPTAN was developed within the CALYPSO specific data they need when they need it Malta programme (2014-2020) within the project, an Italy-Malta cross-border and at no cost. CALYPSO South project. cooperation initiative led by the Physical Oceanography Research Group (PO.Res. Benefits to Citizens Grp) within the Dept. of Geosciences at the KAPTAN is delivered by making use of and Prof. Aldo Drago University of Malta. The service integrates integrating data from CMEMS to local marine Screenshot of sea surface currents on the KAPTAN University of Malta, Malta real time observations with satellite data and online version. [email protected]
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PUBLIC HEALTH
Public authorities at different levels are responsible for protecting and improving the health of people and their communities. Even before healthcare and assistance, public health is to be achieved e.g. by promoting healthy lifestyles, researching disease and injury prevention solutions, and detecting, preventing and responding to infectious diseases.
Copernicus provides disparate kinds of information useful to support public health policies, especially in relation to air quality and respiratory diseases. As poor air quality continues to prematurely claim the lives of millions of people every year, Copernicus provides an important mean for better and more accurate ways of monitoring the air we breathe. For instance, the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite provides information about a range of trace gases that affect air quality such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, whilst the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service delivers regular information and forecasts about air pollutants, greenhouse gases and small particles such as dust, smoke and pollen. The Service also provides forecasts of atmospheric ozone concentrations and UV radiation that can be harmful for the skin and the eyes. Related to different policy areas, data from the Sentinel-3 mission help planners to design cooler, more comfortable cities by delineating urban areas affected by severe heat waves, whereas Sentinel-3 based water quality estimations and forecasts from the Marine Environment Monitoring Service can help identify toxic algal blooms that could potentially hit coastal areas and affect human activities such as bathing and fish farming. These data can also support the identification of areas prone to the emergence and spread of vector borne epidemics, such as malaria, which greatly depend on environmental factors such as water, sanitation, food or air quality.
Sentinel-5P sees nitrogen dioxide over Europe Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2017), processed by KNMI/ESA OVERVIEW OF COPERNICUS USER STORIES
Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level AN AIR-QUALITY-APP FOR Berlin Berlin CAMS, S5P 4 GERMANY (Berlin) MAPPING REAL-TIME Achaea - Western Achaea, Western AIRBORNE PARTICLE Greece CAMS, S5P 2 Greece POLLUTION (Achaea) The relevant Copernicus data and Information refer to the Copernicus Sentinel data and/or to the Copernicus Service information mentioned in the User Story. For the definition of the Usage Maturity Level, please refer to the Introduction.
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125 AN AIR-QUALITY-APP We hope our APP will help PUBLIC HEALTH FOR GERMANY “people plan their leisure time The German Environment Agency activities whilst raising the Outlook to the future develops an air quality app. As public awareness of air quality.” of summer 2018, citizens can use The app will be especially useful to inform users Ute Dauert, in case of higher pollution. Then, people can the modern media to quickly and German Environment Agency conveniently find out about the react and adjust their behaviour accordingly. For example, the ozone concentration air quality. Additionally, this app sets out to raise public increases under summer conditions with awareness of air quality. App users will be intensive sunlight. If you belong to a higher Particulate matter (PM10) concentration in µg/m³ able to compare forecasts with the limits and risk group, you can decide whether to reduce predicted for 17.10.2017 00 UTC, CAMS ensemble The challenge target values of the Directive on Ambient Air or delay any outdoor activity like doing forecast. sports. The app provides this information Credit: Contains Copernicus Service information [2017] Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe as well as Air quality is an important issue nowadays, with recommendations of the World Health in the menu called “Verhaltensempfehlung“ especially in urban areas. It is monitored measurements of concentration of pollutants Organization. Exceedance has health and (eng. “Recommendations for behaviour”). throughout Germany by the individual federal as well as satellite data are being used for financial consequences and the EU will sue With the development of the operational states and the German Environment Agency. the model calculations. The spatial resolution and monetary penalise the affected Member Air quality is determined on the basis of the Sentinel, new air quality data becomes of models is set at a 15 x15 km grid. It can States. available. By using this data in the modelling, amount of air pollutants. However, this data be concluded - the row data is suitable for only provides information for a single location. the model quality can be improved. The background. Therefore, we have corrected Sentinel-5 precursor was designed to provide The German Environment Agency provides the the predicted concentration of pollutants. input-data for the Copernicus Atmosphere general public with information in all areas Users can find this corrected forecast on our Monitoring Service (CAMS). We, the German pertaining to the environment, including air app. The data obtained from the Copernicus Environment Agency, plan to continue to use quality. For this purpose, modern media such Atmosphere Monitoring Service or satellite the forecast data from the CAMS in the future, as, for example, the internet or apps, is used. data has a great advantage (in contrast not only for our app, but also for our website For our app, we have used data from European to in-situ measurements) – it is spatial and our daily business. modelling for the creation of an “air-quality- information. This spatial information will app”, which is currently being developed and support us (the German Environment Agency, Acknowledgements will be launched in the summer of 2018. Unit “Air”) in our daily business, for example, in periods of high pollution concentration. We thank the German Aerospace Center for The space based solution financial support and the promotion of our Benefits to Citizens Two screenshots of air-quality-app, left information project. Our vote of thanks goes especially The app will be used to forecast ambient about a location, right map with air quality classes. to Ms. Förster and Ms. Schultz-Lieckfeld, concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide The air quality app will serve to inform Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Service information without whose support the successful and particulate matter (PM10). This back-end and warn citizens. The app is free. Thus, [2017] implementation of our project would not have data will be downloaded from the Copernicus individuals (in possession of a smartphone) been possible. Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), at home or on the road can get information The air quality information is described briefly which indicates the daily production of near- on current, location-specific air quality. and simply, and, thus, is easily to understand real-time European air quality forecasts with This information is of particular interest to by everyone. The information can be obtained Jewgenia Bär and Ute Dauert a multi-model ensemble system. In-situ individuals belonging to higher risk groups, quickly and conveniently. measurements of meteorology value and the such as elderly people, pregnant women, German Environment Agency, Germany forecast data, the emission sources, in-situ children and individuals with chronic diseases [email protected]. (for example, asthma). [email protected].
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149 MAPPING REAL-TIME The synergy of satellite- PUBLIC HEALTH AIRBORNE PARTICLE “based data from Sentinels, POLLUTION forecasts from CAMS and in monitoring and air pollution management. Satellite observations and in- in-situ measurements of The aforementioned tools are freely situ particulate matter (PM) airborne particulate matter provided to policymakers to set up alerts measurements are used to make us confident we can and notifications and to take precautions to protect citizens’ exposure when high PM create maps and improve real provide air quality products at time monitoring, modelling and concentrations are predicted. forecasting performance. neighbourhood scale” Patrasair.gr is a crowd-funded project. Since its pilot operation, it has received significant Daily mean prediction of airborne particles (μg/m3) Andreas Kazantzidis, University of Patras The challenge attention from citizens and has been invited to issued from CAMS with 0.1 degree resolution over many social events concerning environmental the greater area of Greece. Airborne particles constitute a major attacks and premature death. Although there education, air quality information campaigns/ atmospheric pollutant for local and regional providing estimations of airborne particle is not a threshold below which no adverse programmes and the impact on the health of air quality. The management of air pollution concentrations across areas with limited health impacts are observed, there are sensitive groups like children and the elderly. is still challenging in Greece and Patras in measurement availability. guidelines aimed at reducing the reduction Outlook to the future particular, due to lack of monitoring tools of PM concentrations. Studies show that and complexity of sources (natural and Moreover, the patrasair.gr network uses Sentinel-5P and Sentinel-4 will provide key anthropogenic) as well as topography. The results from the CAMS European air quality information for the improvement, as well as adverse effects of aerosols on both climate forecast service over four days in order to for the sustainability of this application. and human health are of great importance provide forecasts across the city of Patras. In In this context, operational satellite-based to atmospheric science studies. Satellite many cases, CAMS products are instrumental PM measurements with high spatial and data combined with in-situ real time aerosol in showing if the measured air pollution temporal analysis will be used in synergy with concentration measurements are employed by particles is caused by local or regional CAMS forecasts and in-situ instrumentation to produce a high spatio-temporal analysis of sources. to face future air quality challenges. particulate matter (PM) concentrations. Finally, PM values are reported in near- The space based solution real time, as an operational service to the Acknowledgements citizens and stakeholders. In compliance with Patrasair.gr is a crowd-funded project. Special Patrasair.gr is a real time PM concentration European Directives and the recommendations thanks are given to individual citizens, the monitoring network of certified and regularly of the World Health Organisation, the air Example map of air quality index at the ground-based Regional and Patras Harbour authorities and calibrated sensors, implemented across quality index values are disseminated directly stations of PM across the city of Patras. the University of Patras for their support. the city of Patras. Copernicus Atmosphere to the public. Monitoring Service (CAMS) products require the proposed limits are exceeded both in certified accuracy. Quality assured in-situ Benefits to Citizens urban and rural areas. Mapping real time PM measurements can be used as a basis for Patras regularly suffers from poor air quality concentrations can be used for the promotion the evaluation of CAMS products. Analysis, conditions due to emissions from traffic, of environmental education and awareness modelling and forecast capabilities could agricultural products/biomass burning. Air of the citizens. Improvement of air quality Kazantzidis A., Kosmopoulos G. Salamaliks eventually be improved. The greater region pollution is associated with adverse effects modelling and forecasting capabilities is V., Tzoumanikas P. Katsidimas K. of Western Greece lacks high density PM on human health. Inhaled airborne particles possible through the collaboration of CAMS Laboratory of Atmopsheric Physics, Physics monitoring stations. Verified satellite-based can provoke respiratory diseases, heart forecasts and in-situ data. Authorities are Department, University of Patras, Greece observations can overcome this problem also expected to be involved more actively [email protected]
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CULTURAL HERITAGE, TOURISM AND LEISURE
The ensemble of natural, built and archaeological sites, monuments and historic cities, all together constitute the roots of our culture and provide an immense source of leisure. Together with natural parks and marine reserves, coastal areas and ski resorts, ever year, they attract hundreds of millions of tourists from Europe and worldwide and constitute an important source of revenues and jobs for the tourist industry. They constitute an excellent conduit for promoting social inclusion and supporting cultural diversity. These sites must be maintained in the present and, very importantly, preserved for the benefit of future generations. However, threats can derive from disparate factors such as natural disasters, incautious management practices, pollution and climate change.
In almost all Member States the local and regional authorities have shared competences with the national governments for Cultural Heritage, Leisure, Tourism and Sport. The European Union mostly supports the activities of the Member States by providing financial support, coordination of joint projects and efforts, and sharing of knowledge. For instance, it has contributed to raising awareness about preservation, conservation and restoration issues, technological research (for example 3D reconstructions) and scientific progress in technological solutions through the Creative Europe Programme.
In this area, Copernicus, through the provision of information useful for the preservation of the natural environment and for the improvement of land management practices, indirectly supports tourism and leisure. The Programme was not designed to serve the specific cultural heritage specific needs but, when applied to cultural landscapes, different types of Copernicus- derived information can be considered potentially useful such as maps of land use changes and early warnings for potential hazards and degradation risks (e.g. from subsidence, landslides, floods but also air pollution etc.). The use of Earth observation data in the domains of tourism and cultural heritage has increased over the last few decades but is not yet established and applications are still limited to research and development projects.
Italy and Mediterranean contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2016), processed by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO OVERVIEW OF COPERNICUS USER STORIES
Title of the Region of Main Region Relevant Usage Copernicus Affiliation of the of Application Copernicus Data Maturity User Story Lead Author of the User Story and Information Level MONITORING HERITAGE Italy (i) Hama, Syria; and (ii) 1 S2 AT RISK (Italia) Cyrenaica, Libya 3 PROTECTION OF EUROPEAN Italy CULTURAL HERITAGE UK Cyprus S1 3 FROM GEO-HAZARDS WITH Spain SATELLITE MONITORING The relevant Copernicus data and Information refer to the Copernicus Sentinel data and/or to the Copernicus Service information mentioned in the User Story. For the definition of the Usage Maturity Level, please refer to the Introduction.
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MONITORING HERITAGE … using satellite imagery CULTURAL HERITAGE, AT RISK WITH “databases we are able to go TOURISM AND LEISURE SENTINEL-2 back in time and compare the damage at heritage sites of the Middle East Sentinel-2 provides timely and status of cultural heritage areas and North Africa, and provide proof of concept objective information to assess during different time intervals…” of the value that services based on regular the condition of heritage sites at satellite monitoring could bring. Therefore, UN Institute for Training and Research in an operational perspective, the condition risk in the Middle East and North (UNITAR) assessment of cultural heritage sites based Africa. on Sentinel-2 time series would enable Multi-temporal mapping of new archaeological looting heritage stakeholders to: in the heritage site of Apamea in Syria, based on of buildings or excavation sites. Around the modern town of Shahat in Libya, this The challenge Sentinel-2 images. • produce weekly or monthly condition reports Credit: Copernicus Sentinel data (2015-2017) approach allowed us to map the changing and damage maps During conflicts, cultural heritage sites are degree of exposure of vulnerable heritage and systematically and globally with consistent • locate areas of major concern vulnerable to illegal diggings by looters to identify a hotspot south of the UNESCO parameters, spatial resolution of 10 m in searching for goods to feed the clandestine World Heritage Site of Cyrene, close to the • anticipate where concerns may arise the visible bands, and every few days (e.g. market trafficking antiquities. In ordinary Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore. 5 days over the Mediterranean countries). This Sentinel-2 space-based solution could be times, anthropogenic modifications (e.g. Our research tests of multi-temporal change applied either to monitor heritage hotspots of urbanisation) can impact the conservation of detection on the archaeological site of known vulnerability or to screen wider regions. local heritage and the surrounding cultural Apamea in Syria (being looted on a massive landscape. In both these circumstances, scale since 2012) prove that Sentinel-2 data Outlook to the future the challenge for heritage stakeholders can distinctively depict clusters of several such as national or regional UNESCO Automatic processing chains (e.g. based adjacent looting holes, allow for delineation offices, government heritage bodies and on machine learning) are expected to be of new areas of illegal digging, and estimate site managers, is to be able to monitor the a technological development accelerator looting rates. Owing to a clear contrast in the condition of heritage assets, and repeat towards an operational use of Sentinel-2 reflectance of looted areas with respect to the assessment on a regular basis or in imagery for the condition assessment the surrounding greening land, new looting case specific events of damage occur. This and monitoring of local to wide areas of is found south-east of the theatre, west of task requires timely data of sufficient Mapping urban block features in UNESCO World study. This automation should therefore the Cardo Maximus and the Agora and in spatial resolution that can provide objective Heritage Site of Cyrene, Libya, based on Sentinel-2 complement the analyst-driven methods the eastern portion of the archaeological information and allow for multi-temporal time series. that currently represent the state-of-the- site, along the second main Decumanus. comparative measures. Common constraints Credit: Contains Copernicus Sentinel data [2017] art in this field and, ideally, help to mitigate The high temporal frequency of Sentinel-2 for users are the costs to access very high- the drawbacks of manual examination (e.g. images increases the timeliness in recording resolution satellite imagery (mostly provided Benefits to Citizens time-consumption, subjectivity). Initiatives new incidents of looting, thus bringing in an of capacity building and training would then by commercial providers) and the availability Public authorities for heritage conservation improved capability compared to satellite- contribute to fill the knowledge and expertise of in-house expertise for data processing and and site managers need to assess and based assessments based on single images gaps that frequently constrain the heritage interpretation. monitor the condition of heritage at risk. acquired on demand on a monthly or yearly user uptake of new satellite technologies. The space based solution basis. Feature extraction analysis through Some international organisations such as long time series of Sentinel-2 can be used UNITAR and the ASOR (American Schools The freely accessible time series acquired by to capture the appearance, over time, of of Oriental Research) Cultural Heritage Deodato Tapete, Francesca Cigna, the Copernicus Sentinel-2 constellation can new manmade features due to urbanisation Initiatives already use very high-resolution Italian Space Agency (ASI), Italy. address this challenge. Images are acquired across the landscape, e.g. new roads, clusters optical satellite data to monitor and document [email protected]
264 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 265 Transports, Civil Public Health Cultural Agriculture, Biodiversity and Territorial Climate, Water Civil Protection Infrastructure Heritage, Food, Forestry Environmental Management and Energy and Safety Tourism and and Fisheries Protection and Urban Leisure Planning
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PROTECTION OF EUROPEAN The data and methods CULTURAL HERITAGE, CULTURAL HERITAGE FROM “developed by PROTHEGO will TOURISM AND LEISURE GEOHAZARDS contribute significantly to the The project identifies, assesses and monitors Application of innovative EO development of mitigation risks with the aim of strengthening disaster techniques for geohazards strategies aiming to preserve preparedness for heritage properties in the assessment in the Derwent the Derwent Valley’s globally future. The project promoted interdisciplinary Valley Mills (WHS). and collaborative R&D activities, transferring important cultural heritage ” the highest level of knowledge, quality and standards from space and earth sciences to UNESCO WHL sites of Europe covered by PS ground David Knight, DVM’s Partnership cultural heritage conservation sciences. motion data, derived by satellite radar interferometry. Base map data © ESRI. World Heritage Site data Credit Outlook to the future The challenge © 1992 - [2016] UNESCO/World Heritage Centre. All rights and 2017 was processed using the InSAR Tangible cultural heritage includes various reserved. Map produced by BGS, © NERC/UKRI. Green dots technique. The project identified fluvial and An agreement amongst EU institutions (e.g. indicate PS data available for site, red dots indicate PS data groundwater flooding and landslides as categories of monuments and sites, from not available. member states, EU Commission, ESA, EEA individual architecture to cultural landscapes, key threats to the Valley’s cultural heritage etc.) on the use of satellite services for and from archaeological complexes to of cultural heritage and landscape. Remotely resource, for example, at Belper, where radar monitoring geohazards affecting cultural historic centres. Many of these sites are sensed information on ground stability data identified damage possibly connected to heritage would help define best practice affected by a variety of factors, with rapid conditions is combined with In order to a recent flooding event. guidelines and standard methodologies for or slow onset. They include natural hazards, assess observed motions and understand adoption by practitioners in this field. such as landslides, settlement, subsidence, geological processes, an analysis of remotely earthquakes or extreme meteorological events, sensed data in conjunction with local-scale Acknowledgements which could be worsened by climate change geological analysis was implemented for The PROTHEGO project is part of the Joint and/or human interaction. A comprehensive each test site. Advanced modelling and field Programming Imitative on Cultural Heritage picture of cultural sites affected by geohazards surveying were also carried out. At least one and Global Change (JPI-CH). The authors is not yet available. The PROTection of site for each partner country (i.e. Italy, United acknowledge the support from each of the case European Cultural HEritage from GeOhazards, Kingdom, Cyprus and Spain) was chosen to study sites and the projects associated partner. (PROTHEGO) project provides an overview of validate and calibrate the methodology. remote sensing capabilities for monitoring The Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage E.Bee, A. Harrison, A. Novellino1, G.Crosta, these threats by focusing on properties on the Site (DVMWHS), managed by the Derwent 2 UNESCO World Heritage List (WHL) in Europe. InSAR data identified damage in the East Mill possibly P.Frattini , J.A. Fernandez-Merodo, Valley Mills Partnership, is one of the connected to the Winter 2016-17 flooding event in 3 4 These properties will serve as a reference case R. M.Mateos , D. Knight , G. Leoni, PROTHEGO case study sites selected for Belper. Sentinel-1 data were provided by the European C.Margottini, D. Spizzichinio5, K. for all EU heritage properties. Space Agency. Imagery supplied through ESRI’s World local scale monitoring, investigation and Themistocleous6 advanced modelling. The Derwent Valley, Imagery layer under ESRI’s Master license Agreement The space based solution ©ESRI. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 1. BGS, UK with its associated mill complexes, industrial 2015-2017 2. UNIMIB, Italy PROTHEGO applies novel space technologies housing and infrastructure, was inscribed based on radar interferometry (InSAR) to 3. IGME, Spain on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2001 Benefits to Citizens monitor monuments and sites in Europe in recognition of its importance as the 4. Derwent Valley Mills Partnership, UK; which are potentially unstable due to birthplace of the modern factory system. In PROTHEGO’s goal is to enhance cultural 5. Institute for Environmental Protection and geohazards. These technologies can play a order to monitor the current state of activity heritage management practices at the national Research, Italy. crucial role in developing site management of the identified geo-hazards, Sentinel-1 level, reinforcing institutional support and (6) CUT, Cyprus. strategies sustainable for the preservation space-borne imagery acquired between 2015 governance through knowledge and innovation. [email protected]
266 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 267 Carbon monoxide measured by Sentinel-5P Launched on 13 October, the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite has been used to map atmospheric carbon monoxide around the globe. The image shows high levels of this air pollutant over parts of Asia, Africa and South America. The mission has a swath width of 2600 km, which allows the whole planet to be mapped every 24 hours.
Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2017), processed by SRON/ESA 268 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of xx user stories by local and regional authorities | 269 List of entities authoring the Copernicus User Stories
• Aberystwyth University (United Kingdom) • CREVIS Sprl (Belgium) • Administration for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief of the Republic of Slovenia (Slovenia) • CRPF - Centre Régional de la Propriété Forestière de Lorraine-Alsace (France) • AEROCAMPUS Aquitaine (France) • CUT - Cyprus University of Technolgy (Cyprus) • AfricaRice - Africa Rice Center (Ivory Coast) • Danish Coastal Authority (Denmark) • Agresta S. Coop (Spain) • Decentralized Administration of Epirus and Western Macedonia (Greece) • AGROCAMPUS Ouest (France) • DELPHI IMM GmbH (Germany) • ARIESPACE S.r.l. (Italy) • Deltares Foundation (The Netherlands) • ASI - Italian Space Agency (Italy) • DEMETER - Hellenic Agricultural Organization (Greece) • AUDIAR - Agence d’Urbanisme et de Développement Intercommunal • Department of Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Physics, de l’Agglomération Rennaise (France) Universitat de València (Spain) • Azorean Biodiversity Group & Ce3C, University of the Azores (Portugal) • Department of Geography, University of Bonn (Germany) • BGS - British Geological Survey (United Kingdom) • DG Environment, Regional Government of Castile and León (Spain) • Biosphärenpark Wienerwald Management GmbH (Austria) • Directorate General of Forests and Forest Environment, • Brittany Region (France) Ministry of Environment and Energy (Greece) • Cassandra lab, Università degli Studi di Milano (Italy) • DLR - German Aerospace Center (Germany) • Center For Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces, University of Bonn (Germany) • Doñana Biological Station, CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain) • Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary) • DRRF - Direção Regional de Recursos Florestais, Secretaria Regional da Agricultura e Florestas, Governo Regional dos Açores (Portugal) • Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (United Kingdom) • Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgium) • CRA-W - Centre Wallon De Recherches Agronomiques - (Belgium) • EIP - European Innovation Partnerships Water Secretariat (Europe) • Centre d’études et d’expertise sur les risques, l’environnement, la mobilité et l’aménagement (Cerema) (France) • eLEAF (Netherlands) • CERTH - Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (Greece) • EMVIS Water Resources & Environment Management (Greece) • Chambre d’Agriculture de Loire-Atlantique (France) • Enabel, Belgian Development Agency (Belgium) • CIFP - Centro Integrado de Formación Profesional de Almázcara, Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) • Energieagentur Region Trier GmbH (Germany) • Città metropolitana di Torino (Italy) • Eratosthenes Research Centre (Cyprus) • CLS-Brest - Collecte Localisation Satellites (France) • Estonian Agricultural Registers and Information Board (Estonia) • CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France) • EU Climate KIC Education (Europe/UK) • Communauté de Communes du Pays de Dol et de la Baie du Mont Saint Michel (France) • European Research Academy (EURAC) (Europe/Italy) • Comune di Niscemi (Italy) • Evenflow (Belgium) • Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco (Italy) • Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb (Croatia) • Cranfield University (United Kingdom) • Forest Service of South Tyrol (Italy)
270 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99 user stories by local and regional authorities | 271 • Forschungsstelle für Energiewirtschaft e.V. (Germany) • Navarre Institute of Transfer and Innovation in Agri-Food sector (INTIA) (Spain) • FORTH - Foundation for Research and Technology, • IREA - Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Hellas Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (Greece) CNR - National Research Council of Italy (Italy) • Foundation for Research and Technology (Greece) • ISPRA - Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (Italy) • GEO Polymorphic Ltd. (Bulgaria) • ISSeP - Institute Scientific On Duty Public (Belgium) • GeoBretagne Partnership (France) • ITHACA - Information Technology for Humanitarian Assistance, • GeoCodis Ltd. (Slovenia) Cooperation and Action (Italy) • GeoEcoMar (Romania) • Kermap (France) • Geological Survey Ireland (Ireland) • Klaipeda University (Lithuania) • GEOMATRIX UAB (Lithuania) • Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (France) • Geospatial Technologies Research Group, University Jaime I (Spain) • Laboratory of Forest Management and Remote Sensing, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece) • German Environment Agency (Germany) • Lemvig Municipality (Denmark) • Geospatial Enabling Technologies (GET Ltd) (Greece) • Lemvig Utility (Denmark) • GIS BreTel (France) • M.O.S.S. Computer Grafik Systeme GmbH (Germany) • Government Office of the Capital City Budapest (Hungary) • Metropolitana Milanese (MM S.p.A.) (Italy) • ICMAN - Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (Spain) • Municipality of Thessaloniki (Greece) • ICube-SERTIT, Université de Strasbourg (France) • National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos” (Greece) • IDPA - Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, CNR - National Research Council of Italy (Italy) • National Land Survey of Iceland (Iceland) • IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (France) • National Observatory of Athens (Greece) • IGG - Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, CNR - National Research Council of Italy (Italy) • National Research Council of Italy (CNR) • IGME - Geological Survey of Spain (Spain) • Natural History Museum of Crete (Greece) • IIA - Istituto sull’inquinamento atmosferico, • Naturraumplanung Egger e. U. (Austria) CNR - National Research Council of Italy (Italy) • NEUROPUBLIC (Greece) • IMAA -Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, • NIOZ - The Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (The Netherlands) CNR - Italian National Research Council (Italy) • NOAA - National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (USA) • INRES - Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, • NORUT - Northern Research Institute (Norway) University of Bonn (Germany) • NVE - Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (Norway) • insar.sk - Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radara (Slovak Republic) • Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso (Italy) • Institute Cartographic and Geological of Catalonia (Spain) • Parco Nazionale dell’Alta Murgia (Italy) • Institute for Environmental Solutions (Latvia) • Parkour-Vienna (Austria) • Institute of Geodesy and Cartography (Poland)
272 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99 user stories by local and regional authorities | 273 • Planetek Italia (Italy) • Terranis (France) • Planetek Hellas (Greece) • Terrasigna (Romania) • Pôle Mer Bretagne Atlantique, Booster MoreSpace (France) • The International Water Association (United Kingdom) • Politecnico di Milano (Italy) • ThüringenForst Institution under Public Law (Germany) • Politecnico di Torino (Italy) • Tormaresca (Italy) • Prague Institute of Planning and Development (Czech Republic) • Tour du Valat (France) • Randbee Consultants (Spain) • ULB - Université Libre de Bruxelles (Belgium) • Regional Council of Reunion (France) • UNIMIB - University of Milano Bicocca (Italy) • Regional Fund for Science and Technology (Portugal) • University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity • Rezatec (United Kingdom) and Ecosystem Dynamics (the Netherlands) • Romanian Space Agency (Romania) • University of Basilicata (Italy) • Royal Military Academy (Belgium) • University of Bayreuth (Germany) • RSS - Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH (Germany) • University of Cadiz (Spain) • Rural Support Service (Latvia) • University of Cambridge (United Kingdom) • Samaria National Park (Greece) • University of Coimbra (Portugal) • Sarmap SA (Switzerland) • University of Dublin Trinity College (Ireland) • Satellio Oy Ltd (Finland) • University of Malta (Malta) • Science [&] Technology AS (Norway) • University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (Austria) • SEGES, CropInnovation (Denmark) • University of Patras (Greece) • Space Research Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine • University of Porto (Portugal) and State Space Agency of Ukraine (Ukraine) • University of Salzburg (Austria) • Spacebel (Belgium) • University of Zaragoza (Spain) • SpaceLayer Technologies (Portugal) • University of Southampton (United Kingdom) • Spectator (Poland) • University of Valencia (Spain) • SPW - Service Public de Wallonie (Belgium) • University of Wuerzburg (Germany) • SVV - Norwegian Public Roads Administration (Norway) • VITO - Vision on Technology for a better world (Belgium) • SYMSAGEL - Syndicat Mixte pour le SAGE de la Lys (France) • Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (Belgium) • ITACyL - Agrotechnological Institute of Castile and León (Spain) • Walloon Paying Agency (Belgium) • Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu (Estonia) • Water Insight (the Netherlands) • Taxus IT (Poland) • Western Cape Department of the Premier (South Africa) • Telespazio France (France) • Yorkshire Wildlife Trust (United Kingdom)
274 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99 user stories by local and regional authorities | 275 Panel of Reviewers
Athos Agapiou (Cyprus University of Technology) Marco Aliberti (ESPI - European Space Policy Institute) Massimo Antoninetti (CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) Ali Nadir Arslan (FMI - Finnish Meteorological Institute) Laura Giulia Maria Candela (ASI - Italian Space Agency) Toby Clark (Eurisy) Laurence Crosnier (Mercator Ocean) Silvano De Zorzi (Veneto Region) Hans Dufourmont (EEA - European Environment Agency) Stefano Ferretti (ESPI - European Space Policy Institute) Thomas Geist (FFG - Austrian Research Promotion Agency) Artur Gil (University of the Azores) David Hallo (TerraNIS) Karl Hennermann (ECMWF - European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Hervé Jeanjean (CNES - French Space Agency/ESA) Acknowledgments Vanessa Keuck (DLR - German Aerospace Centre) James Bruce McCormack (Bruce McCormack Consulting) This activity was funded by the European Union and the European Space Agency (Contract No. Phil Monbet (Pole Mer Bretagne Atlantique) 4000121945/17/I-BG), in collaboration with the Network of European Regions Using Space Technologies. Marc Paganini (ESA - European Space Agency) The management of the review process was ensured by Prof. Raffaella Brumana and Dr. Branka Giorgos Papadavid (Agricultural Research Institute of Cyprus) Cuca, from Politecnico di Milano (Department ABC). Nicola Pergola (CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) The layout and editing was ensured by the ESA Earth Observation Graphic Bureau (EOGB). Gunther Schreier (DLR - German Aerospace Centre) We acknowledge the dedication of the selected Panel of Reviewers, who significantly contributed Frank Martin Seifert (ESA - European Space Agency) to enhance the quality of the Publication by reviewing the assigned user stories. The European Nathalie Stéphenne (SPW - Service Public de Wallonie) Commission, the European Space Agency and the Network of European Regions Using Space Bernard Stevenot (Spacebel) Technologies wish to thank them for their precious support. Xenofon Tsilimparis (Greek Research & Technology Network S.A.) The views expressed in the Copernicus User Stories are those of the Authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Space Agency or of the European Alessandra Vernile (Eurisy) Commission. Juergen Vogel (bavAIRia e.V.)
276 | → THE EVER GROWING USE OF COPERNICUS ACROSS EUROPE’S REGIONS A selection of 99 user stories by local and regional authorities | 277 Notes: